Index
Notes:
1. For names beginning with the article “al-”, the article has been moved to the end of the name (e.g., Hinaʾi, Ghalib b. ʿAli al-).
2. Names of Arab individuals are alphabetized with their tribal or family names appearing first while members of ruling families are alphabetized according to their proper names.
ABB Equity Ventures
386
ʿAbbas b. Faysal b. Turki Al Saʿid
130
ʿAbd al-Amir, Rajihah bint
224, 380, 400
ʿAbd al-ʿAziz al-Qasimi
75n
ʿAbd al-ʿAziz b. ʿAbd al-Rahman Al Saʿud (Ibn Saud)
48
ʿAbd al-ʿAziz b. Saʿud b. Harib
241
ʿAbd al-Rahman, Ahmad. see Balushi, Ahmad b. ʿAbd al-Rahman
Abdulla, Abdulkhaleq
39
ʿAbdullah b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud, Heir Apparent of Saudi Arabia
204
ʿAbdullah b. Sayf Al Bu Saʿidi
136–137
ʿAbdullah, Muhammad b. Amin b.
434
ʿAbdullah, Yusuf b. ʿAlawi b.
195, 203, 207, 242–243
background
150, 151n109, 435
business interests
254
described as an “Omani nationalist”
471, 510
member of council to create State Consultative Council
265
minister of state for foreign affairs
231, 269, 451, 476–477, 479, 480n119, 493, 498, 504, 506
Abrahamian, Ervand
28
absorptive capacity
529
ʿAbri, Ibrahim b. Saʿid al-
482n125
Abu Dhabi
182, 188, 191, 231, 298, 377
aid to Oman
333, 347n73, 460–461
as base for Omanis in exile
113, 116, 122
Omani accusations of spying
497–498
relationship with the sultanate
3, 231, 458–462, 483–484, 497–498
role in Dhufar War
416
Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development
461
Abu Musa Island (UAE)
473
Acland, A.A.
68
Adam
179n193
ʿAdayy, Wadi
321
Aden (Yemen)
75, 372, 447, 477
Aden Protectorate
475
Aden Protectorate Levies
140
Adham b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
113n
Adham, Kamal
463
administrative act of 28 June 1975 (“law of the country”)
138
administrative organs of government
227–228
adviser, position in government
235–236
advisers, foreign, on contract to government
179
Afghanistan
171, 488, 494
Africa, East
7, 154, 318–319
Africa, South
160n130, 171, 246–248
agency system
385
Agha Khan
312
agriculture
307–308, 368–369, 514
Agriculture and Fishery Resources, Ministry of
224–225
Agriculture, Fisheries and Industry, Council for
219, 264–265
Agriculture, Fisheries, Petroleum, and Minerals, Ministry of
338
Ahad bint ʿAbdullah b. Hamad Al Bu Saʿidi
400
Ahmad b. Ibrahim Al Bu Saʿid
65, 66, 91, 98, 112, 113, 182, 227, 229, 240, 482n125
Ahmad b. Saʿid Al Bu Saʿid
1, 8
Ahmedinejad, Mahmud
499
Air Trans Africa
246
airports
87, 160, 297–298, 339, 364, 386–387
Airwork
111, 169, 417, 454, 492
ʿAjam
3, 429
Akehurst, John
421
Al Bu Saʿid, distinction between family and tribe
48n2, 107
Al Bu Saʿid family
8, 14, 16, 98, 101, 107, 135, 137, 184, 190, 240, 458
Al Nahyan
458
Al Saʿid
86, 106–108, 135, 184, 204, 208
business interests
317
legitimacy
534
senior positions in government
233–234
succession limited to line of Sayyid Turki b. Saʿid
262
ʿAlam, Bayt al-, Palace
88n, 103, 424
ʿAlam, Qasr al-, Palace
103, 107n
Alawi Enterprises
172n168
ʿAlawi, Khamis b. Mubarak b. ʿIsa
258
ʿAlawi, Yusuf al-. see ʿAbdullah, Yusuf b. ʿAlawi b.
Aldous, Philip
91, 93, 108n18, 109, 173, 178, 304–305
ʿAli b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
215, 443n75
ʿAli b. Turki Al Bu Saʿid
107
alienation
536
alternatives to Al Saʿid leadership
511
alternatives to an oil economy
512–517
aluminum smelter
368, 371
Amal bint Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
113n
ʿAmawt, Wadi
421
American University of Beirut
169
ʿAmir b. ʿAli b. ʿUmayr. see Marhubi, ʿAmir b. ʿAli b. ʿUmayr al-
ʿAmiri, Musallim b. Muhammad al-
435
Anderson, Lisa
13
Anderson, Robert Bernard
108, 111, 126, 144, 152, 157–164, 167, 242–244, 303–304, 465
background
157–158
Anglo-Omani Joint Commission
450–451
Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later Anglo-Iranian Oil Company)
281
Ansari, ʿAli b. Ahmad al-
89
ʿAntar, ʿAli
476n96
anthropological literature
6n
ʿAqubah, Operation
412
Arab Action Party (AAP)
74, 419
Arab League
463–465, 471
Arab Nationalists’ Movement (ANM)
55, 70, 75, 239
Arab oil boycott
309
“Arab Spring”
256, 273, 391, 442–444, 501
Arab world and Oman
470–471
Arabian Mission of Reformed Church of America
94n101, 298, 404
ARAMCO
55
armed forces, standing
99
arrests
1991
438
1994
240n59, 438–439
1997
440
2005
440–441
Arthur, Geoffrey
199n242
Asʿad b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
113n, 208, 209, 216, 511, 522
as candidate for succession
204–205
Asfur, al-, family
314
Ashinhayb
193
Ashland Oil
111, 162, 166–167
“Ashtray”
89
Aswad
298
Ashworth, Anthony C. (Tony)
261n106, 339n46, 455n29, 471
background
128
Asprey’s of London
103
Atfayyish, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
482n125
Atkins, Orin E.
167
Atlantic Petroleum Corporation
248
ʿAttas, Haydar al-
477, 503
attorney general
226
Aucott, W.L.
426
Australia
322
ʿAwabi, al-
185
ʿAwamir, al-
365
ʿAwfi, Hamid b. Saʿid al-
320, 424, 431
ʿAwlaqi, Ahmad b. Farid al-
316, 503
Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Ministry of
222
ʿAydim
416
Ayman b. Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
119n36
ʿAyn, al- (UAE)
219, 483
Azaiba. see ʿUdhaybah, al-
Ba ʿAwayn, Mahad b. Saʿid b. ʿAli
210
Baba Qaboos
25, 524
Badr b. Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
119n36, 207, 209, 236, 506, 528, 538
Badr b. Khalid al-Badr Al Sabah
89
Badr b. Saʿud Al Bu Saʿid
93, 95, 125, 130, 214
background
119
Badr b. Saʿud b. Harib Al Bu Saʿid
135, 207, 237, 241, 423n41
badu (bedouin)
6, 268, 397
Baghdad
115, 116, 122, 132n63
Baharinah, al-
3, 173, 266, 314
Bahla
88, 185, 188, 385
Bahrain
24, 75, 84, 117, 122, 191, 238, 248, 416, 448, 467, 479n110, 484, 512
Bahrainis
58n23
Bahwan. see Mukhayni, al-
Bahwan, Suhayl, Group
387
Balad Sayt
183, 188
Baluch
3, 9n, 52, 81, 173, 266, 313, 320, 322, 395, 422, 429, 433, 437, 468
position in Oman
203
Balushi, ʿAbbas b. Jaʿfar
94, 125, 178n188
Balushi, Ahmad b. ʿAbd al-Rahman al-
124, 125
Balushi, Ahmad b. Suwaydan al-
216–217, 221, 253
background
258
Bandar Jissah
381–382
Bangladesh
369
Bani. see under name of tribe
Bank of America
303
Bank of Credit and Commercial International (BCCI)
303–304
Bank of England
305
banking sector
311
Bannerman, J.P. (Patrick)
99, 184n217
Banyans. see Hindus
Barakat
414n15
barasti
298
Barghash b. Saʿid b. Sultan Al Saʿid
262n108
Barkaʾ
88, 385, 387, 395
Barr al-Jissah
381
Barsa, Bayt al-
424
Baruni, Sulayman al-
163n134
Baruni, ʿUmar al-
95, 104n10, 125, 161–162, 163, 230
Barwani
7
Basic Law. see constitution
Batahirah, al-
274
Batatu, Hanna
43
Batinah, al-
3, 5, 184, 238, 269, 282, 298, 301, 312, 356, 366, 373, 383–384, 396, 437, 515
Batinah Force
51
Bawshar
122, 185
bayʿah
86, 88, 526
Bayʿah, al-
74
Bayd, ʿAli Salim al-
503
Bayt. see under tribal or family name, or name of building
bayt al-mal
149
Baz, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz b.
481
BBC Radio Four
79n67
Beirut
117, 162, 163
Belgium
385
Bell, Gawain
128, 299, 339n46
benevolent society
439, 525
Bennett, Erik
39, 200, 245, 450n9
Bermuda
248–249
Black, Charles
164n137
blood feuds
415
Blue City (Madinat al-Zarqaʾ)
317
Bombay (Mumbai)
65
Booze Allen
285
boundaries
between northern Oman and Dhufar
283n9, 284n11
international
227, 229, 231, 461–462, 475
Bright Star exercise
490
Britain
1891 agreement on cession of territory
451, 468n70
1958 agreement on military and development assistance
51
arms sales to Oman
341n55, 343, 455–456, 486
British individuals in Omani government and armed forces
449
concern over CargOman and Rhodesia (late 1970s)
246–247
concern with Sultan Saʿid b. Taymur and succession
62–69, 447
condolences on death of Sultan Qaboos
496
death of British subject in Omani prison
456
development subsidy before 1970
49, 452
diplomatic relations with Oman
448
East of Suez retreat
447
economic connections
456–457
Government of India relations with Oman
448–449, 451–452, 467
imperialist role in Oman
37, 531
interests in Dhufar
447–448
interests in Oman
67, 445–448
Joint Defense Agreement (2019)
532
joint military exercises
456
military assistance to Oman
19, 49, 51, 409, 416, 453–456
military facilities in Oman
374, 456
military personnel in Oman
423, 450, 454, 492
Omani assistance in mediation
456
parliamentary election (1970)
79
Political Agent in Muscat
467
political influence in Oman before 1970
39, 46
political influence in Oman after 1970
531–532
relations with Sayyid Tariq b. Taymur
141–143
relations with Sultan Qaboos b. Saʿid
452–456
relations with Sultan Saʿid b. Taymur
451–452
role in July 1970 coup d’État
76–87
Royal Air Force
297
security assistance promises to Oman
490
visits to Oman by royal family and senior government officials
456
British Aerospace
112, 340n55
British Airports Authority
386
British Army Training Team (BATT)
74, 193, 410, 424, 452
British Bank of the Middle East (BBME)
91, 93n99, 104n9, 304–305, 311
British Council
150
British Overseas Aviation Corporation (BOAC)
297
British Petroleum (BP)
281, 283, 378
Brookwood Cemetery (UK)
85n82, 180n201
Brown, Bob
76
Browning, Robert
245
Bu ʿAli, Nasir b. Sayf Al
95, 130, 150n108, 155n117, 319n109
Bu Hasan, Bani
185
budgets, state
296, 331–342
Bukha
74, 287, 462
Buraymi, al-
49, 51, 167n152, 190, 219, 240, 241, 282, 340, 383, 458, 459n36, 483
Oman-Abu Dhabi-Saudi Arabia dispute (1952–1955)
462–463
Burundi
318, 320
Bury St. Edmunds (UK)
60
Bush, George H.W.
492–493
Bushire (Bushehr, Iran)
448, 467
Bustan, al-
228, 395
Bustan, al-, Palace Hotel
331, 335n32, 342, 380
Buthaynah bint Taymur b. Faysal Al Saʿid
114n27
Butler, Michael (Mike)
92, 299
C-130 aircraft
488
cabinet. see Council of Ministers
Cable & Wireless
129n60, 232, 387
Cairo
116, 162n132, 188, 238
Cairo radio
116
Callaghan, James
368
Cameronians (British Army)
59
Camp David Accords (1978)
162, 166
Canada
370
capital, development of the
151, 228, 395–396
Capital Governorate
184
Capital Municipality
232
Carden, David
63–66
CargOman
246–247
Carter, Jimmy
488
Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC)
249
CCC (construction company)
250
Cementation
111, 161n131, 165–166, 169n154, 304n67, 457
censorship
227
center-periphery relations
180–197
Central Bank of Oman
225
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA, US)
108, 158, 159n127, 160n128, 162n133, 164n137, 167, 198, 340n52, 487, 491
Challenger tanks
456
Charles, Prince (UK)
204, 496
Chartered Bank
93n99
Chatty, Dawn
537
Chauncy, F.C.L. (Leslie)
59, 66n44, 76, 78n65, 90, 108, 449
Cheney, Richard
493
Chernomyrdin, Victor
249
Chevron Oil
249
Chieftain tanks
117n31, 455
China
58, 239, 374, 478, 500
role in Dhufar War
412, 415
China National Petroleum Company
287
citizen
525n27
Civil Service, Ministry of
227
civil service cadre, development of
259, 399–400
civil society
524, 526
class struggle
36–38
Clinton, Bill
493
Clinton Oil Corporation
158n123
coal
371
Coastal Patrol
52
Commerce and Industry, Ministry of
223–225, 338
Communications, Ministry of
221
Communications, Social Affairs, and Labor, Ministry of
220
Communist countries, ministers educated in
176–177
Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP)
281, 283
Congo
315n97, 318
conservatism, social and religious
394
Consolidated Contractors Energy Development
287
constitution
Basic Law (1996) and Basic Statute (2021)
11, 12, 137, 208, 252, 261–264, 406, 443, 523, 525, 532
creation of framework
137–146
proposed constitution for Arab Kingdom of Oman
72–73
constitutional reforms
260–277, 511–512
Continental Oil
283
Contingency Fund
359
contracts, concerns over government awarding
302–303
Cooper
246
Copeland, Miles
158n123
copper
370–371
corruption
242–256
Costain (Yahya Costain)
311, 457
Council of Ministers
211
as of 30 September 1970 (table)
125
in 1972 (table)
130
in 1974 (table)
132, 149
in 1981 (table)
237
in early 1979 (table)
136
of 15 August 1970 (table)
93–94
of 15 December 1971 (table)
95
of 18 August 2020 (table)
209–210
role in 1970s
144, 175
coup d’État of 23 July 1970
59–61, 76–87
COVID-19
361, 380, 382
Crawford, David
77–78, 81
Crawford, Stewart
68
Creasey, T.M. (Tim)
117n31, 245, 414, 424, 430, 450, 490–491
background
428
crime
397–398
Critchfield, James
160n128, 340n52
background
167n152
cruise ships
380, 382
Crystal, Jill
25
Cuba
58, 416, 418, 436, 465
Cultural Club
524
Curaçao (Dutch Antilles)
250
currency
225, 304n69
Cyclone Gonu
355–356
Cyclone Phet
356
Cyclone Shaheen
356
Cyprus
116
Dabbus, ʿAbdullah
243
Dakhiliyah, al-
184
Daleel Petroleum
287
Daly, Ralph
128, 226
Damascus
117
Damavand Line
413, 417
Dammam, al- (Saudi Arabia)
55, 183, 464
Dank
241
D’Arcy Exploration Company
281
Darwish, ʿAbdullah b. Husayn b.
71
Darwish, ʿArij bint Muhsin b. Haydar b.
314, 401
Darwish, Hasan b. Haydar b.
95
Darwish, Husayn b. Hadar b.
434
Darwish, Husayn b. Muhsin b.
122
Darwish, Lujaynah bint Muhsin b. Haydar b.
314, 401
Darwish, Muhsin b. Haydar b.
274, 314, 401
Dara Ridge
417
Darb, Operation
417
Darsayt
228, 243
Daʾud, ʿAli
130, 178n188
Daʿwah, Hizb al-
440
Daʿwah wal-Tabligh, al-
438
Dayqah, Wadi
331
defense and security expenditures
324, 331–333, 341, 346, 360
Defense Council
203–205, 216, 262–263, 523–524
Defense, Department of
53
Del Monte
159n127
“democracy deficit”
529
democratization
525–528
demonstrations of September 1971
432–433
Dennison, M.G. (Malcolm)
72, 77, 133, 145, 160n128, 425
dependency theory
38–40
deputy prime minister
positions created (1979)
135, 173, 234
proposed (early 1970s)
147, 148n99, 175, 176
desalination
166, 178, 366
Desert Line Projects
316
Desert Regiment (DR)
77, 81–83
Deuss, Johannes (John)
248–249
development, economic. see economic development
Development and Planning Board (pre-1970 coup)
293
Development Council
218, 338–339
Development Department (pre-1970 coup)
292–293, 300, 404
Development, Ministry of
218, 222, 300, 337
Dhahirah, al-
167n152, 182, 184, 190, 269, 282, 301, 437, 519
Dhahran (Saudi Arabia)
188
Dhi Yazin b. Haytham b. Taymur Al Saʿid
9, 208, 209, 537
Dhib, Operation
413–414
Dhofar-Cities Service
283
Dhufar
4, 6, 22, 184, 203, 238, 239, 269, 368n150, 369n153
administration
229
development
191–197, 299, 305–306, 332, 338–339, 383, 387, 396–397, 420–421
integration into Oman
191–197, 534–535
oil
283–284
ties to Yemen
504
tourism
382
Dhufar Benevolent Society
56
Dhufar Force
55, 56, 57, 81n75, 411
Dhufar Gendarmerie
422
Dhufar War
37, 91–97, 277, 402, 487
after 1970 coup
408–421, 431
up to 1970 coup
54–58, 65, 68, 463
return of oppositionists
435
Dhufar Liberation Front (DLF)
71, 150, 236n54, 463
Dhufari labor migration to Gulf
50, 55
Dhufari nationalists
435–436
Dhufari opposition movements
55–58
Dhufari Soldiers’ Organization
56
Dhufaris
176, 266
activities in northern Oman
195–196
arrested in 1994
438
attitude towards northern Omanis
196
in security forces
195
Diana positions
414
Diego Garcia
488
Dinsmore, Lee
89, 487
dirigiste
327
diseases
404
dissent
431–444
divorce
403
diwan
118, 137, 151, 205, 213–214
Diwan of Royal Court Affairs
214–215
Dolphin Gas Project
377, 499
Dow Medical College (Karachi)
120
driving, switch to right-hand
93
d’Silva, Felix
131, 245, 252n91, 426
background
110
Dubai
187, 191, 231, 298, 319, 372, 382, 383, 439n70, 498
relations with the sultanate
483–484
Dumez
304n67
Duncan, Alan
453n15
Duncan, J.S.R.
60
Duqm
256, 282–283, 289, 357, 364
military facilities at
456
seaport and industrial complex
373–374, 501, 516
Durban (South Africa)
248
Durham, University of
300–301
Duruʿ, al-
294n36
Dutch disease
528
Eastern Bank
311
Eban, Abba
158
economic change, characteristics of
31–42, 517
economic development
accomplishments since 1970
363 (table)
before July 1970
50
challenges to
514–515
government agencies for
153, 299
infrastructure in early 1970s
299–306
projects and planning after 1970 coup
292–299
slowness of government efforts in early 1970s
301–302
strategies
517
Economic Development Law (1975)
338
economic diversification
326, 383–384, 515–517
economic indicators, comparing Oman with other countries (table)
513
economic inequality
394, 442
economic planning
327–365, 516–517
Economic Planning and Development, Center for
300, 337
Economic Planning and Development, Supreme Council for
337
economic situation
1970s–1985
328–342
1986–2001
342–353
2002–2014
353–357
2014–2021
357–362
after oil
512–517
before 1970 coup
307
early 1970s
307–310
economic transformation (1970s)
306–325
Economy, Ministry of
225
economy, post-oil
366–392
economy, traditional
32, 368–370
education
150, 400, 403, 405
early 1970s
298
Education, Ministry of
220
Egypt
49, 56, 161, 166, 438, 465
diplomatic relations with Oman after treaty with Israel
162, 448, 467
expatriates in Oman
322
support for Omani opposition
416, 462, 464, 470, 475
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
157
Eisenstadt, S.N.
15
Electricity and Water, Ministry of
222, 225–226
electricity generation
385
elites in political system
202, 393, 442, 536–537
embassies
230, 231, 239
employment
379, 389–391, 442–444, 515
Energy Development Oman
289
enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques
286–287
Enron
376
Environment and Water Resources, Council for the Conservation of
226
Esso/Mobil
282
Europe
322
exchange rates
304n67
executions
420
executive organs of government
213–216
exclusive economic zones (EEZ)
376
expatriates
321–323, 389–390, 500
expatriate advisers of Sultan Saʿid b. Taymur
90
expatriates in government service
127
expatriates property ownership
388
expatriates remittances
388
external relations organs of government
230–231
F-16 aircraft
455, 494, 496
Fadl, Muhammad
312
Fadlallah, Husayn
440
Fahidi, Yahya b. Nasir al-, role in July 1970 coup d’État
81–85
Fahd b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
204, 480
Fahd b. Mahmud b. Muhammad Al Saʿid
104n10, 148n99, 177n186, 202, 239
background
117n33
deputy prime minister
135, 209, 215, 233n50, 234, 237
member of committee creating State Consultative Council
265
minister of foreign affairs
230, 107, 230
minister of information
129, 132, 136, 150
possible succession
199n242
Fahr b. Taymur b. Faysal Al Saʿid
122, 177n186, 239, 460
background
116
business interests
252n90, 254
defense positions
107, 132, 136, 423, 409
deputy prime minister
135, 234, 241
government positions (other than defense)
131–134
sent to New York to be with Sultan Saʿid
53n10
Fahud
282–283, 305, 433
falaj
300, 365, 515
Falaj, Bayt al-
86, 88, 297, 364
Falaj, Wadi Bayt al-
87, 228, 295, 321
Fancy, Samir
317
Fanjaʾ
419
Faransa, Bayt
215
Farid, Ahmad. see ʿAwlaqi, Ahmad b. Farid al-
Faris b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
113n
Farsi, Suleiman al-
527
Fatiq b. Fahr b. Taymur Al Saʿid
117
Faysal b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
71, 153, 158, 161, 163, 164n137, 183, 463–465
Faysal b. ʿAli b. Faysal Al Saʿid
142, 147
background
115–116, 434
early government positions
94, 108n17, 124–125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 150, 176, 220, 304
in exile before 1970
114n27, 239
minister of national heritage
134–136, 215, 237
Faysal b. Turki b. Saʿid Al Saʿid
451
ferro-chrome
371
fertilizer
352
Figgis, A.St.J.H.
68
Finance and Economy, Ministry of
225
Finance, Ministry of
225, 232
finances, state
1970s–1985
328–342
1986–2001
342–353
financial adviser (1970s)
304
Financial Affairs and Energy Resources Council
218
Financial Affairs Council
217, 343
financial reserves
293, 295–296, 347
firqah
192, 410–421, 423, 436, 474
Firqah Forces
195
fisheries
164n137, 307–308, 369–370, 514
five-year plan (FYP)
339
First (1976–1980)
340
Second (1981–1985)
330, 340, 345
Third (1986–1990)
342–345
Fourth (1991–1995)
342, 348
Fifth (1996–2000)
349
Sixth (2001–2005)
351, 355
Seventh (2006–2010)
356
FMC
159n127
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
300
Foreign Affairs, Ministry of
230–231
foreign investment in
385–386, 388
foreign policy
1970s
457–471
1980s
472–495
1990s and beyond
496–506
Sultan Haitham’s view
505
France
247, 448, 451n13, 486
free visa
322
Frontier Force
52, 422
Fujayrah, al- (UAE)
373, 459, 460n41, 484n132
Galfar Engineering and Contracting
256
Gender Inequality Index
407
General Development Organization
337
Geneva
144, 179n193
Germany
59, 175n179, 380
companies
139
East Germany
58, 416
Ghafat
188
Ghafir, Bani
236
Ghafiri, Burayk b. Hamud al-
76, 85n82, 109n20, 132–133, 136, 192–193, 236–237, 299
role in July 1970 coup d’État
83–85
Ghafiri tribal confederation
100, 189
Ghammariyah, Shukur bint Muhammad b. Salim al-
400
Ghanam, al-, Island
473, 494
Ghassani, Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Salim al-
436
Ghassani, Salim b. Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Sayl al-
418
Ghassani, Salim b. Hamid al-
125, 178n188
Ghaylani, Salim al-
149, 177n186, 178n188
Ghazzali, ʿAbdullah b. Ahmad al-
239, 240n59
Ghazzali, Ahmad b. ʿAbdullah al-
134–136, 220, 240n59, 510
background
239, 257
Ghazzali, Muhammad al-
439n70
Ghazzali, Salim b. ʿAbdullah al-
221, 239–240, 252n90, 257, 265, 267, 343n61, 438, 471, 510
background
434
defense positions
424, 429, 454, 489n152
Ghubrah, al-
166, 178, 291, 321, 347n73, 356, 375
Ghurayr, Sayf b.
461n45
Ghusayn, Salim b. Humayd al-
94
Gibbs, Sir Alexander, and Partners
300
girls’ school (pre-1970)
296
Globe Roundabout (Suhar)
443
Glomar Explorer
164n137
gold
371
Golden Tulip Hotel
387
Goodyear Tire
157
Government Administration, Law Concerning Organization of (1976)
134
government and administration
Council of Ministers
changes in 2020
206–207
development in the 1970s
125–137, 146–154
hierarchical structure
232–242
immediately after 1970 coup
90–96
of interior
20, 181–191
preponderance of ruling family members
135
government borrowing
335, 342, 346, 349, 358, 361
government control, centralization of
101–102
government employment, popularity of
259
government officials
conflict of interest with ownership of private business
251–252
early 1970s
108–125, 127, 154–156
professionalization of
257–260
regulations to separate duties from commercial interests
244, 252
government organization
administrative organs
227–228
executive organs
213–216
external relations organs
230–231
local and regional organs
228–229
participatory organs
231–232
policy-making organs
216–219
productive organs
223–224
regulatory organs
224–226
security organs
230, 421–431
service organs
219–223
government revenues and expenditures
290 (figure), 297, 324, 329 (figure)
governorates
5, 229
Graduates’ Society
524
Graham, J.D.C. (John)
52, 409
role in July 1970 coup d’État
77–86
Grand Hyatt Hotel
316
Gray, Matthew
35
gross domestic product (GNP), sectoral contributions
308 (table)
Guantánamo
503
Gulbenkian interests
282–283
Gulf Air (originally Gulf Aviation)
88, 297, 364, 387
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
3, 4, 11, 105, 231, 236, 445, 458
common currency
501
member states’ aid to Oman
357, 486, 497
Military Joint Commission
486
Oman’s role in
484–486, 497
revenues and expenditures (table)
327
summit in Oman (1985)
335, 342
Gulf economy, Oman as a
323–325
Gulf Hotel
303, 388
Gulf Liberation Front
419
Gulf security
470, 485
“Gulf syndrome”
271–272, 276
Gwadar
52, 468
Habash, George
465n59
Habib Bank of Pakistan
302
Habrut
412, 474
Habsi, ʿAbdullah b. Salih al-
426
Habsi, Saʿud b. Hamud b. Ahmad al-
209
Habsi, Sultan b. Salim b. Saʿid al-
209
Hadaf, Operation
417
Hadi, ʿAbd Rabbuh Mansur
504
Hadramawt
196, 239, 503
Hafat al-Shanafir
315
Haitham b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
9, 113n, 236, 522
accession and early reign
205–210, 534, 536
as candidate for succession
204
as successor to Sultan Qaboos
509
business interests
317
view of foreign policy
505
Hajar, al-, Mountains
4
hajj
482, 501n198
Halcro, Sir William, and Partners
294n35
Halliday, Fred
36
Haluf
78
Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
107, 111, 132, 136–137, 142, 151, 165, 177, 179, 213, 237, 265, 273
background
118
Hamad b. Saʿud Al Bu Saʿid
240
Hamasa, al-
462
Hamid, Maqbul. see Salih, Maqbul b. Hamid b. Husayn al-
Hamud b. Faysal b. Saʿid Al Bu Saʿid
209
Hana bint Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
119n36
Hanieh, Adam
37
Harami, Karim b. Ahmad al-
94, 124, 125, 129, 132–134, 136, 173–174, 177n186, 221, 237, 318
background
129n60
Haramil
395
Harasis, al-
274, 397n251
Harcort, G.W. (Geoff)
424
Harib b. Hamad b. Saʿud Al Bu Saʿid
241–242
Harithi, ʿAbdullah b. ʿAli al-
95
Harithi, ʿAbdullah b. ʿIsa al-
187
Harithi, Ahmad b. Muhammad al-
89, 100, 101, 182, 186, 392
Harithi, al-Fadl b. Muhammad al-
187
Harithi, ʿAli b. ʿIsa al-
187
Harithi, ʿAli b. Nasir al-
187
Harithi, Hamud b. ʿAbdullah b. Muhammad al-
135–136, 237, 265–266
background
187–188
business interests
255
Harithi, Hamad b. Sulayman al-
187
Harithi, Ibrahim b. Hamad al-
187
Harithi, Ibrahim b. ʿIsa al-
187
Harithi, ʿIsa b. Salih al-
100, 186, 392
Harithi, Khalifah b. ʿAli al-
187
Harithi, Muhammad b. Ahmad al-
187
Harithi, Muhammad b. Hamad al-
130
Harithi, Muhammad b. ʿIsa al-
186
Harithi, Nasir b. ʿIsa al-
187
Harithi, Salih b. ʿAli al-
186, 392
Harithi, Salih b. ʿIsa al-
100
Harithi, Sulayman b. Hamad al-
187
Harithi, Zahir b. Hamad al-
187
Harithiyah, ʿAʾishah bint Ahmad b. Muhammad al-
60
Harithiyah, ʿAsilah bint Zahir al-
187, 401
Harrasi, ʿAbdullah b. Nasir b Khalifah al-
209
Harris, John R.
228, 293, 295, 299–300
Harthy Group of Companies, Al
187
Harvard University
169
Harwil
286
Hasan, K.B. Sadiq
124n46
Hasan, Musa b. ʿAbd al-Rahman b.
313
Hatami, ʿUbayd b. ʿAbdullah al-
95
Hawasinah, al-
52, 189
Hawf (Yemen)
412, 415, 474
Hawker Hunter aircraft
455
Hawsini, Harib b. Sayf al-
82
Hawsini, Hilal b. Sultan b. Sayf al-
78, 82
Hayat, al-
501
Hazm, al-
88, 420
Health, Ministry of
94, 220
health care early 1970s
298, 404
Heber-Percy, W.D. (William)
90, 92, 109, 164n137, 178, 300
Hengam
377
Herb, Michael
27, 35
Heritage and Culture, Ministry of
224
Hertog, Steffen
35, 523
hierarchical structure of government
232–242
Higher Committee for Conferences
231, 236
Higher Education, Ministry of
220
Higher Education Council
219
Hilal b. Hamad Al Bu Saʿid
107, 253
Hilal b. Saʿud b. Harib Al Bu Saʿid
237, 241
Hill, Thomas (Tom)
144, 152, 171, 329n5
Hilwah, Operation
417
Hina, Bani
149, 188–189, 340n52, 392
Hinaʾi, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz b. ʿAbdullah al-
189
Hinaʾi, ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbdullah al-
189
Hinaʾi, ʿAbdullah b. Zahir al-
188–189
Hinaʾi, ʿAli b. Talib al-
188
Hinaʾi, al-Walid b. Zahir b. Ghusn al-
129, 130, 132, 136, 149, 189, 237
Hinaʾi, al-Yaqdhan b. Talib al-
188
Hinaʾi, Farid b. Mubarak al-
155n117
Hinaʾi, Ghalib b. ʿAli al-
48–49, 183, 188, 465
Hinaʾi, Ibrahim b. Muhammad al-
189
Hinaʾi, Khattab b. Ghalib al-
188
Hinaʾi, Mahmud b. Zahir al-
189
Hinaʾi, Mansur b. Talib al-
188
Hinaʾi, Muhammad b. ʿAbdullah b. Zahir al-
136, 189, 443n75
Hinaʾi, Talib b. ʿAli al-
48–49, 55, 70–71, 138, 183, 188, 420n38, 464
alleged plot to assassinate Sultan Qaboos
483–484
Hinaʾi, Zahir b. Ghusn al-
188
Hinawi tribal confederation
100, 186, 458
Hindus
3n3, 7, 313, 320, 394, 500
Hirst, L.B. (Leslie)
90
Hirth, al-
89, 100, 186–187
Hisn, al-, Palace (Salalah)
61, 82–85, 103, 123, 236
Historical Association of Oman
188
Hizb al-Zahaf
56
Hochtief
139n76
homosexuality
404
horizontal drilling
285
Hormuz, Strait of
190, 229, 289, 374, 377, 383, 422, 473–474, 490–493, 499
Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS)
472
Hornbeam Line
413–415
hospitals before 1970
404
house of cards
97
Housing, Ministry of
221–222
Houston
249
Hughes, Francis
76, 77, 92
Human Development Index
407
Huntington, Samuel
13, 28
Hurd, Douglas
450, 490
Husayn, King of Jordan
71, 106, 158, 161, 163, 412, 416, 455, 473, 510
Huthis (Ansar Allah, Yemen)
495, 499, 501–504
IAL
303
Ibadi imamate
4, 8, 10, 48–49, 98, 183–184, 185, 188, 433, 452, 463–464, 512
Ibadi Islamists
440–441
Ibadis
3, 203, 266, 438, 481–482
Ibra
7, 275
Ibrahim b. Saʿid b. Ibrahim Al Bu Saʿid
210
ʿIbri
88, 185, 241, 301, 442, 444
identity
5, 406, 522
Idlibi, Yasir
125
Ilgiray, Kamila
112
imamate. see Ibadis
import substitution
383
imports
324
India
113, 132, 143, 249, 322, 352, 374–376, 384n210, 427, 446
diplomatic relations with Oman
448, 468
economic relations with Oman
500
military assistance
468–469
relations with the sultanate
467–469, 499–501
role in Dhufar War
416
workers in Oman
500
Indian Army
446
Indian communities in Oman
9.
Hindus, Lawatiyah
Indian Ocean
6, 15, 485
Indian Ocean Rim Association
505
Information, Ministry of
227
infrastructural development, summary
363–364
institution-building
211–212
institutional framework of government decree (28 June 1975)
211
intelligence
425–426
tribal
50, 425
Intercontinental Hotel, Muscat
160–161, 303, 388
Interim Advisory Council
91, 92, 140, 295, 299
Interior, Ministry of the
222, 227–229, 231
Internal Security Service (ISS)
277, 320, 332, 418n31, 426, 438–439
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). see World Bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
334n24, 345, 351–358, 360–362, 369n153, 471
international organizations and Oman
471
International Proteins Corporation
164n137
International Youth Festival (Moscow)
117
Interser
158n123
Intradon, Operation
74n
Iran
55, 120, 161, 166, 377, 435, 440n71, 493–494
Balochistan
52
diplomatic relations with Oman
448
economic relations with Oman
499
Islamic Republic relations with the sultanate
473–474, 499
Oman’s role in Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
495
Pahlavi Iran relations with the sultanate
469–470
role in Dhufar War
413–414, 416–418, 469
Iran-Iraq War
342, 472–474, 495
Iraq
138, 416, 464, 472–473, 478, 494
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC)
281
Islam
11
Islamic Conference Organization
476
Islamic credentials of régime
437
Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT)
502
Islamists
240, 436–442, 512
Ismaʿil, ʿAbd al-Fattah
118, 475
Ismaʿili. see Shiʿah
Israel
505
Italconsult
303
Ithnaʿashari. see Shiʿah
Izki
75, 88, 385, 419
J&P Construction (Joannu & Paraskaraides)
110n21, 252n90, 298n48
Jabal al-Akhdar, al-, War
49, 121, 188, 297, 340, 349, 446, 452, 463
Jabal ʿAli, port (UAE)
372
Jabal Hafit (UAE)
483
Jabal Regiment
53, 422
Jabir, Faruq
159, 162n132, 243
Jabrin
88
Jäckli, Rudi
296n42, 329n5
Jaʿfar, ʿAbbas. see Balushi, ʿAbbas b. Jaʿfar al-
Jaguar aircraft
455
Jaguar, Operation
411
Jalali, Fort al-
56, 86, 89, 410, 435
Jaʿlan
275
Jamali, Ahmad al-
94
Jamali, ʿAli b. Muhammad al-
104n10
Jamali, ʿAsim b. ʿAli al-
123n, 170, 171n165, 272, 318, 435n63
acting prime minister
174–175, 177
adviser to the sultan
235
background
120–121
intermediary between Sultan Qaboos and Sayyid Tariq
143
minister of health
93, 95, 125, 149, 220
minister of land affairs
136
minister of public works
237
minister of the environment
135
minister without portfolio
132, 133
Jamshid b. ʿAbdullah Al Saʿid
206n248, 319n108
Janabah, al-
274, 316n99
Japan
369, 376
Jason, Operation
177, 419–420
jibali
6, 56, 126, 196, 200, 277, 338, 396–397, 410–421, 423, 436, 534
Jibjat
421
Jizzi, Wadi
74, 198
Johnson, Boris
496
Johnson, Lyndon B.
157
joint venture partnerships
311, 385
Jordan
161, 166, 258, 455, 512
assistance in Dhufar War
412, 416, 418
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA
) 495
Jones, Jeremy
527
journalists, vetting of (1970s–1980s)
128
judiciary and courts
226
Juffa
421
Justice, Ministry of
226
Kaf al-Aswad
56
kafil
322
Kaftawt
193
Kalamat al-Sultan Saʿid b. Taymur
20n, 68, 293
Kamil, al-
119, 385
Kamilah bint Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
105
Kamrava, Mehran
34
Kane, Ray
82n, 83
Karl, Terry Lynn
32, 528
Kathir, al-
196
Kathir, Bayt
55, 475
Kathiri, Musallim b. Nufal al-
55, 56, 411, 435, 463
Kazakhstan
171, 249
Kendall, Charles
449
Kenya
318
Kerry, John
495
Khaburah, al-
301, 312, 444
Khadduri, Mubarak b. Salih al-
136, 237, 253
background
132n63
Khalid b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
467
Khalid b. Hilal b. Saʿud Al Bu Saʿid
209, 241
Khalid b. Muhammad al-Qasimi
88, 459
Khalifah b. Hamad Al Thani
484
Khalifah b. Zayid Al Nahyan
175n179
Khalil b. Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
119n36
Khalili, ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbdullah al-
185–186
Khalili, ʿAbdullah b. ʿAli al-
185
Khalili, Ahmad b. Hamad al-
185n220, 481
background
482n125
Khalili, ʿAli b. ʿAbdullah al-
185
Khalili, Awlad
184–185, 393
Khalili, Hilal b. ʿAli al-
130, 185
Khalili, Muhammad b. ʿAbdullah al-
19, 48, 100, 130, 185, 283
Khalili, Saʿid b. Khalfan al-
185, 186n
Khalili, Salim b. Hilal al-
185
Khalili, Saʿud b. ʿAli al-
93, 95, 120, 125, 143, 149, 185, 189, 464
background
121
Khalili, Thuraya bint ʿAli al-
186n
Khand, Wadi al-
493n167
kharif
382
Kharus, Bani
185
Kharusi, Salim b. Rashid al-
100
Khasab
382, 491, 499n192
Khasfah, al-
463n54
Khasibi, Salim b. Hakim al-
95
Khawd, al-
395
Khawlah Hospital
298
Khawr, al-
230
Khawr, al-, Mosque
482n125
Khawr Fakkan (UAE)
373
Khazzan
378
Khoja. see Lawatiyah
khutbah
482
Khuwayr, al-
200n244, 395, 441
Kimji, Golkadas
313
Kimji, Rishi
313
Kimji Ramdas
313
“king’s dilemma”
13, 512, 522, 536
Kissinger, Henry
165, 487
Korea, South
370, 376
Krane, Jim
526
Kuwait
24, 31, 89, 158n123, 169, 337, 416, 439n70, 478, 510, 512
aid to Oman
333, 347n73
investment in Oman
374
mediation between Oman and South Yemen
475–476
mediation between Oman and UAE
497–498
Omanis working in
391n236
relationship with the sultanate
464, 484–486, 498
W.J. Towell operations in
310, 312
Kuwait War (1991)
494, 497
Kuwaitis
58n23
Kyiv
176, 178n189
L-100 aircraft
488
labor, expatriate
321–323, 389–390, 500
labor, Omani
317–318, 360
exported to other Gulf states
390
labor strikes
155–156, 323
Lamki, Barakat al-
178n188
Landon, James T.W. (Tim)
39, 76–85, 104n10, 127, 144, 199n242, 213, 217, 238, 427, 449, 471
and “Muscat Mafia”
160–174, 243n66, 245
background
76n64, 110–112
role in July 1970 coup
76–85
Lands, Ministry of
221, 251
Lavenham (UK)
59
Lawatiyah
3, 7, 251n85, 312, 320, 394, 437, 440
Lawatiyah, Khadijah bint Hasan al-
400
Legal Affairs, Ministry of
227
Legal Affairs, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister for
215
legal basis of sultan’s rule
521–522
legitimacy
534
Leopard Line
411
liberalization, scope for
521–522
Libya
162, 416, 475
Limbert, Mandana
537
liquefied natural gas (LNG)
375–378, 384, 499, 505
future production
516
LNG pipeline to India
249, 375–376, 500
Lisanul Haq, Muhammad
83, 93n99
Liwa Petroleum
289
Lloyd, Selwyn
62
local and regional organs of government
228–229
London, University of
320n110
Luce, William
64, 89
Lutfi, Sharif
306, 333
M-60 tanks
488
Maʿawil, Wadi al-
365
Madinat al-Haq
193, 421
Madinat Qaboos
151, 160, 165–166, 242, 303, 313, 321, 395
Maersk
372, 386
Maha, al-
387
Mahrah, al-
192, 196, 274, 413–415, 474, 475, 503–504
Mahruqi, Salim b. Muhammad b. Saʿid al-
209
Mahruqiyah, Rahmah bint Ibrahim b. Saʿid al-
209
Majid b. Taymur b. Faysal Al Saʿid
214
majlis
231
Majlis al-Dawlah
232, 263, 270
female members
401
Majlis al-Jinn
382
Majlis al-Shura
202, 232, 263–264, 267–270, 357, 406, 443, 535
female members
401
Majlis Oman
232, 261, 263–264, 270, 443, 511–512
Makinat Shihan
474, 502n202
Makiya, Muhammad
228
Makki, Ahmad b. ʿAbd al-Nabi
129, 217, 225, 230, 350n84, 508
background
238
Makki, Habib
134n69
Makki, Muhammad b. Hasan
131
Makki, Salim b. Hasan
178n188
background
131n62
Malaysia
169
Malik, al-
462
Malloch, Jack
246n78
Maʿmari, ʿAli b. Majid b. Musabbah al-
189–190, 217, 257, 265, 441n73, 443n75, 508
background
238
Maʿmari, Malik b. Sulayman al-
190, 221, 443n75
Maʿmari, Muhammad b. Marhun al-
190
Maʿmari, Sayf b. Salim al-
178n188
Maʿmurah
89
Manah
88, 385
Mandhari, Tariq al-
250
Mandhari, Yahya b. Mahfuz al-
135, 220
Manpower, Ministry of
221
Manston
416
manufacturing
224–383
Mardela International
159–161, 167, 370
Marhubi, ʿAmir b. ʿAli b. ʿUmayr al-
149, 150n108, 155n117, 220
background
320
Marhun, Ahmad b. Salim al-
250
maritime tradition
6, 514
Marketing of Agricultural Produce, Public Authority for the
369
Marmul
283–284
marriage
394, 403–404
Maʿshani, Bayt al-
59, 193–194
Maʿshani, al-Mustahayl b. Ahmad al-
134n69, 194n231
business interests
255
Maʿshani, ʿIsa b. Ahmad al-
194n231
Maʿshani, Musallim b. al-Mustahayl al-
204
Maʿshani, Salim b. al-Mustahayl al-
194n231
Maʿshaniyah, Halat bint Ahmad al-
194n231
Maʿshaniyah, Mazyun bint Ahmad b. ʿAli al-
59, 194
Masirah Island
62, 63, 67, 69, 169, 258, 305, 447, 470, 488–491, 494
Mason, Peter
78n65, 91, 104n9, 173
Matrah
5, 70, 87, 88, 119, 120, 212, 228, 292, 433
Greater Matrah Development Plan
293, 295
urbanization
321, 395
Matrah Cold Stores
312
Maʿwuli, Saʿid b. Hamud b. Saʿid al-
210
Maʿwuliyah, Tayyibah bint Muhammad b. Rashid al-
201, 400
Maxwell, Colin
77
Mayo College (Ajmere, India)
116
Mazun International Airport (name proposed)
298n48
Mazyunah, al-
373n171, 502n202
McCrane, John M.
158n123
McFrederick, John
77–78
McKinsey & Company
285
McLean, James
92, 102, 108
Mecom, John-Pure Oil
55, 56, 57, 283
Medium-Term Fiscal Plan (MTFP)
360, 362
Mercedes-Benz
170
merchant families
38, 128–129, 273, 310–317
Middle East exceptionalism
13, 538
Midway Road
55, 58, 414–416
Minaʾ al-Fahl
88, 283, 373
Minaʾ Qaboos
50, 200n244, 294, 297, 302–303, 321, 364, 373
minerals
223, 370–371
ministers
method of selection
523
fiefdoms
519
longevity in positions
236
ministries, internal organization of
211, 233
Mirani, Fort al-
86, 212
Mirbat
56, 57, 200, 411
Battle of Mirbat (1972)
413
Mitsui
287
Miyayahah, al-
186
Mobil Oil
283
modernizing states
18
Molesworth, Tony
77, 80
monarchy
8–9, 12–14
Monde, le
142
Monteith, William
62
Moon, Sun Myung
158n123
Morocco
124n46
Morris, James
22
Mothercat
303
Muʿaskar al-Murtafaʿah
339
Mubarak, Hosni
438
Mudayrib, al-
187
mufti
12, 185n220, 232, 401, 440, 482
Mughayriyah, Hunaynah bint Sultan al-
400
Mughshin
463
Muhammad, ʿAli Nasir
476n96, 477
Muhammad b. Ahmad Al Bu Saʿid
93, 95, 107, 125, 130, 132, 134, 273
background
119
Muhammad b. Salman Al Saʿud
512, 520
Muhammad b. Sultan b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
210
Muhammad b. Zayid Al Nahyan
511, 521
Mujammaʿ, al-
212, 228
Mukhayni, Saʿud Bahwan al-
316
Mukhayni, Suhayl Bahwan al-
165n141, 316
Mukhayzinah
287–288
multiple modernities
533
Murchison, Clint
157
Murphy, Richard
494
Musa, ʿAbdullah b.
313–314
Musa, ʿAli
272, 508
Musa, ʿAli b.
314
Musandam
74, 190–191, 203, 229, 266, 340, 425, 462, 472, 483
Musandam Development Committee
167n152, 188, 219
Musandam Liberation Front
462
Musannaʿah, al-
494
Muscat
5, 70, 86, 88, 228, 271, 292, 339, 433
and elites
38
development
363
hotels
380
port
300
protests
442
social change
398
urbanization
321, 395
Muscat and Oman, Sultanate of
4
Muscat and Oman Field Force
19, 51, 114, 282
Muscat Currency Authority
225, 311
Muscat Infantry (MI)
51, 113
Muscat Levy Corps
51
“Muscat Mafia”
111, 125–126, 157–174, 242–244, 303–304, 329n5, 492n164
Muscat Power Company
87, 126, 222
Muscat Pharmacy
170
Muscat Regiment (MR)
53, 75, 88, 110n22, 462
Muscat Securities Exchange
251, 388
Muscat Trading Company
123
Musharraf, Pervez
500
Muslim Brotherhood
437–438, 512
Muslim identity
11
Muʿtasim, al-, b. Hamud b. Nasir Al Bu Saʿid
253n94, 424, 431
background
430
muwatin
525n27
Mzab (Algeria)
482n125
Nabahinah, al-
100, 189
Nabhani, Ahmad b. Muhammad al-
30, 189
Nabhani, Himyar b. Nasir al-
100, 189, 392
Nabhani, Muhammad b. Ahmad al-
265n114
Nabhani, Saʿud b. Sulayman al-
189
Nabhani, Sulayman b. Himyar al-
48–49, 62, 100, 112, 183, 189, 392–393, 465
Nabhaniyah, Zahrah bint Sulayman al-
189
Nadir Shah
469
Nagle, Chester
108n18
nahdah
1, 100, 482
Nahdah, al-, Hospital
293, 298
Najd
55, 196
Najjar, Layla bint Ahmad b. ʿAwad al-
210
Naʿmani, Sultan b. Muhammad al-
210, 215, 238
Nashif, ʿAbd al-Malik
149
Nasib, Hasan b. Ihsan b.
195, 430
Nasib, Muhammad b.
314
Nasib, Yahya b. Muhammad b.
314
Nasser, Gamal Abd al-
158
Natih
283
nation-state, emergence of
9
National and Grindlays Bank
311
National Bank of Oman
304
National Day
102, 105, 215a, 335, 367, 384, 439
National Defense Council
236, 410
National Democratic Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (NDFLOAG)
75, 138, 419, 433
National Economy, Ministry of
225, 231
National Gas Company
256
National Heritage and Culture, Ministry of
223
National Power
385
National Security Council
216–217
National Survey Authority
423
National Trading Company
317
nationalism
11
nationality laws
404
natural gas
Oman production
291, 375–379
world production
378 (table)
proved world reserves
379 (table)
Natural Gas Council
218–219
Nawwaf b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
463–465
Nawwal bint Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
105, 113n
Nawras
387n221
Near East Development
282
NEDO
294n36
neoliberalism
307, 327, 345, 384, 516, 530
neopatriarchy
533
neopatrimonialism
25
neo-traditional rulers
17, 18–20
Netherlands
248
New England Fishing company
164n137
New York
85n82
newspapers
126, 227, 272, 524
Nightingale, Ray
425
Nixon, Richard M.
158, 160n128, 164n137
Nizwa
49, 75, 87, 88, 121, 240, 293, 295, 302, 383, 385, 419, 444, 446, 452
as regional center
396
Northern Frontier Regiment
53
Noves
287
Novorossivsk (Russia)
249
Nur, Hasan ʿIsa
178n188
Observer
242–243
Occidental Petroleum
287–288
Official Gazette (al-jaridah al-rasmiyah)
175, 227
Ogram, D.N.R. (David)
91, 92, 109, 300
Oil and Gas, Ministry of
223
oil concessions
39, 158–159, 281–292
map
288
oil exploration
281–292
oil income
cycles
309, 353–354
economic well-being dependent on
280, 360
role in solidifying government control in 1970s
102, 127
Oil Installation Force
424
oil policy
171
oil prices
309 (table), 342, 350, 353, 361
oil production
Oman
31–32, 127, 279 (table), 280, 283–292, 286 (table), 330, 354, 356, 366–367
future Oman
515–516
world
279 (table)
oil rents as a percentage of GDP
325 (table)
oil reserves
Oman
278–279 (table), 514
world
279 (table)
oil role in Oman’s development
281–292
Okruhlik, Gwenn
35
Oldman, H.R.D. (Hugh)
90, 92, 93, 139n75, 173, 409, 449
background
140n78
differences with Sayyid Tariq b. Taymur
140, 143
role in July 1970 coup d’État
77–86
Oman
Arab nature of
2–3
as a Gulf state
3
description
2–7
deterioration of internal situation (prior to 1970 coup)
69–75
division between Oman and Zanzibar
46, 262n108, 446
geographical definition
4
political division between coast and interior
4, 46, 101–102, 183–184
political division between Dhufar and northern Oman
191–197
religions of
3
Oman, Sultanate of, name adopted (1970)
87
Oman Air
221, 386–388
Oman Artillery
238
Oman Aviation Services
386
Oman Bank for Agriculture and Fisheries
224
Oman Benevolent Society
232, 313n89, 434
Oman Cement Company
388
Oman Center for Investment Promotion and Export Development
232
Oman Chamber of Commerce and Industry
232, 524
Oman Chromite
387
Oman Currency Board
225
Oman Development Bank
340, 368
Oman Fisheries Company
387
Oman Flour Mills
387
Oman Gendarmerie (OG)
52, 74, 88, 182, 228, 298n48, 424
Oman Holdings International (OHI)
315, 317
Oman Housing Bank
250
Oman India Fertilizer Company
376
Oman Insurance Company
388
Oman International Bank
170n161
Oman Investment Authority (OIA)
362
Oman Investment Fund (OIF)
362
Oman Land Development
166
Oman Liberation Army (OLA)
71, 464
Oman Liberation Front
438
Oman LNG Company
376
Oman Mining Company
370
Oman National Transport Company
387
Oman Oil Company (OOC; later OQ)
249, 256, 361, 371, 383–384, 505
Oman Oil Refineries and Petroleum Industries Corporation (ORPIC)
384
Oman Posts Company
387–388
Oman Power and Water Procurement Company
385
Oman Reconnaissance Regiment
423
Oman Refinery Company
364
Oman Regiment
53
Oman Research Department
425, 455n28
Oman Revolutionary Movement (ORM)
55, 69, 89, 138, 239, 420n38, 434, 463–464
Oman Telecommunications Company (Omantel)
232, 387
Omani labor migration
50, 154, 307, 318, 460, 534
“Omani nationalists”
510
Omani Union
434
Omani Women’s Associations
403–404
Omanis, northern
266
attitude towards Dhufaris
196
Omanization
291, 353, 388–391, 402, 515
in security forces
428–431
Omanoil
384
ombudsman
145
OMZEST
170
opposition, political
155–156, 201, 431–444
1991 arrests
438
1994 arrests
240n59, 438–439
1997 arrests
440
2005 arrests
440–441
activism
277, 442–444, 529, 530
opposition movements
190
Dhufar War; al-Jabal al-Akhdar War
in Northern Oman (prior to 1970 coup)
69–75, 138
organization of book
42–45
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
278, 471
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
40, 278, 471
Owen, David
246
Oryx
315n97
oryx reserve
397n251
P-3 Orion aircraft
488–489
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran
163, 197, 469–470, 485
Pakistan
124n46, 310–311, 322, 369, 376, 427
army
116
Balochistan
52, 113
diplomatic relations
468
maritime boundary with Oman
500
military assistance
468–469
relations with the sultanate
467–469, 499–500
role in Dhufar War
416
workers in Oman
500
Palace Office (later Royal Office)
111, 205, 216–217, 231
palace slaves
194
Palestinians
58n23, 416
Pan Am Airways
157, 160, 303
Panama Canal
158
Partex
282–283, 287
participatory organs of government
231–232
Pelly, C.J.
90n, 91
Peninsula Shield Force
486
pension funds
388
People’s Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP)
419
People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY)
57–58, 118, 316, 332, 342, 455, 465–466, 471–472, 474–477
boundary agreement with Oman
475–477
diplomatic relations established (1983)
477
role in Dhufar War
412, 416
People’s Organization for the Liberation of Oman (POLO)
72–74
People’s Republic of Southern Yemen (PRSY). see People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen
Pepsi-Cola
170
Persepolis (Iran)
469
personal representative of the sultan
115, 215, 233–234
personal differences in government (1970s)
156–180
personalities, role in post-traditional state
232–260
personnel, government
154–156
Petra Diamonds
315n97
Petrogas Service
287
Petroleum and Minerals, Ministry of
223
Petroleum Concessions Ltd. (PCL)
281–283
Petroleum Development Oman (PDO)
19, 67, 88, 92, 93n99, 109, 123, 127, 223, 256, 266, 282–292, 301, 329, 516, 528
labor issues
433n59
natural gas
375
non-oil benefits
291, 307
ownership
287
personnel
318, 320
production crisis (early 2000s)
285
strained relations with government (mid-2000s)
289
Petroleum Development (Oman and Dhofar)
281
Peyton, William (Bill)
77
Phillips, Wendell
59, 158–159, 283
Philpryor Corporation
283n9
pipelines
249, 305, 329n5, 374, 377, 499–500
Piranha armored personnel carriers
456
Planning and Development, Directorate of
218, 300, 337
Player, Gary
248n82
Poindexter, John
494
political activism
201, 277, 442–444, 529
political change
characteristics of
7–31
initial stages post-1970
137–156
possibility of change of régime
510, 535
political maneuvering (1970s)
156–180
political participation
219, 231, 260n104, 264–270, 442–444, 525–528
Political Resident in the Persian Gulf (PRPG
) 448, 467
political situation
after July 1970
87–97, 100–102
before July 1970
46–51, 98–100
during Sultan Qaboos reign
203
policy-making organs of government
216–219
popular attitudes towards government
271–277, 509–511
Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO, also PFLOAG)
57, 133, 149, 191–192, 196, 402, 408–421, 433, 474–475
Popular Revolutionary Movement (PRM)
75
population growth and statistics
5, 388, 514
Portuguese
5, 15
Posts, Telephone, and Telegraphs (PTT), Ministry of
221
post-traditional rulers
18–22
post-traditional state in Oman
517–520
Powell, Spike
83
prime minister, office of
29–30, 129, 138–144, 207, 261, 508, 512, 521
primogeniture
208, 263–264
private sector
310–317, 345
privatization
384–388
productive organs of government
223–224
proletariat
393
protocol
214, 230
provinces, creation of
182, 229
Prosecutor, General
226, 232
public debt
361
Public Works, Ministry of
221
Qabil, al-
89
Qaboos b. Saʿid Al Saʿid
9, 14, 408
accession ceremony (1970)
86
activities before 1970
59
arranged marriage (1960s)
60–61
as Islamic leader
11–12, 481–482
as post-traditional ruler
18–22
assessment of
197–199, 507–509
attitude to financial matters (1970)
296
birth and maternal family
194
comparison to father Saʿid b. Taymur
22
connection to Dhufar
194–195, 410, 508
corruption, attitude toward
244
criticism, popular
179–180
death
205, 496
differences with Tariq b. Taymur
138–144
inaugural speech (9 August 1970)
126
incapacitation considered, situation in case of
205
interest in armed forces
145, 410
“Meet the People” tours
179, 231, 261, 273–276
method of governing
29
modernizing intentions
20–22
on post-oil Oman
367
palaces
103, 107n, 180, 296
personal expenditures
103–105, 180, 343n62
personal circle
508
relations with his father
60–61, 84
royal emphasis
21–22, 102–103, 200
rumors of secret son
509
title change to king contemplated
102–103, 142n84
traffic accidents
195n232, 200
world tour details (1963)
59n28
Qaboos Exhibition Center
252n91
Qaboos Medical City
388
Qaboos Mosques
214, 276
Qaboosid state
9, 41–42
authoritarianism explanation of
23–25, 406, 520–522
class struggle explanation of
36–38
definition
1–2
dependency explanation of
38–40, 531
early experience
146–154
economic explanations of
32–42
implications for modernity and legitimacy
532–539
institutionalization explanation of
28–30, 522–525
legitimacy
534–539
one-man rule
146
patrimonialism explanation of
25–29, 518–522
patrimonial capitalism explanation of
40–41
political explanations of
22–31
rentier theory explanation of
32–34, 530–531
resource curse and oil curse explanation of
32–34, 406, 526, 528–530
state-building explanation of
30–31
qadi
10, 182, 229
Qaʿidah, al-
440, 503
Qalhat
356
Qalhat LNG Company
376
Qantab
395
Qaritas, Musallim
435
Qarn al-ʿAlam
286
Qarqash family (Gargash)
170
Qaswani, ʿAbd al-Karim al-
473
Qatabi, ʿAbdullah b. ʿAli b. Muhammad al-
434
Qatabi, Muhammad b. ʿAli b. Muhammad al-
434
Qatar
4, 191, 266n115, 280, 374, 377, 391
quadrilateral boycott of and impact on Oman
358, 486, 498
relations with the sultanate
484, 498–499
Qatn, Saʿid b. Ghiyah Bayt
82
Qawasim, al-
190, 483
Qayrun Hayritti
193, 421
Qays b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
317
Qitab, Bani
434
Quoin Islands (Salamah wa-Binatuha)
472
Qurm, al-, “council”
245
Quinlan, Pat
487
Radio Oman
87, 126, 227, 272
Radisson SAS Hotel
316
Rajab, ʿAbd al-Hafiz b. Salim b.
95, 109n20, 130, 132–135, 147n97, 148n100, 152, 174, 195, 237, 304, 318
ascendancy in early 1970s
176–179
background
176
conviction for corruption
250
railroad
357, 374
Rakhyut
58, 193, 417
Rakhyut, ʿAbd al-ʿAlim b. al-Mustahayl
195
Ramlat Shuʿayt
480n119, 502n202
Raʾs al-Hadd
5, 382
Raʾs al-Hamraʾ
395
Raʾs al-Khaymah
191, 203, 461–462, 483, 484n132
Raʾs Darbat ʿAli
502n202
Rasasi, Ismaʿil b. Khalil al-
120, 130
Rasbi, ʿAbdullah b. Saʿid al-
72–74
Rashdi, Hamad b. Muhammad al-
440, 443n75
Rashid b. Saʿid Al Maktum
88, 459, 484
Rawiyah bint Saʿud Al Bu Saʿid
220, 269, 400
Rawwas, ʿAbd al-ʿAziz b. Muhammad al-
128, 135, 195, 227, 235, 237, 508, 510
background
236n54, 435
business interests
254
Rawwas, Bayt al-
236
Rayburn, Sam
157
Raysut port
237, 294n36, 299, 339, 364, 372
Rayyis, Riyad al-
108n18, 153, 161, 166, 171n165
refineries, oil
284n11, 289, 364, 373–374, 384
regency council contemplated
180, 205
Regional Development Committee
167n152, 219
Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources, Ministry of
226
Regional Municipalities, Ministry of
221–222
regulatory organs of government
224–226
rentier state
22, 34–36, 37, 280, 509
republic, possibility of
510–511
revenues, percentage from oil
280 (table)
Rhodesia. see Zimbabwe
Rice, Michael
179
Richardson, Sid
157
Ridout, Nicholas
527
Riyadh
163
riyal Saʿidi
225, 304n67
riyal Omani, devaluation (1986)
335, 342, 351n87
Riyam
312
Riyam, Bani
100, 189, 340n52, 393
roads
166, 242, 296, 298, 302–303, 305, 344, 363–364, 374, 383, 385, 404, 479
Romans, Philip
59
Rome
162, 167n152
Ross, Michael
33, 525, 528
Rouhani, Hasan
499
Rouleau, Eric
142
Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO)
422
Royal Army of Oman (RAO)
422
Royal Diwan Affairs, Ministry of
213–215
Royal Dutch Shell
77, 92, 167n152, 223, 266, 281, 283, 287, 310, 320n111, 375–377
over-estimation of world reserves (2004)
285
Royal Flight
214
Royal Guard of Oman
103, 145, 275, 332, 424–425
Royal Navy of Oman
422
Royal Office. see Palace Office
Royal Oman Police (ROP)
131, 226, 228, 332, 398, 426–427, 432–433, 501n198
Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra
425
Royal Yacht Squadron
214
Rubʿ al-Khali, al-
57, 480
Rubʿi, Ahmad ʿAbdullah al-
75
Ruling Family Council
262, 523–524
Rumays prison
427
Rumhi, Muhammad b. Hamad b. Sayf al-
209, 223, 258, 289, 320, 375
rural areas, lag in development
321, 340, 345, 537
Rusayl
345, 383–385
Russia
249, 436.
Soviet Union
Rustaq, al-
88, 305, 444
Ruʾus al-Jibal. see Musandam
Ruwahah, Bani
121, 185, 393
Ruwayhi, Ahmad b. Khalfan b. Muhammad al-
258
Ruwi
151, 166, 212, 228, 293–295, 321, 395–396, 433
Rwanda
318
Sabah al-Ahmad Al Sabah
498
Sablah, al-
524n25
Sadat, Anwar al-
163, 166, 467, 486
Sadiqi, Malallah b. Rustam al-
429
SAF Training Regiment (SAFTR)
422
sahwah
1
Saʿid b. Sultan Al Bu Saʿid
1, 7, 46, 448n5
Saʿid b. Taymur Al Saʿid
4, 9, 29, 39, 46–47, 50, 101
as neo-traditional ruler
18–20, 98–100
assassination attempt on
57
attitude toward development
292–293, 406
attitude toward Dhufar
54–55
heart attacks and death
53n10, 85n82, 180
mosque and road named after
22, 200n244
relationship with Abu Dhabi
458–459
relationship with Britain
446–447, 452
relationship with Saudi Arabia
463–464
visit to United States (1938)
487
wives and children
59, 193–194, 509n6
Saʿidi, ʿAbdullah b. Muhammad b. Saʿid al-
210
Saʿidi, Ahmad b. Muhammad b. ʿUbayd al-
209
Saʿidiyah School, al-
114, 117n33, 122, 293
Salalah
49, 56–58, 59, 61, 105, 176, 180, 194–195, 200, 266, 274, 275, 289, 292–293, 294n36, 295, 299, 305, 311–312, 351, 459, 463
container port and free trade zone
372, 386, 516
development
339, 385, 396
privy council (1970)
86
protests
442
Royal Air Force (RAF Salalah)
63, 69, 413, 414, 447
tourism
382
Salalah Free Port Zone
372
Salalah Holiday Inn
388
Salalah Port Services Company
372, 386
Salha, Najib
161n131
Salih, ʿAbdullah
134n69
Salih, ʿAli ʿAbdullah
503–504
Salih, Maqbul b. Hamid b. Husayn al-
151, 240n59, 252
business interests
315–316
Salim b. Nasir Al Bu Saʿid
134, 136, 237, 253
business interests
255
Salimi, ʿAbdullah b. Muhammad b. ʿAbdullah al-
209
Salimi, Muhammad b. ʿAbdullah al-
89
Salimi, Sulayman b. Muhammad al-
94
Salman b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
26
Samaʾil
88, 121, 122
Samaʾil, Wadi
185, 283, 298
Sami b. Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
119n36
Samirah Al Bu Saʿid
129n60
Sammar, Hilal b. Hamad al-
132, 136, 237
Sanaw (Yemen)
414
Sandhurst, Royal Military Academy (UK)
59, 117
Saqr b. Muhammad al-Qasimi
459
alleged plot to assassinate Sultan Qaboos
483–484
Saqri, Saʿid b. Muhammad b. Ahmad al-
209
Sarfayt
412, 417, 474
Saruj, al-
321, 395
Saʿud b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
18n21, 462
Saʿud b. Harib Al Bu Saʿid
240
table of descendants
241
Saʿud b. Hilal b. Hamad Al Bu Saʿid
210
Saʿud b. Ibrahim Al Bu Saʿid
443
Saʿud, Al
3
Saudi Arabia
24, 39, 49, 55, 56, 161, 166, 169, 182, 188, 236, 370, 374, 435, 512, 523, 538n52
aid to Oman
333, 342, 466–467, 479, 482, 501
and al-Buraymi
462–463
and Dhufar War
412, 416, 463, 465–466
and Omani arrests
501
boundaries with Oman
480
King Fahd’s visits to Oman (1989 and 1996)
480, 501
King Khalid’s visit to Oman (1976)
467
leadership
18n21
military assistance
465–466, 479
Oman’s concern over Saudi activities in eastern Yemen
498, 504
pipeline through Oman to Arabian Sea
466, 479–480
relationship with the sultanate
462–467, 479–483, 486, 497, 501–502
religious incident over Ibadism
481–482
Sultan Haitham visit (2021)
374, 497, 502
Sultan Qaboos visit (1971)
163, 465
Saudi Arabians
58n23
Saudi Fund for Development
479
Sawadi, al-
381
Sayf b. Hamad b. Saʿud Al Bu Saʿid
215, 241, 351
Sayf Sariʿah (Saif Saria; Swift Sword) military exercises
456
Sayh al-Malih
283
Sayq
49
sayyid, title of
16, 48
sayyids (descendants of the Prophet Muhammad)
196, 239
Schlumberger, Oliver
40, 526
Sea-Land Services
371
seaports
87, 93, 339, 364, 371–374, 382, 388
secretary-general, position of
233, 235
sectarian divisions
436–442
security organs of government
230, 535
security sector leadership
428–431
security, two Arabic meanings
44
Seeb Novotel
388
selenium
371
service organs of government
219–223
Shabib b. Taymur Al Saʿid
85n82 130, 180n201, 226, 449, 475n92
background
124n46
business interests
254, 317
Shabwah (Yemen)
316, 503
shah of Iran. see Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza
Shakhbut b. Sultan Al Nahyan
50, 113, 116, 458
Shakir, Ghassan Ibrahim
126, 144, 153, 159–174, 242–244, 303, 465
background
161
Shakir, Ghazi
162n132
Shakir, Ibrahim
161n131
Shanafir, Bayt al-
123
Shanfari, Saʿid b. Ahmad al-
76, 131, 135–136, 174, 195, 223, 237, 257, 285
background
315
business interests
255, 315
Shapoorji Palonji
103
Shaqsi, Saʿid b. Salim al-
94
background
132n63
Sharabi, Hisham
533
shariʿah
11, 148
Sharif, Mahdi
109, 166, 173
Sharjah
239, 460n41, 483, 484n132
Sharq al-Awsat, al-
501
Sharqiyah, al-
89, 179, 182, 184, 187, 258, 266, 319, 382, 385
Shatiʿ al-Qurm
212, 303
Shawana Al Bu Saʿid
113n
shawawi
525
Shaybaniyah, Madihah bint Ahmad b. Nasir al-
209
shaykhs, role of
87, 100, 192, 227, 273, 275, 302, 393
Shaykhs, Council of, contemplated
182–183, 264
Shebbeare, J.D. (John)
91, 92
Shell/BP
247n80
Shell Oil. see Royal Dutch Shell
Shehri
196
Shiʿah
3, 24, 203, 266, 312, 473, 482, 512
Shihab b. Faysal Al Saʿid
63, 65–66, 98, 112, 215
Shihab b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
113n, 207–208, 209, 522
as candidate for succession
204
Shihi, ʿAbdullah b. Thani al-
74
Shihuh, al-
74, 190, 203, 462, 483, 484n132
Shinas
442
Shirshitti
58, 416–417
Shourd, Sarah
495n179
Shuʿayli, Khalfan b. Saʿid b. Mubarak al-
209
shura
526–529
shurat
10
Sib, al-
88, 103, 119, 152, 178n189, 183, 228, 269, 298, 321, 364, 381, 395, 438
US airfield use
489–490, 494
Sidab
321, 395
Sidewinder missiles
488
Siemens
169n154
silver
371
Singapore
384
Singh, Manmohan
500
Six Construct
294
Siyabiyah, ʿAʾishah bint Khalfan b. Jamil al-
400
Smiley, David
62
smuggling
477
Snodgrass, C. Stribling, III
108, 158n124, 167n152
Social Affairs and Labor, Ministry of
220
social change
321–324, 391–407
social composition and communities
394
Social Development, Ministry of
221
social media
272, 443n75, 524
social stratification
393
social welfare system
393, 523
Socotra Island (Yemen)
455
SOGEX
161–162, 169, 243, 303
South Yemen. see People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen
Southern Regiment
52, 422
Soviet Union
58, 131n62, 248, 315, 455, 460, 475, 488
activity during Dhufar War
412, 416, 418
diplomatic relations with Oman
478
space rocket program
374
Spear and Hill
152
Special Air Service (SAS, British)
49, 74, 193, 409–410, 418, 428–429
Special Boat Section, Royal Marines (British)
74
Sri Lanka
322, 427
state, formation of
10
St. Xavier’s College, Bombay
170
standard of living
309, 398
Standard Oil of New Jersey
283
State Audit Institution
232
state capitalism
327
State Consultative Council
232, 265–267
State Emergency Reserve Fund
348
State General Reserve Fund (SGRF)
218, 330, 336–337, 342–343, 348–349
evolution
359
State Security Court
441
Stoltzfus, William
487
Strabag
139n76, 296, 433n59
Strikemaster aircraft
455
Subhi, Ibrahim b. Hamud al-
236
succession
primogeniture introduced
208, 263
procedure
203–204, 509, 523–524
to Saʿid b. Taymur
8, 14, 62–69
to Qaboos b. Saʿid
199–205, 261–264
Suhar
5, 6, 87, 88, 240, 256, 284n11, 289, 293, 295, 302, 305, 341, 352, 368
aluminum smelter
368, 371
as regional center
396
copper
370–371, 375, 479, 499
protests
442–444
seaport and industrial complex
364, 372–373, 383–385, 396, 516
sultan, legal basis of
12, 263
sultan, origin of title
16
Sultan family
310, 312
Sultan, ʿAbd al-Rida b.
312–313
Sultan, ʿAli b.
165n143, 266, 312–313
Sultan b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Al Saʿud
158n124, 480n118
Sultan b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
95, 130
Sultan, Iqbal b. ʿAbd al-Rida
313n89
Sultan, Jawad b. ʿAbd al-Rida
313
Sultan, Kamal b. ʿAbd al-Rida
201, 313
Sultan, Maqbul b. ʿAli
313, 375, 443n75, 508
Sultan, Mustafa b. ʿAbd al-Rida
313
Sultan of Oman’s Air Force (SOAF)
52, 88, 298n48, 411, 422, 447, 455, 489
Sultan of Oman’s Land Forces (SOLF)
422, 429
Sultan of Oman’s Navy (SON)
53, 422
Sultan Qaboos University
124, 150n108, 235, 258, 405
Sultan Qaboos University construction contract scandal
242–243
Sultan Qaboos University Council
219
Sultan, Shawqi b. ʿAbd al-Rida
313n89
sultanism
26–27
Sultan’s Armed Forces (SAF)
19, 49, 51–53, 152, 181, 332, 408–431, 433, 446
armor
422
artillery
52, 422
brigades
422
leadership
428–431
origins
452
ordnance
52
parachute
424
personnel
52, 317, 409
support units
423
sultan’s intelligence officer (SIO)
110n22
Sultan’s School
214
Sultan’s Special Force (SSF)
195, 425, 454n17
Sumharam (Khawr Rawri)
417
Sun Oil Company (SUNOCO), Oman
158n124, 161n131, 248
Sunnis
3, 203, 266, 438, 512
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, head of the office of
238
Sur
70, 89, 134, 237, 291, 293, 316n99, 319, 347n73, 383
arrests in 1994
438
as regional center
396
natural gas facilities
375–376
protests
442, 444
Suwayq, al-
88, 116, 444
Swahili
320
Swift Sword. see Sayf Sariʿah
Switzerland
380
Syria
292, 416
Tabuk, Bayt
193
Taʾi, ʿAbdullah b. Muhammad al-
95, 120, 129, 130
background
122–123
Taʾi, Hamad b. ʿIsa al-
94
Taʾi, Nasir al-
94
Taʾif, al- (Saudi Arabia)
55
Talal b. Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
70n54, 113n, 317
Tambieh, J.
15
tamimah
6, 100, 186
Tanʿam
88, 296, 298
Tanya bint Shabib b. Taymur Al Saʿid
313
Tanzania
318, 427
Taqah
58, 238, 411
Tariq b. Taymur Al Saʿid
21, 67, 85n82, 163, 180n201
activities after resignation as prime minister
136, 145, 175, 225, 237
activities during al-Jabal al-Akhdar War
121
activities in exile (before 1970 coup)
70–71, 75, 115–117, 163, 176, 239, 464
awarding of government contracts
139, 302
background
112–113
business interests
170
differences with Sultan Qaboos
127, 138–144
heir apparent (1937–1940)
65
marriages and children
113
minister of foreign affairs
230
prime minister
21, 86, 93, 106–107, 109, 125, 159n127, 129, 138–144, 147, 183, 297, 304
proposed constitution for Arab Kingdom of Oman
72–73
succession contemplated
63–66, 199
views on Greater Oman
459–460
Tawi Aʿtayr
193, 415, 421
Tawoos Group
317
taxes
351n87, 352–354, 357, 360, 383, 388, 530
Taylor Woodrow (Taylor Woodrow Towell)
106n15, 165–166, 242, 299, 303, 304n67, 311–312, 433n59, 457
Taymur b. Asʿad b. Tariq Al Saʿid
204, 208
Taymur b. Faysal Al Saʿid
17, 39, 46, 61n33, 65, 124n46
Telecommunications, Ministry of
221
television
227, 272
Temple, Shirley
64n137
Tender Board
232, 244, 303, 337
Tengiz (Kazakhstan)
249
Tethys Oil
287
Tetra Tech International (TTI)
167n152, 226, 340n52
Thailand
376, 384
Thamarit
56, 417–418, 490–491, 494
Thatcher, Margaret
242–243, 384, 455
Thatcher, Mark
111, 242–243
Thomas, Bertram
449
Thuwayni b. Shihab b. Faysal Al Saʿid
63, 92, 93n99, 107, 122, 132, 136, 147, 148n99, 151, 166, 175, 177, 178n188, 180, 215
background
113
business interests
254
personal representative of the sultan
233–234, 237
Tornado aircraft
494
Total Oil
283, 287
tourism
352, 360, 379–384, 389
Tourism, Ministry of
224
TOW anti-tank missiles
488
Towell, W.J.
165, 266, 310, 312–313
Town Planning, Supreme Committee for
341
Townsend, John
104n9, 128, 144, 152–153, 166, 328–329, 331
background
147n97
trade, international
371–374
traditional rulers
14–17
traditional system of politics
98–100
traffic accidents
404–405
Trans World Oil
248–249
Transparency International
256
Transport and Housing, Ministry of
221
tribal roots of Gulf states
24
tribes
6, 99, 181–191, 392–393
Trucial Oman Scouts (TOS)
458, 462
Trucial States. see United Arab Emirates
Tunb Islands
473
Turki, Al
313
Turnill, Edward (Teddy), role in July 1970 coup d’État
77–85
Twin Pillars policy
470
Typhoon aircraft
455
ʿUdhaybah, al-
87, 283, 298n48, 305, 321, 395, 425
ʿUman (Omani newspaper)
455
ʿUmar, Bani
52, 189–190, 238, 257
ʿUmar, Yahya
126, 144, 151, 160–174, 242
Umaymah bint Saʿid b. Taymur Al Saʿid
59, 193, 194n231
Umm al-Ghawarif
81
Umm al-Qaywayn
191, 484n132
UNESCO
471
Unification Church
158n123
Union of Arab Emirates
459–460
United Arab Emirates (UAE)
3, 4, 39, 170, 190, 258, 292, 298, 397, 420, 479n110
bilateral trade with Oman
498
boundaries with Oman
483, 497
intermediary between Oman and South Yemen
475
Oman’s concern over UAE activities in eastern Yemen
498, 504
relations with the sultanate
191, 203, 458–462, 472, 483–484, 497–498
United Kingdom (UK). see Britain
United Nations (UN)
247, 463–465, 471
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
305–306, 407
United States (US)
188, 322, 370
aid to Oman
347n73
arms sales to Oman
166, 486–488, 496
bilateral trade
496
diplomatic relations with Oman
448, 486–487
economic and technical assistance
489, 493
free trade agreement
352, 388
Iran embassy hostages rescue attempt
470, 488
Joint Commission on Economic and Technical Cooperation
489
military access agreement and facilities
111, 169, 374, 475, 481, 486, 488–495
Omani intermediary role with Iran
495, 499
Omani intermediary role with Yemen Huthis
495–496
role in Dhufar War
487–488
role in Oman
158n124, 486–496
shared security concerns
490, 496
Sultan Qaboos visit (1975)
487–488
Sultan Qaboos visit (1983)
492
Sultan Saʿid visit (1938)
487
vice-consul (19th century)
312
visits to Oman by US Vice-Presidents and Presidents
492–493
United States Corps of Engineers
491
universities
405
urban growth
321
urban terrorism, possibility of
472
urbanization
395–396, 535–536
ʿUwayni, Husayn al-
161
Vinnell Corporation
111, 169, 492
visas
380, 383
Vision 2020
352, 367
Vision 2040
206–207, 360, 362
Vosper Thornycraft
455
wadi. see under name of feature
Wafa bint Hamad b. Hamud Al Bu Saʿid
119n36, 194n231
Waleed Associates
170
wali
10, 99, 182, 190, 192, 193, 227, 229, 236, 238, 271, 275, 426
walkabout. see Qaboos b. Saʿid Al Saʿid “Meet the People” tours
Walsh, Robin
456n32
waqf
150
Warner, Robert
77
wasta
40, 190
Watan, al-
126
water policy and resources, summary
365–366, 515
Water Resources Council
219, 338
Water Resources, Ministry of
225–226
Water Resources, Public Authority for
226
Waterfield, P.R.M. (Pat)
51, 53, 90, 409
Watts, J.P.B.C. (Johnny)
238, 410n5, 424
background
428–429
Wave, The
381
wealth accumulation by elites
317
Weber, Max
14
weekend farms
366
Weinberger, Caspar
491–492
Western Frontier Regiment
52, 422
Western impact on Oman and Gulf
40
Whitehead, Harold, and Partners, economic and government surveys
115, 147–148, 177, 305, 307
wilayah (pl. wilayat)
5, 93, 182, 192, 268
Wilkinson, J.C.
48
Wimpey
169n154, 304n67, 457
women
394, 399–402, 532
education
400, 403
in business
401
in government
259, 399–400
in Majlis al-Dawlah
270
in Majlis al-Shura
268–269
Word, The, of Sultan Saʿid b. Taymur. see Kalamat al-Sultan Saʿid b. Taymur
World Bank
300, 305, 347, 369, 371, 471
World Health Organization (WHO)
465, 471
World Trade Organization (WTO)
351, 386, 532
Wuhaybi, Khalfan b. Nasir al-
132, 136, 178n188, 220, 235, 237, 253, 265
background
266n115
Wuhaybi, Saʿid b. Salim al-
104n10, 144, 179, 213, 215, 241, 429
dismissed as president of Diwan for Royal Court Affairs
253, 341
role in July 1970 coup d’État
78–85
Wusta, al-
374
Wutayyah, al-
321, 395
Yaʿaribah, al-
15
yacht Al Saʿid, royal
106
Yahya Enterprises
314
Yahyaʿiyah, Sharifah bint Khalfan b. Nasir al-
400
Yamada, Makio
35
Yemen
196, 239, 292, 372, 447, 486, 498, 502–504
boundary with Oman
502
civil war (1994)
503
Oman as intermediary in hostage crises
503
Yenkit
382
Yibal (Jibal)
283, 291
Yiti
381
Young, Robin
92, 109, 299
youth
276–277
Yusuf, Muhammad b. Musa al-
218, 250–251, 343n61, 346–348, 350n84, 384, 386
background
251n85
business interests
255
Yusuf, Qays b. Muhammad al-
209
Zabanawt, Bayt (Yemen)
475
Zadjali, Hamud b. Sangur al-
358n117
Zadjalis, al-
320
zakat
10, 149, 150
Zanzibar
46, 149, 187, 206n248, 262, 312, 448n5, 482n125
revolution of 1964 and impact on Omanis
319
“Zanzibari” Omanis
7, 94, 154–155, 184, 266, 318–320, 394, 427, 432, 439
in intelligence
426
positions in Omani government
320, 400
Zawawi, ʿAbd al-Munʿim b. Yusuf al-
169–170
Zawawi, ʿAbd al-Munʿim b. Qays al-
172n168
Zawawi, ʿAlawi b. Qays al-
172n168
Zawawi family
310–311
Zawawi, Qays b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-
118, 131, 179n193, 314, 329n4, 375, 384, 508
and CargOman
246–247
and “Muscat Mafia”
124, 126, 165, 245
background
169–173
business interests
254
conjecture on appointment as foreign minister
174n172, 225
death in Sultan Qaboos’s traffic accident
200, 217, 239, 386
deputy prime minister
176, 234, 267, 341n55, 343n61, 346
Interim Advisory Council
92, 123
minister of state for foreign affairs
129, 132, 136, 150, 160n130, 230–231, 237, 461, 471, 489n152
personal relations with Sultan Qaboos
234–235
Zawawi, Siham b. Qays al-
172n168
Zawawi, ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-
161, 165, 218, 272, 315, 343n61, 508
and CargOman
246–247
and Caspian Pipeline Consortium
249
and “Muscat Mafia”
126, 245
and oil sales to South Africa
247–248
background
169–173
injured in Sultan Qaboos’s traffic accident
200
role in Oman’s oil policy
171, 346
special adviser for foreign communications
235, 471
Zawawi, Walid (Waleed) b. ʿUmar al-
170
Zawawi, Yusuf b. Ahmad b. Muhammad
169
Zawawi Trading
170
Zawawiyah, Lubnah bint Qays al-
172n168
Zawawiyah, Rim (Reem) bint ʿUmar al-
170n161, 401–402
Zayd, Sharif, of Jordan
161
Zayid b. Sultan Al Nahyan
88, 459–460, 483–484
Zidi, ʿAbdullah b. Salim al-
82
Ziq, al-
195, 425
Zimbabwe
111, 170, 246–247, 315n97
Zubair Enterprises
123
Zubayr, Muhammad al-
132–133, 136, 165n141, 174, 217, 235, 237, 245
background
123–124
business interests
314–315