Index
absolute advantage, David Ricardo
1
abuse of a dominant position, European Union
1
abuse of circumstances
1
Accord Canada-États-Unis-Mexique (ACEUM)
1
administration
1
Administrative Secretariat, MERCOSUR
1
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, TBT Agreement
1
Amendment, Fourteenth
1
Amendment, Fourth
1
Anglo/American model
1
Annual and spring meetings, IMF and World Bank
1
Anti-Dumping Agreement, WTO
1
appellate court
1
appropriation, tort
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
Artificial Intelligence, legal personality
1
Asian Development Bank
1
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
1
Asian tigers
1
assault
1
atypical workers
1
Berlin, Isaiah
1
Biden administration, US
1
bilateral treaty
1
BLNS countries, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland
1
Board of Directors, IBRD
1
Board of Directors, World Bank
1
Board of Governors, IBRD
1
Board of Governors, World Bank
1
Bogota Urban Service Project, World Bank
1
Bonds, Panda
1
breach of contract notice
1
breach of warranty theory
1
breeders’ rights, duration
1
Bretton Woods Conference, the
1
Brexit
1
BRIC countries
1
browse-wrap agreement
1
Brussels 1 Recast
1
Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters
1
bureaucracy
1
cameral system, bicameral
1
cameral systems, unicameral
1
Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)
1
CARICOM
1
cartel, horizontal
1
cartel, vertical
1
cartels, European Union
1
case law
1
casual workers
1
CETA agreement
1
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
1
ChatGPT
1
China, Constitution
1
China, National People’s Congress
1
China, People’s Republic of
1
China, Politburo Standing Committee
1
Chusik Hoesa
1
CISG
1
citizen
1
Civil Code, Russian Federation
1
civil law
1
civil law system
1
click-wrap agreement
1
code of Hammurabi
1
code of Ur-Nammu
1
codified standards
1
collective bargaining
1
commercial partnership
1
Commission for Environmental Cooperation, NAAEC
1
commission for Labour Cooperation, NAALC
1
common market
1
Common Market Council, MERCOSUR
1
Common Market Group, MERCOSUR
1
Common Monetary Area in Southern Africa
1
Common Revenue Pool, SACU
1
communism
1
company law, South-Korea
1
company limited by guarantee
1
company name
1
company, incorporated
1
company, unincorporated
1
comparative advantage, David Ricardo
1
compensatory damages
1
competitive devaluation
1
concentration, European Union
1
concern
1
conciliation
1
conditionality, IMF
1
confucianism
1
consensus, WTO
1
consideration
1
consideration, bargain theory
1
consideration, principle of promissory estoppel
1
Constitution, China
1
Constitution, U.S.
1
Constitutional law
1
constitutional reforms 2019, Cuba
1
consumer expectation test
1
contract
1
contract for service
1
contract law, reasonableness
1
contract of affiliation
1
contract of affiliation, Russian Law
1
contract of service
1
contract, partnership
1
contract, public
1
contractors
1
contractual liability
1
control test
1
controller, data processing
1
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
1
Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods, CISG
1
Convention on International Civil Aviation
1
cookies
1
cookies, functionality
1
cookies, marketing
1
cookies, necessary
1
cookies, statistics
1
copyright, duration
1
copyright, moral rights
1
copyright, right of integrity
1
copyright, right of paternity
1
Corpus Iuris
1
Council for Trade in Goods, WTO
1
Council for Trade in Services, WTO
1
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property, WTO
1
Council of Ministers, Cube
1
Council of Ministers, European Union
1
Council of Ministers, SACU
1
Council of State, Cuba
1
Council, ECA
1
County Courts of England
1
Court of Cassation, France
1
Court of Chancery, Delaware
1
Court, Constitutional
1
Cuba, Communist Party
1
Cuba, Constitutional Reforms 2019
1
Cuba, Council of Ministers
1
Cuba, Council of State
1
CUFSTA, Canada-US Free Trade Agreement
1
culpability
1
culpability, subjective test
1
currencies, floating system
1
currency wars
1
custom
1
customs union
1
Customs Union Commission, SACU
1
damages, compensatory
1
damages, general
1
damages, nominal
1
damages, punitive
1
damages, special
1
data processing, controller
1
data processing, principles
1
data processing, processor
1
data processing, recipient
1
database protection
1
deceit
1
defamation
1
defences, tort
1
democracy
1
democratic centralism
1
design patents
1
designers rights, duration
1
determinability of a contract
1
Development Committee, IMF and World Bank
1
direct applicability, European Union law
1
direct materials, USMCA
1
Director-General, WTO
1
discrimination
1
discrimination, direct
1
discrimination, indirect
1
discrimination, positive
1
dispute settlement, compensations
1
dispute settlement, conciliation
1
dispute settlement, cross-agreement retaliation
1
dispute settlement, cross-sector retaliation
1
dispute settlement, good office
1
dispute settlement, mediation
1
dispute settlement, parallel retaliation
1
dispute settlement, suspending concessions
1
district court
1
dualism
1
dumping
1
duress
1
ECA, Council
1
ECA, Secretariat
1
ECA, Joint Public Advisory Committee
1
Economic and Social Council, UN
1
Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)
1
economic reality test
1
economic rights
1
economic union
1
employee
1
employee, control test
1
employee, economic reality test
1
employee, German law
1
employee, integration test
1
employee-like person
1
employee-like person, German law
1
employment-at-will doctrine
1
Enhanced General Data Dissemination System (e-GDDS)
1
ethics
1
ethics, descriptive
1
ethics, normative
1
EU
1
European Atomic Energy Community
1
European Central Bank, European Union
1
European Citizenship
1
European Coal and Steel Community
1
European Commission, European Union
1
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1
European Council, European Union
1
European Court of Auditors, European Union
1
European Court of Justice
1
European Court of Justice, European Union
1
European Court of Justice, preliminary ruling
1
European Parliament, European Union
1
European Patent Convention
1
European Social Charter
1
European Union, abuse of a dominant position
1
European Union, cartels
1
European Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights
1
European Union, concentration
1
European Union, Council of Ministers
1
European Union, direct applicability
1
European Union, EU
1
European Union, European Central Bank
1
European Union, European Commission
1
European Union, European Council
1
European Union, European Court of Auditors
1
European Union, European Court of Justice
1
European Union, European Parliament
1
European Union, four freedoms
1
European Union, free movement of goods
1
European Union, free movement of persons
1
European Union, free movement of services
1
European Union, free movement of workers
1
European Union, freedom of establishment
1
European Union, primary legislation
1
European Union, recommendations and opinions
1
European Union, secondary legislation
1
European Union, superior law
1
exchange rates, floating system
1
exchange rates, gold standard
1
excise duties
1
Executive Directors, World Bank
1
executive staff member
1
executive staff member, German law
1
expectation of privacy
1
Extended Reality
1
false arrest
1
false imprisonment
1
fatwa
1
faute
1
federation
1
feudal system
1
fiqh
1
Fiscal Monitor, IMF
1
flex-workers
1
floating currencies, system
1
floating system, exchange rates
1
FOCEM
1
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
1
force majeure
1
force majeure clause
1
formal law
1
four freedoms, European Union
1
France, Court of Cassation
1
France, judiciary
1
France, Liability Law
1
free movement of goods, European Union
1
free movement of persons, European Union
1
free movement of services, European Union
1
free movement of workers, European Union
1
Free Trade Commission, USMCA
1
free trade zone
1
free trade zone, closed borders
1
free trade zone, open borders
1
freedom of establishment, European Union
1
freedom of speech
1
freedom of speech, U.S.A.
1
freedom of the press
1
freeters
1
functional equivalent legal solutions
1
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
1
General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS
1
General Assembly, committees
1
General Assembly, United Nations
1
General Council, WTO
1
general damages
1
General Data Dissemination System, IMF
1
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
1
general partnership
1
Global Financial Stability Report, IMF
1
gold standard
1
good faith, principle
1
good office
1
goods wholly obtained or produced, USMCA
1
government system
1
Great Depression
1
hadiths
1
Hanafi
1
hand formula
1
Handelsgesellschaft, Offene
1
Hapja Hoesa
1
Hapmyung Hoesa
1
Hitler, Adolf
1
Hobbes, Thomas
1
Hoesa, Chusik
1
Hoesa, Hapja
1
Hoesa, Hapmyung
1
holding company
1
Hong-Kong
1
Hong Kong, protests 2020
1
horizontal cartel
1
husband-and-wife-sole proprietorship
1
ICCPR
1
ICESCR
1
ICRC
1
Igma
1
IMF
1
IMF, bilateral surveillance
1
IMF, General Data Dissemination System
1
IMF, Institute for Capacity Development
1
IMF, lending money
1
IMF, multilateral surveillance
1
IMF, Special Data Dissemination System
1
IMF, Special Data Dissemination System plus
1
IMF, Special Drawing Rights
1
IMF, surveillance
1
IMF, technical assistance
1
impossibility, non-performance
1
incorporated company
1
INCOTERMS
1
INCOTERMS, critical point
1
indirect materials, USMCA
1
industrial design
1
industrial property
1
Institute for Capacity Development, IMF
1
integration test
1
intentional torts
1
Inter-American Specialized Uniform through Bill of Lading for the International Carriage of Goods by Road
1
International and Financial Monetary Committee, IMF
1
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), World Bank
1
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), World Bank Group
1
International Labour Organization (ILO)
1
International Labour Organization, ILO
1
International Monetary Fund, IMF
1
International Revenue Service
1
International Trade Organization, ITO
1
intrusion on seclusion, tort
1
invasion of privacy, tort
1
invention
1
Iranian Revolution
1
Islamic law
1
Israel, legal system
1
Ius cogens
1
Joint Parliamentary Commission, MERCOSUR
1
Joint Public Advisory Committee, ECA
1
joint venture
1
joint venture agreement
1
joint venture, qualified
1
judiciary, France
1
just
1
justice
1
Labour Party, Germany 1920–1945
1
Lamy, Pascal
1
Large Language Models (LLMs)
1
law, general damages
1
law, special damages
1
League of Nations, the
1
legal capacity
1
legal families
1
legal personality, Artificial Intelligence
1
legal personality, nature
1
legal principles
1
legal solution to a social problem
1
legal system, Israel
1
legal systems
1
letter of intent, IMF
1
Lex Aquilla
1
Lex Canuleia
1
lex generalis
Lex Licinia Sextia
1
lex specialis
1
liability law, France
1
liability, contractual
1
liability, personal
1
limited company
1
limited company, by guarantee
1
limited liability company
1
limited partnership
1
lowering trade barriers
1
Macro comparison
1
Madrid Agreement
1
magistrates’ courts of England
1
mahnung
1
mailbox companies
1
mailbox theory
1
margin of discretion
1
mediation
1
Mercado Común del Sur, MERCOSUR
1
MERCOSUR parliament
1
MERCOSUR, Administrative Secretariat
1
MERCOSUR, Common Market Council
1
MERCOSUR, Common Market Group
1
MERCOSUR, Joint Parliamentary Commission
1
MERCOSUR, MERCOSUR parliament
1
MERCOSUR, Permanent Court of Review
1
Mercosur, Structural Convergence Fund of MERCOSUR
1
MERCOSUR, Trade Commission
1
micro comparison
1
millennium goals, the
1
minimum wage
1
minimum wage, Afghanistan
1
minimum wage, Scandinavian model
1
Ministerial Conference, WTO
1
MINUSMA
1
mis en demeur
1
misrepresentation
1
misrepresentation, fraudulent
1
misrepresentation, innocent
1
misrepresentation, negligent
1
mistake, bilateral
1
mistake, fundamental
1
mistake, unilateral
1
mixed system
1
monarchy
1
monarchy, absolute
1
monarchy, constitutional
1
monetary union
1
monism
1
moral rights
1
Mossack Fonseca
1
most-favoured nation principle (MFN), WTO
1
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), World Bank Group
1
multilateral surveillance, IMF
1
multilateral treaty
1
NAFTA
1
Napoleon
1
National People’s Congress, China
1
national treatment principle, USMCA
1
national treatment principle, WTO
1
natural law
1
negative freedom
1
negligence theory
1
neighbouring rights
1
Newly Developed Countries
1
nominal damages
1
non-discrimination principle, WTO
1
non-performance, impossibility
1
non-secular state
1
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC)
1
North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation, NAALC
1
North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA
1
notice of breach
1
nuisance, tort
1
null and void
1
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi
1
one country two systems
1
ONUMOZ
1
opinio iuris sive necessitates
1
opportuneness
1
Orang Asli
1
origin. Law
1
originating products, transformation
1
Panama Papers
1
Panda Bonds
1
Paradise Papers
1
Partnerschaftgesellschaft
1
partnership
1
partnership, commercial
1
partnership, general
1
partnership, limited
1
partnership, professional
1
patent war
1
patent, design
1
patent, invention
1
patent, inventive step
1
patent, novelty
1
patent, Patent Cooperation Treaty
1
patent, priority right
1
patent, software
1
patent, state of the art
1
patent, unified patent court
1
patent, unitary
1
patent, utility
1
Patriot Act, U.S.
1
People’s Republic of China
1
perp walk
1
personal liability
1
Politburo Standing Committee, China
1
positive freedom
1
positivist law
1
postal theory
1
precedent
1
preliminary ruling, European Court of Justice
1
president, World Bank Group
1
primary legislation, EU
1
prime minister
1
principle of promissory estoppel
1
principles of good governance
1
priority right
1
privacy in the EU, accountability
1
privacy in the EU, accuracy
1
privacy in the EU, controller
1
privacy in the EU, direct identification
1
privacy in the EU, indirect identification
1
privacy in the EU, lawfulness, fairness and transparency
1
privacy in the EU, principles
1
privacy in the EU, processing
1
privacy in the EU, processor
1
privacy in the EU, proportionality
1
privacy in the EU, purpose limitation
1
privacy in the EU, recipient
1
privacy in the EU, storage limitation
1
Privacy Shield, EU-US
1
privacy, expectation of
1
privacy, objective test
1
privacy, subjective test
1
private international law
1
private international law, objective
1
private international law, substantive
1
private law
1
private limited company
1
processor, data processing
1
product liability, breach of warranty theory
1
product liability, Europe
1
product liability, negligence theory
1
product liability, strict liability theory
1
product liability, U.S.A.
1
Product-Specific Rules of Origin, USMCA
1
professional partnership
1
promissory estoppel, principle
1
public contract, Russian Law
1
public disclosure, tort
1
public law
1
public limited company
1
punitive damages
1
qiyas
1
qualified joint venture
1
quantitative restrictions
1
Quantum Technology
1
quid quo pro
1
Qur’an
1
Rana-Plaza, building collapse
1
ratification
1
reasonableness, contract law
1
recipient, data processing
1
recommendations and opinions, European Union
1
Registrar of Business Names, Sri Lanka
1
related rights
1
religious system
1
republic
1
retaliation, cross-agreement
1
retaliation, cross-sector
1
retaliation, parallel
1
retention of title
1
retort, defences
1
Revenue Sharing Formula, SACU
1
Ricardo, absolute advantage
1
Ricardo, comparative advantage
1
Ricardo, David
1
right of integrity
1
right of paternity
1
right to be forgotten
1
risk-utility test
1
Roman Empire
1
Romanistic model
1
Rome I
1
Rome II
1
Roskomnadzor
1
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
1
rules of origin, USMCA
1
Russian Revolution of 1917
1
SACU, Common Revenue Pool
1
SACU, Council of Ministers
1
SACU, Customs Union Commission
1
SACU, Revenue Sharing Formula
1
SACU, Technical Liaison Committees
1
safe harbour principles
1
sales modality
1
Sarawak Court system
1
Schengen Area
1
School of law in Islam, Hanafi
1
School of law in Islam, Shafi’i
1
secondary legislation, EU
1
Secretariat, ECA
1
Secretariat, UN
1
Secretariat, USMCA
1
Secretary-General, UN
1
secular state
1
Security Council, non-permanent members
1
Security Council, permanent members
1
Security Council, UN
1
self-employed person
1
self-employed person, German law
1
semiconductor protection
1
semiconductor protection, duration
1
Shafi’i
1
Shari’ah law, fatwa
1
Shari’ah law, hadiths
1
Shari’ah law, Igma
1
Shari’ah law, qiyas
1
signature
1
small but significant and non-transitory increase in price-test, SSNIP test
1
Social security system, Mexico
1
socialist system
1
Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada
1
Societas Europeae
1
software patent
1
sole proprietorship
1
sole proprietorship, husband-and-wife
1
sole trader
1
solicitor
1
Southern African Customs Union, SACU
1
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
1
South-Korea, company law
1
Spanish Sociedad Anónima
1
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
1
special damages
1
Special Data Dissemination System, IMF
1
Special Drawing Rights, SDRs
1
Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)
1
specialised agencies, UN
1
stare decisis
1
state structure
1
statutory auditor
1
strict liability theory
1
strike, right to
1
Structural Convergence Fund of MERCOSUR
1
subsidiary bodies, UN
1
substantive law
1
Sunnah
1
superior law, European Union
1
Supreme Court
1
surveillance, bilateral IMF
1
surveillance, multilateral IMF
1
suspending concessions
1
suspension of performance
1
system of floating currencies
1
tadbestandswidrigkeit
1
Tang Code
1
tariff shift
1
tax avoidance
1
Technical Liaison Committees, SACU
1
temporary workers
1
the Enlightenment
1
the General Council of the Bar
1
the holy Qur’an
1
the Law Society
1
tort
1
tort law
1
tort law, assault
1
tort law, battery
1
tort law, false arrest
1
tort law, false imprisonment
1
tort law, negligence
1
tort of defamation
1
tort, appropriation
1
tort, compensatory damages
1
tort, intentional torts
1
tort, intrusion on seclusion
1
tort, invasion of privacy
1
tort, nominal damages
1
tort, nuisance
1
tort, public disclosure
1
tort, punitive damages
1
tort, trespass to land
1
tort, trespass to the person
1
tort, unintentional torts
1
trade barriers
1
Trade Commission, MERCOSUR
1
Trade Policy Review Body, WTO
1
Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPS
1
Trade Unions
1
trademark protection
1
trademark protection, absolute grounds
1
trademark protection, relative grounds
1
trademark, duration
1
traditional law system
1
transformation, originating products
1
treaty
1
Treaty of Versailles
1
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies
1
Treaty on the European Union (TEU)
1
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
1
trespass to land, tort
1
trespass to the person, tort
1
trias politica
1
TTIP agreement
1
UN operations, enforcement
1
UN operations, expanded peacekeeping
1
UN operations, peace enforcement
1
UN operations, traditional peacekeeping
1
UNAMSIL
1
undue influence
1
UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts
1
Unified Patent Court
1
unincorporated company
1
unintentional torts
1
Unitary Patent
1
unitary state
1
United Nations
1
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
1
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD
1
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
1
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, the
1
United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
1
UNMOGIP
1
UNTAC
1
UNTSO
1
urbanisation
1
USA block Appellate Body
1
USMAC
1
USMCA, direct materials
1
USMCA, Free Trade Commission
1
USMCA, Goods wholly obtained or produced
1
USMCA, indirect materials
1
USMCA, national treatment principle
1
USMCA, Product-Specific Rules of Origin
1
USMCA, rules of origin
1
USMCA, Secretariat
1
usus
1
utility patent
1
vertical cartel
1
voidability
1
voting, weighted
1
warranty, implied
1
Water Partnership Program, World Bank
1
WBG
1
weighted voting, IMF
1
William I
1
woman quota
1
World Bank Group, WBG
1
World Bank, the
1
World Economic Outlook, IMF
1
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
1
World Summit, the
1
World Trade Organization, WTO
1
World War, the First
1
World War, the Second
1
writ system
1
WTO
1
WTO, Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
1
WTO, Anti-Dumping Agreement
1
WTO, Council for Trade in Goods
1
WTO, Council for Trade in Services
1
WTO, Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
1
WTO, decision making
1
WTO, Director-General
1
WTO, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1
WTO, General Agreement on Trade in Services
1
WTO, General Council
1
WTO, Ministerial Conference
1
WTO, most-favoured nation principle (MFN)
1
WTO, national treatment principle
1
WTO, Trade Policy Review Body
1
WTO, Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
1