Index

–

Clearing arrangements

Cochrane, R. A., Wing Commander RAF, on threat of airpower

251n28

273

–

275n32

Colonies

Acquisition of

Air routes

Cost to colonizer

139

Civilizing mission

100n75

Conferred power and prestige

–

Criticism of

Easter Accords confirmed

150n83

Expanded internal market and stimulated industry

215n15

Lack of natural and human resources

Loss of

–

Outlet for “surplus” population

102n78

Potential and actual source of wealth

–

–

–

Threat to British

Use of air power

Violent suppression (pacification)

–

Vulnerable

–

–

CMASA, Costruzioni Meccaniche Aeronautic he Società Anonima, Italian aviation firm

Aircraft

313

–

314

320

Formation and merger with Fiat

CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) National Council for Research

Coal

Anthracite

Bituminous

–

–

Lignite

–

–

–

–

Cogefag, Commission for War Production (Commissariato generale per le fabbricazioni di guerra)

113

265

Committee for industrial mobilization (Comitato Generale di Mobilitazione Industriale)

387

Confindustria (Confederazione Generale Industriale Italiana)

Cooper, Duff, British politician

113

119n20

Corporatism

–

Corradini, Enrico, ANI theorist

82n38

Corso Fougier, Rino, chief of air staff

Cotton

Consumption

Cotton linters

221

–

Imported

–

Production (cloth and yarns)

424

Production (raw)

216

Council of Ministers

French

Italian

–

153

Crespi, Silvio, delegate to 1919 peace talks

393

–

CSAS (Comando Servizi Aerei Speciali)

310

CSD (Commissione/Consiglio suprema di difesa)

CTR (Commissione per lo studio sui trasporti dei rifornimenti della Nazione in Guerra Commission for the Study of the Transport of Supplies for the Nation during Wartime

179

CSTA (Comando Superiore Truppe Albania)

Czechoslovakia

Added to German productive capacity

193n50

210

302n51

Agricultural and industrial work forces

109

–

110

Armed forces

186n30

Coal and lignite production

184

Coal and coke exports to Italy

Dismemberment

Gold reserves

Petroleum production and reserves

Tank production

–

Daladier, Edouard, French President

Dallolio, Alfredo, Undersecretary for Arms and Munitions (Sottosegretariato per le armi e le munizioni)

–

Dall’Ora, Fidenzio, commander of CAC

Dams

Danzig (Gdansk) crisis

–

–

–

D’Annunzio, Gabriele, Italian poet

303n54

391

Deakin, Frederick W., British historian

138n58

Decentralization of industrial plant

260

292

–

De Felice, Renzo, Italian historian

135n50

168n17

171

–

De Gaulle, Charles, French armored advocate

17n35

272n25

Del Prete, Carlo, Italian aviator

172

Denmark, occupation of

De Pinedo, Francesco, Italian aviator

De Seversky, Alexander P., American aviator and engineer

–

Diamonds

Diaz, Armando, Italian chief of staff, 1918

244

Directorate for Artillery and Engineering (Direzione Generale di Artiglieria e Genio)

240

Divisions

Binary and triangular

–

Light and square

Dodecanese Islands

–

Dönitz, Karl, German naval officer

Douhet, Giulio, Italian theorist of strategic bombing

284

285n12

Dovunque, off-road vehicle

348

Dučić, Jovan, Yugoslav ambassador to Rome

134n48

Dunkirk,

140n62

167

East, Gordon, British journalist

251n28

East Africa

British forces in 1940

Casualties

Inability to defend

–

–

Liberal and Fascist expansion

Offensive capabilities

–

Unsuitable for mechanized units

343

Easter Accords (April 1938)

Educational orders, British policy

295n36

Eimannsberger Ludwig Ritter von

335n15

339n23

Einaudi, Luigi, Italian economist

94n64

387

393

El Alamein

Advance to

379

382

Loss of men and materiel

412

Retreat from

369

409

Electricity, generation

Air raids

Compared to

–

Drought, effect of

–

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

–

National grid

–

Thermal

Uses

Ercole Marelli, electrical equipment firm

203

204n75

Ethiopia, invasion and occupation of

Air routes

Cost (equipment)

Cost (financial)

–

–

Delayed rearmament

–

Effect on Kellogg-Briand Pact

Effect on domestic and foreign policy

Lessons

–

Response to postwar treaties

Sanctions

Ethylene glycol (glicol etilenico). see alcohol

EUR (Esposizione Universale di Roma) Universal Exposition of Rome

128

–

Explosives

Pentrite (tetranitro-pentaeritrite) and T-4 (trimetilentrinitroamina)

224

Toluene and TNT, trinitrotoluene

–

Fasci di Combattimento

66n5

Fascist Grand Council

Fascist Party. see PNF

Favagrossa, Carlo, head of Cogefag

Accords with Germany

Estimated shortages

Failure to prepare for war

–

Hydroelectric power

Federzoni, Luigi, President of Italian Senate, opposed racial laws

118n19

Feige, Richard, quartermaster for

h Panzer army

Fermi, Enrico, Italian physicist

197n58

Ferrarin, Arturo, Italian aviator

FIAT (Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino)

Cr (Carlo Rosselli) fighters

299

322

G (Giuseppe Gabrielli) fighters

Br bombers

–

Finnish-Soviet war

Effect on international law

Italian support

–

Source for cellulose and nickel

225n42

230

FIOM (Federazione Impiegati Operai Metallurgici) Federation of Metal Workers and Employees

FISA (Federazione Italiana Sindacala Agricoltori) Federation of Italian Agricultural Syndicate

Fiume

Occupation of

Oil refinery

Whitehead torpedoes

–

Food

Colonial expansion

Competed with Germans

248

389

400

Consumption (caloric value)

–

Contraband

Net importer

Processing

–

Shortage of

Tariffs on

Four-Power Pact (1933)

107n90

155n90

Franco, Francisco, Spanish dictator (Caudillo)

François-Poncet, André, French ambassador to Rome

Conversations with Ciano informed of war

–

Conversation with Loraine

140n63

French air force

325n90

French armored forces

Abbeville

362n68

DLM (Division Légère Méchanique) Light Mechanized Division

352

–

French General Staff

Belgium unreliable

119n20

Opinion of Italian armed forces

15n30

Preferred Italy as neutral or ally

79n32

116

116n14

Gamelin

FS (Ferrovie dello Stato) State Railways

188

Fuels

Aviation

–

–

Benzine (gasoline)

–

–

Fuel-oil (naphtha)

–

–

alcohol

Fuller, J. F. C., British armored theorist

329n3

–

Funck, Freiherr von

Gabrielli, Giuseppe, Fiat aviation engineer

Difficulty of designing aircraft engines

264n10

Failure of aviation firms to cooperate

298n42

Praise for G.50 and G.55

321n87

Reasons for three-engine aircraft

317n79

Gamelin, Maurice, French chief of staff.

French General Staff

Accords with Badoglio

107n90

134n49

Preferred Italy as ally or neutral

116

121

Reassured Visconti Prasca

Sought allies

167n114

Gariboldi, Italo, commander

h Army

377

382

–

Gas, natural and synthetic

Blue

189

Deposits

193

–

Used as fuel

–

–

Gas, “aggressive” (tear, chlorine, mustard, and phosgene)

Gasogene engines

Gatti, Angelo

Gazzera, Pietro, army chief of staff

186n28

Generic fascism

667

71n16

Gibraltar

Naval base

Straits of

–

Operation Felix

Giornate dell’Ala

Glycerine

Production of

198

221

–

Shortages

225

Sources

248

Gooch, John, British historian

–

Göring, Hermann, head of GAF

Expected long war

Head of Four-Year Plan

Lacked coal cars

Opposed war with France and Britain

137n56

146n75

152

Opposed parallel wars

137n57

Grandi, Dino, foreign minister, ambassador to London

Anti-German

Concept of peso determinante

165

Criticism of Britain

143n72

Decision to intervene

140

164

–

Sought rapprochement with London

107n90

Graziani, Rodolfo, army chief of staff, RSI minister of defense

418

–

Lessons of war

384n104

North African campaign

–

–

Suppressed Libyan rebellion

404n39

Grazioli, Francesco Saverio, armored advocate

199

Gregor, A. James, American political scientist

–

Griffin, Roger

23n51

–

postmodernism

Guariglia, Raffaele, ambassador to Paris

Efforts to avert war

Guarneri, Felice, minister of finance

Guderian, Heinz, creator of German armored forces

335n15

Armor as offensive weapon

17n35

Effort to procure Mark III

346n36

Experience in Russia

364n72

Influenced by De Gaulle and Liddell Hart

Marras report on

329n4

Rejected Fuller, all-armored force

Stressed need for anti-tank units

Guerra di rapido corso (guerra lampo) War of rapid movement (lighting war)

Doctrine in 1935

336

354

Implemented in Spain

Replaced by war of attrition

372

Reorganization and new equipment needed to implement

344

349

Blitzkrieg (lightning war)

Guidoni, Alessandro, exponent of naval aviation,

307n61

381

–

Guidonia, RAI testing facility

197

283

311

Guzzoni, Alfredo, under-secretary of war

Haldane, J. B. S., Scottish scientist,

191

Halder, Franz, German quartermaster general

Criticized Hitler

170

Doubted quick victory

158n96

169n118

Low opinion of Rommel

Suggested de-motorizing army

372

Halifax, Edward Frederick L. W., British foreign secretary

Accepted German claims to Austria, Sudetenland

143

Hoped to use Mussolini to brake Hitler

122

Insisted Berlin give Warsaw guarantees

140

Rejected negotiated peace

Tightened blockade

172

Hamilton, Alexander, American Secretary of the Treasury

84n44

Heimwehr (Home Guard), Austrian paramilitary group

–

Hemp, sources

Hitler, Adolf, German Führer

Acted unilaterally

Actions in Aug.-Sept. 1939

–

–

–

Asserted a common destiny with Mussolini

–

Compared to Mussolini

Corporatism

Diffidence toward Italians

149n81

Distrust of German generals

Focus on

77n28

German commanders in Mediterranean autonomous

385

Italian opinions of

–

253n33

Lack of confidence

Lack of interest in economics

264n11

Letter of 5 Feb. 1941

–

Malaparte’s caricature of

Meeting with Ciano, Aug. 1939

Meetings with Mussolini, January and March 1941

40n100

155

–

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Overconfidence of

Pact of Steel

–

–

Promises to maintain peace

126

Promised to support Italy

–

Provoked war

110

Rejected peace with Soviets

420n70

Relationship to Mussolini

–

–

Relations with pain

Views on armored formations

353

Views on Mediterranean theater

Horikoshi, Jiro, Japanese aeronautic engineer

On monoplanes

298n42

On selection of engine

314n72

On ability to maneuver

50n120

Host Venturi, Giovanni, Minister of communications

Huizinga, Johann, Dutch cultural historian

14n27

23n51

–

Hydro-electric energy

Benefits from “clean” energy

Distribution

Drought

Growth of

Need for

Reservoirs

Hydrogen

Advantages

192n45

Production

189

223n37

Hydrogenation; see synthetics

ICC International Criminal Court

ICC (Istituto Centrale di Calcolo) Central Institute of Computation

197

ICTY, International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia

9n18

ILVA, Italian steel cartel

180

212

241n13

IMAM (Industrie Meccaniche Aeronautiche Meridionali) Southern Aeronautical Mechanical Industries

–

320

IMRO Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

Industrial mobilization

Components

Crippled

Obstacles

Predetermined Fascist takeover

Role of industrial plant

259n2

Rostagno’s comparison of two wars

Industrial sectors

Aviation

–

Chemical

–

Construction

Engineering

Extractive

Manufacturing

Metallurgical

Textile

–

–

Infante, Adolfo, military attaché in London

Infiltration, military tactic

In Malaya and Korea

In North Africa

Defense against

During World War I

–

Inflation.

Allied Military Lira

Allied policy

–

Causes

Effects

–

Efforts to control

Ethiopia and Spain

Infrastructure

Air raids

–

Defense of

Inadequate

In colonies

Importance

Inskip, Thomas Walker Hobart, British minister for coordination of defence

172

273n28

IRI (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale) Industrial Reconstruction Institute

Creation

75n24

Expedient, not ideological

Model for Spain

219

Purpose and design

Firms rescued and supported

Internal migration

IMI (Istituto Mobiliare Italiano) Italian Industrial Finance Institute

Italian armored divisions

Ariete

–

Centauro

Littorio

Italian motorized divisions

Trento

Trieste

Italian mobile (celere) divisions (Eugenio di Savoia, Emmanuele Filiberto, Prince Amadeo)

Italian lorried (autotrasportabili) divisions (Pasubio, Piave, Torino)

Japan

Adopted preferential trade system

Armed forces

299

343n30

Breakdown of democracy

73n20

Developed hydroelectric power

203

–

204

206

Economy similar to Italian

Economic policies

Postwar trials

Resource poor

Seaborn communications

175

Steel production compared to Italian

213

Territorial expansion

92n62

334

Threat to British empire

Work force

Jodl, Alfred Josef Ferdinand, general, chief of OKW operations

Keitel, Wilhelm, German chief of staff (OKW)

Kellog-Briand Pact (1928)

Kesselring, Albert, supreme commander southern front (OBS)

52n123

322n87

419

Knox, Macgregor, American historian

–

Kuhn, Thomas, American philosopher of science

–

69n12

Labor force, militarized

241n14

Lancia, Italian automobile firm

Arms production

Strike

Lanza, Michele (Leonardo Simone), secretary at Berlin embassy

Abwehr monitored correspondence

165n110

Ciano’s speech “funeral oration” for Axis

150

Fog protected Dunkirk

167n115

German military needed fuel

276n34

154n89

Germans “cowed” by state

158n96

Germans reneged on promises

166n112

Intervention in autumn 1940

165n111

Italian sale of aviation material to French

153n87

Fascist and Nazi regimes different

157n94

OKW preferred neutral Italy

161n101

LATI (Linee Aeree Transcontinentali Italiane) Transcontinental Italian Air Lines

304

–

306

310

League of Nations

Appeal by Einstein and Mann

Imposed sanctions

274

Lebensraum.

spazio vitale

Central to “fascist” systems

76n26

100n75

Disagreement on meaning

70n14

Lemkin, Rafael, coined term “genocide”

–

405n41

Lenin, Vladimir, favored hydroelectric power

Levi, Mario, Italian chemist

189

Libya

Air links

Balbo, governor

Concentration camps

Convoys to

Cost

388

First military aviation 1911

303n54

Lack of offensive capabilities

161

164

Military campaigns

–

–

–

–

Reinforced

–

Reserves

Resource poor

Shared intelligence with Paris and London

151n84

152n85

Suppressed rebellions

224n39

234

404n39

Threat to Tunisia and Egypt

275

326

Threatened by Tunisia and Egypt

158

–

Linguistic turn.

postmodernism

LIT (Lego industrial di Torino)

Little Entente, alliance

97n68

134

Loraine, Percy, British ambassador to Rome

Blockade

Chances for peace

Ciano reassured

Italy at war

Mussolini to resolve crisis

122

Reassured Ciano

123

Urged London to take a hard line with Italy

Lubricants

Production

Shortages

Sources

and

Luciolli, Mario

Ciano upset with Germans

112

Helped Poles escape German occupation

147n77

Italian diplomats upset with Germans

117n18

147

Ludendorff, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm, German army’s quartermaster general, 1918

Advised Kaiser to sue for peace

244

Decision to surrender

397n23

Lack of fuel undermined war effort

184

Lutz, Oswald, Colonel, worked with Guderian

Macchi

Aviation firm

187n32

Commercial aircraft (Mc.94, Mc.100)

307n60

Fighter (pursuit) aircraft (Mc.29, Mc.200, Mc.202, Mc.205)

–

Reconnaissance aircraft (Mc.15)

Seaplanes (Mc.24, Mc.39, Mc.41, Mc.72)

Mackensen, Hans Georg von, German ambassador to Rome

Malaparte, Curzio, Italian journalist

111

Malta

American help

385n108

Axis air raids on

–

279

Closed to Italian ships

Importance of

Interdiction of Axis convoys

412

Interdiction of British convoys

Operation C.3

Radar station

Reinforced

Transfer of fleet

Marconi, Guglielmo

Chair of CNR subcommittee

176n4

Compagnia Italiana Marconi

204n75

Impression of Wilson

394n15

Marras, Efisio, Italian military attaché in Berlin

Conversation with Canaris

153n86

German attitudes toward Italy

German morale

Finnish-Soviet war

French campaign

German armored formations

329n4

340n24

Poland and Polish campaign

152

349

Martel, Giffard Le Q., armored advocate

British armored doctrine

339n23

Commanded Royal Armored Corps

329n3

Explained German successes

Italians fought “gallantly”

328n2

Matilda “decisive weapon”

328

366n74

Massigli, René, French diplomat

167n114

Mechanization

Baistrocchi’s opinion

Negro’s opinion

Official policy

Pugnani’s opinion

Mecozzi, Amadeo, advocate of tactical airpower

284

Mediterranean theater

American involvement

238

315

385

Attitudes toward Italians

British focus on

German dismissal of

–

German intervention

Lost to Axis

231

Main Italian theater

410

–

411

Missed Opportunities

–

Support for Britain

Merchant marine

Messerschmitt, Willy

–

Metals.

Alloys

Aluminum

–

–

Antimony

–

Copper

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Iron, cast or pig iron (ghisa di prima fusione)

–

Lead

–

–

Manganese

–

Mercury

–

–

Molybdenum

–

–

–

Steel

–

–

–

–

–

–

Zinc

–

Metaxas, Ioannis, Greek dictator (1936–1040)

Metaxas Line,

Mica

Miglioli, Guido

Molotov, Viaceslav, Soviet foreign minister

141n64

249

Montecatini, Italian chemical firm

–

Mosse, George, American historian

Motorization

Mountain ranges

Apennines (Italy)

342n28

Atlas (Tunisia)

342n28

Dinaric Alps (Yugoslavia)

342

–

Julian Alps (Italy)

342

–

French Alps

Dolomites (Italy)

–

Jebel (Libya)

Mules

–

Munich agreement (1938)

Mussolini, Benito, Italian dictator, 1922–1945

Appreciation of airpower

Autarky

–

Axis

Benefitted from postwar economic boom

397

Colonial policies

Compared to Hitler

–

Contemplated break with Germany

–

150

Contemplated intervention

–

Corporatism (productivism)

–

Correspondence with Hitler

–

–

–

–

Decision for war

160

–

Declared “parallel” war

Domestic policies

104n84

Deposed

Leader of RSI

Foreign policy

–

–

–

–

Guilty of war crimes

Interpretations of

–

–

–

–

–

Liberal economic policies

–

Limits on his power

119

Monitored NSDAP

–

Preference for diplomacy

137

–

Proponent of hydroelectric power

Protected Austria

134

343

Pursued autarky

Racial laws

45n113

74n22

Relations with armed forces

–

–

Relations with Hitler

Relations with industrialists

–

Relations with Spain

257

Relations with Yugoslavia

–

Sought to assure peace through 1942

–

–

–

–

Sought to end war in 1939

Support for Spanish rebels

123

–

Support for Zionists

Muti, Ettore, PNF secretary

MVSN

–

Navicert

Nazi. see NSDAP

NDH, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska (Independent State of Croatia)

–

Negro, Livio, commander

132n

d armored regiment

351

–

Netherlands (Holland)

New Deal

Nitrogen Casale and Fauser process)

Nitti, Francesco

Noël, Léon, French minister to Prague

North-South split

Norway

NSDAP (National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) National-Socialist Germany Workers’ Party

–

Nuremburg Tribunal

Occupation policies

Allied

414n62

418

German

–

Italian

Occupations

Allied

414

Of land

–

Of factories

OKW, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German High Command)

Autonomous commands in Mediterranean

40n101

Badoglio’s opinion of

170

Decided to intervene in Mediterranean

Decided to occupy Greek ports

Internal disagreements

Leach’s opinion of

Planning for Barbarossa

105

279

Preferred neutral Italy

161n101

Requested Italian support in Rhine Valley

Requested Italian support in Atlantic

Sent blocking force to Libya

381n100

Shortages

Olive oil

219n23–24

Olivetti, Camillo and Gino

Operation Barbarossa/Fritz (Soviet Union)

48n116

Operation C.3 (Malta)

Operation Gymnast (North Africa)

385n108

Operation Felix (Gibraltar)

Operation Marita (Greece)

Operation Sealion (England)

Operation Sunflower (Libya)

OTO

–

OVRA, Italian political police.

147

Senise

Carmine

Pacification

Haiti and the Philippines

South Africa and Vietnam

96n67

403

405n39

Pact of Steel (Patto d’Acciaio)

British interpretation

122

Consequences

137

–

154

German interpretation

135

146

Interpretations of historians

130n43

134

Italian interpretation

–

Polish interpretation

Provisions

Violated by Germany

–

Paradigm,

–

Parallel war

Italian

German

Parravano, Nicola, Italian scientist

190n39

Pariani, Alberto, Chief of Army Staff

Cogefag

265

Guerra di rapido corso

337

–

347

–

Lack of funds

347

Opinion on armored forces

16n35

Orders for armored vehicles

235

357

Plan to invade Egypt

Partisan (guerrilla) movements

Payne, Stanley G., American historian

136n54

171

Perón, Juan, Argentinian dictator

Pétain, Henri-Philippe, Marshal of France

38n96

Petroleum and petroleum products

Companies (Anglo-Persian, Royal Dutch, Standard)

Consumption and uses

–

Deficiencies

Depletion

Imports of

–

Italian production and requirements

Sources and suppliers

–

–

–

–

Synthetic

Phony War (Sitzkrieg)

Phosphates

Piave River.

Caporetto

Vittorio Veneto

Breached 1918

Defense of 1917–1918

–

Picone, Mauro, Istituto Centrale di Calcolo (ICC, Central Institute of Computation)

197

Pietromarchi, Luca, chief of office for economic war

177n6

Piłsudski, Jozef, Polish politician,

121n23

Pirelli, Luigi, Italian industrialist

225

Pittaluga, Vittorio Emmanuele

393

Pius XII, Pope

165

PNF (Partito Nazionale Fascista, Fascist National Party)

And ANI

Cross-section of society

72n18

Decline

400n29

Relation to industrialists

95n66

Unlike CEDA or NSDAP

Unlike IMRO or Ustaša

Poland

Analysis of German-Polish war

141n65

274n31

338n21

British attitude toward

–

–

Coal and petroleum deposits

Demography

Iron and steel production

German attack on

–

German occupation

–

Germans opposed to war with

253n33

Illusion of localized war

Importance to France

Italian efforts to prevent, end war

Impact of German attack on Italy

317

–

Italian sympathy for Poles

Polish viewpoint

Rail cars

Popolo d’Italia

Postmodernism

Influence on historiography

24n56

Linguistic relativism and metaphysics

Po Valley

“High agriculture”

98n71

Land reclamation

104

Landowners and unions

RSI

420n71

occupations

POW

Austro-Hungarian

397n22

French treatment of and reprisals against

–

Italian

PPI (Partito Popolare Italiano)

Prince controls

–

inflation

Pricolo, Francesco, World War I veteran, chief of air staff 1939–42

Aerobatics and records (primati)

Albania

Aviation engines

Criticism of Valle

Free to manage RAI

Need for speed

Production target

Torpedoes

Programma R

Programma 3000

Procurement

Constraints on

–

Criticism of

–

Definition and importance

293

–

Efforts to rationalize

Responsible for

Propellants

–

Prototypes

Aircraft

Development and testing

–

Evaluation of

PSI (Partito Socialista Italiano)

Quartz

RAF (Royal Air Force)

American aircraft

Bombed Italy

Focus on Germany

French bases

North Africa

–

Performance in Greece

50n120

111n97

323

–

RAI (Regia Aeronautica Italiana)

Aircraft, German

Aircraft, Italian

Doctrine

Ethiopia and Spain

Funding

Rearming

–

Valle’s tenure

Weaknesses

Rails

Air raids

Albania

Delays and gauges

Electrified

Rationing, Italy

Realpolitik

Fascist foreign policy

90n57

115n13

257

International law

Opposed to idealism

100

133n48

RECAM, Reparto Esplorante di Corpo d’Armata di Manovra, Reconnaissance Unit of the Army Mobile Corps)

378

Reclamation of land, “Fascist”

109n96

Benefit to large holders

104

Benefit to peasantry

36n90

Component of autarky

Continued liberal efforts

Qualified success

Structural problems

Reforestation, “fascist”

For gasogene engines

For methyl alcohol

Reggiane, aircraft manufacturer,

104n84

187n32

Acquired by Caproni

Fighters and assault (Re.2000, 2001, and 2005)

–

–

Reparations

394

422n77

Reprisals

–

German and Italian

403n38

405

Mussolini’s fear of

Reynaud, Paul, French prime minister

Ribbentrop, Joachim, German foreign minister

Ciano’s opinion of

Claimed Axis had common destiny

152

157

Concluded pact with Soviets

141n64

Knew Italy unprepared for war

255

–

Mussolini’s opinion of

Promises to Italians

Meeting with Ciano

Upset with Attolico

Riccardi, Arturo, chief of naval staff

360n64

Rintelen, Enno von, German military attaché

Advice to Rommel

Ambrosio’s protest

Cited by Gooch

163n104

Delivered OKW request for Italian support

48n116

Hitler distrusted Italian diplomats

149n81

Increase in anti-German sentiment

149

Italian fortifications

Italians did not require help in Greece

Italians well disposed toward Poland

147n77

Mussolini wanted peace

135n52

Urged OKW to help in Libya

381n100

Romania

Air links to Italy

305

French ally

133

French plans for bloc

122n26

German commercial ties

182

217

German occupation of

111n97

Italian plans for bloc

120

254

Source of raw materials

–

–

Roatta, Mario, Italian chief of staff

Advocate of modernization

Analysis of French campaign

338n21

Analysis of Polish campaign

141n65

351n45

Meeting with Jodl and Rommel

Suspended mobilization

Rocco, Alfredo

Rommel, Erwin

Arrival in Libya

380

Command of Italian units

406

Disliked by senior German officers

385n106

Had “unique talents”

Honor guard of SS troops

Importance of Italian units

369n80

381

Gave speed priority

39n98

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, U.S. president

Occupation of Italy

Opinion of Mussolini

Overture to Mussolini

Supported Britain

Rosso, Augusto, Italian ambassador to Moscow

249

257n45

Rossoni, Edmondo

Rostagno, Carlo

Achilles heel, shortage of fuels

196

214

Defined economic mobilization

400n30

Italy required ally to win

250

400

428

Need for long-range strategy, research and development

161

–

270

Poor quality of equipment lowered morale

208

Responsibility for war

400

RTR. Royal Tank Regiment

Composition

329

366n74

Operations, North Africa

331

378

Ruhr

Coal, coke, and steel concentrated

Synthetic fuels

Vulnerable to air raids

260n4

293

SAIGS (Società per Azioni Industria Gomma Sintetica)

225

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, Portuguese dictator

Sanctions

Disrupted and redirected trade

101n78

Ended French-Italian cooperation

153n87

Obstructed efforts to stockpile goods

254

Rationale for autarky

73n21

Rationale for Axis

119n20

Rationale for colonies

76n26

227

–

Rationale for price controls

15n28

Sansonetti, Luigi, admiral, deputy chief of naval staff

360n64

Santoro, Giuseppe, general, assistant chief of air staff

Air losses and victories in Greece

–

Criticisms of activities

270n22

RAI’s weaknesses

268

5n282

Scrap metal

Cost of

Imports of

–

Shortages of

Suppliers of

Uses for

Seeckt, Hans von, commanded Reichswehr (1920–1926)

Senise, Carmine, Chief of public security police from 1940

147n77

SFI (Società Finanziaria Italiana)

74n24

SIAI-Marchetti, major aviation firm

Bombers (S.79)

Commercial (S.73/75)

–

Fighters (Mc.200)

–

Seaplanes (S.16/55/59/62/64/78)

–

–

SIM (Servizio Informazioni Militare) Military Intelligence Service

Analysis of French and Polish campaigns

336n18

Analysis of French armored forces

335n17

Analysis of German armored forces

340n24

351n45

Estimate of RAF strength in Middle East

124

378

SME (Società Meridionale di Elettricità)

202n71

Smelters and smelting

Capacity and output

–

–

–

Operations

Società Airone

Spanish Civil War

Interpretations

123n30

265

Italian-German rivalry

Italian intervention

Lessons of

Wastage of men and equipment

119n21

spazio vitale

92n62

colonies

Lebensraum

Speer, Albert

Sperrverbände, German blocking units

Spigo, Ugo,

Stahlhelm (Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten) Steel Helmet, Association of Frontline Soldiers)

Stalin, Joseph

“Bloody-handed dictator”

427n82

British ally

386

Fit Griffin’s definition of “fascist”

Pact with Hitler

253

Starace, Achille, secretary of PNF

Strategic bombing

Against Italy

Against Germany

192n46

205n77

Against Japan

British doctrine

285n12

Effectiveness

115

Douhet, Giulio.

Strategic minerals

Italy

–

Sources

United States lacked

Stresa front

Stülpnagel, Otto von

Sudetenland

Suez Canal,

Suvich, Fulvio

Differences with Germany

134n49

Managed foreign ministry, 1932–1936

117n16

Mussolini’s sense of honor

Synthetics

Szembek, Jan, Polish diplomat,

145n73

120n23

Tanks

Delivery and deployment by front

–

Italian doctrine and formations

–

German formations

Lack of

Main armament

Mechili tank battle

Performance of

Production of, German

368

Production of, Italian

–

artillery

armored vehicles

Taranto, naval port

Textiles

–

Thomas, Georg, chief of German army’s armaments office (WiRüAmt)

77n28

129

264

Tondi, Angelo, colonel in RAI

Evaluation of fighter prototypes, 1939

311

–

317

Evaluation of fighter prototypes, 1942

319

–

Torre, Pier Luigi, colonel in RAI. see Tondi, Angleo

Total war

Definition and transition to

80n34

207

Germany unprepared for

138n59

Italy rearmed during

Reprisals during

World War I

241n14

World War II

Totalitarian

95n66

Applied to Axis powers

143

Applied to Nazi Germany

71n16

114n8

158n96

Does not apply to Fascist Italy

Japan’s economy

73n21

Trade

Ability to protect

273

–

Allied occupation liberalized

107n91

Clearing arrangements

97n68

Control of exchanges

Deficits

103

241

Disrupted by blockade and war

269n20

389

415n64

Distorted by Great Depression and preferential policies

73n21

–

102

Distorted by sanctions

101n78

267

Favorable and unfavorable balances

71n17

78n30

Free trade opposed by ANI and abandoned by liberal states

–

Global patterns

389

75n25

Loss of German merchant marine

142

Mercantilist policies

Need for hard currency

Obstacles to

With Romania

With the USSR

UPTO (Ufficio Propaganda Truppe Operanti) Propaganda Office for Active Personnel)

408

–

Urea

223

USAAF (8th Air Force)

181n21

238n9

267n15

Ustaša (UNRO, Ustaša)

43n110

–

Valle, Giuseppe, chief of air staff

Accord with Victor Denain

134n49

Ciano’s opinion of

127

Discussed need for torpedoes

256n40

DB 600 series engines

269n21

Did not believe war imminent

275

294

Discussion of Balbo and Valle

285

–

Ordered new fighter in 1939

311

–

319

Pricolo criticized

282n3

Replied to his critics

283

–

Served on dirigibles with Pricolo

Supported civil aviation

309

Venezia Giulia (Istria)

Annexed 1918

423

Claimed by Yugoslavia

Ethnic groups

Hydro ports

Verri, Gabriele, Captain, armored advocate

359

Villa Giusti, armistice 1918

246

Visconti Prasca, Sebastiano

Vittoria mutilata (crippled victory)

396

Vittorio Emmanuele III, King of Italy

157

169n118

Vittorio Veneto, battle of

336

243

398n24

Volpi, Giuseppe, Italian finance minister

87n50

146n75

202n71

War debt

Ethiopia and Spain

World War I

World War II

–

Warlimont, Walter, chief of National Defense Branch (Abteiling L) of OKW