Calendar Systems
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The Ottoman state used two calendar systems simultaneously: the Muslim Hegira calendar (hicrī), which follows a lunar cycle, and the so-called “financial” calendar (mālī), which follows the Julian calendar, hence thirteen days ahead of the Gregorian calendar.
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At the time, the Muslim calendar was by far the most used. For most of the Ottoman documents I quote, I give the indicated (or estimated date) followed by its Gregorian equivalent between square brackets.