This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder.
Cover illustration: WaqÄyeÊ¿ rÅ«z-e Ê¿ÄshÅ«rÄʾ dar zamÄ«n-e KarbÄlÄ (The events of the day of Ê¿ÄshÅ«rÄʾ on the plain of Karbala), printed poster, illustration created by Sayyed Ê¿Arab Ḥusain Laá¹Ä«fÄ«, Tehran, c.1940. The David Collection, inventory number 39c/1995. Photographer Pernille Klemp.
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at https://catalog.loc.gov
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024047984
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: âBrillâ. See and download: https://brill.edhh.ma/brill-typeface.
ISSN 2214-6563
ISBN 978-90-04-71613-1 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-71614-8 (e-book)
DOI 10.1163/9789004716148
Copyright 2025 by Lucy Deacon. Published by Koninklijke Brill BV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill BV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Schöningh, Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Brill Wageningen Academic, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau and V&R unipress.
Koninklijke Brill BV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use.
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

