0.1 Margaret and the dragon, 14th century, English (?) 2
1.1 Margaret tortured, Passio Kyliani. Pseudo-Theotimus, Passio Margaretae, 10th century, 20.6 cm × 15 cm, Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek, Hannover, Ms. I. 189, fol. 20r 19
1.2 Margaret and the dragon, Passio Kyliani. Pseudo-Theotimus, Passio Margaretae, 10th century, 20.6 cm × 15 cm, Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek, Hannover, Ms. I. 189, fol. 23r 19
1.3 St. Margaret retable, Vic workshop, 1175–1200, tempera on oak, 95.8 cm × 147.5 cm × 5 cm, Santa Margarida de Vilaseca in L’Esquirol, Catalonia. Museo Epioschopal Vic, Vic, Spain, MEV 5 20
1.4 Scenes from Margaret’s life, 12th century, wall painting, north transept, Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Tournai 22
1.5 St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 27
1.6 Margaret of Lèves (left) and knights (right), St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 28
1.7 St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 30
1.8 St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 32
1.9 St. Margaret window, ca. 1250, church of St. Peter, Saint-Julien-du-Sault 34
1.10 Window with Sts. Margaret, Foy, and Caprais, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 36
1.11 Detail, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 41
1.12 Detail, Miracle window of St. Thomas Becket no. III, early 13th century, Trinity Chapel, Canterbury Cathedral 44
2.1 Current view, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 50
2.2 Choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 52
2.3 Detail, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 55
2.4 Detail, Olybrius condemning Margaret, Margaret with the executioner, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 56
2.5 Detail, Margaret with the dragon and demon, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 57
2.6 Detail, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 57
2.7 Narrative diagram, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 59
2.8 Detail, lower registers, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 60
2.9 St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria. Reconstruction of the original program (gray areas indicate losses) and diagram 62
2.10 Details, panels 7 and 9, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 64
2.11 Details of St. Margaret from Chartres (left) and Auxerre (center and right) 65
2.12 Details, panels 3 and 8, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 65
2.13 Detail, miracle window of Thomas Becket, no. II, 13th century, Canterbury Cathedral 67
2.14 Margaret before Olybrius, medallion 4, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 70
2.15 Heinrich of Passau, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 71
2.16 Margaret tending sheep, medallion 1, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 73
2.17 Knights abduct Margaret, medallion 2, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 76
2.18 Detail, demon, medallion 9, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 77
2.19 Two men try to convert Margaret, medallion 3, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 79
2.20 Margaret brought before Olybrius, Panels 4 and 5, St. Margaret window, ca. 1240, church of St. Peter, Saint-Julien-du-Sault 81
2.21 Margaret sees the cross and dove, medallion 10, St. Margaret Window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 81
2.22 Monk kneeling before Christ on the cross, mid-14th century, fresco, south wall, north aisle, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 85
3.1 View of the north ambulatory, Auxerre Cathedral 88
3.2 Floorplan of Auxerre Cathedral with numbered bays 89
3.3 St. Margaret window and diagram, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 93
3.4 Margaret meets Olybrius, panel 1, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 95
3.5 Margaret cast into prison, panel 2, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 95
3.6 Margaret’s flagellation, panel 3, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 96
3.7 Margaret enters prison, panel 8, St. Margaret window, ca. 1240, church of St. Peter, Saint-Julien-du-Sault 96
3.8 Margaret exits prison, panel 13, St. Margaret window, ca. 1240, church of St. Peter, Saint-Julien-du-Sault 97
3.9 Christ administers the Eucharist to Catherine, St. Catherine window, 13th century, Bay 26, Auxerre Cathedral 100
3.10 The head butler imprisoned, panel 8, Joseph window, 13th century, Bay 17, Auxerre Cathedral 102
3.11 Joseph interprets the butler’s and baker’s dreams, panel 10, Joseph window, 13th century, Bay 17, Auxerre Cathedral 102
3.12 The butler is released from prison, panel 13, Joseph window, 13th century, Bay 17, Auxerre Cathedral 103
3.13 St. Andrew is imprisoned, panel 17, Andrew window, 13th century, Bay 13, Auxerre Cathedral 104
3.14 An angel attends St. Vincent, panel 1, St. Vincent and St. Bris window, 13th century, Bay 24, Auxerre Cathedral 105
3.15 Paul liberated from prison, panel 9, St. Peter and St. Paul window, 13th century, Bay 7, Auxerre Cathedral 105
3.16 Margaret is beaten, medallion 5, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 107
3.17 Margaret is raked, medallion 6, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 108
3.18 Margaret refuses Olybrius, panel 7, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 109
3.19 Margaret is burned, panel 8, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 110
3.20 Witnesses, panel 9, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 110
3.21 Margaret tortured with fire, panel 15, St. Margaret window, ca. 1240, church of St. Peter, Saint-Julien-du-Sault 111
3.22 Olybrius condemns Margaret, panel 10, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 112
3.23 Margaret is submerged in water, panel 11, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 112
3.24 Witnesses, panel 12, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 113
3.25 Margaret is burned, medallion 11, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 113
3.26 Margaret is drowned, medallion 12, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 114
3.27 Converts martyred, panel 14, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 121
3.28 Converts martyred, panel 15, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 122
3.29 Olybrius, panel 16, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 123
3.30 Margaret beheaded, panel 17, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 123
3.31 Witnesses, panel 18, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 124
3.32 Margaret is beheaded, medallion 14, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 125
3.33 Margaret’s soul ascends, panel 19, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 126
3.34 Margaret prays, is beheaded, and ascends to heaven, panels 16–18, St. Margaret window, ca. 1240, church of St. Peter, Saint-Julien-du-Sault 127
3.35 Angels lift Margaret’s soul to heaven, medallion 15, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 128
3.36 St. Stephen and St. Germain, 13th century, Bay 101, Auxerre Cathedral 130
3.37 St. Lawrence and St. Amâtre, 13th century, Bay 102, Auxerre Cathedral 130
3.38 Scenes from the life of St. Germain, 13th century, Bay 10, Auxerre Cathedral 134
3.39 Donor “Hurricus Presbyter,” Virgin and Child, ca. 1230, Bay 5, Auxerre Cathedral 135
3.40 Donor, St. Germain window, ca. 1230, Bay 6, Auxerre Cathedral 136
4.1 Detail, scenes of St. Margaret, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 142
4.2 St. Margaret and St. Catherine window and diagram of panels, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 143
4.3 Windows from left to right: Grisaille, St. Remi, St. Nicholas, St. Margaret and St. Catherine, St. Thomas Becket (not visible here), Confessors Chapel, South Choir Ambulatory, Chartres Cathedral 144
4.4 Plan, Chartres Cathedral, Margaret and Catherine window is Bay 16 145
4.5 Margaret and the dragon, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 146
4.6 Margaret and the dragon, panel 4, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 147
4.7 Margaret confronts the dragon, medallion 7, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 148
4.8 The dragon bursts in two, medallion 8, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 149
4.9 Margaret sees the cross and dove, medallion 10, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 152
4.10 Margaret and the demon, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 154
4.11 Margaret confronts the demon, medallion 9, St. Margaret window, 1230–1240, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 154
4.12 Margaret and the demon, panel 6, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 155
4.13 Margaret and the demon, panel 5, St. Margaret window, 1230–1235, Bay 15, Auxerre Cathedral 155
4.14 Catherine between torturers, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 160
4.15 The empress is tortured, St. Margaret and St. Catherine Window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 161
4.16 Detail, St. Foy window, 13th century, Bay 138a, nave clerestory, Chartres Cathedral 162
4.17 Details of tortures with the millstone (panel 12) and wheel (panel 14), St. Pantaleon window, 1220–1225, Bay 11, Martyrs Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 163
4.18 St. Chéron carries his head, St. Chéron window, 1220–1225, Bay 15, Martyrs Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 165
4.19 Murder of Thomas Becket, St. Thomas Becket window, 1220–1225, Bay 18, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 165
4.20 Becket’s Tomb, St. Thomas Becket window, 1220–1225, Bay 18, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 166
4.21 Margaret (left) and Catherine (right), St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 166
4.22 St. Remi window, 1220–1225, Bay 12, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 168
4.23 Details, St. Remi window, 1220–1225, Bay 12, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 169
4.24 St. Remi heals a possessed blind man, St. Remi window, 1220–1225, Bay 12, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 170
4.25 St. Martin exorcises a demon from a tomb, St. Martin window, 1215–1225, Bay 20, Chartres Cathedral 170
4.26 Maxentius ordering the execution of the philosophers, St. Margaret and St. Catherine window, 1220–1227, Bay 16, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 171
4.27 A devil counsels Henry II, St. Thomas Becket window, 1220–1225, Bay 18, Confessors Chapel, Chartres Cathedral 172
4.28 An angel and a demon stand over St. Martin, St. Martin window, 1215–1225, Bay 20, Chartres Cathedral 174
4.29 Christ dismissing the devil, Belle Verrière, 13th-century, Bay 30a, Chartres Cathedral 175
4.30 The Virgin and the Devil, Miracles of the Virgin window, 1205–1215, Bay 38, south nave, Chartres Cathedral 176
4.31 People praying before a statue of the Virgin, Miracles of the Virgin window, 1205–1215, Bay 38, south nave, Chartres Cathedral 180
4.32 St. Arnoult exorcises a demon, 1194–1230, right pillar, south portal, Chartres Cathedral 184
4.33 Dragon beneath John the Baptist, 1194–1230, center portal, north porch, Chartres Cathedral 184
4.34 Knight fighting monsters, 1194–1230, capital, north porch, Chartres Cathedral 185
4.35 St. George, 1205–1215, Bay 133c, north nave clerestory, Chartres Cathedral 186
5.1 Ambulatory with window of Sts. Margaret, Foy, and Caprais, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 193
5.2 Plan of Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral with numbered bays 194
5.3 Right lancets depicting St. Margaret and diagram of scenes (highlighted panels depict St. Margaret), 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 196
5.4 St. Margaret, rosace, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 197
5.5 Detail, scenes from Margaret’s life, panels 1–4, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 199
5.6 Detail, scenes from Margaret’s life, panels 5–8, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 199
5.7 Detail, scenes from Margaret’s life, panels 9–12, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 200
5.8 Detail, scenes from Margaret’s life, panels 13–18, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 200
5.9 Flagellation of Christ, Passion window, St. Margaret lancets, 1220–1230, Bay 10, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 202
5.10 Margaret is submerged in water, panel 14, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 202
5.11 Margaret appears before Olybrius, panel 7, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 203
5.12 Margaret and the dragon, panel 10, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 204
5.13 St. Margaret and the dragon, 1325–1350, ivory, 145 mm × 105 mm, French. The British Museum, London, 1858,0428.1 (Dalton 340) 205
5.14 Margaret and the demon, panel 9, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 206
5.15 Descent into hell, Passion window, 1275–1285, Bay 10, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 207
5.16 The Virgin and the Devil, Theophilus window, ca. 1265, Bay 2, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 207
5.17 Virgin and Theophilus, Theophilus window, ca. 1265, Bay 2, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 208
5.18 Dacian orders Foy to be burned, panel 7, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, choir, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 209
5.19 Caprais appears before Dacian, panel 10, St. Caprais/St. Foy lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, choir, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 210
5.20 George raked, panel 21, Window of St. George, 1280–1300, Bay 15, choir, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 211
5.21 Pilgrims at a tomb, panel 18, St. Margaret lancets, 1280–1300, Bay 16, south choir ambulatory, Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral 213
5.22 The Great East window (Margaret in leftmost lancet, Lancet A), 1290–1300, Dol-de-Bretagne Cathedral 215
5.23 Margaret before Olybrius, panel A6, the Great East window, 1290–1300, Dol-de-Bretagne Cathedral 216
5.24 Margaret and the dragon, panel A3, the Great East window, 1290–1300, Dol-de-Bretagne Cathedral 216
5.25 Translation of relics window, 1228–1235, Bay 210, Troyes Cathedral 220
5.26 St. Margaret, relics window, 1228–1235, Bay 210, Troyes Cathedral 221
5.27 Side view, Reliquary case, 1350–1400, leather, 5 1/4 in × 11 1/4 in × 4 5/8 in, Swiss or French. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1947 (47.101.65) 222
5.28 Bottom view, Reliquary case, 1350–1400, leather, 5 1/4 in × 11 1/4 in × 4 5/8 in, Swiss or French. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Cloisters Collection, 1947 (47.101.65) 222
5.29 Left: Bay S I, right: detail of St. Margaret, ca. 1250, north nave clerestory, Strasbourg Cathedral 224
5.30 Left: Bay S V, right: detail of St. Margaret, 1265–1275, north nave clerestory, Strasbourg Cathedral 225
6.1 Glass: Saint Nicholas and Saint Margaret, Cathedral of Saint-Étienne, Auxerre, Burgundy, Franche-Comté, PM89002231, Listed as a Historic Monument on May 8, 1907 232
6.2 Emperor Henry III and his wife Agnes pray to St. Margaret, Melchior von Pergen, Vota praepositurae Ardacensis in Austria …, 1667, 28 cm × 21.5 cm. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Handshriftsammlung, Vienna, Cod. 7240, fol. 3 234
6.3 Frescoes and stuccowork, ca. 1678–1700, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 236
6.4 Leopold I with the Virgin Mary, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 237
6.5 Rudolph and the priest, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 238
6.6 Inscription, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 239
6.7 Agnes of Poitou, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 240
6.8 Torture of Margaret, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 241
6.9 Martyrdom of St. Margaret, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, choir, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 241
6.10 Judgment of Solomon, ca. 1690–1700, fresco, nave, church of St. Margaret, Ardagger Abbey, Austria 242
6.11 St. Margaret with donor wife and daughter, 16th century, Bay 2, St. Loup, Auxon 245
6.12 Childbirth scene, Passion of St. Margaret, 14th century, Italy. British Library, MS Egerton 877, fol. 12r 248
6.13 St. Margaret, book of hours, 15th century, Utrecht. The Walters Art Museum, Walters MS W.168, fol. 222r 249