Index
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON)
3, 14, 74, 80, 111, 112, 211, 232, 279, 281, 332, 385, 414
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON)
3, 14, 74, 80, 111, 112, 230, 279, 281, 332, 336, 385, 414
4-acetylnivalenol (4-ANIV)
14
abiotic
210, 319, 395, 398, 401, 403
abomasum
abomasal
129
abomasitis
129
dislocated abomasum
127
abortion
131, 134, 217
absorption
absorb carbon
404
absorbed and rapidly metabolised
76
absorbed by passive diffusion
77
absorbed fraction
71, 111
absorbed in the initial portions of the GIT
84
absorbed in the stomach
78
absorption of FUM
130
absorption of nutrients/nutrient absorption
112, 125
absorption rate of ZEN
82
absorption
79, 105, 108, 109, 129, 134, 199, 202, 253, 261, 276-278, 364
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
79, 253, 285, 304
amoxycillin absorption
86
DON is rapidly absorbed
75
intestinal/intestine absorption
106, 108, 283
moisture absorption
229
molecule absorption
283
non-absorbed toxin
84
oral absorption
61, 62, 263
poor absorption
110
prolonged absorption
214
rate of absorption
212
reabsorption
264, 267
reduce/reduction absorption
373, 374
systemic absorption
111
acetic acid
132, 338, 371
Acetobacter
339
acetyl cholinesterase (AchE)
286
acetyl-CoA
171
acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonist
218
acetyldeoxynivalenol (ADON)
3, 57, 334
acetyltransferases
16, 60, 109
Acinetobacter
369
Acremonium lolii
135
Acremonium spp
24
activated carbon
366
acute
acute and chronic changes
200
acute and/or chronic effects
20, 125, 201
acute and chronic exposures
195, 199
acute and chronic liver damage
220
acute and chronic studies
162
acute cases
199
acute disease
103, 276
acute exposure
2, 6, 75, 77, 129
acute illness
200
acute intoxication
58, 127, 387, 413
acute mycotoxicosis
71, 102, 115, 129
acute outbreaks
13, 71
acute poisoning
58, 200
acute reference
58, 385
acute and chronic studies
162
acute symptoms
71, 75, 88
acute toxicity AFs, acute aflatoxicosis
78
acute toxicity ENNs
80
acute toxicity FUM
76
acute toxicity OTA
78
acute toxicity T-2 toxin
75
acute toxicity
2, 75, 76, 80, 160, 193, 276
subacute syndrome
199
additive
additive effect
55, 56, 79, 111, 143, 174
additive interaction
63, 111
additive modes of action
174
additive
58, 280, 373
additives for mycotoxin detoxification
364
additives permitted for use
373
additives to temperatures above 60 °C
369
approval of additives
372-4
biotransforming additives/agents
369, 375
chemical additives
371
effects/efficacy/efficiency of the additive
376
EFSA panel of additives
374
feed additive petition (FAP)
372
feed additive regulations
364
feed additives
11, 174, 175, 177, 262, 364, 366, 367, 372-4, 376, 415, 416
labelling the additive
373
level of additive
373
mycotoxin-binding additives
364
safety of the additive
374
silage additives/inoculants/inoculation
337, 370, 371, 376
technological additives
374
additivity
55, 56, 62
adducts
59, 77, 199
adenoviruses
105
adipose tissue
78, 87, 88
adjusted bootstrap percentile (BCa)
160
adrenergic
110
adsorption
adsorb mycotoxins
366-8, 371
adsorbing compounds
175
adsorbing the toxins
364
adsorption capacity
366, 367
LAB can adsorb
367
mycotoxin adsorbent/adsorption
365, 367, 368
mycotoxin-adsorbing agents
369
organic adsorbents
368
rate of adsorption
364, 366
adverse effects
13, 15, 54, 56, 80, 86, 105-7, 110, 114, 130, 174, 209, 211, 212, 215, 217, 219-21, 262, 296, 300, 304, 364, 376, 385
aerobic
36, 338, 339, 341, 344, 371, 372
aetiology
59, 210, 213
aflatoxin
aflatoxicol (AFL)
132, 230, 261, 266, 267
aflatoxicosis
19, 108, 176, 199, 200
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)
3, 19, 20, 61, 71, 73, 74, 77, 78, 81, 83, 84, 87, 88, 103, 107, 108, 114, 115, 125, 126, 132, 137, 142, 143, 159, 160, 166-9, 174-80, 191-3, 200, 220, 230, 231, 234, 235, 245, 261, 264-7, 283, 286, 371, 372, 375-7, 387, 397-9, 401, 402
aflatoxin B2 (AFB2)
19, 20, 58, 179, 230, 235, 261, 266
aflatoxin G1 (AFG1)
19, 20, 74, 107, 200, 261, 375
aflatoxin G2 (AFG2)
20, 200, 235, 261, 375
aflatoxin M1 (AFM1)
19, 20, 77, 132, 142, 143, 230, 260, 261, 265, 266, 375, 376
aflatoxin M2 (AFM2)
19, 20, 142, 261, 262
aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1)
261
aflatoxin-8,9-exo-epoxide (AFBO)
108, 230, 267
aflatoxins (AFs)
1-3, 13, 19, 20, 73, 74, 82, 83, 107, 108, 112, 125, 127, 128, 132, 142, 143, 158, 166, 174, 178-80, 192, 197-201, 220, 221, 235, 249, 252, 259, 261, 317, 321-4, 326, 327, 330, 333, 338, 343, 363, 366, 368, 371-4, 384, 387, 397, 413, 415
aflatrem
24
Africa
20, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 53, 58, 103, 135, 192, 193, 395, 396, 401
agonistic
301
agroclavine
131, 133
airborne
21, 321, 341
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
198, 200, 376
albumin
199, 265
alfalfa
339, 368
algebraic
56
Algerian
23
alimentary toxic aleukia
1, 210
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
78, 198, 200, 376
alkaline
365
alkaloids
216, 218, 386
alkylation
O-de-alkylation
107
Alkylamines
18
allergenic effects
228
almond
almonds
20, 368
almond hulls
368
Alphitobius diaperinus
235
Alternaria
Alternaria
25-7, 58, 61, 110, 124, 210, 218, 219, 228, 315, 329, 330, 336, 399
A. alternata
26, 27, 330
A. tenuis (A. alternata)
26, 27
alternariol (AOH)
3, 13, 25, 27, 57-9, 61, 74, 80, 230, 329, 333
alternariol monomethyl ether (AME)
3, 25, 27, 61, 74, 230, 329
aluminium (Al)
367
aluminosilicates
365, 372
amino acids
amino acid residues
27
aspartic acid
81
glycine
32, 81, 202
leucine
81
methionine
105
N-methyl-isoleucine
27
N-methyl-valine
27
proline
32
serine
81
valine
81
amino group
18
aminotransferase
19, 200
ammoniacal nitrogen
134
amoxycillin
86
anaemia/anaemic
197, 200
anaerobic
281, 338, 344
anaesthetic
61
anaphylotoxin B1 (AnAFB1)
375
andrastin A
133
andrastins
219
androstane
60
aneuploid
299, 301
anion
365, 370
anorexia
anorectic
75
anorexia in pigs
75
anorexia in ruminants
129, 135
anorexia
199, 201, 202, 218
signs of anorexia
198
antagonism
55, 58, 59, 62, 286, 327
antagonist/antagonistic
56-8, 111, 143, 174, 218, 280, 286, 287, 326, 342, 401
anther extrusion
324
anthesis
17, 21, 323, 325, 327, 396
antibiotics
61, 84-6, 199, 219, 278, 326, 413, 416
antibody response
87, 127
antibody titres
111, 114
anticaking
366, 372
anticancer
62
antifungal
activity
32, 126, 370
effects
371
metabolites
370
antigens
113, 259
antimicrobial
antimicrobial activity
126
antimicrobial agent
330
antimicrobial compounds
370
antimicrobial effect
219
antimicrobial peptides
113
antinutritive factors
228
antioxidants
78, 82, 128, 137, 170, 202, 279, 286, 301, 302, 364, 369, 370
antiprotozoal activity
126
apathy
129
Apis mellifera
233
apoptosis
86, 128, 212, 299-303, 387
appetite
82, 162, 197, 202, 211, 218
aqueous extract
369
Arabian
213
arched back
136
Argentina
33, 103, 396
Argentinian
22
aristolochic
59
aromatic
280 366
artichoke
368
artificial insemination
215
artificial vs natural
84
artificial wombs
304
artificially contaminated/artificial contamination
83, 84, 86, 162, 173
aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)
60, 61
ascaridiosis
114
ascites
78, 107, 112
ascospores
16, 25, 31, 317, 321, 341
Asia
1, 2, 20, 71, 395
aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
78, 198, 200, 376
Aspergillus
A. alliaceus
22
A. arachidicola
20
A. auricomus
21
A. bombycis
20
A. carbonarius
220
A. carneus
36
A. clavatus
131-132
A. cretensis
22
A. flavus
2, 20, 21, 32, 108, 124, 131, 192, 220, 315, 319, 321, 324, 327, 329, 342, 397-401
A. flocculosus
22
A. fumigatus
23, 62, 124, 131, 192, 210, 218, 219, 236
A. melleus
22
A. minisclerotigenes
20
A. niger
18, 22, 23
A. niveus
36
A. nomius
20
A. ochraceoroseus
20
A. ochraceus
21-3, 220
A. ostianus
22
A. parasiticus
2, 20, 131, 192, 220, 371
A. petrakii
22
A. pseudoelegans
22
A. pseudotamarii
20
A. rambellii
20
A. roseoglobulosus
22
A. sclerotiorum
22
A. steynii
22
A. sulphureus
22
A. terreus
36
A. westerdijkiae
22
Aspergilli
22, 218-20
aspergillosis
218
Aspergillus
18, 20-3, 31, 36, 103, 131, 179, 210, 219, 220, 228, 229, 236, 315, 317, 319, 326, 330, 339, 341, 343, 369, 386
Astragalus lentiginosus
218
Astragalus sp.
218
ataxia
136, 213, 217, 218, 220
Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar)
179
atoxigenic strains
401, 402
atresia
286
atropine
218
Aureobasidium
369
aurofusarin
210, 323
Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA)
29, 30
Australia
24, 29, 30, 33, 135, 396
Austria
192
average daily feed intake (ADFI)
73, 81-4
average daily gain (ADG)
72, 73, 81-4
azoles
323, 324, 342
Bacillus
176, 326, 327, 369
back fat
87
bacteria
acetic acid bacteria
338
antibacterial
28, 86, 219
bacteria interaction
86, 135
bacterial cell wall
367
bacterial counts
86
bacterial infection
219
bacterial strains
176
bacterial toxins
58, 59
bacterial translocation
85, 86, 88, 282
bacterial waste
281
bacteriocins
371
bacterium Sphingomonas sp.
19
bacterium/bacteria/bacterial
19, 125, 281, 282, 326, 338, 339, 341, 369, 371, 401
commensal bacteria
103, 125, 129, 132
lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
281, 367, 370, 371, 376, 377
bakery products
212
Balansia
23
Balkan
59
banana peel
368
bananas
368
bark
368
barley
1, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 72, 73, 84, 102, 134, 212, 243, 246, 249, 267, 320-2, 324, 325, 328, 329, 331, 333, 336, 337, 342, 368
barrier
barrier function
278, 283
blood-brain barrier
60, 168, 202
epithelial barrier function
277, 278
intestinal barrier
58, 113, 114, 126, 211, 219, 277, 279, 415
intestinal explant barrier chip (IEBC)
283
mammary barrier
142
oxygen-barrier plastic films
338
ruminal epithelium
129
selective barrier
112, 278
basil
176
batch fermentation
280, 281, 287
beans
212
Beauveria
173
beauvericin (BEA)
1, 13, 27, 28, 74, 80, 84, 110, 114, 134, 135, 137, 173, 209, 210, 230, 303, 304, 321, 324, 326, 332, 334, 384, 386, 387
beer
59, 72
beet pulp
72-4, 194
Belgium
53
bentonite
175, 284, 365-7, 372
benzodiazepine
202
benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride
366, 367
berseem clover
327
Bifidobacteria spp.
86
Bifidobacterium
369
bile
bile acids
277
bile carry-over
87
bile distribution
77, 131
bile duct
29, 78, 130, 220
bile
253
biliary excretion
79, 104, 109, 264
bilirubin
130
eliminated through bile or urine
200
excrected via the liver and bile
180
steatosis and hyperplasia of the biliary tree
108
bind
able to bind
125
AFB1-binding
176
aflatoxin-binding agents/product
373
bind 35% DON
367
bind AFs
366, 368
bind albumin
199, 265
bind and activate oestrogen
301
bind glutathione
200
bind oestrogen receptors
76
bind or adsorb/modify mycotoxins
366, 368, 370
bind tightly to serum
201
bind to DNA
199
bind to oestrogen receptors
16, 131, 385
bind with metallic cations
27
binder-mycotoxin complex
364
binders or modifiers
284, 364, 372
binding activity
367, 368
binding affinity
106
binding agents
375
binding between clay cations
366
binding capacity
366
binding mycotoxins
366, 367
binding non-covalently
104
binding of non-polar
367
binding or inactivation of mycotoxins
368
binding to DNA
107
binding to polar residues
17
binding to serum proteins
108
binding to thiol-containing macromolecules
219
binding
192, 367, 373
binds and cause conformational changes
60
enzymes bind the reactive epoxides
200
Inorganic binders
365, 367
mycotoxin binders/binding
176, 177, 364, 367, 368
number of binding sites
367
organic binders
367
phosphate binders
202
PPAR-binding protein
60
biochemical
277, 284, 376
biocontrol agents (BCAs)
326-328, 330, 342, 400-2
biocontrol
326, 327, 400-2
biofumigation
327
biogenic amines
105
biomarkers
106, 133, 181, 200, 213, 260, 261-5, 285, 368, 374, 414
biomass
fungal biomass
398, 399
pathogen biomass
399
unit biomass
399
biomonitoring
8, 53, 261, 263-7, 414
biopesticides
326, 328, 342
biosecurity measures
103
biotic and abiotic factors
397
biotic stress
395
biotransformation
AFB1 biotransformation
77, 107, 142, 167
AFs are biotransformed in the liver
200
AFs biotransformation
199, 200
biotransform
201, 369
biotransformation capacity
201
biotransformation
280, 373, 374
biotransforming additives/agents
369, 375
DON biotransformation
103-5, 142, 161
FUM biotransformation
75
mycotoxins biotransformation
54, 57, 60, 61, 414
T-2 toxin biotransformation
103
ZEN biotransformation
77, 130, 131
bikaverin
326
bisphenol
58
black seed
177
blastocyst
blastocyst
294, 295, 297-303
blastocoel
300
blastocyst formation
300, 303
blastocyst quality
302
blastocyst stage
294, 295, 297-9, 301, 303
blastocyst-like structures
299
blastocysts derived
301
blastocysts
302
blastoids
299
blastomeres
299-302
Blattella germanica
233
bleeding from body orifices
135
blepharospasms
202
blindness
213
Bliss
56
bloating
218
blood
blood-brain barrier
60, 168, 202
biomonitoring of blood
263
blood and reproductive organs
293
blood carry-over OTA
88
blood cells
212
blood circulation
168
blood concentrations of DON
211
blood flow
134, 267
blood parameters
162, 164
blood products
197
blood samples
53, 162, 214, 215, 376
blood sampling
168, 170
blood serum OTA
88
blood tests
200
blood
170, 253, 261
bloodstream
113, 128
bloody diarrhoea
197, 202
clotting factors
108, 200, 220
coagulation abnormalities
200
coagulation parameters
200
coagulopathy
198
DON in blood
127
DON residues in blood
263
droplet of blood
221
endpoint blood
162, 171
haemodynamic stability
200
haemodynamic stabilization
200
intravascular coagulation
199
mycotoxins in blood
263
white blood cells
199
whole blood products
200
ZEN in blood
76
ZEN metabolites
131
blowfly
230
body
body carcass
179
body colouration
168
body composition
168
body deformations
164
body malformation
161
body residues
179
body surface area
75
body temperature
217
body weight (BW)
178, 180, 197-9, 201, 372, 375
body weight gain (BWG)
82, 84, 112, 132
body’s metabolism
171
human body weight
178
insect body
228, 229, 236
microenvironment in the body
284
out of the body
265
parts of the body
253
polar body extrusion
300, 302
uptake into the body
177
Bombyx mori
233
bone marrow
197, 212, 213
bootstrap method
161, 165
bootstrapping
164, 166, 167, 170
Botrytis fabae Sardiña
218
Botswana
229
bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
127
brain
AFs in brain
78
blood-brain barrier
60, 168, 202
brain oedema
129
brain serotonin
162
brain stem
202, 213
brain
103, 197, 260, 280
brain-gut peptides
82
cerebral white matter
213
encephalopathy
198, 200
Lolitrem B in brain
143
myelin
135
rarefied white matter
214
brans
10, 72, 102, 336, 343, 415
Brassicaceae
327
brassicas
320, 327, 341
Brazil
1, 20, 33, 159, 372, 373
Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)
415
Brazilian
26
breast
breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)
60, 62
breast milk
181, 266
brewing
72, 73
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
218
bronchoalveolar space
218
Bt genes
326
Bulgaria
74
burial of residues
337
Burkina Fasso
28
butterfly
234
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens
129
by-product
2, 18, 72, 73, 124, 336, 343, 368, 415
Byssochlamys nivea
132
Byssochlamys
219
21 CFR
571 372
21 CFR
573 373
21 CFR
582.2727 372
21 CFR
582.2729 372
95% confidence
164-6, 170
Caco-2
57, 110, 277, 278
cadmium
58
caeca
85
calcium
81, 108, 217, 365, 366, 372
Calliphora erythrocephala
230
Cameron
28
Campylobacter jejuni
114, 278, 283
campylobacteriosis
114
Canada
45
Canadian Grain Commission in Canada
245
Canadian
245
cancer
adenocarcinoma
277
anti-cancer
1
breast cancer
60
cancer cells
62
cancer
167, 195, 278, 279
carcinogenesis
59, 198, 201
carcinogenic
2, 6, 19, 29, 125, 165, 167, 168, 179, 198, 199, 259, 283, 386, 387, 415
carcinogenicity
29, 107
carcinogens
77, 178, 387
carcinoma
29, 279
colorectal cancer
59
development of cancer
198, 200
hepatocarcinoma
199
pro-carcinogen
77
prostate cancer
62
Candida rosea
369
Candida
228, 369
candidiasis
105
canola
321
canopy/canopies
322, 341, 342
carbon acids
18
carbon dioxide (CO2)
132, 338, 394-399, 401, 402
carbon emission
394
carbon sources
28, 29
carbonyl
366
carboxylesterase
19
carboxypeptidase A
78
carcass
83, 84, 179
cardiac beriberi
1
cardiac muscle
300
cardiovascular
198, 213
carotenoid intestinal absorption
108
carp
162, 166, 170, 174, 176, 178, 179, 180
carry-over
413
caryopsis
333
caspase
302
castration
62
catalase (CAT)
286
catechin
370
catechols
280
catfish
174
cation exchange capacity (CEC)
365-7
cation
27, 365, 366
cationic
366
cells
2-cell stage
294, 301
3D cell culture
284
8-cell stage
294
acetyl-CoA in cells
171
apoptotic cells
301, 302
B-cells
199
blood cell counts
199
blood cells
199, 212
bovine mammary epithelial cells (BME-UV1)
279
Caco-2 cells
57, 110, 277, 278
cancer cell lines
62, 278
capacity of a cell
370
cell culture
212, 277, 282
cell cycle
198, 199, 203
cell cycle
300, 302
cell damage
278
cell death
162, 195, 202, 370, 387
cell division
302
cell fibrosis
279
cell fragmentation
230
cell lines
173, 277-9, 282, 294
cell maturation
293
cell membrane
387
cell metabolism
213
cell migration
285
cell models
277-9
cell monolayer
278
cell number
302
cell organelles
387
cell permeability
282
cell proliferation
84, 86, 131, 198, 230, 277
cell system
277, 287
cell types
278, 282, 293
cell walls
367, 368, 371
cell-based models
276-80, 287
cell-cell interactions
279
cells and tissues
277
cells from the ascites of an adult female mouse with reticulum cell sarcoma (J774A.1)
279
cells from the colon of an adult male with colon cancer (HCT116)
279
cells in bone marrow
197, 212, 213
cells of the gastrointestinal tract
195
cells of the inner pycnidial wall
33
cells of the small intestine
277
cells on-chip
295
cells
202, 280, 284
cell-to-cell interactions
197
cell-to-cell recognition
197
cellular and humoral immune responses
213
cellular damage
170
cellular disturbances
215
cellular metabolic activities
195
cellular oxidative damage
213
cellular processes
197
cellular targets
173
cellular toxicity
304
conidiogenic cells
32
cultured cells
277
cumulus cells (CCs)
297, 299, 303, 304
differentiated cells
297, 300
disintegrating cells
230
embryonic cells
297, 304
embryonic stem cell test (EST)
297
embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
297, 298, 300-2
endometrial cells
58, 297, 299
enteroendocrine cells
75, 282
epithelial cells
283, 285
epithelial kidney cells from the kidney of a male 3-4 week-old pig (LLC-PK1)
279
extraembryonic endoderm cell
298
gastrointestinal epithelial cells
128
germ cells
293, 294, 297, 298, 304
glial cells
282
goblet cells
282
granulosa cells (GC)
294, 297, 299, 300, 302-4
grows in cell number
294
haematopoietic cells
197
hepatocellular changes
171
hepatocytes from the normal liver of a 3-month old mouse (AML-12)
279
HT29 cell line
277, 278
HT29-MTX cell line
277, 278
human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)
279
immune cells
128
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
297, 298
inner cell mass (ICM)
294, 297, 298, 301, 302
inner cells
32
inoculation of cells
285
intercellular structures
278
intestinal cells
56, 59, 60, 113, 277, 278
intracellular accumulation
198
intracellular production
200
intracellular
370
IPEC-1 cells
278
IPEC-J2 cells
57, 110, 277, 278
isolated cells
277
K+ currents exiting the cells
217
Leydig cells
58
liver cells from a hepatocellular carcinoma of a 15-year-old human male (HEPG2)
279
liver cells
199
Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)
279
mammary cells
128
mechanisms of cells
202
membrane of cells
197
muscle cells
300
mutation in cells
200
neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-MC)
279
normal human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1)
279
ovarian granulosa cells
215
Paneth-like cells
282
periportal parenchyma cells
78
PGC-like cells
298
pluripotent stem cells
297-9
polarised cell layer
277
primary cells
277, 297
primordial germ cells (PGCs)
294, 298
processes of cells
277
progenitor cells
212
protect the cells
370
proximal tubular cell line derived from normal adult male kidney (HK-2)
279
reduction of cell proliferation
230
reproductive cells
2, 303, 304
Sf-9 cell line
230
somatic cells
297, 298
sperm cells
294, 297
state of the cells
371
stem cell lines
298
stem cells
282, 299, 304
target cells
304
T-cells
199
trophectoderm cells
294, 298
trophoblast cell
301
tubular cells
201
yeast cell wall
283, 364
cellulose
carboxymethylcellulose
368
cellulolysis
126
cellulose
368
cellulosic polymers
368
degrade cellulose
126
hemicellulose
368
methylcellulose
368
microcrystalline cellulose
368
central nervous system
200, 202, 211, 217
centre for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
372
centrilobular necrosis
220
ceramide synthase
106, 130, 213
cereals
1, 2, 9, 15-8, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 71, 124, 134, 136, 142, 159, 180, 181, 194, 209, 210, 216, 296, 315-23, 325, 326, 328-31, 341, 343, 344, 336, 368, 384, 415
cerebral white matter
213
cereulide
58
chaetoglobosin
chaetoglobosins
31
chaetoglobosin K
31, 33, 135
chaetoglobosin L
31, 33
chaetoglobosin M
31
chaetoglobosin O
31
chaff
331, 343
charge/charged
365-7
cheese
curd firmness
129
hand-made cheese
142
mouldy cream cheese wrapper
202
macaroni cheese
202
cheese
375
cheesability
413
chemical
9, 21, 54, 58, 60, 105, 127, 159, 175-8, 214, 219, 253, 255, 365, 371, 374, 400
chemisorption
366
chemokines
113
chemotypes
14
chestnut
30
China
1, 28, 73, 180, 218, 320, 396
chloramphenicol
58
chlorinated/chlorination
21, 62
chlorophorm-hexane
31
chlorpyrifos
58
chromatin structure
215
chromatography
gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
259
gas chromatography with tandem tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS)
255
gas chromatography
249, 254, 255, 259
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
192, 193, 254, 259, 260, 266
high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection (HPLC-FLD)
259, 260
high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)
259
liquid chromatography (LC)
110, 249
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
259, 260, 267
liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
8, 193, 259, 260, 267
thin layer chromatography (TLC)
249
ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)
261
chromosomal aberrations
199
chronic
chronic adverse effects
385
chronic AFs exposure
199
chronic changes
200
chronic conditions
195
chronic disease
197, 413
chronic effect
20, 125, 165, 201, 276
chronic exposure
2, 9, 59, 71, 75, 79, 80, 87, 88, 114, 129, 132, 160, 93, 195, 199, 201, 413
chronic fungal pulmonary infection
218
chronic ingestion
108
chronic kidney disease
201
chronic liver damage
220
chronic manifestations
125
chronic mycotoxicosis
129
chronic or opportunistic infectious diseases
416
chronic outbreak
13
chronic oxidative stress
59
chronic renal disease
201
chronic renal failure
201
chronic risk
384
chronic studies
162
chronic symptoms
134
chronic toxic dose
201
exposed chronically to AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2
200
sub-chronic exposure
61, 166
chlorination
109
chlorophyllin
132
cholestasis
78
cholesterol lowering
135
cholesterol
376
cholestyramine
368
chopping phase
337
chymotrypsin
78
cinnamaldehyde
370
cinnamon oil
370
cinnamon
369
ciprofloxacin
61
circling
213
Circumdati
21
citreoisocoumarin
133
citreoviridin
1
citrinin (CIT)
13, 36, 74, 79, 88, 109, 110, 114, 135, 220, 230, 231, 259, 302
Claviceps africana
79
Claviceps purpurea
24
Claviceps sclerotia
23-5
Claviceps
315, 386
Clavicipitaceae
23
Clavines
23
clay
aluminosilicates
365, 366, 372
bentonite clay
284
clay and bentonite
175
clay binders
367
clay cations
366
clay minerals
364-7, 372
clay particles
174-7
clay-based
373
inorganic clays
369
modified clays
367
natural clays
367, 369
cleaning procedures
aspiration
331, 333, 336, 343
brushing
331, 333, 343
cleaning
331-3, 336, 337, 343
gravity separation
332, 333
mechanical cleaning
332, 337, 343
optical sorting
336, 343
optical-eletronic colour sorters
336
physical cleaning and sorting
414
scouring
331-3, 343
sieving
331-334, 337, 343
sorting
331, 333, 334, 336, 343
clearance
T-2 toxins
75
AFs
83
OTA
109
Cylinder speed and clearance
329
cleavage
294, 301, 303
cleaved
385
climate
acclimatisation
398, 399
acclimatised
399
agroclimatic
399
climate change
11, 20, 102, 221, 376, 394-404
climate events
396
climate is the key factor
363
climate models
395
climate projections
394
climate variability
395
climate warming
395, 400
climate-change-related abiotic factors
398, 401
climate-related factors
337
climate-related risks
404
climate-smart agriculture (CSA)
404
climatic conditions
20, 28, 71, 319
climatic requirements
15
climatic
363
shifts in climate
394
clinoptilolite
366
Clonostachys rosea
326, 327
Clostridium perfringens
114
clotting factors
108, 200, 220
coagulation abnormalities
200
coagulation parameters
200
coagulopathy
198
coactivator
60
cob pieces
320
coccidiosis
114
coccidiostat
375
cocktail
53, 54, 62
cocoa
cocoa beans
20
cocoa powder
22
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
372
Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC)
17
coefficient of variance/variation
248, 249
coffee
coffee
181
green and roasted coffee
22
Coleoptera
234
colibactin
59
colibacillosis
114
colic
colic and diarrhoea
219
colic horses
211
colic or liver disease
221
equine colic
211
colorectal
59
colon
85-7, 277, 279, 282-4
colostrum
83, 88, 252, 253, 266
combination
AFB1 and DON in combination
174
BEA in combination with FB1
304
combination index-isobologram method
56
combination of clay particles
176
combination of mycotoxins
2, 3, 6, 9, 55, 56, 80, 84, 86, 88, 110, 135, 159, 174, 181, 279, 293, 295, 301, 305
combination of water activity (aw) and temperature
29
combination with phenobarbital
202
combined effects of FB1 and MON
174
Combined effects
174, 375
DON in combination with other mycotoxins
174
FHB in combination with propiconazole
325
N in combination with boron
322
Commission Directive 2003/121/EC
248
Commission Directive 2003/32/EC
387
Commission Recommendation 576/2006/EC
161, 162, 165, 235
Commission Regulation EC N° 401/2006
245
Commission Regulation EU N° 2015/2283
228
Commission Regulation EU N° 2017/893
228
Commission Regulation EU N° 2021/1372
228
Common fruit fly
230, 235
concentrates
124
conception
127
conformational
60
congestion
79, 110, 127, 200
conidia
conidia
15, 20, 22, 25, 33, 219, 317, 321, 342
conidial adhesion
229
conidial
24, 30
conidiogenesis
32
conidiophore
32, 33
constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)
60, 61
consumers
54, 56, 60, 87, 192, 328, 375
convulsions
62, 217
copper
copper oxide
175
copper sulphate
105
copra
20
corepressor protein (N-CoR)
60
corn earworm
230, 232, 233, 235
corpora lutea
131, 215
cotton
320
cottonseed
20
cough
220
Council for Agricultural Science and technology (CAST)
127, 131
covalent
covalent
368
covalently
375
non-covalent
367, 368
creatinine
264
Croatia
73, 88, 400
Croatian
400
crop
biosynthesis in crops
397
cereal crops
24, 28, 136
commercial crop
32
contamination of crops
2
crop canopies
322
crop grains
13, 15, 17
crop growth
19
crop insurance
248
crop management
324
crop physiology and disease
398
crop plants
252
crop price discounts
416
crop production
13
crop residues
341
crop rotation
319, 321, 328, 329, 337, 341, 342
crop waste
415
crop yields
395, 396
cropland
404
cropping systems
22
crops and silages
131
crops of maize
195
crops post-infection
17
crops
18, 210, 221
damage to crops
404
forage crops
24, 143
host crops
24
infested crops
15
mycoflora on crops
158, 173
staple crops
402
Cryptococcus
326
crystallography
365
culmorin
323
cumulus oophorus
296
cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs)
295, 296, 302, 303
curcuma
177
curcumin
370
curvature of the spine
171
curves
dose-effect curves
56
dose-response curve
216
cuticle
229
cutting height
329, 337
cyclic hexadepsipeptide
27, 387
cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)
108, 114, 132, 231
Cyprinus carpio haematopterus
176
cytochrome p450 (CYP)
60, 61, 77, 78, 108, 167, 234, 280
cytokine
cytokines
87, 114, 199
secretion of cytokines
113
up-regulation of cytokines
84
cytoskeletal dynamics
300
cytotoxicity
57, 58, 171, 212, 282
cytotoxic
29, 57, 58, 62, 110, 130, 173, 230, 278
Czech Republic
53
Danish
283
dechlorinated
261
deepoxy-HT-2
129
defensins
282
dehulling
331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 343
dermatitis
75
dermatoxicity
212
detection
detection in milk
260
detection methods
254
detection of non-target compounds
254
detection of unknowns toxins
260
detection systems
254
FLD detection
255
limit of detection (LOD)
259
mycotoxin detection
244, 245, 267
sensitive detection
255
separation, detection, confirmation, and quantification
254
deterioration in organ function
197
detoxification
detoxification process
77, 280
detoxification strategies
368
detoxification
370, 401
mycotoxin detoxification
364, 369, 376
diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)
13, 104, 105, 112, 180, 197, 230, 231, 235
Diacetylactis
370, 371
diamide
326
Diaporthe toxica
29, 30
diarrhoea
AFB1
78, 83
DON
75, 137
EAs
110
OTA
78, 132, 202
PAT
220
slaframine
218
T-2 toxin
75
Trichothecenes
197
ZEN
137
diatomaceous
366, 372
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DTT)
58
digestibility
apparent digestibility
375
apparent total tract digestibility
81
apparent ileal digestibility (AID)
81
digestibility enhancers
372
digestibility, palatability
20
digestion in vitro
281
digestion of feed constituents
280
digestion of feed
16
digestive conditions
284
digestive functions
209, 212
digestive system
304
digestive tract
283
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility
126
nutrient digestibility
80, 81, 136
digestive tract
229, 283
dimethylergolin
23
dimoxystrobin
323
diode array
254
diphteria toxin molecules
375
Diplodia macrospora
32
Diplodia maydicola
32
Diplodia maydis
32
Diplodia zeae-maydis
32
diplodiatoxin
13, 31, 33
diplodiosis
31, 33
diploid
294
diplonine
31, 33, 135
dipmatol
31, 33
diptera
234
diseases
acute disease
103, 276
associated diseases
24
black patch disease
218
cause of disease
214
chronic disease
197, 413
clinical signs and disease
191
concurrent disease
201
describing disease in dogs and cats
195
devastating disease
315
development of disease
18, 191, 202, 315, 342
disease and pest control
400
disease conditions
134, 221
disease damage
399
disease in cereal heads
315
disease in over 100 plant species
26
disease in susceptible host plants
24
disease in turkeys
107
disease inoculum
320, 341
disease modelling
285
disease of legumes
218
disease outbreak
1, 109
disease outcomes
399
disease pressure
317, 323
disease prevention
267
disease progression
25
disease reduction
398
disease resistance
317
disease severity
398
disease symptoms
15, 127, 399
diseased panicles
25
diseased stalk
31
diseases caused by s. maydis
33
diseases in cereals
323
diseases in dairy cows
129
diseases of clover
218
diseases
404
FHB disease
323, 342
food-borne diseases
396
fungal diseases
218, 323, 325
infectious diseases
6, 87, 102, 114, 115, 197, 387, 413, 416
initiate disease
30, 31
kidney disease
201
leaf spot diseases
323
liver disease
221
metabolic diseases
143
multifactorial diseases
210
mycotoxin disease
195, 203
Newcastle disease
112
non-infectious disease
2
parasitic diseases
87
pest and diseases
403
plant disease
14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 27, 28, 30, 33, 326, 395
post-harvest diseases
26
renal disease
201, 202
resilience to (infectious) disease
221
respiratory diseases
218
sign of disease
25
signs of disease
125
susceptibility to disease
9, 127
symptoms of disease
1, 134
Turkey X disease
1
deacetylation
369, 385
deepoxydation
369
deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1)
87, 128, 137, 142, 261, 262, 265, 266, 283
dehydration
78, 132, 197, 201, 202
deoxynivalenol (DON)
2, 3, 13, 15-7, 27, 56-9, 61, 62, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84-8, 102-5, 110-4, 124, 126-9, 132, 136, 137, 142, 158, 159, 161-4, 173-5, 178, 180, 191, 193-5, 209-12, 215, 221, 230-3, 245, 246, 248, 249, 252, 260-6, 277-80, 282, 283, 286, 287, 300-2, 317-34, 336, 337, 339, 342, 343, 366, 367, 371, 372, 374, 385, 391, 397-9, 414, 415
deoxynivalenol 3-glucoside (DON-3G)
3, 16, 72, 74, 80, 111, 230, 232, 261, 281, 323, 332, 336, 385, 404, 414
depression
78, 200, 213, 218, 220
dihydroergosine
79
dispersive liquid-liquid microextration (DLLME)
254
disrupting membranes
387
disruptor activity
58
disruptors of protein synthesis
201
distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS)
72, 73, 415
divinylbenzene-styrene
368
DNA
59, 77, 107, 109, 162, 165, 195, 198, 199, 202, 213, 303, 370
DON-3α -glucuronide
104, 105, 261
DON-3α -sulphate (DON-3S)
104, 261, 262
dopamine
dopamine-2 receptors
217
dopaminergic
110, 211
similarity to dopamine
386
dog-sitting position
75
domestic silk moth
233, 235
dosage
acute reference dose
58
application dosage
25
booster dose
375
dosage adjustment
61, 63
dosage decreased antibody response
125
dosage increased antibody response
125
dose addition
56
dose ingested
214
dose-dependent manner
264
dose-effect curves
56
dose-response curve
216
dose-response
214, 221
doses associated with acute illness
200
lower doses
214
oral dose
265
overdosage
105
provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI)
219
recommended dose
374, 375
reference dose
385
response to low doses
324
single dose
266
sub-emetic doses
58
threshold dose
63
tolerable dose intake (TDI)
63
doxycycline
86
dried fruit
22, 181
Drosophila melanogaster
230
drought stress
322, 342
drug
anaesthetic drug
61
anticancer drugs
62
drug toxicity
285
drug transporters
54
drugs
416
multidrug resistance
62
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
105
prototypical drugs
61
veterinary drugs
9, 63
dunes and sandy grounds
216
duodenum
AFs are absorbed in the duodenum
199
duodenal
113
nerve fibres in the duodenum
127
protein to the duodenum
128
duodenum
282, 283
durian peel
368
dust
9, 218, 247, 331, 343
dysfunction
dysfunction of intestinal villi
86
reproductive dysfunction
59, 77
dysmaturity
217
dyspnoea
76
ear rot
14, 15, 31-33, 315, 326, 327
EC N° 1831/2003
262, 374
EC N° 429/2008
262, 374
EC50
56, 171
ecophysiological
397
ecotoxicology
25
efflux
efflux proteins
62
efflux pumps
80
efflux transporter
86
ABC-efflux transporters
212
EFSA panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP)
373-5
egg
accumulate in eggs
114
egg mass
109
egg production
107, 108, 112, 233, 234, 286, 387
egg quality
107
eggs
262
eggshell quality
108
feed to eff ratio
109
transferred to eggs
11, 115
Egypt
28, 179
Eimeria maxima
114
Eimeria tenella
114
electrolyte replacement
197
electrophilic forms
199
ellagic acid
370
embryo
developing embryos
112, 303
development of each embryo
173
effects on the embryos
171
embryo cleavage
301
embryo development
80, 137, 300
embryo developmental competence
303
embryo
294, 295, 297-300, 302-4
embryo-like structures
299
embryonic cells
297, 304
embryonic development
293, 295
embryonic effects
303
embryonic mortality
112
embryonic stages
297
embryonic stem cell test (EST)
297
embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
297, 298, 300-2
embryonic tissues
33
embryonic toxicity
301
embryotoxic
304
embryotoxicity
302
ENNA treated embryos
173
extraembryonic
298
fish embryo toxicity (FET)
286
fish embryos
171
preimplantation embryos
295, 298
zebrafish embryos
171, 285, 286
emerging
emerging mycotoxins
1-3, 27, 29, 57, 61, 80, 110, 171, 173, 209, 210, 303, 386, 387
emerging variants
102
emesis
antiemetic
197, 201, 202
emetic activity
58
sub-emetic
58
symptoms
58, 78
emodin
210
emulsifier
372
encephalopathy
198, 200
endemic
59
endocrine
endocrine disruptors
58, 59
endocrine metabolism
125
endocrine regulating potential
173
endocrine system
164, 293
endoplasmic reticulum
300, 302
endogenous
endogenous antioxidant
128
endogenous chemicals
54
endometrial cells
58, 297, 299
endophyte
25, 135, 209, 216, 217, 325, 327, 401
endophytic
23, 25, 30, 134, 135, 327
endophytically
24
endosperm
333
endpoint
biological endpoints
161, 164, 168, 181
distinct endpoints
168
endpoint biomarkers
261, 262
endpoint blood
162, 171
endpoint growth
171
endpoint histology
171
endpoint sensitivity
168
endpoint
385, 386
endpoints individually
161
endpoints showed very high LOAEL
166
individual endpoint
168
lymphocyte count was the only endpoint
107
number of endpoints
162
recommended endpoints
374
sensitive endpoints
162, 164, 166, 385
specific endpoints
166
toxicity endpoints
62
enniatins (ENNs)
3, 13, 27-29, 73, 80, 110, 114, 134, 135, 171, 180, 209, 210, 322, 323, 328, 332, 384, 386, 387
enniatin A (ENNA)
27, 74, 110, 171, 173, 180, 230, 334, 386
enniatin A1 (ENNA1)
27, 74, 110, 171, 230, 334, 386
enniatin B (ENNB)
27, 74, 84, 110, 127, 171, 230, 235, 322, 334, 386
enniatin B1 (ENNB1)
27, 61, 74, 80, 84, 110, 171, 230, 328, 334, 386
enniatin B2 (ENNB2)
27
enniatin B3 (ENNB3)
27
enniatin B4 (ENNB4)
27
enrofloxacin (EFX)
61, 62
ensiled mass
338, 339, 341
ensiling
243, 337-339, 344, 370, 371
enteric nervous system
126
enteritis
109, 114
Enterobacteriaceae
86, 339
enteroblastic
32
enterocyte
porcine enterocyte line
57
enterocyte villi
85
enterocytes
282
enteroendocrine cells
75
enterohepatic circulation
76, 79
enterohepatic recirculation
71, 109, 142
entomophagous moulds
229
environment
anaerobic environment
344
controlled environments
400
environment for fungal infection
322
environment
397
environmental and agronomic conditions
317
environmental assessment
373
environmental benefits
228
environmental changes
394, 398
environmental conditions
15, 17, 20, 21, 103, 143, 173, 229, 321, 372
environmental emissions
363
environmental extremes
398
environmental factors
28, 54, 293
environmental impact
364, 367
environmental interactions
27, 134
environmental parameters
173
environmental pollution
58
environmental requirements
319
environmental stress/stressors
127, 395, 398
environmental temperatures
134
environmental threats
398
environmental toxicity
285
environmentally friendly
376
farm environment
263
gut environment
282, 283, 285
internal environments
278
laboratory environment
285
microenvironment
284
microenvironment
371
production environment
337
silos environment
339
stable in the environment
180
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
8, 192, 255, 259, 260, 266
eosinophilic cytoplasm
213
Epichloë festucae
216
Epichloë typhina
24
epigenetic
300, 302
epiphytic fungi
209
epithelial
56, 59, 60, 78, 79, 84, 113, 115, 128, 129
epoxides
200
epoxy-sesquiterpenoids
212
epoxy-trichothecenes
211, 212
equine asthma (heaves)
210, 219
equine fescue toxicosis
216
equine leukoencepahlomalacia (ELEM)
106, 210, 213, 214
equisetin
323, 326
enzymes
16, 27, 54, 57, 60, 61, 63, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 106, 108, 128, 130, 137, 167, 170, 192, 199, 200, 213, 214, 218, 229, 230, 234, 277, 280, 326, 369, 370, 415
Epichloë
23, 24, 210, 216, 217
ergot
ergocryptine
74
ergoline
23
ergometrine
134
ergopeptine
23, 24
ergosine
74
ergot alkaloids (EAs)
1, 2, 13, 23-25, 71, 74, 79, 83, 84, 110, 133, 236, 336, 384, 386, 414
ergot in heads of rye
315
ergotamine
74, 134
ergotism
1, 23, 134
ergovaline
24, 25, 210, 216
esgocristine
134
Erysipelotrichaceae
85
erythrocytes
127
Escherichia coli
59, 86, 278
esterase
284
ethanol fermentation
72
ether extract
81
ethyl-acetate
31
EU directive 2010/63/EU
285
eugenol
370
Eurachem Uncertainty Guide
242
Europe
2, 15,28, 53, 71, 158, 159, 192
Europe/European
23, 24, 28, 36, 159, 178, 192, 193, 216, 236, 263, 326, 342, 344, 372, 374, 384, 395, 397, 400
European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)
297
European Commission
161, 162, 165, 374
European corn borer (ECB)
326, 328, 342
European Food Consumption Validation (EFCOVAL)
53
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
11, 15, 22-27, 29-31, 75, 77, 79, 87, 105-107, 109, 110, 125, 129, 131, 142, 143, 212, 214, 374, 384, 397, 415
European Union (EU)
22, 30, 165, 169, 178, 212, 220, 228, 245, 262, 364, 374
European Union (EU)
30, 103, 112, 113, 165, 169, 178
Eurotiales
23
eutherians
294
excretion
100% excretion
234
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
79, 253, 285, 304
accumulation and excretion
232
biliary excretion
79, 264
detected in excreta
265
excreta contained up to 41% of the DON
232
excreta from chickens
265
excreta from turkeys
265
excreta of goats
131
excreta
265, 374, 376, 413
excreted as DOM-1
265
excreted compounds
264
excreted mycotoxin
265
excreted via faeces/excretion through faeces
100, 233, 234, 265, 364
excreted via the liver and bile
180
excreted
252
excretion of AFB1
265
excretion of DON/excreted DON
104, 129, 233, 265
excretion of EAs
79
excretion of mycotoxins
374
excretion of OTA/OTA is excreted
109, 265
excretion of xenobiotics
280
excretion or modification
374
excretion via urine
265
excretion
261
faecal excretion of OTα
261
FB1 excretion
130
increase water uptake and excretion
220
primary excretion
265
rapidly excreted
234
xenobiotics
60
ZEN is excreted
265
exogenous
exogenous chemicals
54
exogenous enzymes
369
expandability
366
explants
intestinal explant barrier chip (IEBC)
283
intestinal explants
86, 278
intestinal tissue explants
283
jejunal explants
56
exposome
54
extraction
213, 244, 253-255, 259, 264, 267
extrusion
19, 171, 316, 324
eyes
286
faba bean
320
factorial design
56
faecal
faecal bacterial counts
86
faecal concentrations
81
faecal material
281
faecal microbiota
85
faecal or intestinal content
281
faecal route
76
faecal slurry
281
faeces
8, 76, 114, 128, 130, 214, 234, 252, 253, 261, 262, 264, 265, 284, 364, 374
fall armyworm
230-3, 234
FAO
249, 395, 397, 404
fat
61, 77, 108, 135, 136, 143, 260
fatigue
75
fatty acids
129, 282
fatty degeneration
78
fatty liver
108, 135
fatty tissues
217
FDA Part
571 372
FDA Part
573 373
FDA Part
582 372
feather
feather deformities
105
feather epithelium
105
poor feathering
110
fecundity
233, 234
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
373
feed conversion ratio (FCR)
81-3, 112, 175, 176, 372
feed intake (FI)
DON
75, 129, 161, 162, 212
OTA
78
CIT
109
FUM
130
ZEN
131
Trichothecenes
195, 197
AFs
220
FI data
252, 261, 263
EAs
385
feed refusal
DON
75, 104, 211
Ergotamine
134
Trichothecenes
197
TeA
235, 236
OTA
264
feed-out phase
337-9, 344
feldspar
365
fermentable carbohydrates
126
fermentation
338, 339, 341, 370, 371
fermented foods
369
fertilisation
285, 286, 294-6, 299, 301, 302, 322, 324, 342
fertilised
295, 296, 299, 301, 322
fertilisers
323, 328
fertility
77, 107, 108, 125, 131, 215, 234, 294
fescue foot
24, 216
fescue seed
25
fescue tufts
24
fescue
24, 25, 216, 216
Festuca arundinacea
24, 216
Festuca elatior
24
festuclavine
131, 133
fever
75, 78, 202, 220
fibre
cleaves fibres
219
dietary fibre
343, 368
digestibility of fibre
126
fibre content
73
fibre sources
10, 102
fibres
77, 125
insoluble fibres
368
micronized fibres
368
nerve fibres in the stomach
127
plant fibres
368
fibrosis
78, 109, 130, 195, 201, 279
filamentous fungi
1, 13, 315, 384
Finland
334
fishmeal
158
Flavi
2
flour beetle
233, 234
flowering
317, 322-326, 331, 342
fluids
animal tissues and fluids
142
biofluids
253
biological fluids
8, 53, 252, 253, 260, 261, 264, 266
body fluids
106
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
218
crystalloid fluids
200
fermentation fluid
137
fluid and electrolyte
197
fluid load
198
fluid replacement
202
fluid shear stress
284
fluid therapy
200
fluids
414
follicular fluid
296
microfluidic
283-5
other fluids
253
rumen fluid
132
figs
20, 26
fluorescence detection (FLD)
254, 255, 259, 260
fluorescence
249
fluorescent compounds
253
fluoroquinolone
61
follicle
295, 297
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
372, 373, 415
forage
2, 24, 124, 131-3, 143, 243, 337, 338, 396
forelimb incoordination
213
France
1, 53, 73, 125, 396
free amine
18
free radical scavenger
200, 370
free radicals
370
fruit
22, 26, 181, 202, 219
fumagillin
131
fumigaclavines
219
fumitremorgin
62
fumonisin A1 (FA1)
18
fumonisin A2 (FA2)
18
fumonisin B1 (FB1)
18, 19, 61, 71, 73, 74, 105, 106, 114, 127, 130, 142, 164, 174, 181, 191, 193, 197, 210, 213, 214, 233, 265, 278, 299, 300, 304, 321, 323, 330, 372, 377, 386, 397, 401
Fumonisin B2 (FB2)
18, 19, 74, 82, 87, 114, 130, 181, 191, 193, 214, 230, 233, 265, 323, 372, 377, 386
fumonisin B3 (FB3)
18, 19, 130, 214, 386
fumonisin B4 (FB4)
18, 214
fumonisins (FUM)
2, 3, 13, 18, 19, 27, 62, 71-3, 75, 76, 82, 84, 85, 87, 105, 106, 110, 112-4, 124, 130, 132, 136, 137, 142, 164, 180, 181, 192, 193, 197, 198, 209, 210, 213, 214, 221, 249, 284, 321-3, 325, 326, 329, 330, 332, 333, 366, 374, 384, 386, 399
fungal
antifungal activity
32, 126, 370
antifungal effects
371
antifungal metabolites
370
antifungal
28
epiphytic fungi
209
fungal alkaloids
133
fungal and chemical diversity
219
fungal and plant metabolites
210
fungal biomass
397, 399
fungal colonisation
397, 398
fungal communities
339
fungal contamination
19, 329, 343, 400
fungal diseases
218, 323, 325
fungal endophytes
327
fungal enzymes
229
fungal genera/genus
14, 23, 26, 28
fungal growth
36, 133, 180, 192, 317, 325, 329, 330, 338, 339, 341, 343, 344, 363, 370, 399
fungal infection
236, 321, 322, 326, 330, 331, 341-343
fungal inoculum
344
fungal invasion
221, 326
fungal metabolites
15, 19, 136, 218
fungal mycelium
331
fungal pathogens
235, 398, 399
fungal pests
398
fungal plasticity
398
fungal producers
15
fungal pulmonary infection
218
fungal source
17
fungal species
18, 20, 23, 103, 111, 218, 219, 221, 315, 319, 339, 344
fungal spores
218, 326, 330
fungal strains
136, 401
fungal taxonomy
21
fungal toxins
58, 59, 135, 396
growth of fungi
195
metabolites of fungi
194
non-fungal microbial metabolites
58
soil fungi
20, 195
fungicide
azoles
323, 324, 342
dimoxystrobin
323
effects of fungicides
323
epoxiconazole
323
fungicide application
323, 324, 342
fungicide seed treatment
321
fungicide treatment
248, 323
fungicides against FHB
323
fungicides
323-5, 342
metalaxyl
58
metconazole
323, 342
prochloraz
324
propiconazole
325
prothioconazole
323, 325, 342
pydiflumetofen
325, 342
strobilurin
321, 324, 325
synthetic fungicides
326
tebuconazole
323, 324, 342
type of fungicide
323, 324, 342
fusaproliferin
326
fusarenone X
14
fusaric acid
126, 209, 211, 326
fusarin C
326
fusariosis
210
fusariotoxin
299
Fusarium
F. anthophilum
18
F. avenaceum
28, 29, 320
F. cerealis
14, 16
F. culmorum
14-16
F. dlamini
18
Fusarium ear blight/rot (FEB/FER)
14, 15, 315, 316, 326
F. equiseti
16
F. fujikuroi
28
Fusarium graminearum species complex (FgSC)
14-6
F. graminearum
14-7, 214, 317-21, 327, 341, 398, 399
Fusarium head blight (FHB)
14, 15, 28, 315-325, 327, 342, 401
F. incarnatum-equiseti
28
F. langsethiae
14, 15, 212, 320, 324
F. lateritium
28
F. moniliforme
18, 76
F. napiforme
18
F. nygamaii
18
F. orthoceras var. enniatinum
28
F. oxysporum
18, 28, 29
F. poae
14, 15, 212, 321
F. proliferatum
18, 321
F. pseudograminearum
14
F. sambucinum
14, 28, 29
F. solani
28
F. sporotrichoides
14
F. tricinctum
28
F. verticillioides (previous F. moniliforme)
18, 19, 31, 213, 319, 397, 398
Fusarium
1, 14-9, 27, 28, 31, 58, 59, 73, 75, 76, 80, 87, 103, 112, 114, 124, 127-9, 132, 136, 173, 194, 209-14, 229, 243, 255, 259, 266, 278, 301, 304, 315, 317-27, 329-31, 338, 339, 341, 342, 344, 371, 376, 386, 397, 398, 400, 401, 413, 415
G2/M
302
GABAergic neurotransmission
202
galactose
113
gallbladder
105, 108
Galleria mellonella
235
Gambusia affinis
174
gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
78
gangrene
1, 110, 134
gangrenous
134, 217
gas
gas emission
364, 394
gas production kinetics
137
gastric protectants
201
gastric ulcers
219
gastrointestinal
gastroenteritis
129
gastrointestinal ailments
134
gastrointestinal disorders
129
gastrointestinal effects
200
gastrointestinal inflammation
130
gastrointestinal lesions
129
gastrointestinal lumen
200
gastrointestinal motility
86
gastrointestinal physiology
114
gastrointestinal symptoms
219
gastrointestinal system
9, 77
gastrointestinal tract (GIT)
84, 86, 103, 105, 107, 110, 112, 113, 128, 195, 197, 217, 276, 278, 280, 283, 284, 364, 368, 376
gastrulation
294
geldanamycin
58
gene expression
62, 78, 113
genetically modified (GM)
401, 402
genistein
59
genotoxicity
59, 199, 200, 235, 286
genotoxin
59
genotype
25, 30
Geotrichum spp.
219
German cockroach
233, 234
germinated
24
germination
25, 27, 33, 339
gestation
86, 88, 134, 135, 217
ghrelin
82
gibberella ear rot (GER)
315, 316
ginger
177
ginseng
370
ginsenosides
370
gizzard erosion
105
glasshouses
399
gliotoxin
126, 131, 218, 236, 243
global warming
319, 394
glucans
367
glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein
1, 60
glucomannans
368
glucose
17, 214, 282
glucoside
328, 384
glucuronidated
128, 214
glucuronidation
104, 214, 262
glucuronide conjugated
265
glucuronide hydrolysis
260
glucuronide
266, 280
glucuronosyltransferases
104
glumes
331
glutathione
bind glutathione
200
conjugated with glutathione
261
glutathione (GSH)
60, 286
glutathione availability
202
glutathione conjugation
230
glutathione peroxidase (GPx)
286, 370
glutathione S-transferase (GST)
60, 61, 200, 220, 230, 280, 286
production of glutathione
200
generally recognized as safe (GRAS)
372
genetically stable
401
glycolysation
369
glycopolymer
367
glycoprotein
60
glyphosate
325
goblet cells
84, 86, 282
golgi apparatus
300, 302
golgi α -mannosidase II
218
gonad development
286
gonadotropins
110, 295
gonads
294
good agricultural practices (GAP)
341
grain Inspection Book
245
grape juice
22
grape pomace
368
grape
368, 370
grass
24, 25, 127, 209, 210, 215-7, 219, 221, 243, 315, 328, 338
grasshopper
229, 235
gravity separation
332, 333
gravity tables
336
greater wax moth
235
green seaweed
368
grinding
331, 343
gross energy
81
ground maize
192
groundnuts
20, 401
growth performance
79, 82-4, 109, 161, 162, 170, 174, 176, 233, 263
guidance for maximum inclusion
262
guidance level
113, 210, 214, 263, 315, 385
guidance on maximum levels
363
gut
brain-gut peptides
82
cytokines in the gut
114
gut content
236
gut epithelium
84
gut health
102, 115, 126, 368
gut lumen
113
gut microbiota
59, 126
gut of insects
228, 229
gut permeability
114
gut
276-8, 280-5, 287
leaky gut
113
midgut
230
miniguts
282
10-hydroxyochratoxin A
261
3-hydroxydodecanoic acid
371
4R-hydroxyochratoxin A
261
4S-hydroxyochratoxin A
261
5-hydr0xyochratoxin A
261
7-hydr0xyochratoxin A
261
haematemesis
199
haematochezia
199
haematological
372, 376, 385
haematomas
215
haematopoietic
105, 197
haematotoxin
212
haemocoel of insects
229
haemodynamic
200
haemoglobin
376
haemorrhage
1, 75, 76, 78, 105, 108, 199, 200, 219
haemorrhagic
213, 215
haemorrhaging
220
half-life
biological half-life
71
elimination half-life DON
75
elimination half-life FUM
75
elimination half-life OTA
78, 79
half-life
128, 130
hallucinations
1
Halosarpheia
28
haploid
294
harrowing/harrowed
320, 321
harzadous concentrations for 5% of a fish population (CC5)
160, 169
hatching
hatchability
107, 108, 112
larval hatch
233
hay
77, 124, 209, 210, 216-9, 221
haylage
210, 219, 221, 413
hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)
315
hazardous to animal health
370
head pressing
213
heading
317, 323, 324, 331
health-based guidance levels (HBGV)
210, 383, 414
heart
1, 76, 79, 197, 198, 260, 286
heat stress
20, 21, 210
heavy metals
58, 228, 236
Helicoverpa zea
230
Heliothis virescens
235
helminths
210, 216
helvolic acid
131
Hendersonia zeae
32
hepatic
61, 78, 82, 109, 130, 198, 200, 280, 387
hepatocarcinoma
199
hepatocellular
carcinoma
279
changes
171
lesions
130
necrosis
78
hepatocyte
57, 78, 174, 197, 214, 279
hepatomegaly
200
hepatopancrease
178
hepatotoxic
130, 199
hepatotoxicity
57, 58, 109, 170
hepatotoxin
6, 135, 220
herbal extract
176
herbicides
58, 228, 236, 325, 341, 342
herbs
176, 212
heterofermentative
371
high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)
254, 255
hind limb ataxia
213
histology
endpoint histology
171
eosinophilic cytoplasm
213
histological changes
78
histological damage
105
histopathological findings
213
homogenization
192
honeybee
233, 234
honeydew
25
hop
59
hopping
136
hormones
hormonal
108, 279, 282
hormone cocktails
295
hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)
83
hormone levels
215
hormone oestrogen
16
hormone production
297
intestinal hormone
83
reproductive hormones
296
satiety hormones
75
stress hormone
168
host-pathogen
14, 23, 27
housefly
230, 234
HT-2
2, 13, 15, 27, 77, 129, 137, 193, 212, 213, 230, 233, 319, 320, 324, 328, 329, 333, 334, 336, 385, 400
hulls
10, 72, 331, 333, 334, 336, 337, 343, 344, 368, 415
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
295
humoral immune responses
213
husks
33, 73, 320, 331, 334, 343, 344
hybrid
319, 326
hydrated aluminium silicate
175
hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate
366, 372
hydrolised fumonisin B1 (HFB1)
19, 76, 265
hydrolysis
60, 72, 78, 111
hydropericardium
78
hydrophilic
366
hydrophobic
366-8
hydrophobicity
366
hydrothorax
76
hydroxyl anion
365
hydroxyl group
13, 16, 18
hydroxyl group
385
hydroxylated derivatives
142
hydroxylated metabolites
61
hydroxylation
61, 78, 107, 109, 280
hydroxylpropyl
368
hydroxymetabolites
215
hydroxyochratoxin metabolite 7’OH-OTA
265
hyperexcitability
202
hyperexcitation
213
hyperextention of the limbs
202
hyperprolactinemia
134
hyperspectral imaging
331
Hypocreales
23
IC50
278
Icterus
198, 199
Ileal organoid
282
ileum
62, 85, 265, 282, 283
illicolin A
136
illicolin B
136
illicolins
136
illites
365
Imbrasia belina
229
immunology
acquired immunity
127
adaptive immune system
102
antibodies
259, 375
antibody-response
87
cell-mediated immune response
87
humoral immune response
87, 213
immunogenic
77
immune and metabolic status
136
immune cells
128
immune competence
221
immune function
102, 115, 129, 130, 211
immune functioning
198, 199
immune impairment
202
immune parameters
165
immune response
58, 87, 114, 128, 129, 131, 199, 211
immune status
103, 125
immune stress
128
immune system
87, 88, 106, 114, 127, 129, 164, 195, 213, 279, 280, 282
immunity
128, 162
immunization
375
immunize the cows
375
immunoaffinity columns (IAC)
253
immunoaffinity
259
immunoassay
245, 249, 259, 260
immunochemical
255, 259, 260
immunochemistry
259
immunochromatographic
259
immunogenicity
375
immunoglobulin A (IgA)
376
immunoglobulin
376
immunoglobulins
197, 199
immunological disorders
113
immunological ELISA
255
immunological
385
immunomodulation
87
immunomodulatory
86
immunostimulants
372
immunosuppressed animals
135
immunosuppression/immunosuppressive
86, 87, 105, 107, 114, 125, 129, 195, 197, 202, 221, 236, 414
immunotoxic
109, 164
immunotoxicity
197
immunotoxins
213
innate immune system
102
suppress the immune system
229
implantation
294, 295, 302, 304
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
294-6, 301, 303
in vitro maturation (IVM)
296, 303
India
395
Indian mustard
327
indole alkaloids
386
indole derivative
218
indole terpenoids
216
indolizidine
218
Indonesia
396, 415
infection
Alternaria infected
336
bacterial infection
218
conidial infections
30
contribute to infection
22
endophyte-infected
25, 135, 216, 217
Epichloë infections
216
F. graminearum infection
327
F. sporotrichioides infections
324
FHB infection
325
flavus infection
400
fungal infection
236
fungal infection
321, 322, 326, 330, 331, 341-3
Fusarium infection
243, 318, 319, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 344, 400
Fusarium-infected seeds
321
host infection
17
infect insects
228
infect via insect
317
infect wheat
325
infected barley
243
infected by mycotoxigenic
329
infected by several pathogens
400
infected by toxigenic fungi
331
infected crop
319, 320, 341
infected plant
317
infected plant’s defence
194
infected stalks
327
infected wheat
321
infection and disease symptoms
399
infection by a. flavus
398
infection by conidia
15
infection by FHB
316
infection by mycotoxigenic fungi
404
infection by mycotoxigenic
326, 342
infection courts
24, 25, 27
infection diseases
71, 84, 86, 87
infection during anthesis
17
infection establishment
27
infection from wind-borne ascospores
321
infection in mature fescue
25
infection occurs earlier than
31
infection of crop
341
infection of lupin
30
infection of maize
317
infection of the ear
18
infection pattern
27
infection profile
114
infection upon germination
27
infections are relatively uncommon
18
infections caused by F. avenaceum
28
infections from EAs
24
infections of soybean
18
infections of the stem
30
infections result in reduced grain quality
32
infections resulting from immunosuppression
195
infections
22-4, 28, 30, 31-3, 84, 130, 137, 195, 198, 216, 319-322, 324, 327, 330, 343
infectious diseases
197, 387
infectious organisms
198
in-field infections
22
kernels infected
230
maize infection
18
mould infection
229
natural infections
324
P. verrucosum infection
22
post-infection
17
pre-harvest infection
22
promote infection
31
pulmonary infection
218
reproductive tract infections
137
response to infection
199
rot infections
33
severity of the infection
87
signs that infection has taken place
31
susceptible to infection
30
symptoms of infection in plants
243
translocation and infection
88
treatment for infections
198
infertility
59, 77
inflammation
airway inflammation and obstruction
210
anti-inflammatory
105, 200
cystic inflammation
107
gastrointestinal inflammation
130
induced inflammation in MDCK
279
inflammation
370
inflammatory cells
86
inflammatory cytokines
87, 114
inflammatory functions
129
inflammatory infiltrate
76, 78
inflammatory milieu
84
inflammatory processes
83
inflammatory reactions
127, 199
inflammatory respiratory diseases
218
inflammatory response
299, 300
inflammatory signs/signaling
86, 115, 370
intestinal inflammation
86, 88, 127, 211
joint inflammation
85
kidney
76, 87
liver
76
local inflammation
75
pro-inflammatory
56, 75, 78, 114, 127
infrared radiation
394
inhalation
212, 218, 276, 414
inhibition
Enterobactediaceae were inhibited
339
growth-inhibited
299
inhibit ceramide synthases
130
inhibit fungal growth
330, 370
inhibit glycine
202
inhibit membrane-bound enzymes
80
inhibit oestradiol
304
inhibit protein and DNA synthesis
213
inhibit Ruminococcus albus
126
inhibit spermatogenesis
286
inhibit the accumulation of AFB1
371
inhibit the growth of spoilage
338
inhibit the phenylalanine tRNA complex
109
inhibited after OTA exposure
301
inhibited bovine GC
303
inhibited by ZEN
300
inhibited in the presence of T-2 toxin
300
inhibited in vitro oocyte maturation
300
inhibited mouse ESC
300
inhibited steroidogenesis
303
inhibiting intestinal absorption
108
inhibiting K+ currents
217
inhibition of cell proliferation
86
inhibition of GC
303
inhibition of maturation
299
inhibition of microorganisms
325
inhibition of oocyte maturation
301
inhibition of oocyte meiosis
302
inhibition of protein
78, 104, 195
inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis
106
inhibition of steroidogenesis
300
inhibition of the enzymes
213
inhibition of the multiplication of ruminal microorganisms
126
inhibition of the reticulum
133
inhibition of the synthesis of proteins
87
inhibitory activity
62, 327
inhibitory effect
299
inhibitory neurons
202
inhibits ceramide synthase
76, 106
inhibits golgi α -mannosidase II
218
inhibits the absorption of conjugated bile acids
277
inhibits the expression of antioxidant enzymes
370
inhibits the formation of moulds
344
mould-inhibiting chemical additives
371
protein synthesis inhibitor
83
succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor
325
inorganic
364-9
insect
accumulation in the insect
236
adhesion to the insect
229
biological control against insects
236
contaminating/contamination insects
229, 235
diamide
326
ectotherms
399
edible insects
228, 229
effect on insects
230
European corn borer (ECB)
326, 328, 342
farmed insects
236
gut of insects
229
haemocoel of insects
229
infect via insect
317
infection in insects
229
insect body
229, 236
insect control
326
insect damage
18, 20, 216, 326, 342, 400
insect feeding
33
insect host cuticle
229
insect hosts
229
insect larvae
6, 158, 228-32, 236
insect meal
229, 235
insect populations
399
insect species
230, 234, 235
insecticidal activity
230, 231
insecticide/insecticidal
1, 28, 58, 229, 326, 342
insects in maize
317, 319
insects
234, 235, 247, 329, 330, 343, 400
pyrethroid
326
resilience to insects
210
sensitivity of insects
233
spread by insects
20
survival rate in insects
236
toxicosis in insects
229
insemination
127
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
285
insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
299
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
324, 341
interaction
3, 9, 14, 27, 54-63, 112, 126, 127, 134, 143, 174, 197, 215, 235, 276, 277, 279, 280, 285-7, 305, 363, 366-8, 395, 397, 399, 402
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
394, 396
interleukins
86, 114
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
77, 107, 142, 198, 246, 386, 387
International Feed Industry Federation (IFIF)
2
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS)
23, 25
International Union of Applied and Pure Chemistry (IUPAC)
242
intestine
anterior intestine
283
cells of the intestine/intestinal cells
128, 278
co-expose intestine to DON and C. jejuni
283
epithelial permeability
115
fish intestine
176
intestinal barrier
113, 114, 126, 211, 219, 277, 279, 415
intestinal bleeding
129
intestinal congestion
127
intestinal content
281
intestinal damage/damages in the intestine
88, 164-5, 414
intestinal effects
173
intestinal epithelial barrier
278
intestinal epithelial cell/epithelium
113, 276-8
intestinal explant barrier chip (IEBC)
283
intestinal explants
86, 278
intestinal functions
280-1
intestinal hemorrhages
219
intestinal health
413
intestinal hormone
83
intestinal inflammation
86, 88, 127, 211
intestinal integrity/intestine integrity
72, 75, 113
intestinal lamina propria
86
intestinal layers
277
intestinal lumen
113
intestinal microbial/microbiota
115, 211, 280, 281
intestinal model
283
intestinal morphology
105
intestinal mRNA expression
113
intestinal mucin 2 (MUC2)
113
intestinal mucosa
81, 126, 283
intestinal organoids
278, 282
intestinal oxidative stress
86
intestinal parameters
372
intestinal permeability
86, 113, 126, 282
intestinal population
86
intestinal porcine epithelial cells 1 (IPEC-1)
278
intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2)
57, 110, 277, 278
intestinal samples
179
intestinal segments
281
intestinal stem cells
282
intestinal structure
170, 282
intestinal/intestine system
127, 283
intestinal tight junctions
84
intestinal tissue
85, 283, 284
intestinal tract
211, 385
intestinal villi
86, 199
intestine absorption
283
intestine of grass carp
170
intestine reabsorption of OTA
264
intestine walls
78
intestine
280, 369
intestines of exposed horses
220
large intestine
280
mucosal lesions
79
mucus layer
113
multiplication in the intestine
283
mycotoxin levels in the intestine
180
oxidative stress occurs in the intestines
199
porcine intestinal/intestine
110, 283
pro-inflammatory status
75
rainbow trout intestine
176
simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME)
284
small intestine
75, 277, 280
stress measured in the intestine
167
vitamin uptake in the intestine
176
intoxication
acute intoxication
58, 127
AFB1 intoxication
167, 169
aflatoxin intoxication
220
clinical intoxication
216, 387
DON or ZEN intoxication
180
EAs intoxication
134
FUM intoxication
213
human intoxication
210
intoxication
1, 6, 217, 387
intoxication
1, 6, 58, 83, 115, 127, 134, 136, 167, 169, 180, 210, 213, 216-8, 220, 221
Lolitrem and ergovaline intoxications
216
Lolitrem intoxication
217
OTA intoxication
180, 220
signs/symptoms of intoxication
83, 136, 210
slaframine intoxication
218
T-2 toxin intoxication
210
intravascular coagulation
199
ion exchange/ion-dipole
366
ions/ionic
365, 367
ionophoric
80
Ipomoea argyrophylla
23
Ipomoea hildebrandtii
23
Ipomoea tricolor
23
Ipomoea violacea
23
iron (Fe)
367, 395
irrigation
322, 342
Isaria
173
isobologram
56, 57
isoenzyme
61
isoflavone
59
isoforms
61
isofumigaclavines
219
isolysergic acid
23
Italian
328
Italy
74, 193, 323
jaundice
78, 135
jejunum
62, 78, 85, 282, 283
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
178
jojoba
369
K+ channels (BK channels)
217
K+ currents
217
kaempferol
370
kaolinite
365
kapenta fish
180
Kcat
281
Kentucky blue grass
24
Kenya
179
kernels
asymptomatic kernels
331
barley kernels
243, 336
broken kernels
9
contaminated kernels
243, 249, 331, 343
damage of/damaged kernels/kernel damage
243, 331, 343, 337, 401, 402
DON concentrations in the kernels
325
GM kernels
401
husks kernels
33
kernel rot
315
kernels containing lower DON levels
331
layers of the kernel
331, 336, 343, 344
maize kernels
31, 243, 326, 397, 401
mature kernels
327
mycelium into the kernel
331
number of kernels
337
oat kernels
334
ramification into kernels
33
small kernels
331, 333, 334, 343
undamaged kernels
401
wheat kernels
230, 245, 331, 336
keto (carbonyl) group
13
ketol side chain
31
keto-reduction
107
ketosis
127, 135
keyhole limpet haemocyanin (klh)
375
kidney
accumulate within the kidneys
201
antibiotic residues
61
carry-over
87, 88, 252, 375
chronic kidney disease
201
damage such as kidney
199
dark red colouration
200
depressions in the kidneys
200
distribution in kidneys
75, 77, 78
DNA adducts in kidney
59
EAs in kidney
143
effects on the kidneys
202
enlarged or pale kidneys/enlarged kidneys
74, 79, 104
excretion
76
failure
79
function
76, 83, 103
inflammation
87
interstitial fibrosis
201
kidney damage
29, 130
kidney disease
201
kidney fibrosis
195
kidney tissue
179
kidneys
130, 143, 197, 199, 221, 266, 267, 279, 280, 304
metabolism
76, 78
mitochondrial kidneys
109
multifocal haemorrhages
200
nephropathy
21, 59, 79
nephrotoxic
79, 109, 130, 199, 279, 386
nephrotoxicity
21
nephrotoxins
6, 135
pale tan kidneys
79
proximal tubular cells
201
proximal tubule damage
221
renal damage
201
renal discolouration
109
renal disease
201, 202
renal failure
201
renal insufficiency
220
renal karyomegaly
220
renal system
198
renal tissues
220
renal toxicity
219
renal toxin
220
renal tumours
198, 201
subcapsular depressions
200
swollen kidneys
110
tubular lesions
220
kinetic
281
Kloeckera
369
Kluyveromyces
369
Km
281
kojic
131
Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC)
373
laccase enzyme
369
L-acetoxy-aminooctohydroindolizine
218
lacrimation
218
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
286, 376
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
281, 339
Lactococcus
370
lactone
lactone-opening
78
lactonohydrolase
369
resorcylic acid lactone
16, 214, 385
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
372
Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus brevis
370
Lactobacillus buchneri
371
Lactobacillus plantarum
370
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
371
Lactobacillus
86, 367, 369-71
lactose
29
lambari fish (Astyanax altiparanae)
178
lameness
127
laminitis
127
larvae
insect larvae
6, 158, 228-32, 236
larvae of the moths
326
larval hatch
233
metabolic processes in insect larvae
236
tobacco budworm larvae
235
lavender
369
Lc. Lactis
370, 371
L-cysteine
200
leaf spot diseases
323
leakage
leakage of transaminases
197
leaky gut
113
legume
27, 218, 320, 341, 368
lemma
333
Lepidoptera
234
lesions around the mouth
212
Leuconostoc
370
leukocytes
carp leukocytes
162
leukocyte function
162
leukocytes
376
lethal concentration/dose that kills 50% of the animals (LC50;LD50)
79, 286
lethargy
78, 198, 199
leukopenia
213
Leydig cells
58
lignin
368
limbs
202, 213
lipid peroxidation (LPO)
78, 83, 109, 279, 286
lipids
202, 367, 370
lipophilic
77, 107
liposoluble
27
liquid-liquid extraction (LLE)
253, 259
liquid-phase microextraction
254
liquorice
22
liver
AFB1 in liver
178
antibiotic residues
61
biotransformation/biotransformed in liver
103, 200
carry-over
87, 88, 142
damage to the liver
200
detected only in the liver
179
distribution in liver
75
EAs in liver
143
enlarged, friable, yellow-orange liver
78, 108, 198, 199
excreted via the liver
180
extrahepatic deposition
178
fatty change
79
fatty liver
108, 135
haemorrhage in the liver
105
hepatic discolouration
109
hepatitis
108, 110
impaired liver
130
liver accumulation
87, 88
liver activity
282
liver cells
199
liver cysts
112
liver damage
112, 130, 199, 200, 220
liver disease
221
liver dysfunction
135
liver enlargement
108
liver enzymes
200, 214
liver failure
29
liver fat
79
liver function
75, 76, 83, 131, 200, 220
liver insufficiency
199
liver insult
198
liver metabolism
76, 142
liver microsomes
61, 280
liver models
280
liver oxidative stress
78
liver sausages
88
liver tissue
167, 179, 259
liver toxicity
130, 211
liver transaminases
200
liver
197, 199, 221, 259, 260, 266, 267, 279, 280
livers of rats
29
metabolised by the liver
106
metabolization/metabolites in the liver
143, 201
pigments in the liver
108
portal system
77, 78
processes in the liver
107
residues in the liver
179
swollen liver
110
zebrafish liver
286
limit of detection (LOD)
232-5, 259
limit of quantification (LOQ)
106
locoism
218
locoweeds
218
Loewe additivity
56
lolitrems
31-epilolitrem F
24
31-epilolitrem N
24
lolitrem A
24
lolitrem B
24, 135, 143, 216-8
lolitrem N
24
lolitrem
210, 216-8, 221
lolitriol
24
Lolium arundinaceum
24
Lolium perenne
216, 217
Lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL)
106, 107, 109, 160-71, 384-7, 390
lump formation
366
lung
alveolar oedema
76
bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
218
bronchoalveolar space
218
dissemination to the lungs
86
fluid in the airways and thoracic cavity
76
lung cancer
62
lung function
76, 77
lung tissue
218
lungs
197, 260, 280
parasitic pneumonia
130
pulmonary aspergillosis
218
pulmonary oedema
76, 106, 213
pulmonary
198, 213, 218
respiratory tract
103, 129
wet lungs
76
lupinosis
29, 135
lupins
29-31, 135
Lupinus albus
30
Lupinus angustifolius
30
lymphocytes
activity of lymphocytes
86
alter lymphocytes
127
infiltrated lymphocytes
86
lymphocyte count
107
lymphocyte decline
129
lymphocyte proliferation
211
lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, CD2+, CD21+, MHCII+)
211
number of lymphocytes
84
lymph nodes
76, 78, 79, 86, 213
lymphoid organs
76, 129
lymphoid tissue
76, 105, 129, 212
lysergic acid
23
lysosomes
218, 300, 387
lytic enzymes
326
macrocyclic trichothecenes
209, 210
Macrodiplodia zeae
32
macrophages
127
magnesium
365
maize floor
192
maize products
214
maize screenings
213
maize silage
371, 372, 414
maize
2, 3, 15, 17-22, 26, 28, 31-4, 71-3, 76, 102, 124, 125, 131, 133-136, 192, 193, 195, 197, 199, 209, 210, 212-6, 220, 243, 245, 246, 249, 315, 317, 319-27, 329, 330, 332, 333, 337, 339, 341-3, 371, 372, 395, 396-402, 414
maltoryzine
131
mammary
mammary barrier
142
mammary cells
128
mammary glands
131, 300
mammary tumours
198, 200
manganese peroxidase
369
mango
30
mannans
367
mannoproteins
367
mannose
218
MAP kinase
299
marcfortine A
133
marcfortines
219
maropitant
201
masked mycotoxins
16, 17, 80, 89, 111, 194, 252, 255, 278
mass compression
338
mass loss
333, 334, 337
mass pH
338
mass sealing
338
mass spectrometric methods
8, 110
mass spectrometry
249
mastitis
127, 130
matrinxã fish (Brycon cephalus)
179
maturation
317, 322, 329, 331, 342
mature fescue
25
mealworms
158, 230, 232-5
meat
11, 114, 143, 178, 181, 191, 192, 259, 260, 295, 296
meiosis
294, 300, 302
meiotic arrest
299
meiotic maturation
300
meiotic progression
301, 303
meiotic spindle
299, 302
melatonin
299, 302
melena
199
meningitis
85
metabolism
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
79, 253, 285, 304
active metabolites
76
body’s metabolism
171
cell metabolism and regeneration
213
cellular metabolic activities
195
chaetoglobosins are metabolites
31
dangerous metabolites
16
dominant metabolite
215
DON and its metabolites
142
drug metabolism
54, 60, 63
endocrine metabolism
125
energy metabolism
170
exometabolites
124, 133, 135
fungal and plant metabolites
210
fungal metabolites
136, 218
Fusarium metabolites
259
glycosylated metabolites
326
hydroxylated metabolite
61
hydroxymetabolites
215
less toxic metabolites
231
liver metabolism
142
main metabolite in horse
214
maize metabolite
210
major metabolite
384
metabolic activity
195, 230
metabolic diseases
143
metabolic pathways
78
metabolic problems
127
metabolic processes
221
metabolic rate
81, 296, 400
metabolic status
136
metabolic stresses
375
metabolic water
330, 343
metabolic
236, 261, 276, 280, 281, 282, 285
metabolisable energy
80
metabolisation and degradation
159
metabolisation of the mycotoxins
158
metabolisation
107, 126, 143, 178, 228, 233
metabolise FB1 toxin into HFB1 form
19
metabolise substances
201
metabolise ZEN to ZEN-14G
17
metabolise ZEN to β -ZEL
106
metabolised by the liver
106
metabolised in fish
180
metabolised
232, 234, 261, 304
metabolising enzymes
60
metabolism of EAs
134
metabolism
103, 233, 234, 236, 253, 260, 261, 265, 276-8, 280, 281, 285, 301, 304, 396
metabolite DON-3G
230
metabolite of AFB1
132
metabolite production
398
metabolite
29, 59, 232-5, 234, 280, 282, 253, 254, 259, 261-7, 281, 300, 301, 304, 369-71, 374-376, 384-6, 414
metabolites in plasma
214
metabolites in the liver
201
metabolites of fungi
194
microbial metabolism
115
microbial metabolites
58
OTA is metabolized
109
Penicillium metabolites
219
phenylalanine metabolism
109
plant metabolite
59
rapidly metabolised
130, 212
respiratory metabolism
233
secondary metabolites
210, 216, 228
sphingolipid metabolism
76, 106, 198
toxic metabolites
219, 369
transfer of metabolites
128
xenobiotic metabolism
60
ZEN and its metabolites
142, 215
ZEN can be metabolised
17
ZEN metabolism/metabolites
131, 214, 414
metalaxyl
58
metallic cations
27
metals
heavy metals
58, 228, 236
metal cations
366
toxic metals
369
metaphase I (MI)
301
metaphase II (MII)
295, 299, 301
Metarhizium
236
metconazole
323, 342
Methanobrevibacter ruminantium
126
methanol extraction
31
methotrexate (MTX)
277
methyltransferases
60
metritis
127
microbiota
antimicrobial
126, 220, 370, 371
colon microbiota
282
commensal microbes
280
faecal microbiota
85
gut microbes/microbiome/microbiota
126, 280, 281, 284
human-microbial crosstalk model (HuMiX)
285
intestinal microbiota
280, 281
microbe-environmental interactions
134
microbes and host
285
microbial balance
115
microbial biocontrol agents (BCAs)
400, 401
microbial breakdown
284
microbial colonization
137
microbial communities
129, 281
microbial culture
285
microbial degradation
126
microbial fermentation
126
microbial metabolism
281
microbial metabolites
58
microbial populations
130, 133, 134
microbial strains
401
microbial stressors
127
microbial synthesis
128
microbiome
281, 284, 285
microbiota homeostasis
114
microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract
128
microbiota population
85
plant microbiome
19
rumen microbiota
126
rumen microflora
125, 134
ruminal microbes/microbiota
126, 132, 143
ruminitis
129
simulator of the human intestinal microbiota ecosystem (SHIME)
284
specific microbiota
284
microflora
125, 143, 368
micronuclei formation
199
microorganisms
113, 126, 176, 216, 280, 325-7, 338, 341, 342, 369, 395, 398
microsomes
liver microsomes
61
microsomal
107
microsome
280, 287
microwave-assisted extraction
253
midazolan (MDZ)
61
middlings
72, 73, 81
milk
β -ZEL in milk
266
AFB1 to milk as AFM1
132
AFM1 detection in milk
260
AFM1 in the milk
375
AFM1 transfer to milk
143
AFM1-contaminated milk
375
agalactia
79, 217
breast milk
181, 266
carry-over in milk
142, 375
colostrum and milk
252, 414
composition of the milk
126
cow’s milk
375
detected in milk
142
detected in milk
266
DON to milk
266
EAs in milk
143
feed-to-milk carry-over
252
lactating/lactation
19, 74, 77, 86, 88, 217
metabolites in milk
142
milk cheesability
413
milk fat
136
milk of cows
266
milk parameters
129
milk production/products
79, 129, 130, 132, 136, 137, 142, 387
milk quality
136
milk samples
8, 266
milk volume
142
milk yield
20, 136, 142, 143
milk
19, 191, 253, 261-3, 266, 295, 376, 414
OTA into the milk
266
toxin into milk
132
transfer milk/transferred to milk
143, 266
transmission
11, 87, 88
ZEN and α -ZEL in milk
83
milled
333, 399
milling
73, 331, 333, 336, 343
mineral
clay minerals
364-7
mineral fertilisers
328
mineral levels
81
millet
18, 24
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
373
mitochondria
300, 303, 387
mitogens
211
mitosis
109
mitoxantrone
62
modified form/mycotoxins
3, 6, 19, 80, 102, 111, 194, 214, 215, 216, 385, 414
modified within the plants
194
modifiers
364, 366, 372, 375
monacolin
135
Monascus purpureus
219
Monascus ruber
36, 124, 135
moniliformin (MON)
110, 171, 174, 231, 323, 326, 332, 333
monocotyledons
210
monohydroxylated
235, 280
monomers
368
montmorillonite
365-7, 372
Morocco
28
mosquitofish
174
moth
domestic silk moth
233, 235
greater wax moth
235
moths
326, 342
mouldy food wastes
203
Mozambique
28
mucin
mucin 2 (MUC2)
113
mucin gels
287
mucin monosaccharides
113
mucins
277
mucus layer
113
mucus
126, 277, 278, 282
Mucor
228
multidrug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1)
60, 62
multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2)
60, 62
multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)
60, 62
Musca domestica
230
muscles
accumulation in muscle
87
AFB1 in the musculature
179
cardiac muscle
300
carry-over muscle
87
distribution muscles
77
dry weight of muscle
180
EAs in muscle
143
fish musculature
178, 179
longissimus muscle area
84
muscle action
202
muscle and liver tissues
179
muscle distribution
78
muscle fasciculations
202, 203, 217
muscle of crucian carp
179
muscle of fish
170
muscle of matrinxã fish
179
muscle of tilapia
178
muscle tissues
178
muscle tremours
78, 202
muscle weakness
78
muscle
259, 260, 264, 267
muscular incoordination
218
musculature of seabass
179
residues in muscle
88, 143
mutagenic
125
mutagenicity
107
mutation
200
Mycobacterium
369
mycoestrogen
16, 58, 76, 209
mycoflora
158, 173
mycophenolic acid (MPA)
74, 133, 219, 339
myocardial fibrosis
130
myocarditis
129
N-acetylcysteine
200
N-acetyl-galactosamine
113
N-acetyl-neuramic acid
113
N-acetyl-transferase (NAT)
280
N-acyl transferase
104, 106
NaNO3
28
nanoparticles
175
naringin
370
nasal
280
nausea
58, 211, 219
n-decanoic acid
371
necrosis
apical necrosis of villi
85
centrilobular necrosis
220
hepatocellular necrosis
78
levels of necrosis
302
liquefactive necrosis
213
mucosal necrosis
105
necrosis in lymphoid tissues
129
necrosis in the exocrine pancreas
129
necrosis of epithelial cells
79
necrosis of the oral mucosa
105
necrotic and suppurative lesions
130
necrotic enteritis
114
necrotic lesions
212
Neopetromyces muricatus
21
Neosolaniol
180
Neotyphodium coenophialum
24, 210, 216
Neotyphodium lolii
24, 210, 217
Neotyphodium
23-5, 216
nephropathy
59, 79
nephrotoxic/nephrotoxicity
21, 79, 109, 130, 199
nephrotoxins
6, 135
nervous system
279
neural mechanisms
202
neuroblastoma
279
neurodevelopmental
285
neurological condition
213
neurological disturbances
211
neurological syndrome
210
neuronal swelling
218
neurons
127, 202
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
82
neurotoxic/neurotoxicity
62, 133, 202, 286
neurotoxins
31
neurotransmission
202, 386
neutrophil
130
New Zealand
24, 29, 30
NF-kB
299
Nigeria
179
Nigri
21
nitric oxide (NO)
286
nitrogen
25, 28, 81, 322, 323, 337, 342
nivalenol (NIV)
13, 15, 16, 61, 73-5, 104, 105, 110, 127, 194, 209, 232, 320-3, 328, 329, 332-4, 336, 385
nivalenol 3-glucoside (NIV-3G)
323
nixtamalisation
19
N-linked glycosylation
218
nonactin
58
no-observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL)
56, 106, 107, 160, 213, 383, 385, 387, 391
noradrenaline
386
North America/Northern America
31, 71, 159, 192, 216, 218, 415
Norway
28, 53, 73, 317, 320, 324, 325, 330
Norwegian
134, 319, 324, 334
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-associated genes
370
nuclear maturation
303
nuclear reprogramming
297
nucleophile
27
nuts
20, 27, 181, 195, 202, 220, 399
NX-toxin
13
17β -oestradiol
16, 76
oat
contamination of oats
328
conventional oats
328
development in oats
324
flowering of oats
324
oat grains
320, 321, 336
oat hulls
103
oat kernels
334
oat samples
320
oatmeal
17
oats
15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 26-28, 134, 212, 214, 296, 319, 320, 324, 325, 327, 328, 332-4, 342, 368, 400
spring oats
319, 329
obestatin
82
ochratoxicosis
202
ochratoxin A (OTA)
2, 13, 21-3, 59, 61, 71, 73, 74, 78, 79, 83, 87, 88, 102-4, 108-10, 112, 114, 132, 137, 142, 170, 174, 177, 179, 180, 191, 193, 201, 202, 221, 230, 231, 235, 243, 245, 246, 248, 249, 252, 260, 261, 263-7, 279, 284, 286, 301, 302, 322, 328-30, 332, 333, 336, 343, 366-8, 371, 372, 374, 376, 386
ochratoxin B (OTB)
21, 261
ochratoxin C (OTC)
21
ochratoxin α (OTα )
78, 132, 261
ochratoxins
259, 301, 384, 386
octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride
366
octahedral sheets
365
o-demethylation
230
oedema
76, 78, 106, 109, 129, 198, 200, 213
Oenococcus
369
oestradiol
16, 76, 301, 304
oestrogen
hyperoestrogenism
131
oestrogen receptors
16, 131, 214, 215, 301, 385
oestrogen
16, 76, 106, 108, 131, 301, 386
oestrogenic activity
57, 59, 131, 216, 385, 414
oestrogenic potency
215
oestrogenic
16, 57, 59, 131, 198, 301, 303
oestrogenicity
286
oestrogen-like
6, 131
oestrous cycles
215
Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC)
373
oil
cinnamon oil
370
crude oil
20, 74
essential oils
327, 330, 369
fish oil
158
oil products
74
oil/oils
72, 367
oilseed
20, 27, 220, 320
vegetable oils
20
olives
22
omics
295
ondansetron
201
oocyte
atresia
286
maturation
131
oocytes
294-7, 299-304
oral
necrosis of the oral mucosa
105
oral absorption
263
oral administration
131, 235, 265
oral bioavailability
6, 71, 75, 76, 79, 80, 103, 105-107, 110, 132, 212, 253, 276, 278
oral cavity
130
oral dose
265
oral exposure/orally exposed
263-5, 267
oral intake
212
oral lesions
105, 212
oranges
368
orange peel
368
orbitrap spectrometers
254
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
285
organ-on-chip (OOC)
284, 285, 305
organic
organic acids
105, 338, 371
organic adsorbents
368
organic binders
367
organic cereals
328
organic farming
328, 329, 342
organic feed
328
organic grain
328
organic modifiers
366
organic production
328, 329
organic solvents
213, 253
organic wheat
328
organic
364
organically modified clays
366, 367
organoid
278, 282, 297
orthopaedic
215
Ostrinia nubilalis
326
ovary
apical region of the ovary
25
atrophy of the ovaries
131
corpora lutea
131, 215
oocyte maturation
131
ovarian cells
62
ovarian cysts
131
ovarian follicles
297
ovarian granulosa cells/GC
215, 300
ovarian pool
296
ovarian regression
110
ovaries/ovary
180, 295, 296, 300
ovulation
215, 295
pupal ovarian tissue
230
oviduct and uterine hyperplasia
198
oviduct
294, 295
oxidative
epoxidation
107, 129, 230
lipid peroxidation
78, 83, 109
oxidation reactions
77
oxidation
60
oxidative and inflammatory reactions
199
oxidative balance
137
oxidative condition
128
oxidative damage
202, 213, 302, 370
oxidative indices
137
oxidative injuries
199, 202
oxidative stress
59, 78, 86, 109, 113, 114, 128, 131, 162, 165, 167, 197, 199, 220, 279, 286, 300, 302, 370
oxygen
apical oxygen
365
carbonyl oxygen
366
deoxygenated
281
dispersion of oxygen
338
exposure of silage to oxygen
339
four oxygens
365
low oxygen
338
movement of oxygen
339
oxygen concentrations
285
oxygen consumption
278
oxygen demand
165
oxygen infiltration
338
oxygen is introduced into the ensiled mass
341
oxygen penetration
338
oxygen sensors
285
oxygenation
369
oxygen-barrier plastic films
338
oxygen-impermeable plastic layers
344
oxygen-rich
371
prevent oxygen
344
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
128, 170, 202, 301, 370
Oxytropis sp.
218
ozone
330
8-prenyl-naringenin
59
pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)
178
Paecilomyces spp.
219
palatability
20, 209, 212, 368
palea
333
pancreas
hepatopancreas
178
necrosis in the exocrine pancreas
129
pancytopenia
212
panting
202
paralysis of the tongue
213
paresis
213
partially hydrolised fumonisin B1 (pHFB1)
75
particle length
338
particle size
246, 248, 366
parturition
127
passive diffusion
77
pasture
24, 25, 135, 143, 209, 210, 215, 217
pathogens
dispersal of the pathogen
30
ecology of this pathogen
22
field pathogen
30
fungal pathogens
397, 399
host-pathogen
14, 23, 27
hosts for the pathogen
30
mycotoxigenic pathogens
321, 401
non-pathogenic
23, 24
pathogen biomass
399
pathogen dependent
15
pathogen dispersal
25, 31
pathogen enzyme
27
pathogen in the field
31
pathogen lifecycle
25
pathogen population
22, 398
pathogen strain
399
pathogen to enter the ear
33
pathogen translocation
84
pathogen virulence
27
pathogenesis
229
pathogenic associations
23
pathogenic fungi
229
pathogenic microorganisms
395
pathogenic moulds
228
pathogenic
24, 26, 27
pathogenicity
398, 399
pathogens
228, 235, 321, 322, 341, 398-400
phytopathogenic
216
phytopathogens
210
plant pathogens
209, 317
prevalent pathogen
32
stage of this pathogen
32
pathway
antioxidant pathways
170
biotransformation pathway
61, 104
brain serotonin pathways
162
metabolic pathways
78, 236, 281
ontogenic pathways
286
signalling pathways
298, 299, 370
types of pathway
276
patulin (PAT)
58, 61, 126, 142, 219, 230, 255, 259, 286
pea aphids
230
pea hulls
368
peanut
peanut meal
107
peanut
20, 26
pearl millet
24, 396
pearling
331, 333, 343
peas
246, 395
pecans
20
Pediococcus pentosaceus
371
Pediococcus
176, 370, 371
pellet
feed pellet
127
hay pellets
77
pelleting
316, 369, 376
Penicillia
219
Penicillic acid
231
Penicillium
P. chennesinum
23
P. citreonigrum
1
P. citrinum
36
P. concavorugulosum
23
P. crutosum
133
P. expansum
36
P. paneum
124, 133
P. roqueforti
124, 131, 133, 219, 339
P. section Roquefortorum
133
P. sizovae
23
P. verrucosum
21, 22, 36, 267
P. viridicatum
21
Penicillium
18, 21-3, 36, 103, 179, 202, 210, 219-21, 228, 229, 315, 329, 330, 339, 341, 343, 369, 386
penitrem A
133, 202, 231
peppermint
369
peptide bonds
27
peptide YY (PYY)
82
peptides
282
peptidoglycan
367, 371
peptidyl transferase
104
performance
analytical performance
260
animal performance
336, 376
growth performance
79, 82-4, 109, 161, 162, 170, 174, 176, 413, 414, 416
health and performance
219, 364
improvements in performance
372
production performance
337, 413
reduced performance
211
reproduction, and performance
221
Periglandula
23
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
60
pest
biopesticides
326, 328, 342
biopesticides
401
pest control
400
pest damage
401, 402
pesticide residues
228
pesticides
58, 236, 247, 328, 342, 400
pests
398, 400, 403, 404
Phaeostagonosporopsis zeae
32
Phanerochaete
369
pharmacodynamic
86
pharmacokinetic
53, 54, 61-3, 86
pharmacotherapy
54, 60, 62
phenobarbital
202
phenolic compounds
327, 370
phenolic resorcylic acid lactone
16, 214, 385
phenotype
resistance phenotype
62
phenotypic
398
phenyl lactic acid
371
phenylalanine
21
Philippines
103, 415
Phoma sorghina (Epicoccum sorghinum)
26, 27
phomopsin A (PHO-A)
29, 135
phomopsin C (PHO-C)
29
phomopsin E (PHO-E)
29
phomopsins (PHOs)
29-31
Phomopsis leptostromiformis
30, 135
phomopsis stem and pod blight
30
phosphate buffer saline (PBS)
281, 371
phosphate
108
phosphorus (P)
323
phosphorus
81
photosynthesis
395
phyllosilicates
365, 366
physical cleaning and sorting
414
physicochemical
253, 365, 366
phytase
415
phytochemicals
327
phytoestrogen
59
phytotoxic
28
pigmentation
107, 108
pigments
370
placenta
88, 217, 294, 295
placental and foetal growth
295
placental retention/retained placenta
127, 217
placenta formation
294
pistachios
20, 22, 399
plasma
declining plasma levels
263
harvested plasma
263
levels in plasma
267
metabolites in plasma
214
OTA in plasma/plasma OTA
201, 267
plasma albumin
199
plasma analysis
263
plasma concentrations
200, 217
plasma levels
106, 212, 263
plasma membrane
197, 303
plasma of dogs
201
plasma peak
80
plasma prevalence
263
plasma products
197, 200
plasma proteins
78, 109
plasma samples
263
plasma
253, 374, 376
plasmatic concentration
77
rat plasma
259
serum/plasma
262
platelets
200
ploughing/ploughed
317, 320, 321, 325, 341
pluripotent
294, 297-9
Poa huecu
202
pod blight
30, 31
poisoning
58, 102, 200, 213
Poland
29, 193, 399
polar
16, 17, 60, 253, 300, 367
polarity
365-7
Polish
127, 179
polyhydroxyl alkylamines
18
polyhydroxyl metal cations
366
polymers
cellulosic polymers
368
copolymerization
368
glycopolymer
367
imprinted polymers
368
natural polymers
367
polymerization
368
polymers
364
polyvinylpyrrolidone
368
synthetic polymers
368
pollution
58
polyphenols
59
polysaccharides
non-starch polysaccharides
4, 415
polysaccharide fraction
367
polysaccharides
367, 371
water-soluble polysaccharide
368
polydipsia
78, 201
polyuria
78, 201
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
87
pork
pork liver
87
pork meat
87
pork products
88
pork sausages
87
porosity
365
potassium channels
202
potato/potatoes
194, 341
potency factor
385
poxvirus
105
PR toxins
219
prebiotic
176, 177, 284
precision mill
333
pregnancy loss
300
pregnancy rate
215
pregnane X receptor (PXR)/human pregnane X receptor (hPXR)
60
pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)
295
pregnant mares
217, 295
pregnant mother
293
preimplantation
295, 298
prepubertal
296, 297, 299
pressurized liquid extraction
253
primordial germ cells (PGCs)
294, 298
proanthocyanidin
370
probiotic
176, 284
processing
adaptative and reparative processes
126
analytical process
253
biochemical processes
277
biotransformation process
107
by-products of these processes
336
cellular processes
109, 197
data processing
136
dechlorination processes
109
dehulling process
337
detoxification process
77, 200, 280
diagnostic process
195
digestive process
125, 133
extruded dog and cat feeds
192
extruded dog feeds
191
extruded kibble diet
203
extruded kibbled types
192, 203
extruded, dry, kibbled feed
191
feed processing
13, 111, 171, 194
feeds production by extrusion
171
fermentation process
72
food processing
179
kibbled types
191
management processes
11
metabolic processes
221, 236
pelleting process
376
preparation process
253
pressing and extraction process
20
primary processing
333, 336, 343
processed insect proteins
228
processes such as colonization
280
processing lines, conveyors, elevators, or during packaging
245
processing of mycotoxins
316
processing procedures
316, 336, 341
processing such as cooking or smoking
181
processing to decrease feedstuff contamination
331, 343
processing to improve feed quality
337
processing yield
107, 108
refining process
74
reproductive process
294
risk assessment process
391
screening process
242
thermal processes
316
thermal stability/thermally stable
367, 369, 376
unprocessed and processed cereal grains
22
prochloraz
324
progenitor cells
212
progesterone
299, 303
prolactin
79, 110, 134
prolonged gestation
217
propiconazole
325
propionic acid
371
prostate cancer
62
protein
affinity of mycotoxins for proteins
79
alternative protein
228
animal protein
102
cell protein junctions
84
concentrations of protein
78
crude protein
81, 108
dietary protein
108
disruptors of protein synthesis
201
efflux protein
62
expressed protein
302
inhibit protein/inhibition of protein
195, 213
insect protein
228
key proteins
303
mannoproteins
367
plasma proteins
78, 109
precursor protein vitellogenin
286
protein balance
126
protein content
20, 73, 192
protein deposition
81
protein enzymes
199
protein feeds
124
protein metabolism
233
protein sources
2, 6
protein synthesis
78, 83, 87, 104, 126
protein
367, 370, 375, 376, 395
protein-bound
20
protein-modified diets
202
protein-rich components
209
proteins and DNA
202
serum proteins
109, 201
source or proteins
87
tight junction proteins
113, 279
total protein
128
transport proteins
63
vegetable proteins
191-2
prothioconazole
323, 325, 342
prototypical drugs
61
protozoa
105, 125, 129
provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI)
219
Pseudomonas
326
pseudo-pregnant female mice
295
pulmonary aspergillosis
218
pulmonary infection
218
pulmonary oedema
76, 106, 198, 213
pycnidia
31, 33
pycnidial wall
32, 33
pydiflumetofen
325, 342
pyknotic nuclei
213
pyometra
199
pyrethroid
326
pyridoxine
375
pyruvate
171
Pythium oligandrum
327
quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
318, 319
quartz
365
quaternary amines
366
quaternary ammonium salts
367
quercetin
370
Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS)
255, 259, 261
Raphanus sativus
327
Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF)
192
reactions
biotransformation reactions
200
biotransformation reactions
60
chemical reactions
60
copolymerization reaction
368
cross-reactivity
375
hydrolysis reactions
60
inflammatory reactions
127, 199
intracellular reactions
370
oxidation/oxidative reactions
77, 280
phase I reactions
107
reaction to AFB1
167
reactions to nitrogen fertilization
25
reactive epoxides
200
reactive metabolites
201
running reactors
284
reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
128
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
128, 170, 202, 301, 370
red clover
218
redox homeostasis
128
reference point
79, 105, 106, 109, 110, 212, 214, 216, 384, 391
regulatory genes (aflR)
397, 401
replacement, reduction, and refinement (3R)
276, 285, 293
reproduction
animal reproduction
137
artificial insemination
215
effects of ZEN on reproduction
215
female reproduction
215
oestrous cycles
215
pregnancy rate
215
pregnant mares
217
prolonged cycle
77
reproduction
89, 136, 137, 215, 221, 293, 294, 303, 386
reproductive ability
76
reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)
87
reproductive cell function
137
reproductive cell viability
303
reproductive cells
1, 80, 304
reproductive cycle
303
reproductive defects
302
reproductive disorders
77, 300
reproductive dysfunction
77
reproductive efficiency
129
reproductive failure
137
reproductive function
84, 131, 137, 293
reproductive hormone
215, 296
reproductive life
234
reproductive organs
198, 293
reproductive performance
112
reproductive process
294
reproductive risks
293
reproductive success
293
reproductive system
16, 103, 131, 217, 293, 304, 305
reproductive timespan
294
reproductive toxicity
29, 293, 294, 297, 299, 302, 304, 305
reproductive toxicology
294
reproductive tract
9, 86, 137, 197-9, 300
swollen external genitals
77
residues
amino acid residues
27
antibiotic residues
61
binding to polar residues
17
Body residues
179
burial of residues
337
crop residues
341
DON residues in blood
263
pesticide residues
228
residues in muscle
88, 143
residues in the liver
179
resveratrol
370
reticulum
133, 279, 300
retynil
375
Rhizoctonia leguminicola
218
rhizonins
135
Rhizopus
228, 369
Rhodococcus
369
Rhodotorula
369
riboflavin
108
ribosomes
104
rice
1, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26-8, 32, 74, 212, 246, 320, 395, 396
Rivea corymbose
23
RNA
107, 199, 294
rodents
330
roller mill
333
Romania
399
root and crown rots
321
rootlets
72, 73
roots
368
roquefortine C
74, 133, 202, 230, 243
roughages
209, 210, 214, 216, 221
rubratoxin B in
230
rumen
intraruminally
130
rumen skeletal muscle
133
ruminal administration
134
ruminal atony
129
ruminal bacteria and protozoa
125
ruminal bacteria
129
ruminal compartment
126
ruminal epithelium
129
ruminal fermentation
133
ruminal hydrogen
126
ruminal level
126, 137, 142
ruminal microbes/microbiota
126, 132, 143
ruminal microflora
143
ruminal microorganisms
126
ruminal motility
126
ruminal orifice
132
ruminal pH
131, 132
ruminal ulcers
129
Ruminococcaceae
85
Ruminococcus albus
126
Russia
210
rye
1, 15, 18, 22, 24, 26, 79, 83, 102, 315, 328, 336
ryegrass
24, 135, 217
s9 fraction models
280
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
367
safety
feed safety
16, 228, 230, 235, 403, 404, 413, 415
food safety
88, 230, 328, 363
food security and safety
395
human and animal safety
33
safety and efficacy
372, 374, 376
safety evaluation
373
safety factors
390
safety of milk
370
safety of the additive
374
safety of the target animal
374
safety risk
142, 367
safety stability
368
safety windows
61, 63
silage safety
370
salivation
218
Salmonella
Salmonella Typhimurium
85, 278
Salmonella
114
salmonellosis
114
sample
aggregate sample
246-8, 249
animal samples
267
barley samples
328, 333
batch of samples
259
biological samples
253-5, 259, 261, 262, 267, 374, 376, 414
blood samples
376
cereal samples
329
collecting samples from farm animals
264
composite sample
249
contaminated samples
253
content samples
281
controlled samples
255
cross-stream sampling
245
dietary samples
252
dynamic sampling
245
excreta samples
414
excreted compounds in the samples
264
faecal sample
265
feed samples
414
grain samples
330, 343
high volume of samples
260
incremental sample
245, 246, 249
laboratorial sample
247-9
meat samples
259
milk sample
266
naturally contaminated sample
260
oat samples
320, 328
plasma samples
263
representative sample
245-7
sample analysis
242
sample clean-up
255
sample collection
245, 414
sample matrix
253
sample preparation
242, 244, 245, 254, 255
sample size
244, 249, 285
sample treatment
253
sample weight
333
samples from fields
320
samples of organic cereals
328
sampling and analysis
415
sampling error
244
sampling methods
244, 245
sampling plan
244
sampling
254
series of samples
334
static sampling
245
trace amount in samples
254
urine samples
259, 264, 265
vertical sampling
247
wheat samples
321
ZEN in samples
321, 328
saprophyte
saprophyte
315
saprophytically
33
satratoxin
210
Scandinavian
266
sclerotia
23-5, 336
Scotland
328
scouring
331-3, 343
screening
278, 280, 285, 330, 332, 336, 343, 400, 401
seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax)
178-80
seabream (Sparus aurata)
179
seed
black seed
177
contaminated seed
22
cotton seed
20
fescue seed
25
fungicide seed
321
Fusarium-infected seed
321
grass seeds
216
healthy seed
321, 341
high-quality seeds
321
level in the seed
329
lupin seed
29
oilseed
20, 27, 220, 320
retained seed
22
seed coat
334
seed remaining in the field
31
seed treatments
327
seedborne
27, 31
seedling bights
317, 321, 327
seeds free from Fusarium
341
seeds free from mycotoxigenic pathogens
321
seeds of grasses
216
seeds
20, 216
sesame seed
26
sunflower seed meal
102
sunflower seed
27
untreated seeds
321
variety of seed
22
weed seeds
331 343
wheat seeds
321
seizures
200, 203
selenium
370
Selenomodos ruminatium
129
sensory quality
369
Septoria tritici
399
sequestrants
372
serotonin
brain serotonin
162
serotonergic
110
serotonin turnover
75
serotonin
386
serum
foetal serum
252
mycotoxins in serum
414
OTA levels than serum
260
serum albumin
265
serum albumin:globulin ratio
78
serum and urine
259
serum antibodies
199
serum calprotectin
83
serum carry-over DON + DOM-1
87
serum concentrations
198, 214
serum DON
75
serum elevations
200
serum enzymes
130
serum glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)
83
serum gonadotropin
295
serum half-life OTA
79
serum IgG
83
serum levels of DON
263
serum levels of OTA/serum OTA
88, 263, 264
serum levels of ZEN
263
serum lipid peroxidation
83
serum prolactin
79
serum proteins
109, 201
serum Sa and So
106
serum TNFα
83
serum
200, 253, 262, 304, 305
sesame seed
26
sesquiterpenoids
13, 212
Sf-9 cell line
230
shelled maize
245
short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)
129
shrivelled
331, 343
silage
36, 124, 125, 127, 131-3, 135, 136, 143, 219, 220, 242, 243, 246, 247, 317, 329, 337-9, 341, 344, 370-2, 376, 413, 414
silica
365
silking
397
silks
33, 317
silo
338, 339, 344
Silybum
370
silymarin
370
simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM)
330
skin
103, 108, 125, 129, 168, 210, 212, 276, 280
Slafractonia leguminicola
218
slaframine
218
slobbers syndrome
218
sodium
108, 366, 368, 372
soft stools
129
solid-liquid extraction (SLE)
253
solid-phase extraction (SPE)
8, 253
solid-phase microextraction (SPE)
254
solubility
213, 253
somatic
127, 294, 297, 298
Sordaria fimicola
219
sorghum
15 17, 24, 26, 79, 396
South Africa
29, 32, 33, 135, 192, 193
South African
24, 32, 33
South African Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)
415
South America
135, 216, 395
Soviet Union
1
sowing
321, 322, 337
soya
59
soybean
2, 17, 18, 22, 71, 72, 81, 102, 220, 320, 395, 396
Spain
29, 58, 74, 103, 193, 399
specific growth rate (SGR)
176
spelt
328
sperm
equine sperm
215
polyspermic
296, 299
sperm and the embryos
295
sperm cells
294, 297
spermatogenesis
131, 198, 286
Sphacelia typhina
24
Sphaeria maydis
32
Sphaeria zeae
32
S-phase
299
sphinganine
197, 198, 213
sphinganine:sphingosine (Sa/So)
76, 106, 213
sphingoid bases
198, 386
sphingolipid
complex sphingolipids
130
long chain backbones
106
sphingolipid biosynthesis
76
sphingolipid metabolism
76, 106, 198
sphingolipid synthesis
106
sphingolipid-like structure
213
sphingolipids
197, 198, 213
Sphingomonas sp.
19
sphingosine
197, 198, 213
spices
20, 22, 181, 212
spike
323-5
spikelets
243, 327
spleen
76, 77, 79, 86, 213, 260
splenomegaly
200
Spodoptera frugiperda
230
spoilages
36, 371
spoiled food wastes
202
Stachybotrus chartarum
209
stachybotryosis
210
staggering gait
218
stalk
stalks
31, 33, 320, 327
stalk rot
32, 33, 327
starchy
33, 191, 192, 203
Stenocarpella ear rot
31
Stenocarpella macrospora
32, 33
Stenocarpella maydis
31-3, 135
sterigmatocystin
176, 230, 259, 263
steroid
non-steroidal
16, 105, 214
steroid receptor coactivator-1
60
steroidogenesis
300, 303
stiff-hindlegged gait
136
stomach
absorbed in the stomach
78
directly in the stomach
266
equine stomach
219
erosion
75
fibres in the stomach
127
gastric protectants
201
gastric ulcers
219
haemorrhage
75
stomach ulcers
75
stomach
279
thickening
75
stomata
395
straw
9, 25, 77, 209, 210, 216, 320, 321, 327, 331, 343
Streptococcaceae
85
Streptococcus suis
84, 282
Streptomyces
326, 327
strobilurin
321, 324, 325
structural gene (aflD)
397
stupor
200
subclinical
6, 71, 127, 214, 221
subcutaneous
78
substrate
61, 62, 228-30, 232-6, 341
succinate dehydrogenase
325
sucrose
29
Sudan
396
sugar beet
17, 194, 320, 341
sugars
16, 17, 341
sulfotransferases (ST)
60, 280
sulphate
17, 105, 214, 266
sunflower
sunflower seed meal
103
sunflower seed
27
sunflower
26
superovulation
295
superoxide anion scavengers
370
superoxide dismutase (SOD)
286, 370
supersomes
280, 287
suppurative lesions
130
sustainable
364
Swainsona canescensas
218
swainsonine
218
Sweden
28, 266
Swedish
53, 77, 329
Swiss
321
Switzerland
30, 181, 328
symbiosis
209, 216
symbiotic
24
synergism
55, 59, 63
synergistic decrease
112
synergistic effects
84, 111, 112, 143, 174, 286, 287
synergistic interactions
57, 287
synergistic mechanisms
174
synergistic toxicity
280
synergy
56, 58, 59, 62
synthetic fungicides
326
systemic circulation
201, 202
T-2 tetraol
230
T-2-triol
129, 230
tachycardia
78, 202
1,2,8-trihydroxyoctahydroindolizine
218
T-2 toxin
2, 3, 13, 15, 27, 71, 73-5, 77, 82, 85, 87, 102-5, 114, 127, 129, 132, 137, 160, 162, 163, 180, 193, 209-13, 230, 231, 233, 246, 278, 282, 300, 319, 320, 324, 328, 329, 332-4, 336, 366, 367, 385
tachypnoea
78
tails tucked
136
tall fescue
24, 134, 216
tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)
254, 255, 259, 260-2
tannic acid
108
tannins
105, 368
tebuconazole
323, 324, 342
tectosilicates
365, 366
teichoic acid
367
temperature
air temperature
21
ambient temperature
400
body temperature of horses
216
changes in temperature
397, 399
cold temperatures
22, 399
ectotherms
400
elevated temperature
398, 399
environmental temperatures
134
global temperatures
394
grain temperature
324, 343
heat stability
229
heat treatment
367
high temperatures
20, 180, 229, 247, 369, 371, 396
higher average temperatures
317
higher temperature
396, 400
hyperthermic
134
impact of temperature
29
impaired ability to thermoregulate
134
increase in temperatures/increased temperature
394, 395, 397, 401
low/lower temperature
15, 324, 399
maximum temperatures
18, 396
moderated temperatures
25
optimal temperatures
229
rectal temperature
75
reduced temperatures
22
rising temperatures
396
room temperature
179
surface temperatures
394
temperature and feed composition
103
temperature and humidity
173
temperature combinations
29
temperature conditions
29
temperature of 30 °C
29
temperature
324, 330, 338, 341, 343, 344, 370, 394, 398-401
temperatures > 30 °C
395
temperatures above 60 °C
369
temperatures between 25 to 30 degrees Celsius
220
temporal control
400
thermal processes
316
thermal stability
13
thermoregulation
396
warm temperatures
399
warmer temperature
15, 394
water activity and temperature
15, 18
Tenebrio molitor
230
tenesmus
202
tentoxin
323
tenuazonic acid (TeA)
13, 25-7, 235, 236, 371
teratogenic
109, 125, 202
teratogenicity
107
teratological
294
testicles
atrophy of the testes
131
testes
300
testosterone
58
tetanic convulsions
62, 217
tetracyclic analogue
62
tetracyclic ergoline ring system
386
tetrahedral sheets
365
tetrahedral:octahedral (T:O) ratio
365
Thailand
74, 415
the Netherlands
53, 216, 283
theoretical
56
therapeutic
61, 63
thiamine
375
thin layer chromatography (TLC)
249, 254, 255
thiol-containing macromolecules
219
thymus
213
tight junction
277-9, 282
tilapia
167, 168, 174, 175, 177-9
tillage
317, 319-21, 324, 329, 341, 342
time-of-flight (TOF)
254, 261
Tmax
214
TMU95
368
tobacco budworm larvae
235
tobacco
26
tocopheryl esters
375
Toddalia asiatica
330
tomato
26, 219
topical exposure
75
topotecan
62
total mixed ration (TMR)
247
toxicity endpoints
62
toxicity
2, 16, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 29, 33, 54-8, 62, 71, 75-80, 84, 86, 104, 106, 108, 111, 130, 160, 162, 167, 170, 171, 174, 193, 197, 211, 220, 234, 235, 252, 276, 277, 280, 283, 285, 286, 293, 294, 297, 299-305, 364, 366, 370, 373, 374, 376, 384-6
toxicodynamic
6, 54, 59, 62, 63, 276
toxicokinetic
6, 54, 60, 75, 105, 110, 253, 259, 263, 276, 384, 414
toxigenic
318, 326, 327, 330, 331, 338, 343
Trametes versicolor
369
transaminases
197, 198, 200
transcription factors
60
transcriptional
285
transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER)
113, 278, 279, 285
transferases
19, 60, 78, 104, 106, 109, 213
transplacental transfer
252
tree nuts
20
tremorgenic
133, 135, 202
tremours
62, 133, 202, 217, 220
Trichoderma spp.
219, 326, 327
trichomoniasis
105
trichothecenes
2, 13-7, 56, 57, 61, 74, 103-5, 110, 127, 180, 195, 197, 209-12, 384, 385, 399
Trifolium subterraneum
30
trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid
31
triticale
24, 28, 329, 399
trolox
301
trophectoderm
294, 298, 302
trout
rainbow trout
167, 176, 180
farmed trout
180
trout feed
171
AFB1 and ZEN were fed to trout
174
truncal swaying
217
tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα )
83, 86, 114
Tunisia
28
Ukraine
396
ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS)
261
ultrasonic extraction
253
ultrasound-guided transvaginal aspiration
295
ultraviolet (UV)
254, 255, 331
uncertainties
171, 210, 214
uncertainty
162, 171, 221, 242, 248
United Kingdon (UK)
1, 266, 328
United Nations
394
United States of America (USA)
1, 24, 29, 74, 193, 213, 217, 245, 253, 259-61, 263-6, 286, 326, 372
uric acid
376
uridine 5’-diphospho (UDP) -glucuronosyltransferases
16, 60, 280
urinary
103, 260, 261, 264, 368
urination
218
urine
8, 53, 76, 78, 83, 104, 106, 108, 114, 128, 130, 180, 200, 214, 215, 221, 374, 376
Ussing chamber system
283
uterus
contractility of the uterus
134
enlargement of the uterus
131
increase in uterus weight
77
prolapse of the uterus
134
pyometra
199
uterine hyperplasia
198
uterine implantation
302
uterotrophic assays
385
uterus
294, 300
vaccine
vaccinating
375
vaccination efficacy
127, 413
vaccination failures
416
vaccination
87, 88, 375-7
vaccine booster
375
vaccine efficacy
87
vacuolation
78, 218
vacuole of the plant
16
values
contamination values
125
economic value
336
guidance values
71, 193, 236
health-based guidance values
54
nutritional value
15, 333
nutritive value
337
reference values
384-7, 391
reported value
242
variety Belinda
319
variety Odal
319
vasoconstriction
134
vegetables
20, 26, 192, 219
vegetable waste
228
Veillonellaceae
85
verruculogen
131
Verticillium
28
viability
57, 110, 113
visceral
visceral gout
109
visceral organs
114
villus
apical necrosis of villi
85
atrophy and fusion of villi
84
microvilli
278
shortening, retardation, and branching dysfunction
86
villi fusions and atrophy
85
villus and crypt development
282
villus height
84, 85, 105, 114
virus
infectious bronchitis vaccine (IBV)
114
newcastle disease vaccine (NDV)
114
viral
218
virulence
236
vitamins
370
vitamins A, C, and E
370
vitamin D3
108
vitamin K1
200
vitamin E
301
Vmax
281
volatile fatty acids
acetate
81
butyrate
81
isovalerate
134
propionate
134
valerate
81
volume of distribution (Vd)
109
vomiting
1, 75, 105, 195, 197-199, 202, 211, 219
vomitoxin
6, 58, 75, 211
vulva
abnormal vulva
300
enlargement of the vulva
131
swelling and reddening
77
vulvovaginitis
131
walleye (Sander vitreus)
179
walnuts
20 202
waste
agricultural waste
364, 368
bacterial waste
281
crop waste
415
food wastes
203
spoiled food wastes
202
vegetable waste
228
water activity (aw)
15, 18, 21, 29, 399
weakness
78, 217
weather
rainy weather
324
unfavourable weather
133
weather conditions
18, 72
weather conditions
317, 323, 324, 329, 342, 344
weather data
324, 330
weather fluctuations
322
weather parameters
27
weather patterns
20
weed
30, 325, 331, 341, 343, 396
weight gain
211, 235, 387
weight loss/loss of weight
78, 129, 195, 197, 202, 211, 220
wheat bran
336
wheat flour
232-4
wheat kernels
230
wheat
3, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21-4, 27, 28, 71-3, 81, 102, 124, 133, 134, 193, 197, 230, 232-4, 243, 245, 246, 249, 296, 317, 319-25, 327-32, 336, 337, 344 , 368, 395-400
white mustard
327
wine
22, 58
World Health Organization (WHO)
23, 25
white blood cells
199
white-rot fungus
369
womb
304
xanthohumol
59
xenobiotics
xenobiotic-sensing receptors
54
xenobiotic metabolism
60, 61, 62
biotransformation of xenobiotics
60
xenobiotic transformation
230, 234
exposure of xenobiotics
261
xenobiotics
277, 280, 281
xenosensing
60, 63
xenosensors
60
xerophilic moulds
179
yeast
72, 125, 132, 219, 228, 283, 326, 338, 339, 341, 364, 367, 371
Yellow river carp
176
Yolk precursor protein vitellogenin (VTG)
286
Zambia
179
Zanthoxylum bungeanum
327
Zea mays L.
210
zearalanane (ZAN)
214
zearalenone (ZEN)
2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 17, 27, 57-62, 71-4, 76, 77, 81-9, 102, 103, 106, 107, 110, 112, 114, 115, 124, 127, 128, 130-132, 136, 137, 142, 158-60, 164-6, 173-5, 180, 191, 193, 194, 198, 209-11, 214-6, 230, 231, 234, 252, 259-66, 278, 280, 281, 286, 287, 300, 301, 320-2, 325-9, 332, 333, 366-8, 371, 372, 374, 377, 384, 385, 391, 399, 401, 414, 415
zebrafish
171, 285-7
ZEL-sulphate
234
ZEN-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G)
17, 82
ZEN-14-glucuronide
262
ZEN-14-sulfate (ZEN-14S)
17, 234
ZEN-16-glucoside (ZEN-16G)
17
zeolite
365
zeranol
259
zinc
370, 375, 395
zygomycetes
135
zygomycosis
135
zygote
294, 300
zygotic genome activation (ZGA)
294
zygotic
294