Index of Subjects and People
Abbasids
criminal justice
1202, 1203
Ḥallāj, Manṣūr al-
1204
muftī
1206
prisoners exchange
1205
prisons
1207, 1208
qāḍī
1206
abortion. birth control
Arab world
68
beginning of life
74
bioethics
49, 76, 83, 1422
biomedical technology
59
Cairo conference (1994)
54, 61, 81
case commentaries
53
contraception
56, 84, 85
early Islamic texts
60
e-fatwas, Sunni
63, 90
embryology
58, 62, 91
emergency contraception
90
ethics
1
family planning
52, 79
feticide
64
foetal anomalies
71, 72
foetus becoming human
92
ḥadīth
66
Hanafi law
510
Hanbali law
518
Iran
1587, 1588, 1590, 1627, 1642, 1666
Islam
46, 47, 51, 57, 65, 73, 80, 86, 87, 89
Islamic countries
50
Islamic jurisprudence
48, 53, 510, 518, 878, 987
Kenya
1778
laws
78, 82
Libya
1781
Maliki law
878
medical ethics
62
Muslim majority countries
70
Muslim students
1467
Nigeria
1993
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2025
Ottoman Empire
2060, 2091, 2105, 2167
Pakistan
2253
Shafiʿi law
987
Shiʿa
93, 996, 998, 1003, 1019, 1627
Somalia
2441
South Africa
2463
sterilization
55, 69
Sunna
93
Tunisia
2536
Turkey
2105, 2121
women’s rights
93
adultery. see zinā
Afghanistan
apostates
1217, 1245
boy sex slavery (Bacha Bazi)
1229
capital punishment
1210, 1218, 1239
courts
Kunar Valley
1221
under Taliban
1213
crime
1216
criminal justice system
1224
cases
1244
non-state-oriented
1250
state-oriented
1250
customary law
1232
domestic violence
443
femicide
1219
Helmand
law reform
1234
ḥudūd
1230, 1242
human rights
1215
informal justice
1232
international human rights law
1209, 1222, 1248
justice
1216
legal culture
1251
moral crimes
1210, 1223, 1240
Penal Code
1242
police
1236, 1247
policing
1247
qiṣāṣ
1230, 1242
rape
1233
Said Parwīz Kāmbakhsh case
1245
Sharīʿa
1243
punishments
1230
role
1246
social order
1216
state legislation
1243
tribal law
1243
women
crime victims
1228
Elimination of Violence against Women (Law)
1225, 1227
legal reforms
1235
legal situation
1211
in moral prisons
1237
rape
1233
rights
1215, 1226, 1231, 1249
rule of law
1220
sex equality
1215
under Taliban rule
1222, 1238
veil
1212
violence
1212, 1241
war victims
1228
Africa. entries on specific countries
Islamic law
1252
legal systems
1252
Al-Andalus
alcohol (consumption)
1259, 1261
apostasy
1262
captives
1271, 1273, 1280
children’s rights
1281
conversion
1262, 1273
gambling
1257
ghasb (usurpation)
1256
ḥisba
1258, 1260, 1264, 1265, 1268–1270, 1278
as source for women’s history
1278
homoerotism
1277
hostages
1263
Ibn ʿAbd al-Raʾūf
1258
Ibn ʿAbdūn
1261, 1270
Ibn Ḥawṭ Allāh
1272
Ibn al-Khaṭīb
1255
Ibn Ḥazm
1276, 1277
Islamic law
development
1253
non-Muslims
1275
judicial practice
1254
penal law
1274
prisoners of war
1282
prisons
1279
procedure
1274
qāḍīs
1266
sodomy
1267
wine
1261
alcohol
Al-Andalus
1259, 1261
Arabian Gulf
96
and cannabis
128
China
1369
consumption
96, 114, 122
doctrinal development
117
early Islam
1374
Egypt
1412
ethanol
97
fermented drinks
132, 134
ḥadīth
106
history
121
India
1471
interculturality
118
internet-based advice
124
Iran
1586, 1651
Iraq
1706, 1707
and Islam
94, 125
Islamic criminal law
99
Islamic normativity
95
Islamic world
104, 121
Jāḥiẓ, Al-
129
Java
1525
khamr
106
Maghreb
103
Mamluks
1890, 1894
Middle East
103
Morocco
1927
Ottoman Empire
2129, 2133, 2173
Persia
131
politics
123
production
114, 122
prohibition
98, 117
Qurʿān
106
Somalia
2448
Turkey
2065, 2066
wine
114, 129
Algeria
arbitration
2474
blood money
1941
captives
1285
criminal jurisdiction
invoking Qurʿān and ḥadīth
1283
financial reparation
1941
freedom of religion
2011
human rights
1941
Islamic law
influence
2014
women’s equality
1284
rape
1286
reconciliation practices
2474, 2475
religious persecution
1968
witnesses
1941
apostasy (ridda, irtidād). apostates
1
Afghanistan
1245
Al-Andalus
1262
Arab countries
155
cartoons
166
Catholic church, comparison
202
and compulsion
148
and daʿwa
169
death penalty. punishment
139, 140
Egypt
1418, 1434
female
192
freedom of religion. main lemma
212, 236–238
human rights
229, 239
Ibn Rushd
1262
Iran
1645, 1649, 1682
Islam
193, 218, 220, 240
Islamic law
223, 241, 246
Malaysia
1799, 1812, 1842
Pakistan
2190
personal account
187
punishment
154, 160
Qurʿān
936
scriptural approaches
186
sexual perversions
257
Sharīʿa
156
Shiʿa
140, 1014
Sudan
2492
Sunni scholars
140
Sweden
167, 199
takfīr. see main lemma
Tatars
176
theology
209
Tunisia
2541
unbelievers
160
violence
230
apostate(s). apostasy
Arab League
Arab Charter on Human Rights (revised)
1288, 1291–1303, 1305–1311
human rights
1287, 1290, 1304
unification of Arab laws
1289
arbitration. see settlement
atheism
201, 234
atonement. see repentance
baghy. see rebellion
banditry. see ḥirāba
Bangladesh
adultery
1317
Ahmadis
1315
apostasy
1315
blasphemy
1314, 1318
domestic violence
443
evidence law
2284
offences against religion
1315
rape
1312
religious freedom
1316
women’s rights
1312
Bedouin law. see tribal law
bioethics
animal experimentation
291
assisted suicide
266, 306
autopsy
286, 302
beginning of life
301, 330, 354
biomedical research ethics
264, 265
brain death
275, 287, 322, 328, 329, 336–340
Christian-Islamic dialogue
293
circumcision
479
for clinicians
288
cloning
291
conceptual clarity, lack of
309
dead, management of the
289, 298
death, definition
332
dissection
345
ectopic pregnancies
303
Egypt
1422
embryology
299
embryonic stem cell research
296, 316, 317
end of life
263, 280, 292, 294, 298, 320, 331, 348
ethical limits
295
euthanasia
266, 273, 279, 291, 303, 306, 348
fatwas
313
female genital cutting
471
frozen embryo implantation
303
gender
297
human foetus
314
and international criminal law
355
Iran
1587–1590, 1686
Islam
267–269, 274, 276, 278, 282, 283, 285, 300, 308, 311, 319, 321, 323–327, 344, 346, 347, 349, 351
Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League
333
Islamic jurisprudence
355
legitimacy
350
life support
331, 333
lineage
297
Mawlana, teachings
269
medical ethics
284, 334, 335, 342
medical jurisprudence
304, 305
necessity (ḍarūra)
290
normativity
277
organ donation
318, 322
organ transplantation
270, 271, 272, 275, 287, 291, 341
pedagogical parameters
343
prenatal testing
307
religious literacy approach
309
reproductive medicine
310, 315
research ethics
352, 353
Saudi Arabia
2398
Shiʿa
1020
top ten challenges
281
transnational experiences
312
biomedicine. see bioethics
birth control. abortion
52, 66, 67, 75, 77, 88
blasphemy
blasphemer
187
Christianity and Islam
248, 249
Egypt
1413, 2378
images
171
India
1476, 1477
Indonesia
1487, 1501, 1502, 1522, 1523, 1542, 1557
Iran
1607, 1692
Islam
142, 200, 206, 207, 227
legal discourse
195
legality
142
Malaysia
1842
Mauritania
1910
Nigeria
1988
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
2029, 2041, 2042
Pakistan
2194, 2207, 2212, 2223, 2231, 2236, 2239, 2247, 2249, 2268, 2271, 2289, 2378
Qurʿān
936
Rushdie affair
153, 195, 253
Saudi Arabia
2378
secular criticism
150
Shiʿa
1014
as structural violence
219
terrorism
228
theology
208, 209
Tunisia
2541, 2542
violence
183
blood feuds. see blood vengeance
blood money (diya)
357, 358
Algeria
1941
Hanafi law
514
Iran
1648
Kenya
1777
Kuwait
1780
Maghreb
2005, 2006
Mauritania
1919
Morocco
1941
Ottoman Empire
2073
qiṣāṣ
356
Shiʿa
1008
Somalia
2445, 2459
Sudan
2484, 2520
Turkey
2145
United Arab Emirates
2553
women’s rights
359
blood vengeance
revenge vs. retribution
360
Syria
2524
bribery. see corruption
Brunei
financial institutions
1331
incestuous rape
1319
Islamization
1336
LGBTQ rights
1330
magicians
1320
political development
1323, 1333–1335
Sharīʿa
discriminatory laws
1327
history
1321
ḥudūd
1332
introduction
1326
Penal Code
1325, 1328
(history of) penal clauses
1322
social media responses
1329
Caucasus
adat
1337, 1345, 1354
Daghestan
customary law
female circumcision
1352
iškīl
1339
Islamic law
1339, 1349, 1350
Islamic state
1344
jihād State
1346
gender
1340
North Caucasus
Caucasus Emirate
1347, 1353
dispute resolution
1343
femicide
1351
Islam and legal system
1338
radical Islam
1348
sexuality
1340
Sharīʿa
1337, 1341, 1345, 1354
Daghestan
1349
support
1342
violence
1340
capital punishment. see death penalty
Central Asia
Kazakhstan
adat
1355
conflict management
1355
customary law
1360
Khiva
1357, 1358
murder
1360
oath-taking
1356
Sharīʿa
1359, 1361–1363
Turkestan
Sharīʿa courts
1363
Chad
traditional punishments
1364
children
abduction
362
Al-Andalus
1273
Convention on the Rights of the Child
363
doubtful parenthood
894
female genital cutting
463, 481
international human rights
364
Iran
1570, 1578
Islamic legal theory
364, 1116
legitimacy
1196
Maghreb
2017
marriage
481
Saudi Arabia
2345
sexual abuse
361
trafficking
2351
China
alcohol ban
1369
dispute resolution
1367
Islamic law
1365, 1368
Sharīʿa
1366
circumcision (male)
450–455, 474
codification
2403
coffee. see drugs
conflict resolution. see settlement
contraception
conversion
corporal punishment
Iraq
1712
Islamic law
2561
Nigeria
2404
Saudi Arabia
2404
United States
2561
corruption
Arab world
372
Islam(ic societies)
365–367, 369, 371
Middle East
368, 373
unlawfully acquired wealth
370
courts
Afghanistan
1213, 1221
African
1053
Algeria
2475
Central Asia
1356, 1357, 1361–1363
China
1367
Egypt
1387, 1389, 1403, 1417, 1443
European Court of Human Rights
1446–1456
India
1472
Indonesia
1496, 1500, 1511, 1554
International Court of Justice
1564
International Criminal Court
1565–1569, 2000
International Islamic Court of Justice
2034
Iran
1594
Islamic
922, 924, 925, 929
Islamic State
1721
Malaysia
1799, 1828
Morocco
1926, 1938
Nigeria
1958, 1963, 2000
Ottoman
2051, 2057, 2079, 2083, 2084, 2086, 2095, 2117, 2170
Pakistan
2196, 2217, 2276
Saudi-Arabia
2403
Somalia
2453, 2460
Sudan
2475, 2482, 2490, 2507
United Arab Emirates
2545
United States of America
2566
crimes of passion. see honour killings
criminal law. see country-specific entries
criminal procedure
Indonesia
1498
Iran
1614
Malaysia
1815
Nigeria
1991
Saudi Arabia
2343, 2385
criminal responsibility
Islamic law of tort
376, 377
medical responsibility
378
mental health
379
cultural heritage
Islamic law
380, 381, 383, 384
Islamists
382
customary law. tribal law
Afghanistan
1232
Bedouin
1093
Daghestan
1345
early
33
Egypt
1423
Indonesia
1493, 1563
Iraq
1717
Jordan
1762
Nigeria
1981
Palestine
2305, 2309
Qazaq
1360
Saudi Arabia
2368
Somalia
2443
Yemen
2578
Daesh. see Islamic State
ḍarūra. see necessity
Davis, Angela
2572
death penalty
abolition
388, 392, 402
Arab world
390
beheading
391
fatwas
394
fundamentalists
389
hanging
385
Islamic law
396, 398, 401
Middle East
387
Muslim countries
400
offender’s family
395
replacement
393
sexual minorities
399
stoning
1192
and torture
386
Universal Periodic Review
397
victim’s family
395
defamation
Islamic law
404
defence
consent
406
insanity
405
self-defence
407
dhimmīs
ḥadīth
409
Islamic law
408, 411
Islamic world
410
Qurʾān
409
dispute settlement
diya. see blood money
domestic violence
Afghanistan
443
Arab countries
421, 442
Bangladesh
443
honour crimes
435
human rights
418
internet
434
Islam(ic) law
422, 425, 437, 439
Islamic tradition
416
Middle East
433, 438
Muslim community
419, 437
Muslim societies
423
North Africa
433
nushūz
441, 444
Pakistan
443
qiwāma
417
Qurʾān
412, 413, 420, 426, 427, 430, 432, 436, 440, 444
rebellious wife
418, 424, 426, 436
religious leaders’ voices
431
restorative justice
429
wife battery
414, 430, 431, 436
women’s rebellion
415
drugs
109
Arabian Gulf
96
coffee
107, 116, 133
Egypt
1421
geographical extension
120
hashīsh
107, 111, 119, 127, 128, 135, 1421
Iran
1636, 1652
Islamic criminal law
99
Islamic world
100, 110
Khat (qat)
108
Malaysia
1797
Medieval
109
North India
1468
policy
112, 127
Saudi Arabia
2377, 2393
smoking. see tobacco
tobacco
101, 102, 113, 115, 126, 130
United Arab Emirates
2549, 2557
Unites States of America
2569
duress
Islamic law
1820
Malaysia
1820
Qurʿān
243
early Islam
abortion
60
alcohol
1374
arbitration
1373
banditry
1377
conciliation
1383
early customary law
33
excommunication
1375
heresy
1371, 1372
ḥisba
1370, 1380
hold-up murder
1379
Iraq
1708
nabīdh (date wine)
1374
prisoners of war
1373
qāḍī
1381, 1382
Qays, al-Ashʿath b.
1375
rebellion
1377
settlement
1383
stoning
1378
ṭilāʾ (cooked grape juice)
1374
ʿuqūbāt
2318
zinā
1378
Egypt
abortion
1422
Abū Zaid, Naṣr Ḥāmid
1384, 1388, 1395
alcohol
1412
apostasy
1388, 1395, 1407, 1418, 1434, 1442
blasphemy
1413, 2378
conversion
1434
corruption
Ottoman Egypt
1391
courts
evolution, 19th century
1389
criminal defendants
1410
criminal justice system
1409
criminal law
1, 1397
customary law
1423
defence
Mamluks
1877
Ottomans
1877
domestic violence
1445
drug abuse
1421
female genital mutilation
1386, 1387, 1392, 1394, 1396, 1402, 1415, 1432
freedom of expression
1440
freedom of religion
1390, 1411, 1429, 1430, 1434
Ḥāmid, ʿAlāʾ
1440
hashīsh
1421
heresy
1425
Hilālī, Saʿd al-Dīn al-
1433
ḥisba
1384, 1388, 1398, 1419
homosexuality
1426, 2476
human rights
and constitutionalism
1441
Islam
1441, 1433
Supreme Constitutional Court
1403
women
1438
hymenoplasty
1444
intellectual property
1428
Islamic criminal law
1385, 1424
Islamic law
modern Egyptian
1417
victims
2502
Islamist litigation
1414, 1419
law
evolution, 19th century
1389
and religion
1408
legal profession
history
1419
moral regulation
1398
policing
1399
pregnancy
1427
prisons
Ibn Tūlūn
1439
prostitution
1404
public order
1405
Queen Boat case
1426
rape
marital
1416
Ottoman Egypt
1437
religious groups, new
1425
sex change operations
1394, 1436
Sharīʿa
Al-Ashmawy, Saʿīd
1400
in constitution
1401
in courts
1393, 1400, 1417, 1443
debates on introduction
1420
Ottoman Cairo
1417
relation to state law
1406
transitional justice
1083
transsexuality
1392
tribal law
1431
virginity
1392
women
human rights
1438
violence against
1435
Yāsin, ʿAbd al-Ǧawwād
1433
European Court of Human Rights
freedom of religion
1447, 1448, 1450
Islam
1446, 1449, 1451, 1453-1456
right to life
1452
euthanasia
India
1467
Islamic bioethics
348
Islam(ic) law
266, 291, 303, 306, 1946
Malaysia
1792
Nigeria
1946, 2002
Sharīʿa
273
Shiʿa
1006
Sunni theology
279
evidence. proof
Bangladesh
2284
circumstantial
918, 1958
digital
2339
DNA testing
890, 914, 915
function of documents
922, 927
general
912
Islamic law
908, 912, 914
Malaysia
1846
modern technology
915
Morocco
1942
Nigeria
1958
Pakistan
2217, 2284
Saudi Arabia
2339
excommunication. see takfīr
family planning. abortion and birth control
69, 79, 82, 84, 1665
Faraj, Abd al-Salam
1094
fault
445
female circumcision. see female genital mutilation
female genital mutilation
449, 450, 457, 463, 475
Arab League
447
Arab region
463
Azhar University ruling
460
bioethics
470, 471, 479
and child marriage
481
Egypt
1386, 1387, 1392, 1394, 1396, 1402, 1415, 1432
feminist criticism
458
freedom of religion
479
human rights
476, 480
Islam
446, 465, 468, 469, 473, 475, 479
Islamic legal opinions
467
Islamic ruling
474
Islamic world
462, 477
legal aspects
458, 472
Mali
1864
medieval
459
Northeastern Africa
464
prohibition
461
religious arguments
450–456
religious leaders’ position
448
Somalia
2452
Somali women in Western exile
466
Southeast Asia
2466
Sudan
2494
financial crime
banks
485
business ethics
482
fraud
484, 486, 488, 489
insider dealing
489
money laundering
487, 491
prevention
483, 490
prohibition in Islam
490
fiqh
and contemporary legislation
41, 1198
Hanafi
506
Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League
333
Fiqh Council of North America
2569
legal treatises
2058
Mamluk
1902
and science
891
Shiʿa
1004, 1664
uṣūl al-fiqh
571, 953
forensic(s) (medicine)
digital
2339
forensic psychiatry
492
Ottoman
2117
United Arab Emirates
2547
fornication. See also zinā
Hanafi law
508
Ibadi law
857, 858
Ottoman Empire
2072, 2174
Philippines
2317
fraud. see financial crime
freedom of expression. freedom of speech
African Islamic contexts
790
Indonesia
1531
Iran
1649
Islam
190, 204, 221, 936
Islamic law
168, 182
juridical perspective
226
Organization of Islamic Cooperation
2043
Qurʿānic exegesis
936
UN system
245
freedom of religion. apostasy
apostasy
145, 182, 236
Arab cinema
181
Arab spring
203
atheism
201, 234
Awa, Mohamed Selim El-
136
belief in Islam
188
change of religion
146
constitutions of Arab countries
174
conversion
158
Christian-Islamic dialogue
254
and defamation of religion
245
ethics
217
European Court of Human Rights
1450
faith and disbelief
178, 180
fatwas
137
human rights
163, 198, 255, 755
Human Rights Committee
1450
Indonesia
1550
Iran
1579, 1679, 1682
Islam
136, 151, 159, 161, 162, 165, 173, 185, 188, 210, 213, 225, 232, 244, 251, 256, 755
Islamic human rights instruments
189
Islamic law
146, 147, 149, 191
Islamic world
157, 175
Khodr, George
136
Krämer, Gudrun
144
kufr
177
limits of dissent
137, 138
Maghreb
172, 247
Malaysia
1843
Marrakesh Declaration
231
Middle East
235, 247
Muslim view
250
non-Muslims
214
Qurʿān
152, 214–216, 222, 243, 936
Rached Ghannouchi
2543
Religious dissidents
149
religious minorities
233, 242
religious pluralism
141
religious tolerance
144, 179, 194, 197
and secularism
165
Sharīʿa
224
West
252
workplace
1448
UN system
245
freedom of speech. freedom of expression
Islam
196
as universal value
738
gambling
Al-Andalus
1257
board games
494
chess
494
ḥadīth
494
Islamic finance
493
Qurʿān
494
gender. see women
gender justice
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
2040
ḥadīth
1149
historical sources
1149
Islam
1150
Malaysia
1796
Qurʾān
1149
Somalia
2444
genocide
Islam(ic law)
495, 496
Islamic State
1734
jihād
498
theology
497
Germany
Feuerbach, P.J.A.
1459
Islam
and criminal justice
1460
and human rights
1458
and law
1457
grievances. see maẓālim
Gulf Cooperation Council
GCC Human Rights Declaration
1461, 1463
intellectual property rights
1464
Sharīʿa as source of law
1462
Gulf states
1464
ḥadd, ḥudūd
Afghanistan
1242
amputations
500
Barakāt, Yaḥyā b. Abī al-
880
Brunei
1332
human rights
501, 502
human trafficking
856
Indonesia
1519
implementation challenges
1
limitation
933
Malaysia
1790, 1807, 1811, 1826, 1832–1834, 1853
Mali
1866
moratorium
374
Nigeria
1956, 1958, 1992
Pakistan
2189, 2192
Ramadan, Tariq
374
stoning
499, 505, 1192
traditional and modern approaches
504
translation Arabic-Spanish
503
Hanafi law
abortion
510
Abu Hanifa
507
blood money
514
copyright
509
fornication
508
Sarakhsi on war
513
rebellion
507, 511, 512
retribution
506
zinā
508
Hanbali law
abortion
518
ḥisba
521
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya
515, 521
Ibn Qudama
520
Ibn Taymiyya
515–517, 519
repentence
520
Saudi Arabia
2412, 2399
siyāsah sharʿiyya
515–517
hashish. see drugs
heresy
early Islam
1372
Ḥaḍrī, Abū Saʿīd al-
160
Malaysia
1841
Mauritania
1912
Senegal
1912
ḥirāba (banditry)
1
Algeria
259
evolution in Islamic jurisprudence
261, 262
justification
258
Morocco
259
Nigeria
1957
Pakistan
259
significance
258
and terrorism
260, 262
ḥisba
524, 525, 527, 530, 533
Al-Andalus
1260, 1264, 1265, 1268, 1269, 1278
Aleppo
531
early Islam
1370
Egypt
1384, 1398, 1869, 1875
Islamic State
1720, 1730, 1746
Islamic way of life
529
Mamluks
1869, 1875
Maroc
1929
muḥtasib
522, 523, 526, 528
Nigeria
1960
Ottoman Empire
2534
Saladin
530
Shiʿa
1017
Tunisia
2531, 2534
Zaidī
532
homicide
bombers
1030
compassionate killing
538
domestic violence
1583
Egypt
539
familial
594
India
539, 1473, 1478
Iran
1583
Islamic approaches
534
Islamic law
536
Malaysia
1785
murder victims, prominent
535
Ottoman
539
Palestine
2305
pre-Islamic South Arabia
537
Somalia
2445, 2459
tribal
594
homosexuality
as alternative lifestyle
Arab-Muslim world
545
Bisexual Muslims
577
Christians and Muslims
553
classical Arabic literature
583
Egypt
2476
historical representations
563
homophobia
557
homosexual unification
584
human rights
551, 576
Indonesia
1541
internalization of European conceptions
563
internet
575
Iran
1634, 1640, 1672
Islam
548, 565, 569, 573
Islamic world
552
LGBT(QIA)+ rights
561, 570, 572, 580
lesbianism
546, 547, 556, 559, 577, 581
Mali
1864
Massad, Joseph
576
Middle East
568, 578
moral instruction
558
Muslim thought
543
Nigeria
1982
North Africa
568, 2013
Ottoman Empire
2100, 2148
post-colonial theory
queer
554, 566, 570, 579
Qurʿān
571, 579
reglementation of sexual life
582
same-sex marriage
564
same-sex practices
542
sex reassignment surgery
544, 567
Shiʿa
995
sodomy
562
state-enabled killings
541
study
540, 574
Sudan
2476
transgender
544, 567, 577, 585
transsexuals
554
Turkey
2064, 2100
honour killings
Arab criminal legislation
596
congress of female Islamic scholars
601
cultural oppression
588
as domestic violence
592
eradication of
597, 603
familial homicide
594
fatwa
601
general introduction
428
as gendered violence
428, 595
heat-of-passion crimes
587, 598
human rights
589, 605, 608
Islamic perspectives
599, 607
Jordan
1764–1766
literature review
600
marginalization of women
602
multiculturalism
604
Muslim countries
606
perpetrators
593
provocation doctrine
596
psychology
591
reform work
428, 597
as religious obligation
588
research
428
sexual violence in public
610
tribal homicide
594
Turkey
428
use of the term
609
as Western discourse
586
human rights
activists
741
African Court on Human and People’s Rights
649
Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat
732
Algeria
703
Arab constitutions
653, 691
Arab countries
625, 678, 679, 715, 735, 752, 762, 766, 771, 789, 819
Arabic peer-reviewed articles
621
Arab-Islamic philosophy
680
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI)
832
CEDAW
851
Central Asia
702
Christian minorities
814
civil rights
793
conception
713
constitutions
703, 793, 804
debates (contemporary)
643, 644, 689, 728, 801, 820–822
Declaration of Human Rights in Islam
665
democracy
753
education
745
Egypt
703
Euro-Arab dialogue
853
eurocentrism
658
Europe
674, 688, 699
freedom of religion
755, 826
freedom of speech
738
garanties
629, 635
gender (diversity)
686, 720
global context
630, 756
Huntington, Samuel
745
human rights conventions, MENA countries
705
ijtihād
816
INGOs
775
International Bill of Rights
841
international human rights law
616, 620, 637, 683, 720, 733, 738, 807, 809, 836
Islam
611, 613, 617, 619, 622, 623, 624, 632, 634, 630, 639, 642, 648, 650–652, 655–657, 659, 661, 663, 666–668, 673, 675, 676, 681, 682, 684, 692, 696, 697, 701, 704, 708–712, 722, 723, 729, 730, 734, 742, 743, 747, 749–751, 754, 758–761, 764, 773, 774, 776, 777, 781, 782, 794, 796, 797, 799, 800, 803, 806, 810, 812, 817, 818, 825, 827, 833, 834, 835, 838–840, 843, 844, 846–848, 855
Islam-based legal language
805
Islamic countries
620, 770, 772, 787, 811, 814, 1025
Islamic human rights
691
Islamic human rights declarations
672, 685, 804, 823
Islamic identity
647
Islamic law
626, 687, 694, 707, 717, 721, 725, 726, 757, 763, 767, 768, 775, 778, 808, 830, 831, 842
Islamic State
737
judiciary, role
614
LGBT
809
Libya
1782, 1783
limits of tolerance
645
Maldives
1855, 1858
Mediterranean
628
MENA countries
705
Middle East
614, 615, 689, 727
Middle East conflict
737
Morocco
703
movement
678
Muslim minorities
674
Muslim women
615
Muslim world
642, 670, 714
Muslim World League
660
Naʿīm, Abdullāhī An-
641, 662
natural justice
813
neo-colonialism
612
non-Muslims
654, 795, 814
organisations
740
origins
631, 633
Pakistan
736, 1976, 2267, 2282, 2503
political theories
701
postcolonial critiques
658
practice
629, 635
procedural Islamic criminal justice
627
promotion, Western
739
public freedoms, Islamic state
706
Qurʿān
618, 624, 646, 695, 724
Ramadan, Tariq
849
reformist Islam
744
reforms
670, 765, 784
relevance of secularism
620
religious human rights
791
religious minorities
795
rights of God/rights of men
669
Rushdie, Salman. main lemma
671
sexual diversity
720
Shiʿa
636–638, 802, 999–1002, 1007, 1009–1011, 1018
sociology of rights
829
Sunni authors
636–638
theological perspectives
746
Tunisia
703, 2527
United Nations
748
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Muslims’ role
771, 798
universal human rights
700, 731, 769, 845
Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights
640
universality, universalism
664, 677, 693, 726, 745, 765, 779, 780, 783, 785–787, 790, 792, 807, 815, 828, 829, 833
Western
619
women’s rights
690, 698, 716, 718, 719, 837, 851, 852, 854
human trafficking
856
humanitarian law
1118, 1136, 1137, 1139, 1145, 1146,
hymenorrhaphy
1190
Ibadi law
adultery
857
flogging
857
fornication
857, 858
lapidation
857
ijtihād
human rights
816
legal interpretation
859
Pakistan
2261
Qurʿān
938
rape
2261
Shiʿa
1016
Sudan
2471
Ilkhanate, Ilkhans
drugs in Bābur-nāme
1923
Yasa
1920
compared to Sharīʿa
1921, 1922, 1924
imprisonment. see prisons
incest
Arabic literature
860
Brunei
1319
incest rape
962, 1319
Qurʿān
960
India
abortion
1467
adultery
1475
alcohol
1471
blasphemy (law)
colonial India
1477
Rushdie, Salman
1476
death penalty
1467
decapitations
Mughal painting
1469
euthanasia
1467
homicide
Bengal
1478
contemporary
1473
medieval
1473
honour killings
1470
Imrana rape case
1474
Intoxicants
1468, 1472
Islamic law
1466
muftis
1479
right to life
1467
sexuality
1465
Indonesia
abortion
1547, 1558
Aceh
courts
1496, 1554
criminal justice
1524
gender discourse
1544
human rights implementation
1554
Islamic (criminal) law application
1496, 1544
LGBT
1536
morality and Islam
1486
public caning
1546
punishments
1546
Qanun Jinayat
1506, 1511, 1524, 1526, 1530
rape victims
1504
reform of Islamic law
1507
religious police
2427
sexuality politics
1521
sexual violence
1506
Sharīʿa
1511, 1517, 1552, 1555
transitional justice
2540
veil
1532
Ahmadiyya
1494
alcohol
1525
blasphemy (laws)
1487, 1489, 1501, 1502, 1522, 1557, 2289
Ahok case
1542
human rights
1522
constitution
human rights provisions
1520
constitutional court
religion in decisions
1500
corruption
1488, 1519
Council of Indonesian Ulama
1512
Criminal Code
1495, 1497, 1499
Criminal Procedure Code
1498
customary law
criminal law
1563
Mandar
1493
death penalty
1534
defamation online
1841
domestic violence
1480, 1537, 1562, 1563
freedom of religion
1537
Islamic criminal law
1481
faculty of Islamic law
mainstreaming human rights
1551
female genital mutilation
1508, 1535
freedom of expression
1531
freedom of religion
1484, 1509, 1513, 1528, 1529, 1533, 1550, 1556
Muhammadiyah
1528
Nahdlatul Ulama
1528
homosexuality
1541
ḥudūd
1519
human rights
1503, 1515, 1522, 1549
Islamic Defenders Front (FPI)
1540
Islamic jurisprudence
internal debates
1492
LGBTI rights
1545
Nahdlatul Ulama
1528
Nusantara
Islamic and adat law
1560
policing religious conflicts
1539
pornography
1482, 1483, 1540, 1561
prostitution
1483
qadhf
1491
Qanun Jinayat
1510
rape
1491, 1504, 1548
religious minorities
1527
religious police
2427
restorative justice
1563
Sharīʿa
and Adat law
1538
national school of law
1518
Penal Codes, Gayo
1485
and politics
1553
women
1505, 1514, 1516
Shihab, Habib Rizieq
1540
slander (qadhf)
1491
transitional justice
2540
veil
1543
vigilantism
1559
women
Islamic law
1514
Sharīʿa bylaws implementation
1505
women’s rights
1516
intellectual property rights
Islamic law
861–863, 865, 866, 868
Islamic principles
870
Islamic sources
867
Middle East
864
patenting of genes
869
TRIPS
865
intent
Hanbali law
2412
in Islamic legal acts
871
Saudi Arabia
2412
Shiʿa
1015
International Court of Justice
Islamic law
1564
International Criminal Court
Islamic criminal jurisdiction
1567
Islamic law
compatibility
1566
role of Islam
1569
Rome Statute
implementation
1565
traditional Islamic scholarship
war crimes
1568
international criminal law
bioethics
355
Islamic socio-legal norms
872
intoxicants. see drugs
Iran
abortion
1587, 1588, 1590, 1627, 1642, 1666
alcohol
1586, 1651
Amini, Mahsa
1637
amputations, punitive
1605
apostasy
1624, 1645
Aghajari, Hashem
1649
abolition
1632
cases in Brazil
1646
Eshkevari, Hassan Yousefi
1649
Baha ʾi
1602, 1626
Basij
1622
beating
1648
bioethics
1589, 1705
embryo research
1686
filiation
1689
legislation
1705
blasphemy
1607, 1692
blood money
1648
capital punishment. see death penalty
change of religion
1584
child justice system
1570, 1571
cohabitation
1664
constitution
2503
death penalty
1656
conversion
1669
criminal law. Penal Code
1580, 1582, 1612, 1660
classic Islamic
1701
loss of free will
1674
passive personality principle
1678
personal personality principle
1678
criminal mediation
1700
criminal procedure
1614
criminal responsibility
gender inequalities
1694
death penalty
1239, 1593, 1647, 1691, 1702
constitution
1656
gender discrimination
1581
juveniles
2394
Penal Code
1656
diya
1670
domestic violence
1583, 1594, 1697
courts
1594
police departments
1594
drug (addiction)
1575, 1620, 1636, 1652
embryo research
1686
enemy criminal law
1662
execution
children
1578
family planning
1665
financial crime
1661
freedom of religion
1579, 1584, 1676
gender
1659
hijāb
1658
homicide
1583
homosexuality
1598, 1634, 1640, 1641, 1672, 1703
human rights
1576, 1604, 1606, 1610, 1616, 1619, 1626, 1644, 1677, 1687
Baha ʾi
1626
consensus
1677
constitution
2503
critique of conservative positions
1675
defenders
1628
economic analysis
1603
Twelver-Shiite Islam
1591
women (’s rights)
1657, 1671
hymenoplasty
1704
idolatry
1641
imprisonment
1623, 1695
insurance
1597
juvenile justice
1570, 1613, 1635
legal reform
1608
lūṭīs
1598
medical ethics
1643
money laundering
1661
moral order
1617, 1622, 1638
music
1572
Penal Code. criminal law
1629, 1634
death penalty
1656
homosexuality
1634
petitions
1688
police (forces)
1621
prisoners
1650
prisons
1585, 1592, 1595, 1618, 1631, 1667, 1668, 1680, 1681
massacre (1988)
1609, 1663
Naraghi, Ehsan
1668
women
1577, 1601, 1673
prostitution
1617
protests
juridical background
1690
punishment
1599, 1648
qiṣāṣ
1684
ritual shaming
1699
Sharīʿa
1633
sociology
1599, 1600
Qābel, Ahmad
1682
Qajars
1573
qiṣāṣ
1670, 1684
religious police
2428
retaliation. see qiṣāṣ
Safavid Iran
1654, 1683
Satanic Verses
1692
sexual minorities
1625
sexual politics
1574
sexual prohibitions
1639
social control. moral order 1621, 1638
sodomy
1641
stoning
1596
suicide
1611
tobacco
1655, 1653
torture
1698
transsexuality
1630, 1640
violence
1693
virginity
1704
wine (culture)
1615, 1683
women
human rights
1657
public presence
1685
sexual rights
1672
violence against
1679
wounding
1648
Iraq
Alcohol
1706, 1707
amputations
1711
corporal punishment
1712
customary law
1717
early Islamic
1708
gender equality
1713
honour crimes
1709
human rights
1713
Islamic law
1714–1716
Islamic reformism
1713
Islamic State, ISIS, Daesh. see main lemma
religious freedom
1713
tribal law
1710, 1717
irtidād. see apostasy
Islamic criminal law
Arab criminology
26
bibliography
45
challenges of execution
1
contemporary
6, 17
criminal history
29
enemy criminal law (Feindstrafrecht)
43
general introduction
3, 12, 14, 19, 25, 27, 28, 31, 34–36, 40, 42
Islamic world
2
jurisdiction
9
legislation
9
medieval
30
reforms
5
re-Islamization
22, 23
sins, punishment
7
translation and transformation
18
Islamic international law
authority to use force
873
emerging branch of law
873
ius ad bellum
1722
use of force
874, 1133
Islamic law
early customary law
33
general introduction
4, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16, 21, 38, 39, 44
historical development
25
institutions
10
judicial practice
10
and justice
37
law and morality
20
legislative period
32
modern world
24
re-Islamization of legal systems
22, 23
Islamic State (IS, ISIS, Daesh)
administration documents
1747
beheading
1741
Christians
1734
courts
1721
cultural heritage
1725
executions
1736, 1748
femicide
1742
genocide
1729, 1734
ḥisba
1719, 1720, 1746
human rights
1726
immolation (taḥrīq)
1727
and Islam
1723, 1731
ius ad bellum
1722
jihadist justice
1724
jurisprudence
1724
law
1743
media
1735
narratives
1745
policing
1719
rule
1743
sexual violence
1728, 1737, 1744
shirk (polytheism)
1739
slavery
1718, 1726
takfīr
1732, 1733, 1735, 1740
violence
1739, 1743
Wahhabism
1733
women
1730, 1738
Yazidis
1729
Israel
honour crimes
1749, 1750
ṣulḥa
1751–1755
jihād. war
abandoning
785
atonement
1045
conversion
148
death by
1045
and genocide
498
Indonesia
1494
jihadist justice
Libya
1724
Syria
1724
Taliban
1217
jihadi violence
Mali
1865, 1867
Qurʾān
1046, 1066
Salafism
1038
suicide
1041, 1042
theology
1046
Tunisia
2531
violence
1103
war, laws
1131, 1144
Zaidis
2578
Jordan
blood money
1761
blood revenge
1760
civil liability
1771
criminal law
1763
dispute resolution
1757, 1762, 1774, 1775
honour killing
1756, 1758, 1764–1768, 1772, 1773, 1776, 2275
jalwa (forced evacuation after a tribal conflict)
1774
rape
1759
sexual violation
1769
virginity discourse
1770
juvenile justice. children
Pakistan
2226
Saudi Arabia
2347
Kenya
blood money
1777
Jini narratives
1777
Khat (qat, see drugs
)
Kuwait
abortion
1778
blood money
1780
civil law
1780
human life
1779
larceny. see theft
legality
875
legal uncertainties. see doubt
lesbianism. see homosexuality
LGBTQ+
Arab world
572
Brunei
1330
Indonesia
1536, 1545
Middle East
549, 580
religion and sexual minorities
577
Sharīʿa law
561, 809
Sudan
2515
liability. see criminal responsibility
Libya
abortion
1781
Green Book
1782, 1783
human rights
1782, 1783
Islamic law
1784, 2014, 2551
transitional justice
1083
limitation
fixed and discretionary punishments
933
liwāṭ. see homosexuality
Maghreb
anthropophagy
2013
blood money (diya)
2005, 2006, 2016
cynophagy
2013
Fatimids
persecution of ʿulamāʾ
2004
freedom of religion
2007, 2011
ḥisba
2019
homosexuality
2013
human rights
2018
Islamic law
2014, 2015
paternity
DNA testing
2017
qāḍīs
medieval Maghreb
1266
sleeping foetus
2008–2010, 2012
zinā
2003
Malaysia
amputation (penal)
1800
apostasy
1799, 1812, 1827, 1842
blasphemy
1842
constitutional order
religion
1839
criminal justice system
1847
criminal law
1835
Islamic
1845
criminal procedure
1815
criminology
1829
ḍarūra. see necessity
death penalty
1848
defamation
1836, 1841
defence
necessity
1805, 1820
evidence law (Islamic)
1846
euthanasia
1792
female circumcision
1791, 1808
freedom of expression
1838
freedom of religion
1801, 1817, 1827, 1838, 1843
gender justice
1796
Harm Reduction Programme
1823
heresy
1842
homicide
1785
homosexuality
1830
antisodomy laws
1830
identity
1840
religion
1840
ḥudūd
application
1807, 1811
in blogs
1833
controversy
1832
elections
1834
political role
1853
punishments
1853
Razak, Najib
1834
theory
1811
human rights
1789, 1804, 1812
apostasy
1812
freedom of religion
1843
Sharīʿa
1819
women
1844
Islamic banks
criminal liability
1852
Islamic law. See also Sharīʿa
British administration
1818
contextualisation
1816
criminal law
1826, 1845
euthanasia
1792
evidence law
1846
implementation
1787, 1849, 1850
necessity (ḍarūra)
1820
politics
1824, 1825
right to die
1788
robbery
1794
women
1802
Islamists
elections
1786
Islamization
1814
criminal law
1835
policy
1837
Salafi
1831
Joy, Lina
1812
Kelantan
female circumcision
1808
ḥudūd
1811, 1832
Syariah Criminal Code
1790, 1811
morality
1806
moral policing
1813, 1821
necessity (ḍarūra)
1805, 1809, 1820, 1823
Pengkids
1851
polygamy
1822
rape
1790, 1795
religion
offences against
1827, 1839
right to die
1788
robbery
1794
sexuality
illicit
1821
legal
1822
Pengkids
1851
Sharīʿa. Islamic law
1798
apostasy
1799, 1842
blasphemy
1842
contesting
1819
courts
1828
Criminal Code, Kelantan
1790
criminal law
1826, 1835
defamation
1836
heresy
1842
politics
1977
reform
1803
siyāsah sharʿiyya
1810
Terengganu
ḥudūd
1832
whipping
1797
women’s rights
1806, 1844
zinā
1790
Maldives
CEDAW
1858
criminal law
development
1
reforms
1857, 1860
system
1854
equality
1855
gender
1856
human rights
1855, 1858
Ibn Battuta
1859
imprisonment
1861
Islam
and politics
1862, 1863
legal system
1857
non-discrimination
1855
Penal Code
1861
Sharīʿa punishments
1913
Mali
Azawad, Emirate of
1867
female genital mutilation
1864
homosexuality
1864
jihadist
governance
1867
violence
1865
stoning
1866
Maliki law
abortion
878
apostasy
883
blasphemy
876
children’s rights
Al-Andalus
1281
Christian prisoners
877
ḥudūd
880
Ibn Rushd
jināyāt (offences)
879
legal capacity
minors
881
slaves
881
Mauritania
1909
Nigeria
1989
Sīdī Khalīl
882
al-Wansharīsī
877
Mamluks
adultery
1878
alcohol
1890, 1894
Alexandria
1881
banishment
1872
Baybars
religious policy
1886
bondage
1895
bribery
1892
captives
Franks, in Cairo
1885
Muslim
1880
Circassian Mamluks
privatization of justice
1883
coffee consumption
1887
criminality
1895
Damascus
judiciary
1888, 1903
urban riots
1891
defence
Egypt
1877
discharge from service
1872
Franks
captives
1885
judging of
1870
gender
1895
hashīsh
1889
ḥisba
1868, 1869, 1875, 1876, 1900, 1901
hoarding
1900
homoeroticism
Mamluk elite
1897
literature
1899
Ibn Khaldun
1893
imprisonment
1872
interpreters
1873
Islamic law
1882
judging
Christians
1871
Franks
1870
judiciary
Egypt
1893
justice system
1879, 1882
prisons
1881
qaḍāʾ
Egypt
1898
Syria
1884
qasāma
1873
riots
Damascus
1891
Sharīʿa
1902
slaves
1895
trials
Salib (d. 1512)
1871
violence
political
1874
women
1896
marital rape. see rape
martyrdom. suicide
Christian martyrs
227, 1871
Ḥallāj, al-
143, 1204
Islam
1037
Palestinian resistance
1028
scriptual approaches
186
suicide (bombings)
1036, 1038, 1046
Mauritania
adultery
1909
blasphemy
1910
blood money (19th cent.)
1919
conflict resolution
1906
defence
1907
diya
traffic accidents
1905
importance of forgiveness
1904
domestic violence
1916
heresy
1912
human rights
1917
Islamic law
2014
justice system
1911, 1915
Maliki law
1909
Mkhaitir affair (blasphemy)
1910
paternity
1909
penal law
1918
Sharīʿa
identity crime
1914
punishments
1913
women
victims
1908, 1916
maẓālim (grievances)
development
885
origins
885
theory and practice
886
walī al-maẓālim
884
money laundering. see financial crimes
Mongols. see Ilkhanate
morality legislation
902
morality policing. see policing
Morocco
alcohol
1927
apostasy
1930, 1931
blood money
1941
captives
1936, 1939
criminal justice
1940
domestic violence
2366
evidence
1942
executions
1936
financial reparation
1941
freedom of religion
1930, 1931
ḥisba
1929
human rights
1941
Ibn Rushd
fatwas on theft
1932
legal pluralism
1938
Moulei Ismaël
1936
murder
1932
oath taking
1942
paternity lawsuits
1926
penal system
1925, 1935
sexual crimes
1935
sexuality
1928
sexual politics
1928
sexual practices
1928
sleeping fœtus
1933
theft
1932
tribal law
1934, 1937
witnesses
1942, 1942
women
legal situation
1211
necessity (ḍarūra)
biomedical interventions
290
as defence
1805
fatwas
887
Islamic jurisprudence
888, 1823
Malaysia
1823
medical
887, 1809
negligence
medical
889
Nigeria
abortion
1993
arbitration
2474
Bello, Muhammad
zinā
1974
blasphemy
1951, 1988
Boko Haram
1961, 1962, 1975, 1990
Maliki jurisprudence
1989
capital punishment
1239, 1949, 1987
constitution
Sharīʿa applicability
1966
corporal punishment
2404
criminal justice sector
1972, 1986
criminal law
history
1959
Islamic
1973
defence
1965
diya
British colonial Nigeria
1948
domestic violence
1971
euthanasia
1946, 2002
ḥirāba
Zamfara State
1957
ḥisba
1960
homosexuality
1982
ḥudūd
circumstantial evidence
1958
Penal Code
1992
Qurʿān
1995
Sharīʿa activism
1956
human rights
constitutionalism
1952
non-Muslim minorities
1947
Hussaini, Safiya
1954
Kaduna State
Sharīʿa dynamics
1984
Kano
conflict resolution
1967
Emir Abbas, judicial council
1964
police
1969, 1970
vigilantism
1985
Kebbi State
Sharīʿa dynamics
1984
Lawal, Amina
1976
Penal Code
1992, 1996
police
Sharīʿa enforcement
1983
policing
1961, 1962
reconciliation
2474
religious freedom
1953
religious persecution
1968
Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act
1982
Sharīʿa
and common law
1981
courts
1943
criminal procedure codes
1991
and customary law
1981
enforcement
1983
federalism
1979
historical roots
1998
implementation
1980, 1955
and International Criminal Court
2000, 2001
politics
1977
as public law
1997
punishments
1994
Westernization, in Emirates
1999
Sokoto
Sharīʿa courts
1943
zinā
1975
stoning
1963
suicide bombers
1990
Yorubaland
Sharīʿa law
1945
Zamfara State
ḥisba
1957
zinā
1944, 1950, 1963, 1974, 1978, 1996
North Africa. see Maghreb
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
abortion
2025
blasphemy
2026, 2041, 2042
Cairo Declaration
832, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2027, 2028, 2030, 2031, 2037, 2045, 2046
equality
2021
and European Convention on Human Rights
2026
freedom of expression
2043
gender identity rights
2021
gender justice
2040
hate speech
2044
human rights
2032, 2036, 2038
International Islamic Court of Justice
2034
non-discrimination
2021
permanent human rights commission
2039
protecting religion
2044
religious censorship
2043
sexual orientation
2021
United Nations Human Rights Council
2033
women’s rights
2024, 2031, 2035
Ottoman Empire
abortion
2060, 2091, 2105, 2167
adultery
2092
alcohol
brotherhoods
2o98
bureaucracy
2129
and crime
2183
history
2113
Istanbul
2133, 2173, 2179
prohibition
2173
wine taverns
2173, 2179
apostasy
2110
arson
2176
baghy (rebellion)
Islamic law
2166
legal commentaries
2132
networks of violence
2108
banditry
2106, 2107
Ayntab
2168, 2169
Chechens in Mardin
2180
bandits
2078
blood libel
2074
blood money
2145
bribery
2053
Capitulations
theft
2068
captives
Polish, in Crimea
2131
prisoners of war
2154
and slaves
2153
captivity
2088, 2109
conflict resolution
2128
copyright
2184
corruption
in Baghdad
2122
in bureaucracy
2111
genesis of
2175
Islamic law
2140
law enforcement
2087
tax management
2053
court(s)
dispute resolution
2086
Istanbul register
2084
Crete
conflicts, state intervention
2126
criminal justice system
2127
crime
2048, 2049, 2061, 2090
criminal code
2093
criminal justice
implementation
2182
Iraq
2182
reform, Rusçuk
2079
criminal law
blood money
2073
retaliation
2073
Sultan Sulaiman
2120
Damascus
judiciary
1903
dead
examination of
2143
death penalty
Hanım, Emine
2164
defence
Egypt
1877
dhimmīs
legal status
2112
women nudity
2158
dispute resolution
2087
document forgery
2110
drugs
history
2130
feuds
Albania
2062
forensic medicine
2117
fornication
female culpability
2174
fratricide
2076, 2097
fraud
2139
gender
body politics
2060
Greece
courts, women
2095
grievance administration (shikayet)
Rumelia
2177
Ḥalabī, Ibrāhīm Al-
on baghy (rebellion)
2132
Hanım, Emine
2164
heresy
religion of Abraham
2161
trial
2075
heretics
2096
heterodoxy
2055
homicide
2067
homosexuality
2064
decriminalization
2148
history
2100
Istanbul
2138
honour
2107
honour crimes
2081
infidels
2096
irtidād (apostasy)
2110
Islamic courts
2170
Islamic law
centrality of
2140
itlāf (destruction)
2083
Jews
adultery
2070–2072
blood money
2073
forced labour
2069
retaliation
2073
judiciary
Damascus
1903
justice
discourses
2108
and the Sultan
2137
Kızılbaş
accusations
2080
law
enforcement
2152
fornication
2174
rule of
2155
of war and peace
2149
lawmaking
through translation
2144
legal change
2150
Şeriat courts
2051
legal treatises (al-rasāʾil al-fiqhiyya
) 2058
Lutsch, Johannes
2109
morality discourse
2141
murder cases
2067, 2085
poison
2176
Hanım, Emine
2164
Ottoman Middle East
sexual discourse
2188
penal law
Egypt
1877
piracy
2178
police
2059, 2135, 2136, 2142, 2171
accountability
2151
dysfunction
2125
honour
2136
Istanbul
2125
marrying “unchaste” women
2059
misconduct
2125
social control
2012, 2103
policemen
making of
2142
policing
morality
2186
the poor
2099, 2102
public sphere
2101
urban
2061
prisons
2049
Ankara
2160
birth of
2159
design
2160
Istanbul
2047
Izmir
2047, 2050
women’s
2165
prisoner (of war)
2154
legal status
2104
Sebastiano Molin
2154
women
2165
prostitution
2063
in Beyoğlu
2147
prevention
2156
prostitutes
2077, 2094
public order
2096, 2163
punishment(s)
2048, 2049, 2123
marketplace
2052
politics of
2159
Saljūqs
2134
qadhf
2081
rebellion. See also baghy
Islamic law
2166
legal commentaries
2132
rebels
2181
religion of Abraham
as a sign of heresy
2161
repression
2052
ribā (forbidden interest)
2114
ritual murder
2056
rule of law
2155
Saljūqs
punishment
2134
sex crimes
2185
sexual discourse
2188
sexuality
983, 2115
Sharīʿa courts
2057
Sharīʿa judiciary
2054
siyāsah sharʿiyya
2172
slander
2081
slavery
2178
social control
2048, 2078, 2103, 2185, 2187
ṣulḥ
2124
surveillance
2101
taʿzīr
2082
theft
2157
tobacco
2116, 2162
violence
banditry
2106
marketplace
2052
networks
2108
urban
2061
war
combatant
2104
legislation
2120
women
2115
zinā
2174
Pakistan
abortion law
2253
Ahmadi Muslims
excommunication
2250
extralegal killing
2199
apostasy
and marriage
2190
Mumtaz Qadri case
2238
blasphemy (laws)
2194, 2239
Asia Bibi case
2231
British-India
2248, 2271
history
2247, 2248, 2271
human rights perspective
2207
Islamization
2236
legal regulation
2378
Penal Code
2249
politics
2247
radicalization
2223
religious minorities
2262
religious pluralism
2212
as structural violence
2268
trends
2289
Christianity
conversion to
2218
constitution
2503
crime
2269
criminal law
Azad Jammu
2255
application
2189
Kashmir
2255
mental illness
2241
position of women
2195
re-Islamization
1835
death penalty
abolition
2193, 2224, 2287
critique of abolitionism
2215
hanging
2230
international human rights law
2232
Mumtaz Qadri case
2238
qiṣāṣ and diya
2249
Universal Periodic Review
2260
defence
grave and sudden provocation
2191
diya
2200
domestic violence
443, 2225
evidence
2217, 2284
forensics
2217
freedom of religion
2252, 2277
gender violence
2280, 2281
honour crimes
2280
brothers kill sisters
2209
Karo-Kari
2265
killing
2275, 2299
Hudud Ordinance
2192, 2206, 2245, 2285, 2293
rape
2222
reforms
2253
repeal
2206
women
2285
zinā
2285
human rights
constitution
2503
Mai, Mukhtar
1976, 2267
system
736
treaties
2282
Islamic law
protection of minorities
2229
protection of women
2229
Islamization programme
position of women
2216
Juvenile Justice System Act
2018 2226
Lahore High Court
virginity tests
2276
law enforcement
2254
life imprisonment
2283
maẓālim
886
morality policing
2204, 2286
moral regulation
2291
paramilitarism
2214
Penal Code
2201
penal cultures
2297
policing
2290
prisons
2290
public punishment
2230
Purdah
2204, 2286
Qisas and Diyat Law
2198, 2240, 2257
Azad Jammu
2255
Kashmir
2255
law and practice
2295
rape
2228, 2253, 2261, 2294, 2300
class and gender
2300
Hudood Ordinance
2222
marital
2278
Mukhtar Mai case
2234, 2267
politics
2208
Supreme Court
2196
zinā biʾl-jabr
2261, 2279
restorative justice
2213
Sharīʿa
2296
laws (1979)
2242
impact on women
2242
punishments
2233
sexuality
criminalization
2237
sexual rights
2298
Supreme Court
rape
2196
taʿzīr
2258
theft
2292
transgender rights
2272
tribal law
1934
Universal Periodic Review
2260
violence
honour-based
2205
on women
2210, 2219, 2301
virginity tests
2276, 2298
women
access to justice
2235
bibliography
2266
convicts
2288
Islam
2264, 2266
Islamization
2251, 2302
police abuse
2221
sexual harassment
2220
sharīʿa laws (1979)
2242
social policy
2246
women’s movement
2202
women’s rights
2197, 2203, 2211, 2216, 2256, 2293
Women Protection Bill
2259, 2279
Zia-ul-haq, Muhammad
Islam
2274
legal developments
2274
Zina Ordinance
asylum claims in US, based on
2568
cases
2259
debate
2243
gender discrimination
2227
imprisonment
2244
reform
2270
repealing
2273
zinā biʾl-jabr
2279
Palestine, Palestinian Territories
arbitration
2309
Bedouin law
2303, 2309
capital punishment
2314
criminal law
1
cult (culture) of death
2307, 2314
customary law
homicide
2305, 2309
Hamas
2310
honour crimes
2311, 2315
criminal justice system
2312
West Bank
2312
justice
informal
2308
sexual norms
disowning family members
2306
Sharīʿa
and siyāsa
2314
ṣulḥa
2304, 2313, 2316
ʿulamāʾ
cult of death
2307
paternity
classical texts
892
DNA evidence
890–893, 2017
doubtful
892
Islamic law
892, 893
Maghreb
2017
maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa
890
Morocco
1926
Saudi Arabia
2331
personal safety
right to
871
Philippines
fornication
2317
piracy
fight against
895
legal norms
895
Ottoman Mediterranean
2178
police
Afghanistan
1236, 1247
Indonesia
2427
Iran
1594, 1621
Islamic State
2427
Nigeria
1969, 1970, 1983
Ottoman Empire
2059, 2079, 2103, 2125, 2135, 2136, 2142, 2151, 2171, 2187
Pakistan
2221, 2286
religious police
896, 898, 2426, 2427
Saudi Arabia
2348, 2406, 2409, 2426, 2433
Sudan
2479
policing
Cairo
1399
community-based
1247
gender
900
Indonesia
1539, 2427
Iran
1637
Islamic State
1719, 2427
Istanbul
2061
Malaysia
1813, 1821
militarized policing
897
morality policing
898, 900, 901, 1813, 1821, 2186
Muslim communities
899
Nigeria
1962, 1970
Ottoman Empire
2099, 2186
Pakistan
2204, 2213, 2286, 2290
religious conflicts
1539
Saudi Arabia
2389, 2425, 2427
sexuality
900
Sudan
2479
Tunis
2535
pre-Islamic
conflict resolution
2320
homicide
537
infanticide
2322
law, Arab
2321
legal traditions
2319, 2323
South-Arabia
homicide
537
ʿuqūbāt
2318
prevention
drug abuse
2549
financial crime
483, 490, 1331
in Islam
903
suicide
1035
vice
2397, 2426, 2428
prisoners
Christian
877
fatwa
877
Iran
1681
Islamic law
904, 1142
Ottoman Empire
2165
violation of basic rights
904
of war
1120, 1135, 1142, 1145, 1146, 1205, 1373
prisons
Abbasid
1208
Afghan
1237
Alexandria
1881
Ibn Ṭūlūn
1439
Iran
1577, 1585, 1592, 1595, 1601, 1609, 1650, 1667, 1668, 1673, 1680, 1681, 1695
Maldives
1861
Mamluk
1872, 1881
medieval
905, 906
Ottoman Empire
2047, 2049, 2050, 2079, 2159, 2160, 2165
Pakistan
2206, 2244, 2283, 2290
Saudi Arabia
2362, 2424
Sudan
2477
United States
2564
procedure
1, 916
court
909, 922
criminal
923
Indonesia
1498
Iran
1614
Malaysia
1815
Nigeria
1991
Saudi Arabia
2343, 2348, 2385
defendant’s appearance in court
929
Islamic law
39, 908, 922
judicial investigation
926
proof
920
facilitating reporting/testimony
966
oath
judicial
919
qasāma
911, 917
sexual crimes
966
witnesses
913, 923
expert witnesses
924
women
907, 910, 925, 928
written
921
zinā
1958
public order
Egypt
1405
Ottoman Empire
2163
Sudan
2486
Tunis
2535, 2542
punishment
Afghanistan
1218, 1230
apostasy
139
banditry
260
capital
386, 392, 393, 401, 1210, 1218, 1949
crime
30
eternal
956
HIV/AIDS
935
India
1469
Indonesia
1496, 1497, 1498, 1519, 1526, 1530, 1541, 1542, 1546
Iran
1575, 1581, 1582, 1593, 1599, 1600, 1633, 1634, 1648, 1656, 1698, 1699
Iraq
1712
Islamic law
930, 934
justification
932
Libya
2551
Malaysia
1797
Maldives
1861, 1913
Mauritania
1913
medieval
30
Nigeria
1949, 1987, 1995, 2404
Ottoman Empire
2048–2050, 2052, 2070, 2159
Pakistan
2224, 2230, 2232, 2233, 2241, 2257, 2287, 2292
Palestine
2314
Qatar
2551
Qurʿān
956, 957, 1188
religious
932
Saljūqs
2134
Saudi Arabia
2352, 2360, 2362, 2374, 2380, 2401, 2404, 2407, 2418, 2420
sins
7
Sudan
2491
taʿzīr
931, 933, 2082
terrorism
260
translation
2144
unbelievers
160
United Arab Emirates
2551
United States of America
2560, 2561, 2564
wifes
426
zinā
857, 955, 1188
qadhf
Near Eastern legal traditions
403
Ottoman Empire
2081
Qurʾān
403
rape
1491
qasāma
grammar
917
historical
911
Mamluk
1873
Qatar
domestic violence
2325
human rights
2327
liability
medical
2329
mens rea
2328
Penal Code
2328
Sharīʿa punishments
2551
violence
women
2324–2326
qatl. see homicide
qiṣāṣ (retribution)
Afghanistan
1242
Islamic criminal law
19, 356
Pakistan
2198, 2240, 2255, 2257, 2295
victim’s family
979
Qurʾān
adultery
955
believers
947
Christianity
1066
dhimma
409
domestic violence
412, 413, 420, 426, 427, 430, 432, 440, 444, 986
exegesis
contextualist approaches
954
women
950
extra-marital sex
1184
female genital mutilation
456
female infanticide
2322
freedom of religion
936
homosexuality
543, 559, 571, 579
prohibition
953
ḥudūd
951
human rights. see main lemma
ijtihād
938
illicit sex
961, 1183, 1184, 1188
incest law
960
Indonesia
1482
infidels (kāfirūn)
947, 956
Islamic criminal law
937
jihād
1066
just society
943
legal verses
application today
938
monotheistic legal traditions
951
muḥṣanāt
945
murder
2384
Nigeria
1995
penal prescriptions
951
pre-marital sex
1184
punishment (stories)
956, 957
qadhf
403
Qurʾān: 4:24
949, 959
rape
965
repentance
520
Roman legal traditions
940
and Sharīʿa
942
sexual ethics
980
sexual purity
961
as source of law
939, 942, 952
stoning
951
Sura of the Bees
wine
958
Sūrat an-Nisāʾ
941, 946
Sūrat an-Nūr
punishment for adultery
955
terrorism
1073
violence
1098
war
1117
wine
958
women
950, 1174
dress prescriptions
944
human status
948
testimony
907, 910
zinā
945
Ramadan, Tariq
374, 375, 849
rape
Afghanistan
1233
age of consent
968
Algeria
1286
Bangladesh
1312
Brunei
1319
criminal law
1172
Egypt
1416, 1437
incest rape
962, 1319
India
1474
Indonesia
1491, 1504, 1548
Islamic law
963, 964, 968
Jordan
1759
Malaysia
1790, 1795
Pakistan
2196, 2208, 2222, 2228, 2234, 2253, 2261, 2278, 2294, 2300
Qurʿān
965
Somalia
2441, 2457
Sudan
2516, 2522
testimony
966
United Arab Emirates
2555
Victims
967
witnesses
966
rebellion
early Islam
1377
Hanafi
511, 512
historiography
971, 972
Ibn ʿAffān, ʿUthmān
972
Islamic discourse
973
Islamic law
969, 974, 975
Ottoman Empire
2108, 2166
public international law
970
Shafiʿi
511
rebels. see rebellion
repentance
Islam
976
Qurʿān
520
restorative justice
domestic violence
1563
forgiveness
978
intimate partner violence
429
Islamic law
977
Pakistan
2213
Sudan
2520
United States of America
2564
retribution. see qiṣāṣ
ridda. see apostasy
robbery
Malaysia
1794
Rushdie, Salman
153, 195, 253, 671, 1476
Russia. see Caucasus, Central Asia
sariqa. see theft
Saudi-Arabia
Abu Al-Khair, Waleed
2372
attorney-client confidentiality
2353
bioethics
2398
blasphemy
2378
Board of Grievances
2388, 2419
development
2376
jurisdiction
2408
reform
2376
role
2408
capital punishment. see death penalty
child trafficking
2351
codification
2333, 2403
Commission for Investigation and Public Prosecution (CIP)
2343
constitution
2503
corporal punishment
2404
corruption
2349, 2423
Christian worshippers
2415
crime
2338
criminal acts
2340
criminal law
2380
cases
2390, 2391
Ibn Qudama
2367
legal doubt (shubha)
2367
mapping
2391
Penal Code
2414
reform
2414
trends
2417
criminal justice system
2356
criminal procedure
2385
customary law
Zahran confederation
2368
death penalty
2334, 2384, 2420, 2437
demand by Australian
2436
juveniles
2394
murder of Faiṣal Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
2384
Pakistani migrants
2374
religious beliefs
2344
Universal Periodic Review
2401, 2402
Death of a Princess (film)
2416, 2431
defamation
2372
defence
insanity
2336
domestic violence
2341, 2346, 2357, 2365, 2366, 2400
drugs
2375, 2377
distribution
2393
smuggling
2393
usage
2393
evidence
2339
executions
2361
forensics
2339
Gilford case
2405
Hanbali law
law and social change
2399
niyya (intention)
2412
human rights
attitude
1619
children
2345
constitution
2503
domestic and international
2342
executions
2361
flogging
2418
geopolitics
2410
Islam
2422
Kashoggi, Jamal
2330
Sharīʿa application
2411
women
2345, 2369, 2438, 2439
human trafficking
2351
Ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, Faiṣal
2384
Ibn Qudama
2367
identity theft
2355
imprisonment
2362
incarceration
2352
incitement
2372
intention (niyya)
2412
International Criminal Court (ICC)
2354
international law
2373
Islamic fundamentalism
2432
Islamic law
judiciary
2382
judges
female
2332
judiciary
2335, 2370, 2382
juvenile delinquency
2337, 2347, 2407
juvenile justice
2347
Kashoggi, Jamal
2330
law
2559
human rights
2422
nature of
2340
lawyers
2421
legal doubt (shubha)
2367
maẓālim
886
murder
2392, 2405
paternity
2331
Penal Code
2414
police
2348, 2409
policing
2425
pre-trial procedures
2348
promotion of virtue and prevention of vice. see religious police
punishment(s)
2362
alternative
2352
codification
2360
gender
2407
reform(s)
2386
religious dissent
2383
religious liberty
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2381
religious police
2389, 2396, 2397, 2406, 2433
as founding ideology
2428
women
2426
Rome Statute
2354
Sharīʿa
application
2411
courts
2403
human rights law
2411
interpretation
2364
legal order
2435
politics
2434
social control
2432
substance abuse
2375
theft
identity
2355
Riyadh region
2379
tobacco
2371
tort reform
2429
trafficking in human beings
2395
trials
2413
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2381
Universal Periodic Review
2401, 2402
whipping(s)
2358, 2365, 2362, 2418
wife battering
2365
witnesses
2350
women
2363
human rights
2387, 2438, 2439
imprisoned
2424
public dress
2430
religious police
2433
Zahran confederation
2368
Sayyid Qutb
tyrannicide
1094
self-defence. see defence
settlement (ṣulḥ)
arbiration (taḥkīm)
1056, 1057, 1059
Bedouin society
1092
Conflict (dispute) resolution
1053-1055, 1058, 1059
criminal disputes
2571
domestic violence
1563
peacebuilding
1052
Sharīʿa
1059
ṣulḥ(a)
1056, 1058, 1060–1062
wisāṭa
1058
sex reassignment surgery
544, 567
sexuality. homosexuality
Abbasids
983
Caucasus
1340
Egypt
983, 1426
feminine
560
gender binary
983
ḥadīth
980
human rights
982
illicit sexual behaviour. zinā
560, 1160, 1821
India
1465
Indonesia
1521, 1561
Islam
984, 985
jurisprudence
980
Malaysia
1821, 1840, 1851
Morocco
983
Ottoman Empire
983, 2115
Pakistan
2237, 2245
Palestine
983, 2315
policing
900, 901
practices
983
Qurʾān
980
Sharīʿa
981
sexual violence
601, 610, 1189, 1506, 1728, 1737, 1744, 2493
Shafiʿi law
989
abortion
987
Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid al-
on the lawful and the unlawful
988, 991
religious dissent
990
on theological tolerance
992
zandaqa
990
justice
994
Mawardi, Abū al-Ḥasan al-
993
rebellion
511
Sharīʿa. see Islamic (criminal) law
Shiʿi law
abortion
998, 1003, 1019, 1627
apostasy
1014, 1645
bioethics
1020
blasphemy
1014
blood money
1008
brain death
328
cohabitation
1664
embryo
996, 997
euthanasia
1006
excommunication
1012
Fadlallah, Muḥammad Ḥusain
1017
ḥisba
1017
homosexuality
995
human rights
802, 999–1002, 1007, 1009–1011, 1018, 1584, 1591
intention
1015
Iran
1591, 1639
Kadivar, Mohsen
1009
Khomeini, Ayatollah
1017
life and death
1020
Montazeri, Ayatollah
1007
non-Muslims
1004
Saanei, Grand Ayatollah
1010
self-harm
1013
textual traditions
1005
shubha. see doubt
shurb al-khamr. see alcohol
shurṭa. see police
ṣiḥāq (lesbianism). see homosexuality
siyāsa sharʿiyya
1024
classical theory
1023
early beginnings
1021
Hanbali
515–517, 519, 521
Islamic government
1022
Malaysia
1810
Ottomans
2172
Palestine
2314
slavery
Boko Haram
1726
criminal law
1025
Islamic State
1718, 1726
Ottoman Empire
2088, 2178
sex slavery
1229
sleeping foetus
1186, 1187, 1196, 1197, 1201
Maghreb
2008–2010, 2012
Morocco
1933
Somalia
abortion
2441
alcohol consumption
2448
Al-Shabaab
2456
blood money
2445, 2459
customary law
collapse of the state
2443
state-building
2442
female genital mutilation
2452
gender justice
2444
homicide
2445, 2459
legal pluralism
2444, 2449
legal system
2450, 2454
Penal Code
2462
alcohol consumption
2448
compared to Shari’a
2455
punishment
in Benadir
2446
rape laws
2457
rule of law
2447
Sharīʿa
2451
Somali Union of Islamic Courts
2453, 2460
transitional justice
2440, 2444
tribal law
2458
South Africa
abortion legislation
2463
Southeast Asia
female circumcision
2464, 2466
penal clauses, transformation
18
same-sex relations
2465
transgender identity
2465
Spain. see Al-Andalus
stoning. see ḥadd/ḥudūd
Sudan
amputees
2490
apostasy
2492
arbitrations
2474
blood money
2484, 2520
Boma, Hilary (case of)
2469
conflict resolution
2521
constitution
2508
courts
2482
criminal law
1
dispute resolution
2482
female genital mutilation
2480, 2488, 2494, 2517
Fodio, ʿUthman dan
2498
gender disparities
2468
gendering, of space
2467
homosexuality
2476
human rights
2478, 2500, 2503, 2508, 2513
Ibrahiim, Mariam
2492
identity politics
2485
Islamic law
codification
2509
contested
2505
Criminal Act
1991, 2472, 2512
ijtihād
2471
North-South tensions
2505
victims
2502
Islamization
2504
land alienation
2482
land law
2482
lawyers
2499
legal complex
2499
legal hybridity
2481
legal pluralism
2481, 2482
legal politics
2511
legal practices
2481
litigation
2482
National Islamic Front
2489
native courts
2507
Neufeld, Charles
2506
police
violence in Dār Fūr
2479
political Islam
2470, 2501, 2519
prisoner
2506
prisons
2477
prostitution
2510
public order
2486
queer movement
2515
rape
2516, 2522
reconciliation practices
2474, 2475
religious relations
2496
rule of law
2511
Sharīʿa
human rights
2478
Numayri, Jaʿafar
2514
punishments
2491
religious relations
2496
sexual violence
2493
traditional justice
2473, 2518
transitional justice
2495
Turabi, Hasan Al-
human rights
2483
jihād
2483
unbelief
2498
violence
against women
2473, 2487
women
2473
public order
2486, 2493
Sufism
human rights
1026
Shahab Ahmed
1027
wine-drinking
1027
suicide
assisted
266, 306
bombings
1071
Islam
1047–1049
jihadi (debates)
1038
religious sources
1030
Sharīʿa justification
1051
terror(ism)
1031, 1032, 1039, 1043, 1071, 1090
as worship
1041
Islam
1040, 1044, 1046
legitimization
1042
martyrdom
1028, 1029, 1036, 1037, 1046
medieval Islam
1034
monotheistic religions
1033
prevention
1035
protection of human life
1042
tafsīr
1050
theology
1029
suicide bombers. see suicide
suicide terrorism. see suicide
ṣulḥ. see settlement
Syria
blood vengeance
2524
human rights
in school books
2526
Islamic State. see main lemma
Sharīʿa justice
in “liberated” territories
2525
violence
Ottoman perceptions
2523
women
1211
takfīr(ism)
early medieval Middle East
184
fundamentalism
170
Islamic State
1732, 1733, 1735, 1740
Muslim Brotherhood
164
Salafism
205, 211
Shiʿa
1012
terrorism
1069
Tunisia
2528
Wahhabism
1733
Zaidis
2578
taʿzīr (discretionary power of judge)
931
Islamic criminal law
19
limitation
933
Maliki law
880
Ottoman Empire
2082
Pakistan
2258
terrorism
banditry
260
blasphemy
228
fatwa
1071
international law
1072
Islamic law
1068, 1070
Islamic State
1069, 1725
Islamist
1067
jihād
1066
law of war
1067
Qurʾān
1066, 1073
religious sources
1063, 1064
roots
1068
Sharīʿa
1065
takfīr
1069
testimony. see proof, witnesses
theft (sariqa)
1074
Al-Ṣāḥib Ibn ʿAbbād
1075
identity theft
2355
larceny offenses
1076
Ottoman Empire
2068, 2157
Pakistan
2292
Punishment
2292
Qurʾān
1077
Saudi Arabia
2355, 2379
Shariʿa
1077
tobacco. see drugs
tort law
Islamic
376, 377, 862, 1078, 1079
Saudi Arabia
2429
torture
genocide
495
Ibn Khaldun
1081
Iran
1698
Islamic thought
386
politics of
1080
Saudi Arabia
2415
traffic accidents
compensation
1082
transgender
experiences
577
fatwas
585
identity
544
Pakistan
2272
rights
567
Southeast Asia
2465
transitional justice
Aceh
2540
Arab Spring
1084
concepts
1085
Egypt
1083
Libya
1083
Muslim-majority legal systems
1085, 1086
North Africa
1083
Somalia
2440, 2473, 2495, 2518
Sudan
2495
Tunisia
1083, 2533, 2540
transsexuality
Egypt
1392
Iran
1630, 1640
trial by ordeal
Muslim Orient
1087
practices
1087
tribal law
Afghanistan
1247
Egypt
1431
homicide
594
Iraq
1710, 1717
Jordan
1757, 1762, 1774, 1775
legal system
1088–1091, 1093
Morocco
1934, 1937
Pakistan
1934, 2203
Palestine
2308
Saudi Arabia
2368
Somalia
2458
Yemen
2573, 2575, 2577
violence
1092
Tunisia
abortion
2536
Ansar al-Sharia
2531
apostasy
2541
blasphemy
2541, 2542
criminal law
1
Ennahda
2537
freedom of religion
2011, 2532, 2543
freethinkers
2544
Ghannouchi, Rached
2543
human rights
2527, 2529, 2544
Ibn Wāsūl
2530
Islamic law
2014
Ottoman
2534
policing (19th century)
2535
public order (19th century)
2535
religious justice, 19th century
2529
sexual minorities
2544
takfīr
2528
transitional justice
1083, 2533, 2540
women
1211
Turkey
abortion
2105, 2121
alcohol
2065, 2066, 2113
apostasy
2118
capital punishment
1593
crime deterrence
2146
criminal law
codification
2089
Penal Code
2119
theory
2089
freedom of religion
Gülen, Fethullah
2118
police
2103
social control
2103
tyrannicide
Abd al-Salam Faraj
1094
Sayyid Qutb
1094
Umayyads. see early Islam
unfounded accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse. see qadhf
United Arab Emirates
diya
2553
drug abuse
2557
forensic medicine
2547
gender equality
2546
insurance
diya
2553
drinking drivers
2554
international human rights
2546
law
2552, 2559
medical responsibility
2548
public employees
criminal protection
2556
rape
2555
Sharīʿa
punishments
2551
role in drug abuse prevention
2549
Supreme Court jurisprudence
2545
women’s rights
2546
UN development goals
2550
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2550
United Nations
human rights
748
Iran
1571
OIC
2042, 2044
Saudi Arabia
2550
Sudan
2513
United States of America
American legal doctrines and Sharīʿa
punishment
2560
violence
2560
war
2560
American Muslims
2563
corporal punishments
2561
domestic violence
2563
Fiqh Council of North America
2569
human rights
US-Muslim dialogue
2565
incarceration
Davis, Angela on
2572
Ghāmidī, Jāved Aḥmad on
2572
mass incarceration
2571
Islamic law
arbitration tribunals
2570
capital punishment
2564
US courts
2566
Western traditions
2562
women’s rights
2567
organ transplantation
2558
Zina Ordinance (Pakistan)
asylum claims in US, based on
2568
unlawful sexual intercourse. see zinā
victims
Afghanistan
1228
Boko Haram
1990
death penalty
1691
domestic violence
1583
Indonesia
1504, 1506
Iran
1583, 1594, 1691
Islamic justice process
1095
murder
535
Nigeria
1990
Ottoman Empire
2126
Pakistan
2288
rape victims
1504
sexual crimes
917, 1506
victim’s family
979
violence
Afghanistan
1212, 1225, 1227, 1237, 1241
Bedouin society
1092
blasphemy
183, 219
Caucasus
1340
domestic. see main lemma
Egypt
1396, 1435, 1445
exegetical
444
gender
595, 604, 607, 1169
Indonesia
1494, 1506, 1537, 1549, 1562
intimate partner
427, 429
Iran
1578, 1583, 1594, 1637, 1679, 1693
Islam
428, 1099–1101, 1104, 1105
Islamic State
1727, 1728, 1737, 1739, 1740, 1742, 1744
Islamic thought
1096, 1098
jihād
1103
Jordan
1758, 1767, 2275
Mali
1865
Mamluk
1874
medieval Islamic society
1102
misunderstanding
1097
nonviolence
1052
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2035
Ottoman Empire
2052, 2061, 2106, 2108
Pakistan
2205, 2210, 2219, 2268, 2275, 2280, 2281, 2301
political
1070
Qatar
2324, 2326
Qurʿān
1066
religious
1065
Saudi Arabia
2341
sexual
601, 610, 1189
Sudan
2473, 2479, 2487, 2493
Syria
2523
Turkey
2140
United States of America
2560
women
417, 437, 597, 1151, 1152, 1161, 1162, 1193
war
Afghanistan
1216, 1228, 1234
children
1116
civilians
1143
classical Islam
1128
combatants/non-combatants
1127
conduct of war
1106
crimes
1568
the dead
1114
ethics
1112, 1121, 1126
general principles
1107
Hanafi
513
international humanitarian law
1118, 1119, 1136
reciprocity
1139
use of force
1133
weapons of mass destruction
1137
Islamic jihadism
1132
Islamic law
1036, 1067, 1111, 1115, 1129, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1136, 1138, 1140, 1141
Al-Shaybani
1124
reciprocity
1139
use of force
1133
weapons of mass destruction
1137
jihād
1132, 1144
justice of war
1123
just war theory
1109, 1110, 1122
11 September
2001 1125
jihād
1144
military aggression, limits
1108
Nigeria
1945
non-state actors, armed
1113
Ottoman
2149
prisoners. main lemma
1120, 1135, 1142, 1145, 1146
Qurʾānic teachings
1117
Shiʿi
1005
and terrorism
1067
United States of America
2560
and violence
1130
World War I
1471
West Africa
1252
wife battering. see domestic violence
wine. see alcohol
witnesses
907, 913, 924, 925, 966, 1941, 1942, 2284, 2350
women(’s rights). country entries
abortion
93
adultery. see zinā
Arab countries
1177
blood money
359, 514, 1008
child marriage
481
definition
1158
domestic violence. see main lemma
epistemology, role
1168
female genital mutilation. see main lemma
feminist interpretation
1166, 1172
gender (justice)
1149, 1150, 1153, 1159, 1164
equality
1156
hierarchies
1148
human rights
1164
Medieval Sunni legal thought
1154
ᴠiolence
1169
honour crimes. see main lemma
human rights. main lemma
615, 690, 851, 852, 854, 1222
hymenorraphy
1195
inferior status
1155
interfaith marriages
1179
international law
1148, 1167
Islamic countries
1157, 1167
Islamic law
1148, 1163, 1170, 1171, 1173, 1174, 1176, 1178
Islamic world
602
legal capacity
928
legal status
1165, 1170
lesbianism. see homosexuality
marginalisation
602
morality policing. policing
901
oppression
1175
Qurʿān. main lemma
944, 948, 950, 1147, 1174
testimony
907, 910
veil
1166
violence. see main lemma
as witness
925
women’s law, sociology
1165
zinā. see main lemma
Yemen
formal justice
2580
human rights
2579
informal justice
2580
Islamic law
2574, 2577
kitāb al-sinna
2575
non-state law
2576
punishment
2580
rural mediation
2580
Sharīʿa punishments
1913
tribal law
2575, 2577
tribal mediation
2573
urban law
2580
Zaidis
jihād
2578
takfīr
2578
zinā (adultery, unlawful sexual intercourse)
comparison
canonical law
1185
Jewish law
1185
confessions of men
1160
criminalization
1193
criminal law
1172
early Islam
1378
feminist discourse
1199
forbidden partners
1183
human rights
1200
hymenorraphy
1180, 1190, 1195
illicit sexuality
560
Ismāʿīlī Druze law
1191
laws
1193
legitimacy
of child
1196
Maghreb
2003
Malaysia
1790
Mamluks
1878
Nigeria
1944, 1950, 1958, 1974, 1978, 1996
Pakistan
2227, 2243, 2244, 2285
pregnancy
duration
1182, 1198, 1201
extramarital
1194
prohibited acts
1183
proof
1181
punishment
Qurʾān
1188
Roman law
1188
stoning
1192, 1193
Qurʿān
dress prescription
944
extra-marital sex
1184
muḥṣanāt
945
pre-marital sex
1184
sexual violence
1189
sleeping foetus. see main lemma
virginity
1180