3.1–3.4 Een Heerenhuis/ein Herrenhaus (Siebold, Nippon, plates II, Tab. VIII–X), cropped 74
3.5–3.6 Two interiors with preparation for a wedding ceremony (Titsingh, Illustrations, after p. 224) 75
3.7 Utagawa Hiroshige: Shimosuwa, form the series Sixty-nine Stations of the Kisokaidō, about 1835–1838 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, William S. and John T. Spaulding Collection, 21.5182, www.mfa.org, https:// collections.mfa.org/download/232861 [last accessed 31 March 2024]) 76
3.8 Utagawa Hiroshige: Akasaka, from the series The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō Road, 1847–1852 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, William S. and John T. Spaulding Collection, 21.5135, www.mfa.org, https:// collections.mfa.org/download/232814 [last accessed 31 March 2024]) 76
3.9 Temple at Uyeno: Tokio (Conder, Notes, 2. plate, section) 88
3.10–3.11 Old Nails from Temple-doors in Nara; Diagram of Ornament in Gable (Dresser, Japan, pp. 114, 268) 89
3.12 Sculpture sur bois (Guérineau, Ornements, s.p.) 90
3.13 Pagoda at Nikkō (Dresser, Japan, p. 201) 111
3.14 Pagoda [section] (Conder, Pagodas, p. 529) 111
3.15 Entrance to the British Legation at Takanawa Tōzen-ji Temple in Edo (Hübner, Spaziergang (1882), after p. 323) 124
3.16 Le Tōzen-ji photographié par Felice Beato dans les années 1860 (anonymous via Wikipedia commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org /wiki/File:TozenjiBeato1860s.JPG [last accessed 31 March 2024]) 124
3.17 Map of Japan with the exterritorial settlements and the locations for recreational travel and sightseeing discussed in the texts. (Map by the author, omitting all of the smaller islands) 142
3.18 Temple front, Nikkō Tosho-gu, by Ogawa Sashichi, ca. 1895 (Widener Library, Harvard University, https://digitalcollections.library.harvard .edu/catalog/W490875_URN-3:FHCL:4432106 [last accessed 31 March 2024]) 411
3.19 Store house for treasure, Nicco, by Tamamura Kozaburo, 1880s? (E.G. Stillman collection, today Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, EGS26.11), cropped 411
3.20 Temple at Nikkō, 1880s? (E.G. Stillman collection, today Widener Library, Harvard University, EGS11.28), cropped 411
3.21 Das Standbild des Dai-Butzu (Heine, Beiträge, p. 313) 149
3.22 The great statue of Buddha at Kamakura (La Farge, Artist’s Letters, frontispiece) 149
3.23–3.24 Views of Hermann Muthesius’ Japanese room, taken from a photo album, about 1889 (courtesy of Werkbundarchiv – Museum der Dinge, Nachlass Hermann Muthesius, D 7335) 154
3.25 Rooms [in a Japanese house] by Adolfo Farsari, 1886 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Gift of Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf, 2004.269.16, www.mfa.org, https://collections.mfa.org/objects/417133/ [last accessed 31 March 2024]), cropped 154
3.26 Henry Treffry Dunn: Sonnets and Ballads [Gabriel Rossetti and Theodore Watts-Dunton at No. 16 Cheyne Walk], 1882 (© National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG 3022) 154
3.27 The Tree of Architecture. Showing the main growth or evolution of the various styles (Fletcher, History of Architecture, 1905, frontispiece recto) 168
4.1 The Japanese Court (The Japanese Court, p. 320) 176
4.2 Japan among other national displays (Petit et al., Exposition universelle, plate 90), cropped 177
4.3 Le Kiosque Japonais [with parts of the display from Siam] (L’Exposition 1867 Illustré, p. 233), cropped 177
4.4 Japanese Satsuma pavillion at the French expo 1867 [possibly by Pierre Petit], 1867 (anonymous via Wikipedia commons, https://de.m .wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Japanese_Satsuma_pavillion_at_the_French _expo_1867.jpg [last accessed 31 March 2024]) 179
4.5 Kiosque du Japon (Grand album 1867, pl. 31) 179
4.6 Section Orientale. Vue générale du l’exposition japonaise dans le parc [‘Japanese farm’] (Le monde illustré 11, 542 (1867), p. 137) 180
4.7 Egyptisches Palais und Garten des Japanesen, Wiener Photographen-Association, Wien, 1873 (© MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst) 182
4.8 Map of Japanese Garden, reworked and annotated from original scan (Tanaka/Hirayama, Oukoku Hakuran, p. 258) 184
4.9 Japanische Gebäude und Gartenanlagen, Wiener Photographen- Association, Wien, 1873 (© MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst) 184
4.10 Japanese Garden and shrine, Wiener Photographen-Association, Wien, 1873 (© MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst) 185
4.11 Japanische Gartenanlagen, Michael Frankenstein, Wien, 1873 (© MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst) 185
4.12 Jardin japonais (Exposition illustrée 1873, p. 253) 186
4.13 Der Garten der Japanesen und dessen Eröffnung durch das österreichische Kaiser-paar (Über Land und Meer 30, 40 (1873), p. 784) 186
4.14 Japanese Garden [with lantern, shrine and kagura stage], stereoscopic photograph (ÖNB/Wien, 63712-STE), cropped 187
4.15 Japanese Garden [View from exit behind the shrine towards the kagura stage], stereoscopic photograph (ÖNB/Wien, 63713-STE), cropped and partially retouched 187
4.16 Japanese workmen building a Japanese village (Illustrated London news (10.05.1873), p. 433) 188
4.17 Das japanische Theehaus im Vauxhall [The Japanese Tea-house] (Illustrirte Zeitung (18.10.1873), p. 292) 188
4.18 In der japanesischen Galerie (Illustrirte Zeitung, 19 July 1874, p. 44) 190
4.19 Area where exhibits from Japan were displayed (© MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst) 190
4.20 The so-called Japanese Gallery, stereoscopic photograph, Wiener Photographen Association ((c) Austrian Archives/brandstaetter images/picturedesk.com), cropped 190
4.21 Architectural model of a pagoda, Michael Moser, 1872 (album with exhibits intended for Vienna) (ÖNB/Wien, Pk 3239,61), cropped 191
4.22 View of the Japanese Gallery (Illustrirte Zeitung, 6 December 1873, p. 424) 191
4.23 Architectural models of rural dwellings, Michael Moser, 1872 (album with exhibits intended for Vienna), (ÖNB/Wien, Pk 3239,49), cropped 193
4.24 architectural models of urban dwellings, Michael Moser, 1872 (album with exhibits intended for Vienna) (ÖNB/Wien, Pk 3239,47), cropped 193
4.25 Architectural models of shrines of the Ise type, Michael Moser, 1982 (album with exhibits intended for Vienna) (ÖNB/Wien, Pk 3239,58), cropped 193
4.26–4.27 Architectural model of a rural outbuilding, belonging to the group of rural building models prepared for the Weltausstellung in Vienna in 1873 during its restoration (2015, Weltmuseum Wien, restoration laboratory, photograph by the author) 412
4.28–4.30 Details of the architectural model of a daimyō residence prepared for the Weltausstellung in Vienna in 1873 during restoration (2015, Weltmuseum Wien, restoration laboratory, photograph by the author, edited) 412
4.31–4.32 View and detail of the architectural model of a daimyō residence prepared for the Weltausstellung in Vienna in 1873 after restauration, Weltmuseum Wien (© KHM-Museumsverband) 413
4.33 Japanese com’s dwelling, stereoscopic photograph, 1876 (The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, New York Public Library Digital Collections, G91F381_009ZF), cropped 197
4.34 Japanese Building, Entrance detail (Centennial Exhibition 1876 Philadelphia Scrapbook, courtesy of the Free Library of Philadelphia, Print and Picture Collection, c180300, https://libwww.freelibrary.org /digital/item/2402 [last accessed 23 April 2024]) 197
4.35 Headquarters of the Japanese commission, erected by native workmen (Norton, Historical Register, p. 38) 197
4.36 Japanese dwelling (back view), Benjamin Linfoot, 1876 (courtesy of the Athenaeum of Philadelphia, Linfoot Collection, 70-PR-018) section, margins edited 198
4.37 Interior of the Japanese workmen’s temporary quarters (Norton, Historical Register, p. 41) 413
4.38–4.40 Communal fishermen’s quarters for 60 men, House Aoyama, Historical Village of Hokkaido (Kaitaku-no Mura) Sapporo (photograph by the author) 414
4.41 Japanese bazaar (Westcott, Portfolio, pl. 50), cropped 199
4.42 The Japanese Bazar, sketch by Charles H. Vanderhoof (Harper’s Weekly (26 August 1876), p. 692) 199
4.43 Japan Pavilion (Bazaar) (Norton, Historical Register, p. 271) 201
4.44 Japanese court (Wilson, Masterpieces 1876, p. clxviii), cropped 201
4.45 Japanese mirror (Norton, Historical Register, p. 158) 201
4.46 Japanese Workmen Laying the Foundation of the Japanese Building (Norton, Historical Register, p. 46) 202
4.47 Erection of the Japanese buildings on the centennial grounds (Norton, Historical Register, p. 42) 203
4.48 Rue des nations (section including the neighbouring nations and detail) (Le Monde illustré, 1109, July 1878, supplement) 205
4.49 Pavillon du Japon. Paris 1878 (courtesy of Archives nationales, F/12/SUPPL./618/96775), cropped 206
4.50 Pavillon du Japon, advertising card (courtesy of Collections des musées de France – Mucem, 995.1.16.8; BR4.3.2.I.8, Photo Mucem), cropped 206
4.51 Parc du Trocadéro. Pavillon du Japon avec vue sur le palais du Trocadéro (courtesy of Ville de Paris/Bibliothèque historique) cropped and slightly edited 207
4.52 Japanese Garden, Trocadero (The Illustrated Paris Universal Exhibition, London 1878, p. 33, courtesy of Bridgeman Images, BL 3514505) 207
4.53 Exposition du Japon, advertising card (courtesy of Collections des musées de France – Mucem, 996.40.1258.1; X4.227.1, Photo Mucem), cropped 207
4.54 La maison japonaise au Trocadéro : vue exterieure (World’s Fair (ed.): Exposition de Paris – Journal hebdomadaire, 29 June 1878, p. 97, courtesy of Gallica/BnF), cropped 208
4.55 La maison japonaise au trocadéro – vue intérieure (World’s Fair (ed.): Exposition de Paris – Journal hebdomadaire, 29 June 1878, p. 101, courtesy of Gallica/BnF) 209
4.56 Intérieure de la ferme japonaise du Trocadéro (M. Kauffmann, Le Monde Illustré, 22 June 1878, p. 401, courtesy of Gallica/BnF), cropped 209
4.57 Portes de l’exposition japonaise dans le parc du Trocadéro (Burty, Notes sur l’architecture, plate), cropped 210
4.58 Maison d’été japonaise (courtesy of Archives nationales, F/12/11909) 210
4.59 Stage set for Gilbert & Sullivan’s ‘The Mikado’ by Hawes Craven (1837–1910), 1885 (courtesy of Victoria and Albert Museum, S.252–1999), cropped 415
4.60 The Mikado, performed by the Castanet Club, Montreal, QC, composite, 1886 (courtesy of McCord Museum, II-83315, https://collections .musee-mccord-stewart.ca/en/objects/144970/la-piece--the-mikado --interpretee-par-le-club-castanet-m?ctx=30ae7b6d475f7ef9e19 d4a6f2d38f198a1669a0a&idx=6 [last accessed 9 April 2024]), cropped 212
4.61 La Ghesha et le Chevalier, (Acte II), about 1900 (courtesy of Lesley Downer) 213
4.62 Au theatre Loïe Fuller: La Ghesha et le Chevalier (Baschet, Le Panorama, s.p., courtesy of Gallica/BnF), cropped 213
4.63 Karamon [at] Iyeyasu temple, Nikkō [The Karamon of Tōshō-gu in Nikkō, with the Haiden beyond] (Gift of E.G. Stillman to Widener Library, Harvard University, EGS08.17 KH 1755), cropped 214
4.64 Advertisement posters for Tannaker’s Japanese Native Village (courtesy of Bridgeman Images, 3298984) 415
4.65–4.66 The Japanese village at Knightsbridge. The theatre and one of the streets (The illustrated sporting and dramatic news, 17 January 1885, p. 444), cropped and edited 215
4.67 Afternoon Tea at the Japanese Village (The Graphic, 13 March 1886, p. 285) 216
4.68 Temple, &c., at the Japanese village, 1885 (in: The Building News and Engineering Journal 48, 23 January 1885), p. 121) 217
4.69 The new Japanese village at Knightsbridge. The temple and the sleeping quarters (The illustrated sporting and dramatic news, 2 February 1886, p. 404), cropped and edited 218
4.70 Façade de la section japonaise (Monod, L’Exposition 1889, 3, p. 59) 221
4.71 Porte d’entrée de l’Exposition Japonaise (L’Exposition chez soi 1889, 1, p. 693) 221
4.72 Menusiers japonais à l’exposition (Monod, L’Exposition 1889, 3, p. 60) 221
4.73 Entrée du jardin japonais au Trocadéro (Andre, Jardin japonais, p. 240) 222
4.74 Le Jardin japonais au Trocadéro. – Vue intérieure (Andre, Jardin japonais, p. 241) 222
4.75 La section horticole japonaise (M. Dosso, L’Univers illustré 32, 1803, 12 October 1889, p. 641) 222
4.76–4.77 Charles Garnier, Histoire de l’habitation humaine, Japon, façade principale [and floorplan], 1889 (courtesy of Archives nationales, CP/F/12/4055/D/B), cropped 416
4.78 Japanese house, left, and Chinese house, right, in the History of Habitation exhibit (courtesy of Library of Congress, 92520882, https://www.loc.gov/item/92520882/ [last accessed 9 April 2024]) 225
4.79 Habitation japonaise (Le petit moniteur illustré, 13.10.1889, p. 645, section) 225
4.80 Maison japonaise (Garnier, L’Habitation, p. 852) 225
4.81 Le Pavillon Japonais, advertising card (courtesy of Collections des musées de France – Mucem, 995.1.536.20; GC3.15.20, Photo Mucem), cropped 225
4.82–4.83 Bird’s Eye View Looking Northwest From Liberal Arts Building with the Japanese structure on the island on the left side and with the United States Government Building and Japanese Ho-o-den (Arnold/Higinbotham, Official Views, Plate 4 and 54), cropped 227
4.84 Japanese artisans, portrait, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, IL, 1891–1893. Daniel Burnham, Director of Works, C. D. Arnold, photographer. World’s Columbian Exposition Photographs by C. D. Arnold, Ryerson and Burnham Art and Architecture Archives, Art Institute of Chicago. Digital file #198902.03_069–107) 229
4.85 Japanese carpenters and stone masons in distinctive native attire starting to construct Japanese Pavilion, ca. 1892. Dec. 5. Photograph (Library of Congress, 2005675980, https://www.loc.gov/item/2005675980/ [last accessed 20 April 2024]) 229
4.86 At work on the Japanese building, by T. Dart Walker (Harpers Weekly, March 1893, p. 260) 230
4.87 View of the Hō-ō-den (courtesy of Bridgeman Images, SIC743355) 231
4.88 View of the Ho-o-den (Wight, Japanese, 5, p. 49) 231
4.89 Phoenix Hall, Byodo-in [in Uji], 2016 (Martin Falbisoner, via Wikipedia commons, https://de.m.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Datei:Phoenix_Hall, _Byodo-in,_November_2016_-01.jpg [last accessed 20 April 2024], section) 416
4.90 Dedication of the Japanese building, stereoscopic photograph, 1893 (The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, New York Public Library Digital Collections, G90F186_007F, section) 232
4.91–4.92 Views of the central hall and the north wing of the Hō-ō-den (Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University, https://dx.doi.org/10.7916/d8-s0ex-3h41 and https://dx.doi.org/10.7916/d8-zfex-pr96 [last accessed 20 April 2024]), edited and cropped 233
4.93 Construction details of the Hō-ō-den (section) (Wight, Japanese, 5) 234
4.94–4.95 Scale drawings of the Hō-ō-den as they appeared in the Inland Architect in December 1892 (Wight, Japanese, 5) 235
4.96 Interior of left wing [shinden zukuri] (Okakura, Ho-o-den, after p. 14) 237
4.97–4.98 Library in right wing of the Hō-ō-den and tea room in right wing of the Hō-ō-den [shoin zukuri] (Okakura, Ho-o-den, after p. 20) 237
4.99 The Jodan-no-ma, or Central hall of the Ho-o-Den at the World’s Columbian Exposition (Okakura, Decoration, pp. 181–182) 237
4.100–4.101 World’s Columbian Exhibition, 1893: Japanese tea garden (Arnold/Higinbotham, Official Views, Plate 49 and 50), cropped 239
4.102–4.103 Die Facade der japanischen Sektion [The façade of the Japanese department] and Japan’s Pavillon im Gebäude für Forstwesen [Japan’s pavilion in the hall for forestry] (Unsere Weltausstellung, pp. 448 and 559), cropped 240
4.104 Japanese exhibit in art hall (Buel, Magic, s.p.) 240
4.105–4.106 Japanese Bazaar – Midway Plaisance (Glimpses of the World’s Fair. A Selection of Gems of the White City Seen Through a Camera. Chicago 1893, s.p.) 241
4.107 Der japanische Pavillon [The Japanese pavilion] (Malkowsky, Pariser Weltausstellung, p. 166), cropped 244
4.108 Palais et pavillons du Japon./(Trocadéro) by Louis Larger (courtesy of Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris, G.31715) 244
4.109 Parc du Trocadéro – Section de l’Empire du Japon – Pavillon Central by G. Delton (Postcard, Special Collections. Copley Library, University of San Diego), cropped 244
4.110 Le Japon (Baschet, Le Panorama, s.p., courtesy of Gallica/BnF), cropped 244
4.111 Golden Hall of the Hōryū-ji, north façade, 2006 (photograph by the author) 417
4.112 Haupttempel, Kon-do (Goldene Halle), Grundriss [Main temple, golden hall, floor plan] (Baltzer, Tempelanlage von Horiuji, 91, p. 559, section) 417
4.113 Exhibition Hall of Japanese traditional art (Nōshōmushō, 1900nen Pari, 1, past page 830, section, edited) 417
4.114 Pavillon du Japon (Le Petit journal. Supplément du dimanche (9 September 1900), p. 285, courtesy of Gallica/BnF), cropped 418
4.115 Japan (courtesy of Collections des musées de France – Mucem, 995.1.4579.23; SC2.9.29, Photo Mucem), cropped 418
4.116–4.117 Kinkaku-ji (formally: Shari-den of Rokuon-ji, Kyōto), originally 1398, here reconstruction of 1955 after loss due to arson, 1950) and Ginkaku-ji (formally: Kannon-den of Jishō-ji, Kyōto, 1482–1490) (photographs by the author) 418
4.118–4.119 Book cover and plate (Kinkaku-ji, Kyōto) of the volume Histoire de l’art du Japon (Fukuchi, Histoire de l’art du Japon, plate XLVII, courtesy of Gallica/BnF), cropped 247
4.120 Le tour du monde, design by Alexandre Marcel, 1900 (Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library, https://repository .library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:87128/ [last accessed 20 April 2024]) 248
4.121 Le Tour du Monde by Henri Toussaint (Bridgeman Images, CHT217203) 249
4.122 Ausstellungspalast des Königreichs Siam [exhibition pavilion of the Siamese Kingdom] [at the left side, the pagoda of the Tour du Monde] (Malkowsky, Pariser Weltausstellung, p. 176) 249
4.123–4.125 Alexandre Marcel, design for the Japanese Tower in Laeken with auxiliary structures (Marcel, Orientalisme, s.p.) 419–420
4.126–4.127 The Pagoda in Laeken, seen from the site of the Chinese pavilion, and the entrance pavilion to the pagoda in Laeken, Alexandre Marcel, 1901–1904 (photographs by the author) 420
4.128–4.129 Compound bracket, and bracketing supporting roof of temple-gate, Chionjin, Kioto [Chion-in] (Dresser, Japan, pp. 239, 240) 421
4.130 Column and tie-beams from the Chion-in (Dresser, Japan, p. 245) 421
4.131 L’architecture polychrome au Japon. Colonne et traverse du temple de Tsousennji [Chūzen-ji, Nikkō] (Daly, Temples japonais, plate 21, distortion due to book curve) 421
4.132 Le Guerrier Tadanobou se precipitant du haut d’un toit (D’après Yosai) (Gonse, L’Art, p. 12, edited) 258
4.133 The water tank at Shiba. With its monolithic columns, on the tops of which festooned drapery in colours and gold is painted are painted with coloured and golden drapery (Dresser, Japan, p. 15) 259
4.134 Cisterne au temple de la Shiba, à Tokio (Gonse, L’Art, p. 27) 259
4.135 Cisterne im Tempel der Shiba zu Tokio (Lützow, Japanische Kunst, p. 45) 259
4.136 Steinernes Brunnenbecken im Tempelhof von Shiba, überdacht von einem Ziegeldache auf zehn Monolithen, mit farbigen und goldenen Draperien bemalten Pfeilern (Brinckmann, Kunst, p. 52) 259
4.137 Cistern in the temple of Shiba, at Tokio (Gonse, art, p. 115) 259
4.138 Cour d’un mausolée de la Shiba (Hübner, Promenade (1881), 1, p. 426) 260
4.139 Der Hof einer Begräbnisstätte in Yedo (Hübner, Spaziergang (1882), p. 207) 260
4.140 Felice Beato: Tombs of Taikuns – At Shiba near Yeddo (courtesy of Nagasaki University Library, Metadata Database of Japanese Old Photographs in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period) 260
4.141 Kusakabe Kinbei: Stone Basines [sic] Shiba Tokio (courtesy of Nagasaki University Library, Metadata Database of Japanese Old Photographs in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period) 260
4.142 System of brackets (Conder, Further notes, p. 190) 261
4.143 Middle-class Japanese dwelling (Conder, Domestic, plate XXVII, trimmed) 262
4.144–4.146 Supports, encorbellements (Guérineau, Ornements, plates 13, 23, 24) 263–264
4.147–4.148 Ridge of thatched roof at Kabutoyama, Musashi; and Bamboo-ridge of thatched roof in Musashi (Morse, Homes, pp. 98, 95) 265
4.149–4.150 Kitchen in old farmhouse at Kabutoyama, and fireplace in country house (Morse, Homes, pp. 186, 193) 266
4.151 Een buddhistische Tempel/ein buddhistischer Tempel (Siebold, Nippon, plates II, Tab. I (plate number identical to other instalments of Siebold’s plates)) 268
4.152 Rin-Zoo (Siebold, Nippon, plates V, Tab. IV) 268
4.153–4.154 Elements of a rinzō (Hokusai, Manga, 5, s.p.) 269
4.155 Een Heerenhuis/ein Herrenhaus (Siebold, Nippon, plates II, Tab. VIII–X) 270
4.156 Country House (Steinmetz, Japan, p. 155) 270
4.157 Farm Yard, Yokuhama (Wilhelm Heine; Hawks, Narrative, 1856, p. 394) 271
4.158 Farming activities and buildings (Perry, The Americans, p. 258) 273
4.159 Japanese farmyard (Religious Tract Society, Japan, p. 158) 273
4.160 Hof eines japanischen Landguts [farmyard of an estate] (Steger, Nippon-Fahrer, p. 157) 273
4.161 Vue d’un canal dans la cité marchande de Yédo, à l’heure de [sic] midi (E. Thérond; Humbert, Le Japon, 2, p. 19) 276
4.162 River band at Tokio, ca. 1880 (E. G. Stillman collection, today Widener Library, Harvard University, EGS13.23) 277
4.163 A canal in Tokio (Keane, Asia, p. 639) 277
4.164 Scene in the harbour (Menpes, Letter, p. 21) 277
4.165–4.168 Portail d’Atango-yama (D. Lancelot, after a photograph); Légation américaine à Yédo, partie incendiée (E. Thérond, after a photograph); Idole et grotte du Tjoōdji (A. de Bar, after a sketch of A. Humbert), Un maison de thé (Emile Bayard, after a Japanese print) (Humbert, Le Japon, 1, pp. 331, 309, 312 and 292) 278
4.169–4.170 A Fire-Ladder; Finial of a Japanese Temple (from native drawings, Oliphant, Narrative, 2, pp. 133, 82) 280
4.171–4.172 Japanese Astronomers and Japanische Astronomen (from a native drawing, Oliphant, Narrative, 2, p. 218; Steger, Nippon-Fahrer, p. 267) 280
4.173 Interior scene of a dwelling with tokonoma (Tamenaga, Ronins, after p. 178) 422
4.174 Interior scene of a dwelling with tokonoma (Dening, Japan 1, after p. 42) 422
4.175 Entrance of a business (Takizawa, Okoma, p. 46) 422
4.176 Interior, probably a tea-room (Wertheimber, Muramasa Blade, p. 66) 422
4.177 Daibutsu in Kamakura (Jephson, Life in Japan, after p. 88) 283
4.178 Le daiboudhs, statue colossale du bouddha à Kamakoura (E. Thérond after a photograph of Felice Beato, Humbert, Le Japon, 1, p. 241.) 283
4.179 Diabutsu Kamakura (Gardiner, Japan, p. 32) 284
4.180 Daibutsu (‘Great Buddha’) at Kamakura (Dixon, Land of the Morning, p. 509) 284
4.181 Image of Daibutz, or Great Buddha (Mortimer, Far off, p. 552) 284
4.182 Felice Beato (1832–1909): Photograph of the pagoda of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū, 1867–1868 (The J. Paul Getty Museum, Japanese Landscapes and Other Views, 2007.26.207.5, partial gift from the Wilson Centre for Photography) 285
4.183 Felice Beato (1832–1909): Photograph of the pagoda of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū with the finial already missing, 1870s (The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, New York Public Library Digital Collections, 118912) 285
4.184 The pagoda of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū (Jephson, Life in Japan, after p. 84) 286
4.185 The pagoda of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū (Humbert, Le Japon, 1, p. 233) 286
4.186 Croquis de Blaireau (Humbert, Le Japon, 1, p. 85) 289
4.187 Sketch of a weasel (Humbert, Japan, p. 227) 289
4.188 Badger on a bamboo (Greey, Young Americans, p. 101) 289
4.189 Mutter und Tochter aus Simoda (Heine, Expedition, 2, after p. 208) 290
4.190 Une dame japonaise et sa fille (Oliphant, Le Japon, after p. 140) 290
4.191 Aussicht auf den Berg Fusi-Jama (Das Kaiserreich Japan, 1860, frontispiece) 291
4.192 Archer japonais (troupes du Siogoun) (E. Thérond after a photograph; Humbert, Le Japon, 1, p. 226) 292
4.193 Kumamoto Castle, 2009 (663highland via Wikipedia commons, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Kumamoto _Castle_02n3200.jpg [last accessed 4 May 2024]), cropped 292
4.194 Japanese funeral at Simoda (Hawks, Narrative, 1857, p. 472) 423
4.195 Begräbnis in Simoda (Steger, Nippon-Fahrer, p. 189), cropped 423
4.196 Japanese Funeral (Oliphant, Narrative, 2, pp. 188–189) 423
4.197 Japanisches Begräbnis (Steger, Nippon-Fahrer, p. 271) 423
4.198 Kiyóto. Baron Hübner in den Palast des Mikado eindringend, nach einer Skizze des Verfassers (Hübner, Spaziergang (1882), after p. 248) 293
4.199–4.200 Das Sonnenthor und das Küchenthor, Palast des Mikado, nach einer Skizze des Verfassers (Hübner, Spaziergang (1882), p. 249) 294
4.201
4.202–4.203 The Tea-Party; Family Worship (Steinmetz, Japan, pp. 180, 255) 295
4.204 Go sannoma. Hall of audience (Kaempfer, History of Japan, 2, plate XXXII), cropped 296
4.205 Living room with bamboo hangings, sudare (courtesy of Kodansha Editorial Ltd.: Brown, Azby: The Japanese Dream House. How technology and tradition are shaping new house design; New York et al. 2001, p. 38) 424
4.206 The Audience Hall of Ninomaru Gōten of the Nijō-jō in Kyōto (courtesy of Bridgeman Images, IBE5348864) 424
4.207 Une dame de la cour de Kioto rentrant dans ses appartements. (A. de Neuville after a Japanese painting; Humbert, Le Japon, 1, p. 163) 298
4.208 Salle Principale du Palais du Prince Satzuma (Paris, Excursion a Kioto, plate 1, section) 298
4.209 Interior of Japanese dwelling (Converse, Notes, p. 63) 299
4.210 The genkan of a historic business preserved in the Edo-Tōkyō Open-Air Architectural Museum Garden Tōkyō, 2018 (photograph by the author) 299
4.211 A Japanese dinner (Glass, The World, after p. 489) 300
4.212 Japanese garden (Steinmetz, Japan, p. 31) 301
4.213 Japanese garden (Tronson, Personal Narrative, frontispiece) 301
4.214 Japanese tea gardens (Ainsworth, Around the World, 1, p. 145) 302
4.215 Del af en Japansk trädgård (Bæckström, Ett besök, p. 211) 302
4.216 Tempelgarten in Tokio (Kreitner, Im fernen Osten, p. 273) 425
4.217 Hotta family garden, Tōkyō, by Kusakabe, Kimbei, ca. 1883 (E.G. Stillman Collection, Widener Library, Harvard University, http://id.lib.harvard .edu/via/olvgroup12195/urn-3:FHCL:4420306/catalog [last accessed 4 May 2024]) 425
4.218 Hotta family garden, Mukojima, Tōkyō, by Esaki Reiji, ca. 1885 (E.G. Stillman Collection, Widener Library, Harvard University, http://id.lib.harvard.edu/via/olvgroup12195/urn-3:FHCL:4420316/catalog [last accessed 4 May 2024]) 425
4.219 Utagawa Hiroshige I: Fireworks in the Cool of the Evening at Ryōgoku Bridge, about 1840 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, William S. and John T. Spaulding Collection, www.mfa.org, https:// collections.mfa.org/objects/237585/ [last accessed 4 May 2024]) 426
4.220 Tower of Nagoya castle (Reed, Japan, 2, p. 230) 304
4.221 Ehmidge castle, Kioto (Mossman, Japan, after p. 4) 304
4.222 Tower of Nagoya castle (Greey, City of Tokio, p. 243) 304
4.223 The citadel of Owari castle (Maclay, Budget Letters, after p. 218) 304
4.224 A Japanese dwelling-house (McCabe, Tour Around the World, p. 760), cropped 305
4.225 A Japanese mansion (Butler, Stories, p. 10) 305
4.226 Japanese dwellings (Wilson, Letters, after p. 24) 305
4.227 Utagawa Hiroshige: Ishibe, from the series “Fifty-Three Stations of the Tokaido”, 1855 (Art Institute of Chicago, Bruce Goff Archive, gift of Shin’enkan, Inc., 1990.607.153 (see as well Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam, n0493M1986)) 426
4.228 Utagawa Hiroshige: Goyu, no. 35 from the series The Tōkaidō: the Fifty-Three Stations, 1847–1850 (courtesy of Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam, n0096V1962) 426
4.229 Utagawa Hiroshige III: Illustration of Foreign Residences and the Catholic Church in Yokohama (Yokohama shōkan tenshudō no zu), 1870 (New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Lincoln Kirstein, JP3349), cropped 310
4.230 Yokohama Catholic church, Prudent Girard, 1862 (Nachrichten aus den Missionen. Japan, p. 106) 310
4.231 Utagawa Kuniteru II: Illustration of Mitsui Group’s Western-Style Three-Story House at Surugachō, Tōkyō, 1873 (courtesy of Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, Utagawa Kuniteru 2, Illustration of Mitsui Group’s Western-Style Three-Story House at Surugachō, Tōkyō, 1873, print, 2021:36.412a-c, Gift of Irwin Lavenberg, The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints) 427
4.232 Utagawa Yoshitora: An Accurate Picture of the Mitsui Building at Suruga-chō in Tōkyō, 1874 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf Collection, www.mfa.org, https://collections .mfa.org/objects/161368 [last accessed 25 June 2023]) 427
4.233
4.234 Utagawa (Gountei) Sadahide: Revised Yokohama Landscape, 1861 (New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bequest of William S. Lieberman, 2005, 2007.49.124a-f, https://www.metmuseum .org/art/collection/search/73410 [last accessed 4 May 2024], section) 429
4.235–4.236 View of the area of Gojō-bashi in Kyōto; Shop selling sweets near Kyōto Daibutsu (Hōkō-ji) (both Akisato, Miyako, 2, s.p.), cropped 314
4.237–4.238 Houses and fire-watch tower in Edo’s Baba-chō; Street scene with businesses in Edo’s Sugura-chō (both Saitō, Edo meisho, 1, s.p.), cropped 315
4.239 Utagawa Hiroshige: View of Suruga-chō, from the series Famous Places in the Eastern Capital, about 1832–38 (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Gift of Adams Collection, www.mfa.org, https://collections .mfa.org/objects/231323 [last accessed 4 May 2024]) 430
4.240 Utagawa Hiroshige: Suruga-chō (One Hundred Famous Views of Edo), 1856 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Anonymous gift (M.73.75.26), https://collections.lacma.org/node/190735 [last accessed 15 May 2024]) 430
4.241 Utagawa Hiroshige: Suruga-chō in the Eastern Capital (Thirty-six Views of Mt. Fuji), 1858 (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Cobert (AC1994.188.2), https://collections .lacma.org/node/189641 [last accessed 15 May 2024]) 430
4.242
4.243 Kobayashi Kiyochika: Snow in Suruga-chō, 1879 (National Museum of Asian Art Collection, Robert O. Muller Collection, S2003.8.1141, https://asia.si.edu/explore-art-culture/collections/search/edanmdm :fsg_S2003.8.1141/ [last accessed 15 May 2024]) 431
4.244 Utagawa Hiroshige III (1842–1894): The Misui store in Suruga-chō (Tōkyō meisho), 1881 (Tōkyō Metropolitan Library, 0421–C37, http://archive.library.metro.tokyo.jp/da/detail?tilcod =0000000003-00055205 [last accessed 15 May 2024]) 431
4.245 Utagawa Hiroshige (1797–1858): The Pagoda at Zojo Temple and Akabane (Zojoji to, Akabane), from the series “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo (Meisho Edo hyakkei)”, 1857 (Art Institute of Chicago, Clarence Buckingham Collection, 1925.3757) 317
4.246 Utagawa Hiroshige (1797–1858): Kinryūzan Temple in Asakusa (Kaminari-mon, Hōzō-mon and pagoda of Asakusa Sensō-ji), One Hundred Famous Views of Edo, 1856 (Brooklyn Museum, Frank L. Babbott Fund, 39.575, https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/open collection/objects/49880 [accessed 30 July 2023]) 317
4.247 Utagawa Sadahide: Nihonbashi no shokei (View of a daimyo procession at Nihonbashi, famous views of Edo), 1863 (courtesy of The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints) 432
4.248 Utagawa Hiroshige: The Tōkaidō: The Fifty-Three Stations. 39. Okazaki (Yahagi no bashi), ca. 1834 (New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search /36960 [last accessed 15 May 2024]) 432
4.249 Katsushika Hokusai: Yahagi Bridge at Okazaki on the Tokaido, ca. 1828–1839 (The Art Institute of Chicago, Clarence Buckingham Collection, 1928.1083) 432
4.250 Die Yahaki-Brücke (Siebold, Nippon, 15. delivery of plates, plate 35), cropped 433
4.251 Utagawa Hiroshige: Okazaki, Yahagi Bridge from 53 Stations of the Tokaido, 1832–1847 (The Art Institute of Chicago, Clarence Buckingham Collection, 1930.68) 433
4.252 Utagawa Hiroshige: Yahagi Bridge on the Yahagi River near Okazaki, 1855 (The Art Institute of Chicago, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Harold G. Henderson, 1968.348) 433
4.253–4.256 Ogawa Kazumasa: Girls having afternoon tea; Fujigawa river and Mt. Fuji from Iwabuchi, Tokaido; Omizusha, a basin, at Nikkō Toshogu Shrine; A vegetable vendor (courtesy of Nagasaki University Library, Metadata Database of Japanese Old Photographs in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period) 434
4.257–4.258 Tamamura Kozaburo: Woman in rickshaw, with two drivers, and Woman carrying infant on her back, 188–? (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard .edu/early-photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W599675_URN-3 :FHCL:5142530 and https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early -photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W599681_URN-3:FHCL:5142534 [last accessed 15 May 2024]), cropped 321
4.259 Ogawa, Kazumasa: Japanese women playing go, ca. 1887 (Widener Library, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early -photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W537828_URN-3:FHCL:4432156 [last accessed 15 May 2024]) 321
4.260–4.262 Recurring architectural details, shōji, in genre scenes (Stillfried, Raimund von; Beato, Felice et al.: Japonais, vol. 4, Stillfried & Andersen, s.l. 1878, F 238, F 244, F 240, courtesy of Gallica/BnF) 322
4.263–4.264 Felice Beato: American legation, Yedo; and Yokohama, 1867 (?) (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https:// curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early-photography-of-japan/catalog/70 -W567950_URN-3:FHCL:5113433 and https://curiosity.lib.harvard .edu/early-photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W569356_URN-3:FHCL :5113438 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 323
4.265–4.266 Tamamura Kozaburo: Kintai Bridge on Nishiki River at Iwakuni, 187–?; Shinto shrine, somewhere in Japan, ca. 1876 (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu /early-photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W598268_URN-3:FHCL :5142514 and https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early-photography -of-japan/catalog/70-W598258_URN-3:FHCL:5142507 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 435
4.267 Uchida Kuichi: Kodaiji temple at Nagasaki, ca. 1870 (Widener Library, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early -photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W542250_URN-3:FHCL:8043236 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 435
4.268 Kusakabe Kimbei: Buddhist temple at Asakusa, Tokio, 1880s? (Widener Library, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early -photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W542173_URN-3:FHCL:8043201 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 435
4.269 Funeral procession on city street in Japan, ca. 1890 (E.G. Stillman collection, today Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early-photography -of-japan/catalog/70-W577015_URN-3:FHCL:5113395 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 324
4.270–4.271 Tamamura Kozaburo: Tonosawa Onsen, ca. 1890; and Women relaxing on veranda of teahouse, 188–? (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early -photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W576566_URN-3:FHCL:5113365 and https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early-photography-of-japan /catalog/70-W577009_URN-3:FHCL:5113390 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 324
4.272–4.273 Tamamura Kozaburo: Honmachi-dori, Yokohama, ca. 1885; and Fujiya Hotel, 188–? (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early-photography-of-japan /catalog/70-W598253_URN-3:FHCL:5142503 and https://curiosity.lib .harvard.edu/early-photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W576567 _URN-3:FHCL:5113366 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 326
4.274 Tōkyō Imperial Hotel, Watabe Yuzuru (1855–1930), 1890, ca. 1892 (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https:// curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early-photography-of-japan/catalog /70-W553622_URN-3:FHCL:4702652 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 327
4.275 View of main street, Tokio, ca. 1860–1899 (The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Photography Collection, The New York Public Library, 119002) 328
4.276 Yoshiwara, Tōkyō, ca. 1890 (Fine Arts Library, Special Collections, Harvard University, https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/early -photography-of-japan/catalog/70-W553603_URN-3:FHCL:4702694 [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 328
4.277–4.280 Yokoyama Matsusaburo: Kyōto Imperial palace, Tsunegoten; Main Hall of Hōryūji Temple; Nara, Shōshōin; Ise, Naiko, 1872 (courtesy of Tōkyō National Museum, R-1378, R-1427, R-1398, R-1453 via https:// colbase.nich.go.jp [last accessed 18 May 2024]), cropped 333
4.281–4.282 Yokoyama Matsusaburo: two views of Katsura Rikyū (Katsura Imperial Villa), stereo photographs, 1872 (courtesy of Tōkyō National Museum, R-1074 and R-1077 via https://colbase.nich.go.jp [last accessed 1 August 2023]), cropped 334
4.283–4.284 Hinagatabon, 1727: View and details of a bracketing system (Kōtan, Shinpu: Shōka Gokuhiden [Secret Volume for the Carpenter], 2 vols., 1727, s.p., via AIJ, hinagatabon, https://www.aij.or.jp/da1/hinagata /kizou.html [last accessed 18 May 2024]), partially rotated, slightly edited 336
4.285–4.286 Hinagatabon, 1812: Position of rafters and eave laths regarding the curvature of the roofing (Ishikawa, Ju’uho: Shōka Hinagata Zōho Shoshin Den [Patterns for the Carpenter, Introduction], revised ed., 6 vols., 1812, s.p., via AIJ, hinagatabon, https://www.aij.or.jp/da1 /hinagata/kizou.html [last accessed 18 May 2024]), assembled, slightly edited 337
4.287 Hinagatabon, 1851: Section of a dwelling with interior fittings (Shinsen zōho taishō hinagata taizen [Large Encyclopaedia of Patterns for the Carpenter] new, revised ed., 5 vols., 1851, s.p., via AIJ, hinagatabon, https://www.aij.or.jp/da1/hinagata/kizou.html [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 338
4.288–4.289 Hinagatabon, 1866: View, section and floor plan of a very small shrine; View and section of a larger shrine building (Zōho Daishō Hinagata [Augmented Models for the Carpenter], extended ed., 6 vols., 1866, s.p., via AIJ, hinagatabon, https://www.aij.or.jp/da1/hinagata/kizou.html [last accessed 18 May 2024]) 339