Abbreviations
| ACLT2 |
Yakubovich, Ilya, Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts, 2nd version ( |
| AfO 17 |
Weidner, Ernst. Review of Poebel, Arno. The Second Dynasty of Isin according to a New King-List Tablet (Assyriological Studies 15). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1955. Archiv für Orientforschung 17 (1954–1956), pp. 383–385. |
| AhT |
Beckman, Gary M., Bryce, Trevor R., and Cline, Eric H. The Ahhiyawa Texts (Writings from the Ancient World 28). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011. |
| ARM |
Archives Royales de Mari. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. |
| AuOrS 1 |
Arnaud, Daniel. Textes syriens de l’âge du Bronze Récent (Aula Orientalis. Supplement 1). Barcelona: Editorial AUSA, 1991. |
| CAD |
The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1956–2010. |
| CGL |
The Cambridge Greek Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. |
| CHD |
The Hittite Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1980 ff. |
| Chicago Homer |
The Chicago Homer, ed. by A. Kahane and M. Mueller, available at ( |
| CHLI I |
Hawkins, John David. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Volume 1. Inscriptions of the Iron Age (Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture 8.1). Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2000. |
| CHLI II |
Çambel, Halet. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. Volume 2. Karatepe-Aslantaş (Studies in Indo-European Language & Culture 8.2). Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 1999. |
| CHLI III |
Hawkins, John David. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Volume 3. Inscriptions of Hittite Empire and New Inscriptions of the Iron Age (Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture 8.3). Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2024. |
| CIG |
Corpus inscriptionum graecarum. (4 vols). Berlin, 1828–1877. |
| CIPPh |
Brixhe, Claude, and Lejeune, Michel. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. I Texte, II Planches. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1984. |
| CTH |
Laroche, Emmanuel, Catalogue des textes hittites, Paris: Klincksieck, 1971; premier supplément, Revue Hittite et Asianique 30 (1972), pp. 94–133; Online edition: Košak, Silvin et al., |
| CTU |
Salvini, Mirjo. Corpus dei testi urartei. (4 vols). Roma: CNR—Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà dell’Egeo e del Vicino Oriente, 2008–2012. |
| DELG |
Chantraine, Pierre. Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Grecque. Histoire des mots. Paris: Klincksieck, 1999. |
| DLL |
Melchert, H. Craig. A Dictionary of the Lycian Language. New York/Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, 2004. |
| DMic. |
Aura Jorro, Francisco. Diccionario Micénico. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1985. |
| DMic. II |
Aura Jorro, Francisco. Diccionario Micénico. Volumen II. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1993. |
| EA |
Knudtzon, Jörgen A., Die El-Amarna-Tafeln (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek II), Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1915. |
| EDAIL |
Martirosyan, Hrach K. Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2010. |
| EDG |
Beekes, Robert S.P., with the assistance of Lucien van Beek. Etymological Dictionary of Greek (2 vols) (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2010. |
| EDHIL |
Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological dictionary of the Hittite inherited lexicon. (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2008. |
| eDiAna |
Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages ( |
| FdX VI |
Metzger, Henri, Laroche, Emmanuel, Dupont-Sommer, André, and Mayrhofer, Manfred, eds Fouilles de Xanthos VI: La stèle trilingue du Létôon. Paris: Klincksieck, 1979. |
| FGrH |
Jacoby, Felix. Die Fragmente Der Griechischen Historiker Part I–III. Leiden/Boston/Köln: Brill, 1926–. |
| GEW |
Frisk, Hjalmar. Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1960–1972. |
| GI |
Montanari, Franco, ed, Dizionario Greco-Italiano. Torino: Loescher, 1995. |
| Godley, Loeb 1920 |
Herodotus, The Persian Wars, Volume I: Books 1–2. Translated by A.D. Godley (Loeb Classical Library 117), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1920. |
| Godley, Loeb 1922 |
Herodotus, The Persian Wars, Volume III: Books 5–7. Translated by A.D. Godley (Loeb Classical Library 119), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1922. |
| HED |
Puhvel, Jaan. Hittite Etymological Dictionary. Berlin/New York: Mouton, 1984–. |
| HEG |
Tischler, Johann. Hethitisches etymologisches Glossar. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck, 1977–2016. |
| HKM |
Alp, Sedat, Masat-Höyük’te bulunan civi yazili Hitit tabletleri/Hittite Cuneiform Tablets from Masat-Höyük (Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları vi/34), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1991. |
| HW2 |
Friedrich, Johannes et al., eds Hethitisches Wörterbuch. Zweite, völlig neubearbeitete Auflage auf der Grundlage der edierten hethitischen Texte. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1975–. |
| Jones, Loeb 1929 |
Strabo, Geography, Volume VI: Books 13–14. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. Loeb Classical Library 223. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929. |
| KAI |
Donner, Herbert, and Röllig, Wolfgang. Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften. (3 vols). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1960–1964. |
| KBo |
Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi, vols. 1–6 Leipzig: Hinrichs; vols. 7–70 Berlin: Mann; vol. 71: Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, 1916 ff. |
| KH |
Peker, Hasan. Texts from Karkemish I. Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from the 2011–2015 Excavations (OrientLab. Series Maior 1). Bologna: Ante Quem, 2016. |
| KN |
Melena, José L. and Firth, Richard J. The Knossos Tablets. 6th edition. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 2019.f |
| KON |
Zgusta, Ladislav. Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1984. |
| KPN |
Zgusta, Ladislav. Kleinasiatische Personennamen. Prague: Verlag der Tschechoslowakischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1964. |
| KUB |
Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1921–1990. |
| LGPN V.A |
Corsten, Thomas, ed, A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Volume V. A. Coastal Asia Minor: Pontos to Ionia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2010. |
| LGPN V.B |
Balzat, Jéan-Sebastien, Catling, Richard W.V., Chiricat, Édouard, and Marchand, Fabienne eds A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. Volume V. B. Coastal Asia Minor: Caria to Cilicia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2013. |
| LGPN V.C |
Fraser, Peter, and Matthews, Elaine, eds A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names. V.C. Inland Asia Minor. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2018. |
| LiDo |
Lehmann, Christian. An online multilingual linguistic terminology database ( |
| LIV2 |
Rix, Helmut. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2001. |
| LSJ |
Liddell, Henry George and Scott, Robert. A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940. |
| LW |
Gusmani, Roberto. Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1964. |
| LW/N |
New Lydian inscriptions published after Gusmani, Roberto. Lydisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1964. |
| NH |
Laroche, Emmanuel. Le noms des Hittites. Paris: Klincksieck, 1966. |
| MAMA |
Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, Manchester: Manchester University Press. |
| MAMA IV |
Buckler, William Hepburn, Calder, William Moir, and Guthrie, William Keith Chambers. Monuments and Documents from Eastern Asia and Western Galatia (Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua 4). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1933. |
| MAMA V |
Cox, Christopher William Machell and Cameron, Archibald. Monuments from Dorylaeum et Nacolea (Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua 5). Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1937. |
| Murray, Loeb 1924 |
Homer. Iliad, Volume I: Books 1–12. Translated by A.T. Murray. Revised by William F. Wyatt (Loeb Classical Library 170). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924. |
| OIP 2 |
Luckenbill, Daniel David. The Annals of Sennacherib (Oriental Institute Publications 2), Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1924. |
| Packhum |
Searchable Greek Inscriptions ( |
| PBS |
Publications of the Babylonian Section. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1911–. |
| PF |
Elamite texts of the Persepolis Fortification, numbered after Hallock, Richard T. Persepolis Fortification Tablets (Oriental Institute Publications 92). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969. |
| PRU |
Schaeffer, Claude F.-A., ed, Le Palais Royal d’Ugarit 1–6. Paris: Klincksieck, 1955–1970. |
| RIMA 2 |
Grayson, Albert K. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC, Volume 1 (1114–859 BC). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. |
| RIMA 3 |
Grayson, Albert K. Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC, Volume 2 (858–745 BC). Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. |
| RINAP 1 |
Tadmor, Hayim, and Yamada, Shiego. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. |
| RINAP 2 |
Frame, Grant. The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2021. |
| RINAP 5 |
Novotny, Jamie, and Jeffers, Joshua. The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC) and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria. Parts 1 & 2. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2018–2023. |
| RS |
Texts from Ras Shamra. |
| RSL |
Texts from Ras Shamra (Louvre Museum). |
| SEG |
Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Vols. 1–11, ed Jacob E. Hondius, Leiden 1923–1954. Vols. 12–25, ed Arthur G. Woodhead. Leiden 1955–1971. Vols. 26–41, eds Henry W. Pleket and Ronald S. Stroud. Amsterdam 1979–1994. Vols. 42–44, eds Henry W. Pleket, Ronald S. Stroud and Johan H.M. Strubbe. Amsterdam 1995–1997. Vols. 45–49, eds Henry W. Pleket, Ronald S. Stroud, Angelos Chaniotis and Johan H.M. Strubbe. Amsterdam 1998–2002. Vols. 50-‑, eds Angelos Chaniotis, Ronald S. Stroud and Johan H.M. Strubbe. Amsterdam 2003–. |
| SGDI II |
Collitz, Hermann, ed, Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften, II. Epirus, Akarnanien, Altolien, Aenianen, Phthiotis, Lokris, Phokis, Dodona, Achaia und seine Colonien, Delphi. Göttingen: Hermann Collitz, 1899. |
| Smith, Loeb 1919 |
Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, Volume I: Books 1–2. Translated by C.F. Smith (Loeb Classical Library 108), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1919. |
| TAD B |
Porten, Bezalel, and Yardeni, Ada. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt. Volume 2. Jerusalem: Eisenbrauns, 1989. |
| TAM |
Tituli Asiae Minoris, Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. |
| TAM II |
Kalinka, Ernst. Tituli Lyciae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti (Tituli Asiae Minoris II). Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1920–1944. |
| TAM V |
Herrmann, Peter. Tituli Lydiae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti (Tituli Asiae Minoris V). Vienna: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 1: 1981 ; vol. 2: 1989. |
| TCS |
Texts from Cuneiform Sources, Locust Valley: J.J. Augustin. |
| TCS 5 |
Grayson, A. Kirk. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5). Locust Valley: J.J. Augustin, 1975. |
| Th.LG |
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae ab Henrico Stephano constructus. Ed. by Charles B. Hase, Wilhelm Dindorf and Ludwig A. Dindorf, Paris, 1831–1865. |
| TL |
Kalinka, Ernst. Tituli Lyciae lingua Lycia conscripti (Tituli Asiae Minoris 1). Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901. |
| TLG |
Thesaurus Linguae Graecae ( |
| Ug. V |
Nougayrol, Jean, Laroche, Emmanuel, Virolleaud, Charles and Schaeffer, Claude F.A. (1968). Ugaritica V. Nouveaux textes accadiens, hourrites et ugaritiques des archives et bibliothèques privées d’Ugarit, commentaires des textes historiques (première partie). Paris: Imprimerie Nationale/Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner. |
| Wb |
Erman, Adolf and Grapow, Hermann, eds, Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1926–1961. |
Linguistic and Paleographic Abbreviations
| acc. |
accusative |
| act. |
active |
| Akkad. |
Akkadian |
| Anat. |
Anatolian |
| Aram. |
Aramaic |
| Arm. |
Armenian |
| Bab. |
Babylonian |
| Car. |
Carian |
| CLuw. |
Cuneiform Luwian |
| Cypr. |
Cyprian |
| dat. |
dative |
| Dor. |
Doric |
| Elam. |
Elamite |
| fem. |
feminine |
| gen. |
genitive |
| gen.adj. |
genitival adjective |
| Gr. |
Greek |
| Hitt. |
Hittite |
| HLuw. |
Hieroglyphic Luwian |
| Hurr. |
Hurrian |
| imp. |
imperative |
| Ion.-Att. |
Ionian-Attic |
| Lat. |
Latin |
| loc. |
locative |
| LNS |
Late New Script |
| Luw. |
Luwian |
| Lyc. |
Lycian |
| Lyd. |
Lydian |
| masc. |
masculine |
| MAss. |
Middle-Assyrian |
| Med. |
Median |
| Mil. |
Milyan |
| MP |
modal particle |
| Myc. |
Mycenaean |
| n. |
neuter gender |
| NAss. |
Neo-Assyrian |
| NH |
New Hittite |
| nom. |
nominative |
| NS |
New Script |
| obv. |
obverse |
| OIran. |
Old Iranian |
| OPers. |
Old Persian |
| PA |
Proto-Anatolian |
| Pamph. |
Pamphylian |
| PG |
Pre-Greek |
| Phoen. |
Phoenician |
| Phryg. |
Phrygian |
| PIE |
Proto-Indo-European |
| Pis. |
Pisidian |
| pl. |
plural |
| PN |
personal name |
| pres. |
present |
| pret. |
preterit |
| rev. |
reverse |
| sg. |
singular |
| Sid. |
Sidetic |
| SOV |
subject-object-verb |
| Sum. |
Sumerian |
| SVO |
subject-verb-object |
| Ugar. |
Ugaritic |
| VSO |
verb-subject-object |
Historical Periods and Other Abbreviations
| IA |
Iron Age |
| LH |
Late Helladic |
| SACC |
Syro-Anatolian Cultural Complex |
| YHSS |
Yassıhöyük Stratigraphic Sequence |