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Index

In: A History of Displaced Knowledge: Austrian Refugees from National Socialism in Australia
Author:
Philipp Strobl
Philipp Strobl
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Index

Note: Italics indicate the reference is to an illustration or a table.

accountancy, field of as example of cultural translation 245–250
Accru Felsers 249
actor-centred approaches to history of knowledge 20, 24, 29–32, 340–341
adaption of knowledge 7, 25, 35, 229, 333–337
examples of 240–241, 244, 264–265, 267–269, 287–288, 290–291, 294–296, 304, 308–309
lack of 251–252, 319, 333
agency. See refugee agency
“age of extremes” (Hobsbawm) 2
Age of Knowledge 338
Agid, Olga 67, 165, 199
agricultural schemes for refugees 179
agricultural work by refugees in Australia 219–220
aid organizations, migration of Austrian refugees and 173–176, 178–182, 189, 192, 211, 332
ajws. See Australian Jewish Welfare Society
Aktion Gildemeester 174
Albrich, Thomas 98, 99
Aliens Classification Committee 52, 59, 228, 274
Alpenverein 110, 234, 234, 237, 338
Anchises (ship) 197, 199, 351
Anschluss
as decisive factor in escape of refugees 133, 134, 153, 158–159
and devaluation of cultural capital/knowledge 159
life-changing effects of on Jews 132–133, 137–159
memories of Austrian refugees of 134–138
reaction of Austrian public to 130–132, 145, 335–336
referendum on 131–132
Anstey, Frank 206
antisemitism
in Australia 44–45, 172, 205–208, 214, 317
in interwar Vienna 73, 82, 90, 97–99, 103, 111, 116–118, 150. See also Anschluss ; Nazi-occupied Austria
Anton, Charles William 68, 343, 344
agency of 236–241
anglophile tendencies of 86, 125, 235
in Australian army 235–236
as entrepreneur 233–241
escape from Austria of 190, 234–235
journey to Australia of 198
memories of Anschluss and 138, 139
professional life of 125, 234–236, 239
skiing and 17, 109–110, 224, 234, 236–241
triggering factors for escape of 161
architectural education in interwar Austria 114, 120
architecture, contribution of Austrian refugees in Australia to 18, 261–264
art criticism
contribution of Austrian refugees in Australia to 17, 281–292
public reaction to 288–289
art history, Vienna as leading centre of 119, 281–282
Arts Council of Australia 290
Aryanization of Jewish businesses 142–148
assimilation 210
of refugees in Australia 172, 206, 209, 222–223, 276, 333, 339
of Jews in Austria 93, 94, 99
Association of Jewish Refugees 211, 226–228
Association of Refugees 211, 227–228, 274
Australia
antisemitism in 44–45, 172, 205–208, 214, 317
arrival of Austrian refugees in 196–200, 211–215
cultural enrichment of by Austrian refugees 7, 9, 14–18, 25–26, 231, 275–276, 318–320. See also architecture ; art criticism ; multiculturalization of Australia ; dance education
culturally backward state of 230, 257, 282–283, 298–299
as destination for Austrian refugees 173, 194, 197, 202
fear of competition from migrants in employment market in 173, 204, 211, 220–221, 224, 233, 250, 252–253, 317
gender roles in 218, 283, 284, 318
immigration regulation in 44, 49–53, 58–59, 171–172, 202–209, 220, 228, 317
public attitudes/responses to refugees in 44, 204, 205–209, 211, 213–225
in employment 233, 250, 252–253, 306
cultural contributions and 275–276, 279
refugee migration to 13–14, 43–44, 202–209, 248, 266–267
Australia and the Jewish Refugees, 1933–1948 (Blakeney) 14
Australia First Party 207
Australia-first policy in employment 233
Australian Alpine Club 17, 240
Australian army, refugee service in 235–236, 266, 310, 327
Australian citizenship 50. See also naturalization
Australian Jewish Welfare Society (ajws) 171, 211, 213, 215, 226, 227
Australians as British subjects 50, 203–204
“Australien ist heute ganz anders” (Australia is today quite different) (Hatvani) 303
Austrian cultural organizations in Australia 15
Austrian Cultural Society 15
Austrian refugees in Australia
age of 56, 57, 61, 67
agency of. See refugee agency
arrival of 196–200, 212–216
choice of destination of 173, 194–195
clothing industry as common field of work among Austrian refugees 256, 258–261, 264
common characteristics of 16, 42, 46, 61–62, 69
cultural experiences 69, 76, 127–128
education 71, 100–101, 111–121, 128, 305
entrepreneurialism 122–127, 129, 223–224, 232–269, 319
interests 69, 105–111, 128
Jewish status of 70–71, 129
liberal attitudes/values 70, 93, 94, 95, 98, 100–103, 113–116, 241
middle-class background 16, 46, 70–71, 99–102, 128, 212, 222
multilingualism of 46, 85–86, 100–101, 128, 235, 252, 254
socialist political affinity of 70, 82–84, 312, 316
Vienna as home 16, 57, 58, 61, 127–128
culture shock of 230, 270, 318, 330
depression and 254–255, 272
destinations in Australia of 16, 58, 59, 61, 66, 242, 245, 283–286
early experiences of encounter of 197, 200–202, 211–224
as enemy aliens 51–53, 58–59, 207–208, 216, 236, 251, 272–273, 307
employment in Australia of
difficulties of 214, 219–220, 307, 317, 322
fear of competition from migrants in 173, 204, 211, 220–221, 224, 233, 250, 252–253, 317
of refugees as domestic staff 212, 214, 215, 219
as space of encounter 219–221, 223
employment in Austria of 71–72, 121–127
as a group 46, 48, 61, 69–70
gender ratio of 54, 55, 66
impact of on Australian society 7, 9, 14–18, 25–26, 231, 275–276, 318–320. See also architecture ; art criticism ; multiculturalization of Australia ; dance education
isolation of 216–217, 218, 298–301
journey to new home of 196–200
lack of recognition of as ethnic group 8, 14–16, 54
lack of support for 211, 213, 222, 233
language barriers for 218, 257
literature on 43–45
naturalization of 14, 50–51, 53, 56, 59, 60, 274
numbers of 13–14, 55–56, 56
origins of 57, 58, 66, 70–71, 74–75
perceptions of new home of 214, 230, 257, 270, 282–283, 298–299, 318, 330
political engagement of 84, 89, 139–141, 164–165, 312–316
public attitudes/responses to refugees in 44, 204, 205–209, 211, 213–225
in employment 233, 250, 252–253, 306
cultural contributions and 275–276, 279
remigration to Austria of 53, 254–255
statelessness of 11–12, 60, 61
teaching as common field of work among Austrian refugees 305–316
textile industry as common field of work among Austrian refugees 264–265, 306, 309, 310
See also escape from Austria of refugees
Austrians and Australia (Norst) 46
Avi, Liron 210
Babits, Mihàly 77
Bade, Klaus J. 1
Balint, Ruth 43–44
Baring, Alfred 271, 273, 276
Baring, Elsa 271, 273, 276
Bata shoe manufacturer 17, 125–126, 256
Baumann, Ulrich 153
Beckert, Sven 22
Behrend, Felix 185, 261
Beller, Steven 76, 91
Bender, Hans 304
Benjamin, Walter 24
Bergel, Johanna. See Lynn, Joan
Bergel, Marie 67, 350
arrival experience in Australia of 213
anglophile tendencies of 85
on Aryanization of Jewish businesses 143
education in Vienna of 77, 116
on employment in Australia as space of encounter 219, 223
as entrepreneur 122–123, 241–245, 351, 352
escape from Austria of 190–191
French language skills of 101
interest in skiing of 109
journey to Australia of 197, 198
on lack of religion 95
liberal upbringing of 101–102
memories of Anschluss of 135, 140
memories of civil unrest of 1934 in Vienna of 88
memories of economic difficulties in interwar Vienna of 79
socialist political affinity of 83
triggering factors for escape of 162
Bergel, Otto 243–244, 352
Bhabha, Homi 21
biographical approach. See collective biographical approach
biographical disruptions 20, 22, 42, 104, 212, 222
biography, field of 30
Bischof, Günter 121
Bittmann, Karl 13, 279
Blackmann, Barbara 79
Blakeney, Michael 14, 228
Bodenwieser, Gertrud 17, 104, 107, 108, 118, 163, 193, 226, 292–293
Bodenwieser Ballet 164, 193, 292, 293
Böhm, Adolf 123, 143–144
Böhm, Annemarie. See Mutton, Annemarie
Böhm, Ernst. See Bowen, Ernest
Bourdieu, Pierre 1, 20, 32–34, 264, 320, 329
Bowen, Ernest 67
anglophile tendencies of 85, 252, 254
antisemitism experience of 99
Aryanization of business of 143–144
Boy Scout movement and 99, 110
education of 113, 121
employment difficulties in Australia of 221, 252–253
as entrepreneur 123, 253–255
escape from Austria of 182–183
experience of xenophobia in Australia of 217–218
journey to Australia of 198
remigration to Austria of 254–255
restitution of former Austrian business of 254
socialist political affinity of 84
triggering factors for escape of 164
Bowman, William 108
Boy Scout movement
antisemitism and 99, 111
escape from Austria and 192–193, 194
as interest of refugees in interwar Austria 99, 110–111
brain drain 5–6, 9–10, 11, 91
Bratspies, Gustav 67, 343
on Aryanization of business 145
education of 120
employment difficulties in Australia of 322
escape from Austria of 178
incarceration in Buchenwald of 145, 165–166
internment in Australia of 321–322
journey to Australia of 199
privileged upbringing of 102
skiing and 109
triggering factors for escape of 165–166
Brennerkreis 297
Brisbane
art scene in 285–286
lack of cultural life in 283–284
British subjects, Australians as 203–204
Broch, Hermann 77, 296, 300, 301
Bruce, Stanley 204
Bürckel, Joseph 142–143
Burke, Joseph 283
Burke, Peter 231, 317
Bush, Bruno 67
employment of 127, 141
escape from Austria of 179–180
incarceration in Dachau of 156–157, 166
Jewish education of 96
journey to Australia of 199
memories of Kristallnacht of 156
settlement in Jewish community in Australia of 218
triggering factors for escape of 166
upbringing of 104
business networks of refugees
cultural capital transfer and 237–238, 241–243
escape and 122–123, 125–126, 173, 189–192, 194
Butschowitz, Bruno. See Bush, Bruno
Calwell, Arthur 52, 209, 228
Canetti, Elias 91
capital, theory of the forms of (Bourdieu) 1, 20, 32–34, 329
chain migration 183–186, 195
Cherny, Sylvia 68, 360
Aryanization of family business of 147
education of 114–115, 117
escape from Austria of 178–179, 280
experience of antisemitism of 117, 161
intergenerational transmission of cultural capital and 281
journey to Australia of 196, 197, 200
Kindertransport scheme and 178–179
memories of Anschluss of 136
memories of Kristallnacht of 157–158
music as interest of 107, 279–281
religion and 97
on suicide of father 147
triggering factors for escape of 161–162
Chesnoff, Richard 13
Chester, Harold 289
Chinese Exclusion Act (USA) 2
Chinese population in Australia 203
Chladek, Rosalia 107
Christian Social Party
antisemitism and 98, 298
conflict of with Social Democrats in interwar Austria 86, 88
rule of 87
welfare measures of 81–82
Churcher, Betty 283
circulation of knowledge 10, 11, 29, 334–335
civil unrest in interwar Vienna 86–89
clothing industry as common field of work among Austrian refugees 256, 258–261, 264
coffee house culture in Vienna 77, 297
Cohen, John Bull 206
collective biographical approach 8, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30–32, 35–38, 41–42, 47–48, 62–65
Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme 310, 312, 313, 316, 327
Communist Party of Australia 312, 314, 316
community of fate, Austrian refugees as 16, 46, 130, 158
Community Restorative Centre (crc) 315
contact zones 197
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 171
Conway, Jill 218
Copolov, Sue 68, 360, 361
difficulties of learning English of 217
as entrepreneur 264–265
journey to Australia of 199
on lack of religion 95
intergenerational transmission of cultural capital and 264–265
Jewish network of in Australia 265
memories of economic difficulties in interwar Vienna of 79–80
opera as interest of 106
privileged upbringing of 102
on school in Australia 217
Couldery, Thomas W. 288
cultural capital
acquisition of
education and 75, 111–121, 128
family life and 100–105, 128
interests and 105–110, 128
Jewish life and 93–99, 129
professional life and 121–127
Viennese life and 70–91, 319–320
agency and promotion of 28, 34–35, 225, 229, 230, 238–239, 241, 246, 251, 270, 279, 284–292, 294, 295, 320–321, 322, 326
concept of 1, 5, 32–34, 69
devaluation of 27, 34, 159, 222, 232, 249, 259, 306, 320, 321, 335, 341
identification with host society and application of 211–212, 222, 223
intergenerational transmission of 264, 281
loss of from German-speaking area 5–6, 9–10
types of
embodied 100, 233–234, 253, 269, 291, 293, 330
institutionalized 111, 118, 233–234, 245–247, 249–250, 259–260, 262, 265–266, 291, 293, 294, 306, 308, 310, 311–312, 316, 326, 327, 330–331
objectified 262, 263, 273, 284, 291, 330
uniqueness, importance of 241, 245, 295, 326, 337
value of 7, 209, 229, 309, 319
divergence of between Austria and Australia 230, 259, 322, 327
negotiation of 27, 34–35, 232, 324
See also translation of knowledge
cultural enrichment of Australian society by Austrian refugees 7, 9, 14–18, 25–26, 231, 275–276, 318–320. See also architecture ; art criticism ; multiculturalization of Australia ; dance education
cultural keyboard concept 99–100, 230, 318, 324, 334
dance as common interest of Austrian refugees 107–108
dance education, contribution of Austrian refugees in Australia to 17, 107–108, 292–296
dance therapy, introduction of to Australia 293–296
Deacon, Desley 22
De La Rosa, Mario 210
Depkat, Volker 31
depression, refugees and 254–255, 272
De Ridder-Symoens, Hilde 47
“Der Intellekt und seine Feinde” (The intellect and its enemies) (Hatvani) 303
destination countries of Austrian refugees 4–5, 12, 13, 170–171, 173
Australia 173, 194, 197, 202
United Kingdom 176, 178–179, 187, 191
Die Brücke 285
displaced knowledge 3, 5–7, 18–19, 327–331, 340
damage to German-language culture and 3, 5–6, 9–10
knowledge loss and 23, 301, 320–321, 341
See also translation of knowledge
Divorce Law Reform Association 316
Dollfuss, Engelbert 87, 117
domestic staff
employment of refugees as in Australia 212, 215, 219
employment of refugees as to gain visa 176, 187–188
in Jewish interwar families 100–101, 152
Drimmel, Heinrich 279
Eckfeld, Reinhold 67, 345, 346
escape from Austria of 174–176
incarceration in Austria of 155–156
internment in Australia of 174, 345, 346
journey to Australia of 198
memories of Anschluss of 136, 139
memories of Kristallnacht of 155–156, 167–168
on religious conversion 139
on social ostracization of Jews 152
triggering factors for escape of 167–168
economic capital 33
Edquist, Harriet 262
education in Austria
antisemitism in 116–118, 148, 150
artistic/cultural nature of 76–77, 115–116
countryside schools 114
gender representation in 112
gymnasien 112
high levels of amongst Jewish refugees 71, 75, 100, 111, 118–119, 128
importance of to Jews in Vienna 75, 100, 128
liberal nature of 114, 115
private schools 112
professional schools 112–113
reforms of in interwar period 111–112
at university 118–119
Volkshochschulen 116
educators, demand for in Australia 307–308, 311
ego documents as source 8, 39–40
Ehrenstein, Albert 77, 296, 297
Eichmann, Adolf 4, 134, 144
Eisler, Hans 67
on antisemitism 98–99, 117, 150, 151
on Aryanization of business 145
in Australian army 312
Communist Party membership of 312–316
employment in Australia, difficulties of 219–220
escape from Austria of 179
Jewish education of 96
journey to Australia of 199
memories of Anschluss of 136–137
memories of civil unrest of 1934 in Vienna of 88
memories of Kristallnacht of 157, 166–167
political engagement of 312
socialist upbringing of 83–84, 312, 316
as teacher 312–316
triggering factors for escape of 166–167
Embacher, Helga 102
embodied cultural capital 34, 100, 233, 241, 269, 291, 293, 330
employment
in Australia
difficulties of 214, 219–220, 307, 317, 322
fear of competition from migrants in 173, 204, 211, 220–221, 224, 233, 250, 252–253, 317
of refugees as domestic staff 212, 214, 215, 219
as space of encounter 219–221, 223
in Austria
antisemitism and 140–148
unfavourable economic conditions in interwar period and 121–122, 125
enemy aliens, refugees as 42, 51–53, 58–59, 207–208, 216, 228
Australian army and 235–236
restrictions on 51–52, 208, 250–251, 272–273, 307
entrepreneurial nature of refugees 122–127, 129, 223–224, 232–269, 319
escape from Austria of refugees 176–195
aid organizations and 173–176, 178–182, 189, 192, 211, 332
illegalization of 4, 160, 166, 177, 179–181, 185–186, 331–332
networks, importance of to 125, 160, 173–195, 331–333
triggering factors for 161–168, 195
visas, difficulties of and means of obtaining 175–178, 182, 186–187, 190, 191, 331–332
everyday otherness 201–202
Evian Conference of 1938 12, 171, 205
Exiner, Hanny 68, 348, 349
Bodenwieser Ballet and 193, 292–293
education of 118
escape from Austria of 193, 293
on Gertrud Bodenwieser 108, 292
dance education and 17, 103–104, 108, 292–296
dance therapy and 293–295
journey to Australia of 199
memories of economic difficulties in interwar Vienna of 80, 103
religious conversion and 96
transnational network of 295–296
triggering factors for escape of 163–164
family networks, migration and 173, 176, 185, 187, 189, 194
Felser, Erna 271, 279
Felser, Gerhard 67
agency of 272–273, 279
Boy Scout movement and 110
chain migration and 185
education of 118
as entrepreneur 245–250
escape from Austria of 245
German-language theatre and 270–279
journey to Australia of 199
memories of Anschluss of 140
migrant networks of 247–248, 272–273, 276
political engagement of 84, 140
professional life of 245–250
triggering factors for escape of 164
work helping refugees regain stolen assets of 248
Felsers Chartered Accountants 246–250
fin-de-siècle Vienna 70–77
Fischer, Ernst 91
Fooks, Ernest 17
forced versus regular migration 34, 202
opportunities and 328
Frank, Josef 263
Free Austrian League 15
Free Dance 107–108. See also modern dance
Freidenreich, Harriet Pass 82, 84, 92
friend-based networks, migration and 173, 177, 182–186, 194
Fuhse, Jan 38n166, 169, 170
Gebrüder Mahler 147
Gehler, Michael 93
German-language theatre, Austrian refugees and 271–281, 324, 325, 337
Gestalterinnen 107, 122
Glöckel, Otto 111
Gombrich, Ernst 91
Göring, Hermann 142–143, 145
Gouttman, Rodney 205–206
governesses in Jewish families 100–101
Great Depression, effects of on Austria 86–87
Greater German Reich 3
Guesnet, François 153
Gugerli, David 26
gymnasien 112
Halphen, Peter 280
Harders, Levke 37, 63, 64
Harper, Robin 210
Hatvani, Paul. See Hirsch, Paul
Healy, Jim 312
Hearst, John 67
on antisemitism 99
arrival experience in Australia of 216
education of 113
employment of in Australia, difficulties of 214–215, 219
as entrepreneur 17, 123, 265–268
escape from Austria of 180–182
family background of 83
hiking as interest of 110
isolation of 216
Jewish/refugee network of in Australia 266
journey to Australia of 197, 199
memories of economic difficulties in interwar Vienna of 80, 87
triggering factors for escape of 162–163
Hechaluz youth organization 180
Helmrich, Dorothy 290
Herskovics, Johann. See Hearst, John
Herzfeld, Paul Florian 67
anglophile tendencies of 86
escape from Austria of 192–193
Boy Scout movement and 111, 192–193
incarceration in Austria of 164–165
involvement in civil unrest of 1934 in Vienna of 89
journey to Australia of 200
memories of Anschluss of 139
political engagement of 84, 89, 139, 164–165
triggering factors for escape of 164–165
hiking, as common interest of Austrian refugees 108–110
Hirsch, Paul 67, 353, 354
arrival in Australia of 298
on cultural decline of Vienna 91
employment of 127, 300
escape from Austria of 187
as Expressionist writer 296–305
isolation of 216, 223, 296, 298–301, 303
journey to Australia of 198
on literary scene in Ständestaat Vienna 90
as mediator of culture from Australia to a German-speaking audience 301–305, 321, 327
memories of interwar economic crises in Vienna of 87
music as interest of 107
perceptions of Australia of 298–299
relocation to Hungary of 77, 104, 296
socialist political affinity of 83
on social ostracization of Jews 151–152, 164
triggering factors for escape of 164
history from below 20, 35
history of knowledge 7, 10–11, 26, 29, 30, 338–340
actor-centred approaches to 20, 24, 29–32, 340–341
Hitler, Adolf
Anschluss and 130–131
impact of Viennese working-class life on 74
Hobsbawm, Eric 2
Hoff, Ursula 283
Holmes, Deborah 81, 115
Hommel, Kurt 277
homo migrans 1
honeycomb doors, introduction of to Australia 17, 267
hybridity in migrants 22, 201, 210–212, 304
hyperinflation in interwar Vienna 78
identity formation of refugees 201, 202, 209–212
migrant teachers and 308–309
immigration control in Australia 44, 49–53, 58–59, 171–172, 202–209, 220, 228, 317
Immigration Restriction Bill (Australia) 2, 203
Independent Theatre, North Sydney 275, 277
“In Feindesland” (In enemy territory) (Hatvani) 304
instalment payment system, introduction of to Australia 17, 126, 258–259
institutionalized cultural capital 32, 33, 34, 111, 311
devaluation of 232, 249, 321–322, 326, 327, 330
examples of 233, 241, 247, 265, 291, 293, 294, 306, 310, 316, 334
intergenerational transmission of cultural capital 264, 281
internment of aliens 208–209, 321–322
interviews as source 8, 40
interwar Vienna 78–86
cultural decline of 91
cultural significance of 80–81, 127–128
economic crises of 78–81, 86–87
education in 111–121
employment in 121–122
political situation in 81–85
social housing in 85
Israelitische Kultusgemeinde 93, 97, 173, 178
Jackson, Robert R. 289
Jacobsohn, Siegfried 297
Jeffries, Stephen 299
Jewish aid organizations
in Australia 171, 211, 213, 215, 226, 227, 228, 314
migration and 176, 179–182, 332
Jewish assets, Nazi plunder of 132–133, 137, 142
Jewish businesses, Aryanization of 142–148
Jewish life in Vienna
in fin-de-siècle period 74–76
in interwar period 91–99
See also Nazi-occupied Austria
Jewishness
classification of 3–4, 12, 132, 133, 138
as stronger marker of identity of Austrian migrants in Australia 15–16
Jewish status of refugees 70–71
Jewish voting habits in interwar Vienna 82–84
Jewish Welfare Society. See Australian Jewish Welfare Society
Jews in interwar Vienna
assimilated nature of 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 132
cultural contribution of 92, 93
economic status of 92
heterogeneity of as group 92, 93
liberal attitudes of 70, 93, 94, 95, 98, 100–103, 113–116
non-religious identity of 70, 94–97
Orthodox community 93–94, 96, 97, 98
social status of 70–71, 92, 93, 100–102, 128
Johnston, William 72
Juris-Barth, Pepi 256
Kammerspiele Sydney 277–279, 325
Karinthy, Frigyes 77, 296
Kilcher, Andreas 27
Kindertransportscheme 178
Kirsten, Elizabeth 137–138
Kladovo Transport 179–180
Kleines Wiener Theater 274–278, 324, 325
Klinger, Julius 77
knowledge
acceptance of 27, 324–326, 327, 333, 334
adaption and 7, 25, 35, 229, 333–337
examples of 240–241, 244, 264–265, 267–269, 287–288, 290–291, 294–296, 304, 308–309
lack of 251–252, 319, 333
agency as a form of 27
circulation of 10, 11, 29, 334–335
concept of 10, 19, 27, 329–330, 331
creation of 10, 24, 29, 291, 295–296, 320, 327
devaluation of 27, 30, 320, 321, 327, 333, 335
history of 7, 10–11, 26, 29, 30, 338–340
loss of 3, 5, 6, 9, 23, 301, 320–321, 341
promotion of 320, 322, 325–326, 336, 337
as trigger for social change 26
See also translation of knowledge
Kokoschka, Oskar 76, 77, 115, 116
Kolm, Johanna. See Exiner, Hanny
Kraus, Karl 75, 77, 90, 297, 300, 301, 302
Kristallnacht 145, 153–158, 166–168
Küchler, Uwe 24
Kultusgemeinde. See Israelitische Kultusgemeinde
Kunstgewerbeschule 114, 120
Kwiet, Konrad 13, 14, 51, 211, 222, 269
Laban, Rudolf von 295
Laconia Woolen Mills 221, 252, 253
Lampl, Fritz 297
landing money 171, 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 196, 213
landing permits 171, 172, 185
Lang, Birgit 270, 276, 281
Lang, Jack T. 206
Langbein, Hermann 89, 109, 189–190
Langer, Gertrude 68, 348
agency of 284–292
arrival experience in Australia of 214, 215–216
as art critic/historian 17, 119–120, 126, 281–292
on consequences of Anschluss for artistic life 152
education of 76–77, 115, 119
escape from Austria of 183–184
francophile tendencies of 86, 101
journey to Australia of 200
on lack of religion 94–95
liberal upbringing of 101, 115
memories of economic difficulties in interwar Vienna of 79
opera as interest of 106
on pre-Anschluss migration from Austria 91
skiing as interest of 109
socialist political affinity of 83
triggering factors for escape of 167
Langer, Karl
as architect 17
employment of 214, 221
socialist political affinity of 83
triggering factors for escape of 167
Langker, Erik 277
Lässig, Simone 10, 19, 25, 99, 339, 341
League of Nations Convention Relating to the International Status of Refugees 204–205
League of Nations High Commission for Refugees 204
League of Nations response to refugee crisis 171
Leonidas, Rafael 12
Lipphardt, Veronika 37, 63, 64
literary scene in Ständestaat Vienna 90
Literatur-Revolutionen (Hatvani) 302
Logemann, Jan 31
Loos, Adolf 115, 116, 263
Lynn, Joan 67, 350
family political affiliations of 83
journey to Australia of 198
on lack of religion 95
on school in Australia 217
Lyons, Joseph 204
Maccabi Section of the Jewish National World Organization 192
Mahler, Gustav 75, 77, 107
Mahler, Robert 136, 147, 279–280
Mahler, Sylvia. See Cherny, Sylvia
Malawi, Australian government work on education system of 315
Markus, Andrew 44, 203
Mazzeinsel 94
McEwen, John 233
memories as source 20, 35–36, 39
memory construction 39
memory research 35
mental realities 38–39
Menzies, Robert 205
Metropole, Hotel, Nazi takeover of 147–148
Migrant Consultative Council 227
migration
history of 1, 7, 18–19, 43–45
from Austria
destination countries of Austrian refugees 4–5, 12, 13, 170–173
from Nazi Reich 3–6, 9–13, 133, 134, 153
pre-Anschluss 90–91
regulation of 1–2
in Australia 41, 44, 49–53, 58–59, 171–172, 202–209, 220, 228, 317
See also forced versus regular migration
migration records as source 14, 41, 47, 49–50, 53–62, 64–65, 66–67
Miya Studio 285–286
modern dance, contribution of refugees to in Australia 17, 107–108, 292–296
Molvig, Helge Jon 288
Mommsen, Hans 154
Mommsen, Theodor 36, 47
Moser, Jonny 13
Mulsow, Martin 23, 329
multiculturalization of Australia 7, 14, 25, 229, 231, 243–244, 318, 319
music as common interest of Austrian refugees 105–107
Mutton, Annemarie 67
on antisemitism 99
arrival experience in Australia of 213–214, 215
on Aryanization of family business 144, 147–148
education of 114
on Ernest Bowen 123–124, 217–218
escape from Austria of 182–183
on experience of xenophobia in Australia 217–218
journey to Australia of 196–197, 198
on lack of religion 96
memories of Anschluss of 137
memories of economic difficulties in interwar Vienna of 78–79
memories of civil unrest of 1934 in Vienna of 88–89
on social ostracization of Jews 152
triggering factors for escape of 164
Nansen passports 204
National Archives of Australia 50
National Australian Opera 277
Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 (Australia) 50
National Security Act 1939 (Australia) 51–53, 207–208, 228–229
naturalization certificates 14, 359
as source 41, 47, 49–50, 53–60, 64–65, 66–67
naturalization of refugees 14, 50–53, 59, 274
Naturfreunde 110
Nazi-occupied Austria 130–159
education, ban of Jews in 148, 150
financial restrictions on Jews in 133–134, 137, 142
incarceration of Jews in 143, 144–145, 154, 155–157, 161, 162, 163, 165–166
Jewish assets, plunder of in 132–133, 137, 142–148
Jewish businesses, Aryanization of in 142–148
migration from 133, 134, 153
professional lives of Jews in 140–148
racial laws of 3–4, 12, 93, 132–134, 139–141, 148–149, 155
removal of Jews from public office in 139–140
social ostracization of Jews in 149, 150–153, 161–162, 164
synagogues, destruction of in 154
trade union activity in 141
universities, ban on Jewish students in 148
violence towards Jews in 151, 153, 161–162
See also escape from Austria of refugees
Nazi Reich, migration from 3–6, 9–13, 133, 134, 153
networks
analysis of 38–39, 168–170, 170, 174
based on business 122–123, 125–126, 173, 189–192, 194, 245–247
based on family 173, 176, 185, 187, 189, 194, 256
based on friendship 173, 176, 182–186, 194
based on religion 173–176, 178–182, 189, 192, 332
based on shared interests 192–193
as form of social capital 38, 168–169, 194, 331–333
importance of to escape of Austrian refugees 125, 160, 173–195, 331–333
Neumann, Klaus 171, 172, 202
Neurath, Otto 91
“new biography” school of thought 30, 201
newspapers
refugee agency and 241, 242, 284, 287, 290, 294
as source 40
“Nicht hier nicht dort: Australien” (Neither here nor there: Australia) (Hatvani) 304
Nolan, Sidney 288
Norst, Marlene 14, 16, 46, 61, 225, 232, 258
Nuremberg Laws 3–4, 12, 132–133, 148–149
oath of allegiance to Hitler, swearing of 139
opera as interest of Jewish refugees 106, 271, 277, 279
opportunity structures 29, 42
Orama (ship) 197
Ormonde (ship) 196, 357
Orthodox Jews in interwar Vienna 93–94, 96, 97, 98
Österreichischer Alpenverein 17
Pacific Island Labourers Bill (Australia) 203
Pack of Thieves (Chesnoff) 13
Palmer, Glen 312
persecution of Jews. See Nazi-occupied Austria
Petzall, Eckbert 17, 266–269
Pfemfert, Franz 297
Philipp, Franz 17, 283
Pirnitzer, Daisy 293–294
Pollak, Michael 76
Pomelle Fruit Juice Cellars 243, 352
Popper, Kurt 17
Portelli, Alessandro 8
possessions, forms of 329
postmigration 19
Pratt, Mary Louise 197
private schools in interwar Austria 112
professional schools in interwar Austria 112–113
prosopography 8, 20, 36–42, 46–50, 53–68
Protector Safety Industries Ltd. 248
Pulzer, Peter 97
Quakers. See Society of Friends
Queensland Arts Council 286, 290–291
Raabe, Paul 302, 303
racial laws of Nazi Reich 3–4, 12, 93, 132–134, 139–141, 148–149, 155
racist immigration control in Australia 44, 172–173, 203–209, 220
Raubitschek, Helen. See Roberts, Helen
Reich Citizenship Law of 1935 12
refugee agency
collective exercise of 211, 226–227
cultural capital, promotion of and 28, 34–35, 225, 229, 230, 238–239, 241, 246, 251, 270, 279, 284–292, 294, 295, 320–321, 322, 326
impact on of enemy alien classification 52, 207–208, 251, 272–273, 299
impact of on refugee alien classification 274
newspapers and 241, 242, 284, 287, 290, 294
strategies for increasing and knowledge transfer 25, 26, 27, 28, 320, 322, 323, 324–326, 337
study of 18–19
refugee alien status 52–53, 58–59, 228–229, 273–274
refugee migration from Nazi Reich 3–6, 9–13, 133, 134, 153
illegalization of 4, 160, 166, 177, 179–181, 185–186, 331–332
reluctance of international community to help with 4, 11–12, 160, 170–171, 176, 205
refugee status, lack of 171, 172, 202, 203, 204–205, 208, 211, 222, 233
Reichsbürgergesetz 133
Reichsfluchtsteuer 134, 175n71, 358
religious affiliation of refugees 70–71, 94–97
religious aid organizations, migration and 173–176, 178–182, 189, 192, 211, 332
religious conversion of Jews 96, 138–139
religious networks, migration and 173–176, 178–182, 189, 192, 332
Reininger, Arnold 255
Renner, Karl 131
Richards, Eric 9, 49, 270
Rigby, John Thomas 288
Ringstraße 73
Rivers, Richard Godfrey 288
Roberts, Helen 68
employment of in Australia, difficulties of 214, 219
as entrepreneur 259–261
escape from Austria of 192
journey to Australia of 196, 200
on non-religious identification 94
liberal upbringing of 102
memories of Anschluss of 135–136, 140
music as interest of 106
refugee network of in Australia 260
on skiing 108
Roller, Alfred 77, 114
Rosenbaum, Frederick 263
Rubinstein, Hilary 206
Rückstellungsgesetz, 3. 254
Rutland, Suzanne 204, 206
sapt (textile company) 253
Sarasin, Philipp 27, 29
Scholl, Frank 122, 190–191
Scholl footcare company 122–123, 241–243
Schönberg, Arnold 75, 115, 116
Schrover, Marlou 1
Schuschnigg, Kurt 87, 125, 134, 135
Schutzhäftlinge 155
Schwarz, Karl Anton. See Anton, Charles William
Schwarzwald, Eugenie 115–116
Schwarzwaldschule 115–116
Searle, John Rogers 39n170
Seidler, Harry 18
Selby, Kurt 68, 363
arrival experience in Australia of 214
chain migration and 185–186, 256–257
employment of 141
as entrepreneur 17, 125–126, 255–259
experience of antisemitism of 214
family network of and escape from Austria 256–257
journey to Australia of 198
on lack of religion 96
music as interest of 106
privileged upbringing of 102
refugee network of 257–258
settlement in Jewish community in Australia of 218, 223, 257–258
triggering factors for escape of 161
Sharkey, Lance 312
Sherington, Geoffrey 305
Sidegraves, Harold 245, 246
Siegel, Björn 93
Silbiger, Kurt. See Selby, Kurt
Silverman, Lisa 81, 92
Simic, Zora 43–44
skiing
as common interest of Austrian refugees 69, 108–110, 128
as an example of knowledge transfer 10–11, 17, 224, 234, 236–241
Ski Tourers Association (sta) 237, 238, 239, 240
Snowman, Daniel 5
Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme 248
social capital
in Australia 223, 332
concept of 333
and escape from Austria of refugees 43, 160, 330, 331, 332
networks as form of 38, 168–169, 194, 331–333
and translation of knowledge 317, 337, 339
Social Democratic Party
conflict of with Christian Socials 86, 88
educational reforms of 111–112
rule of in interwar Vienna 82–84
social housing in interwar Vienna 85
socialist political affinity of Jewish refugees 82–84, 312, 316
Society of Friends 174–176, 178–179, 189
Southwell-Keely, Peter 240
Speich Chassé, Daniel 26
Sponar, Tony 238, 344
sta. See Ski Tourers Association
Stalzer, Alfred 92
Ständestaat 84, 86–91
statelessness of Austrian refugees 11–12, 60, 61
Stats, Katrina 203
Steinberg, Swen 19, 339, 341
Steininger, Rolf 130
Stone, Lawrence 47, 48–49
Strnad, Oskar 77, 114, 120, 261, 263
Strzygowski, Josef 119–120, 281–282, 285
Stubenbastei 117
Südfeld silverware 102, 128, 355
suicides of persecuted Jews post-Anschluss 140, 146–147
Sun Insurance Company 86, 125, 234
Szittya, Emil 91
Tandler, Heinrich 102
Tandler, Julius 91
Tandler, Richard 68, 355, 356
as architect 17, 120, 124, 261–264, 357
education of 77, 114, 120
escape from Austria of 146, 149, 184
Jewish customer network of in Australia 263, 324
journey to Australia of 199
privileged upbringing of 102
triggering factors for escape of 146, 164
Tandler, Susanne. See Copolov, Sue
Taylor, Frederick Winslow 256
Taylorism 256
teaching as common field of work among Austrian refugees 305–316
Teltscher, Heinrich Michael. See Teltscher, Henry Michael
Teltscher, Henry Michael 68
anglophile tendencies of 85–86
in Australian army 310
education of 112, 117–118
employment of, difficulties in 310–311
escape from Austria of 191–192
experience of antisemitism of 117–118
family political background of 84
journey to Australia of 198
on lack of religion 95
memories of Anschluss of 137, 142
memories of civil unrest of 1934 in Vienna of 88
memories of Kristallnacht of 158
music as interest of 106–107
as teacher 309–312
textile industry and 309–311
textile industry as common field of work among Austrian refugees 264–265, 306, 309, 310
Theaterfreunde 280–281, 324
theory of the forms of capital (Bourdieu) 20, 32–34, 329
Ther, Philipp 30
“Thirty-Eighters”/“Thirty-Niners” 13
Thredbo ski resort 69, 240
Tilly, Charles 39n170, 169
translation of knowledge
acceptance of 27, 324–326, 327, 333, 334
agency and 27–28, 225–229, 320–322
in cultural activities 269–305, 319–320
deprovincialization and 231, 317
in education 305–316
in entrepreneurship 232–269, 319
memories as source on 35
multidirectional nature of 29, 31, 334–335
in political/social activism 312–316
process of 10–11, 22–32, 35, 43, 62, 229, 320
resistance to 23, 292, 322, 324, 326
strategies for 25, 28, 320, 322, 323, 324–327, 336–337
success/failure of 9, 23–24, 27–28, 32, 229–231, 243, 291–292, 295–296, 301–302, 304–305, 321, 333
institutionalization of capital and 327, 330–331
timing and 318–320, 334
uniqueness of capital and 241, 245, 295, 326, 337
theories of 24
See also cultural capital
transnationalism as analytical category 19, 21–22, 341
transnational networks of refugees 10, 21, 125–126, 295–298, 303, 326
“Über den Expressionismus” (On Expressionism) (Hatvani) 302
United Kingdom, as destination for refugees 176, 178–179, 187, 191
university education
among Austrian refugees 118–119
ban on Jewish students in Austria 148
UN Refugee Convention 205
Valenta, Marko 170
Vanry, Grete 68
arrest in Austria of 89–90
education of 116
as entrepreneur 126
escape from Austria of 189–190
involvement in civil unrest of 1934 in Vienna of 89
political engagement of 84, 89–90, 141
poor upbringing of 104–105
skiing and 109
triggering factors for escape of 141, 163
Vaterländische Front 103, 140
Verboven, Koenrad 48, 54n34
Vermögensverkehrsstelle 142
Vienna
acquisition of cultural capital and 70–91, 319–320
as home of Jewish refugees 16, 57, 58, 61, 127–128
See also interwar Vienna ; fin-de-siècle Vienna
Vienna Circle. See see Wiener Kreis
Vienna School of Art History 119
Viennese Theater Guild 274
Viertel, Berthold 297
visas, difficulties of and means of obtaining 175–178, 182, 186–187, 190, 191, 331–332
Volkshochschulen 116
Wagner, Ernst 77, 116
Warren, John 81, 89
Watkins, Peter 279, 280, 318
Watkins, Sylvia. See Cherny, Sylvia
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 132
Weiner, Richard 297
Weiss, Hans 165
Weiss, Irma 68
as entrepreneur 124, 250–252
journey to Australia of 198
plundering of assets of 146, 165
triggering factors for escape of 165
Wetzelsberger, Margarete. See Vanry, Grete
White, Harrison 169
White Australia policy 220
Wieczorek, Xymena 31
Wiener Kleinkunstbühne 273
Wiener Kreis 81, 91
Wiener Moderne 76
Wiener Schule der Architektur 120
Wiesenthal, Grete 107, 115
Winkler, Viola 68
arrival experience in Australia of 214, 216
as artist 306–307
arts as interest of 106
dance education of 108
education of 113, 117
on employment in Australia as space of encounter 219
escape from Austria of 187–189
journey to Australia of 199
on lack of religion 95
on making friends in Australia 217
memories of Anschluss of 134–135
skiing and 109
on social ostracization of Jews 151, 216
as teacher 306–309
triggering factors for escape of 163
upbringing of 104
Wistrich, Robert 75
Wollgarn Spinnerei Schoeller 265
Youth Aliyah 180
Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung 4, 134, 144
Ziegler, Elisabeth 68, 347
arrival experience in Australia of 214, 216
education of 112
employment of in Australia 214
as entrepreneur 124–125
escape from Austria of 176–177
francophile tendencies of 86
journey to Australia of 199
on lack of religion 95
on social ostracization of Jews 151
triggering factors for escape of 162
work as domestic servant of 176
Zohn, Harry 302
Zubida, Hani 210
Zweig, Stefan 91

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A History of Displaced Knowledge: Austrian Refugees from National Socialism in Australia

Series:  Studies in Global Social History, Volume: 54/17 and  Studies in Global Migration History, Volume: 54/17
Cover A History of Displaced Knowledge: Austrian Refugees from National Socialism in Australia
E-Book ISBN:
9789004714939
Publisher:
Brill
Print Publication Date:
24 Mar 2025
  • Subjects
    • History
      • Modern History
      • Migration History
Front Matter
Preliminary Material
Copyright Page
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction—A History of Displaced Knowledge: Refugees from National Socialism in Australia
Chapter 2 Prosopography of Austrian World War Two Refugees in Australia
Chapter 3 “A Fabulous Place before the Nazis Came to Power and Ruined Everything”: Knowledge Accumulation in Austria
Chapter 4 “In that Moment, Our Whole World Collapsed”: Life in Nazi Austria
Chapter 5 “I Am Not Going to Stay Here a Minute Longer”: Escaping the Nazis’ Clutches
Chapter 6 Ambivalent Experiences of Encounter
Chapter 7 Cultural Transfer and Knowledge Translation/Adaption after Arrival
Chapter 8 Analysing Refugee Translation Strategies and Displaced Knowledge in Australia
Chapter 9 Conclusion
Appendix
Back Matter
Bibliography
Index

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