0.1 Albrecht Dürer, The Fall of Man (Adam and Eve), 1504, engraving, 25.1 × 19.2 cm. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam RP-P–OB-1155. Public domain 2
1.1 Cesare Bassano, Adam Naming the Animals, engraving in Giovanni Battista Andreini, L’Adamo, sacra rapresentatione (Milan, Geronimo Bordoni: 1613). Duke University Libraries. Internet Archive 11
1.2 Christopher Switzer, The Garden of Eden, woodcut, frontispiece of John Parkinson, Paradisi in sole. Paradisus terrestris (London, Humfrey Lownes – Robert Young: 1629). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Public domain 12
1.3 Christopher Switzer, The Borometz in the Garden of Eden (detail of Fig. 1.2) 12
1.4 Joseph Boillot, Lion Frightened by a Rooster, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. Diii r. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public domain 21
1.5 Hendrick de Clerck and Denis van Alsloot, Adam and Eve in Paradise, with the Four Elements (ca. 1607 painting on copper 51.8 × 64.3 cm. Alte Pinakothek, Munich. Photo Henry Townsend Henrytow. Wikimedia Commons 23
1.6 Cesare Bassano, Adam and Eve After the Fall, engraving in Giovanni Battista Andreini, L’Adamo, sacra rapresentatione (Milan, Geronimo Bordoni: 1613). Duke University Libraries. Internet Archive 29
1.7 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, T’serpent en Iupiter [The Serpent and Jupiter], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567), 14–15. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 30
1.8 Pieter van der Borcht (designer) and Abraham de Bruyn (engraver), Ambitio aerumnosa [Miserable Ambition], copper engraving in Arias Montanus, Humanae salutis monumenta (Antwerpen, Christopher Plantin: 1571), Museum Plantin-Moretus. Photo: Museum Plantin-Moretus 33
1.9 Pieter van der Borcht (designer) and Abraham de Bruyn (engraver), Consilium absconditum [Hidden Intention], copper engraving in Arias Montanus, Humanae salutis monumenta (Antwerpen, Christopher Plantin: 1571), Museum Plantin-Moretus. Photo: Museum Plantin-Moretus 34
1.10 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Den Leeu ende Vos [The Lion and Fox], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 20. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 35
1.11 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Dogghe ende t’Schaep [Dog and [the] Sheep], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 48. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain
1.12 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Wolf ende Eghele [Wolf and Hedgehog], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 46. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 37
2.1 Albrecht Dürer, The Fall (Adam and Eve), drawing, 1510. Grafische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna. Public domain 42
2.2 Albrecht Dürer, The Fall (Adam and Eve), woodcut taken from The Small Passion, in Chelidonius Benedictus, Passio Christi ab Alberto Nurenbergensi effigiata cum varii generis carminibus (Nuremberg, Albrecht Dürer: 1511). Rijksmuseum Amsterdam RP-P-OB-1321. Public domain 43
2.3 Albrecht Dürer, Elk, drawing, ca. 1501–1504. British Museum. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 49
2.4 Anon., Ibex, drawing in Aberdeen Bestiary (Aberdeen University Library MS 24) fol. 11r. Public domain 54
3.1 Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Fall (Adam and Eve), 1509, woodcut. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Public domain 64
3.2 Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Fall (Adam and Eve), 1526, oil on wood, 117.1 × 80.8 cm, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London. Public domain 65
3.3 Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Garden of Eden, 1530, oil on wood, 81 × 114 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 75
3.4 Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Garden of Eden, 1530, oil on wood, 80 × 117 cm, Gemäldegalerie, Dresden. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 75
4.1 Simon de Myle, Noah’s Ark on Mount Ararat, 1570, oil on wood, 114 × 142 cm, private collection. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 79
4.2 Hieronymus Bosch, Noah’s Ark on Mount Ararat, ca. 1515, oil on wood, Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam 80
4.3 Identified and numbered animals from Fig. 4.1 81
4.4 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Elephant ende Draecke [Elephant and Dragon], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 46. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 84
4.5 Giovanni Battista Franco, Four elephants and Other Animals, etching and engraving on copper, ca. 1540. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 85
4.6 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Struus en Nachtegale (Ostrich and Nightingale], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 105. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 86
4.7 Paolo Giovio, Dialogue des devises d’armes et d’amours, avec un Discours de M. Loys Dominique sur le même sujet. Traduit d’italien par le S. Vasquin Philieul auquel nous avons adjousté les Devises hêroïques et morales du seigneur Gabriel Syméon (Lyon, Guillaume Rouille: 1561) 89 87
4.8 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Leeu Esel ende Vos (Lion, Donkey and Fox), etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 25. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 88
4.9 Anon., Lion Attacking a Horse, sculpture, Hellenistic Period. Musei Capitolini, Rome. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photo: Sailko 89
4.10 Erhard Reuwich, Various Animals, woodcut in Bernhard von Breydenbach, Peregrinatio in terram sanctam (Mainz, Peter Schöffer the Elder: 1486). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Public domain 91
4.11 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Leeu en wild Vercken (Lion and Boar], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 66. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 95
5.1 Cornelis van Haarlem, The Fall (Adam and Eve), 1592, oil on canvas, 273 × 220 cm. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Public domain 104
5.2 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Simme ende Catte (Monkey and Cat], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 104. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 106
5.3 Joseph Boillot, Bear attacked by a Human Skeleton, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. [Ciiiiii r]. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public Domain 113
6.1 Guillaume Du Bartas, Les Œuvres […] auecq l’argument general et amples sommaires au commencement de chacun liure par S.G. (Paris, Claude Rigaud: 1611) 213. Drawings by Marc-Antoine Chalon. Washington Folgers Shakespeare Library; and illustrations from Rondelet Guillaume, La premiere et seconde partie de l’histoire entiere des poissons (Lyon, Macé Bonhomme: 1558) First Part, p. 140, 341, 343, 360, 384, 417; Second Part, p. 79. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Réserve des livres rares, RESM-S-57 135
6.2 Guillaume Du Bartas, Les Œuvres […] auecq l’argument general et amples sommaires au commencement de chacun liure par S.G. (Paris, Claude Rigaud: 1611) 214. Drawings by Marc-Antoine Chalon. Washington Folgers Shakespeare Library 137
6.3 Guillaume Du Bartas, Les Œuvres […] auecq l’argument general et amples sommaires au commencement de chacun liure par S.G. (Paris, Claude Rigaud: 1611) 212. Drawings by Marc-Antoine Chalon. Washington Folgers Shakespeare Library 138
6.4 Johan Sadeler (I) after Maerten de Vos, The Fifth Day of the Creation. Print, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. RP-P-OB-5394. Public domain 139
6.5 Johan Sadeler (I) after Maerten de Vos, The Sixth Day of the Creation. Print, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. RP-P-OB-5396. Public domain 141
6.6 Johan Sadeler (I) after Maerten de Vos, The Seventh Day of the Creation. Print, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. RP-P-OB-5394. Public domain 143
7.1 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Earthly Paradise with the Creation of Man, 1594, oil on copper, 26.5 × 35 cm. Trust Doria Pamphilj. Photo: Roma, Galeria Doria Pamphilj. © 2020 Amministrazione Doria Pamphilj S.R.L. 145
7.2 Jacopo or Francesco Bassano, Adam and Eve, date, technique, dimensions. And location unknown. Fototeca Zeri, Inventory number 97378 © Photo Library of the Federico Zeri Foundation 148
7.3 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, ’tLammeken ende Wulf [Lamb and Wolf], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 61. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 152
7.4 Detail of Fig. 7.1: Wolf, lamb and goat 152
7.5 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Earth, or the Earthly Paradise, 1607–1608, oil on copper, 45 × 65 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 156
7.6 Detail of Fig. 7.5: Lion and panther 156
7.7 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Earthly Paradise with the Creation of Woman, no date, painting on copper, 48.5 × 37 cm. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Besançon. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 157
7.8 Detail of Fig. 7.7: Horse (dabbled grey) and mule 157
8.1 Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, Paradise with the Fall of Man, ca. 1617, oil on wood, 74 × 114 cm. Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 160
8.2 Identified and numbered animals from Fig. 8.1 162
8.3 Peter Paul Rubens, Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce, ca. 1615, oil on canvas, 175 × 245 cm. Louvre Museum, Lens. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain. Photo: Jamain 166
8.4 Joseph Boillot, Roe attacked by a Serpent, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. Hiiiii r. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public Domain 168
8.5 Anon., Antipathy between Parakeet and Snake, woodcut in Ulisse Aldrovandi, Ornithologiae, hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII (Bologna, Giovanni Battista Bellagamba and Francesco De Franceschi: 1599), vol. I, p. 653 172
8.6 Joseph Boillot, Ox and Crocodile, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. [Aiiiii r]. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public domain 178
8.7 Joseph Boillot, Goat and Owl, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. [Giiii r]. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public domain 179
8.8 Joseph Boillot, Camel and Ostrich, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. [Biiiiii r]. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public domain 180
8.9 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Allegory of Air, 1621, oil on copper, 46 × 66 cm., Paris, Musée du Louvre. Photo © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée du Louvre) / Franck Raux 183
9.1 Rembrandt van Rijn, The Fall (Adam and Eve), 1638, print. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam RP-P-1961–992. Public domain 187
9.2 Albrecht Dürer, Christ in the Limbo of Hell, 1512, print. National Gallery of Art. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ 188
9.3 Joseph Boillot, Elephant and Dragon, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. Aii r. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public domain 191
9.4 Rembrandt van Rijn, An Elephant, 1637, drawing. Grafische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 192
9.5 [Aegidius Sadeler II], Vom Gembsen, etching in [Aegidius Sadeler II], Theatrum morum. Artliche gesprach der thier (Prague, Paul Sesse: 1608), no. 4. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. RP-P-OB-5208A. Public domain 195
9.6 Joseph Boillot, Lion and Unicorn, woodcut in Joseph Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes […] (Langres, Iehan des Prey: 1592), fol. Cij r. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-V-385. Public domain 205
10.1 Hans Baldung Grien (?), Adam and Eve, oil on panel, 212 × 85 cm (each panel), ca. 1520, Florence, Uffizi Gallery. Wikimedia Commons. Public domain 210
10.2 Joachim Wtewael, The Fall (Adam and Eve), ca. 1610–1615, oil on copper, 39.5 × 28.7 cm. Private collection 212
10.3 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Wolf ende Crane [Wolf and Crane], etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567) 67. Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 213
10.4 Joachim Wtewael, Adam in the Garden of Eden, Naming the Animals, ca. 1605–1610, drawing, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Public domain 214
10.5 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Titlepage, etching in Eduard de Dene, De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1567). Bibliothèque nationale de France RES-YI-19. Public domain 216
10.6 Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, Titlepage, etching in anon. Esbatement moral des animaux (Antwerp, Philips Galle: 1578). Bibliothèque nationale de France RES P-YE-550. Public domain 219
10.7 Pieter van Veen, A Man with a Cat, marginal drawing in Michel de Montaigne, Les Essais (Paris, Abel Langelier: 1602). British Library C.28.g.7. Creative Commons. Public domain 221