Abbreviations
| EI¹ |
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed., Leiden: Brill, 1913–1938 |
| EI² |
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, 1954–2004 |
| EI³ |
Encyclopaedia of Islam, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, 2007- |
| EQ |
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Leiden: Brill, 2001–2006 |
| ER |
Encyclopaedia of Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade, New York: Macmillan, 1986 |
Long quotes from sources are left in Arabic (in footnotes); shorter ones and phrases are transliterated.