Index
Anderson, Benedict
437n2
anthropologists
Fei Xiaotong, Hu Tiqian, Rui Yifu, Wu Wenzao, Xie Kang, Yang Chengzhi
on the Chinese nation
303–05
anthropology
and ethnicity
362, 424, 427
and the nation
118, 120, 164, 191, 303, 390, 419, 425, 427, 429, 432
anti-imperialism
149–55
anti-Manchuism
among late Qing revolutionaries
74, 94, 99, 105, 113, 147, 410, 438
resisting
27, 63, 69, 73
assimilation
95, 416
advocates of during the 1911 Revolution
105, 113–20
and the Chinese nation
82–83, 85–87, 95, 131n2, 190, 210–11, 296, 324, 337, 340, 414
Gu Jiegang on
306, 313
Hu Tiqian on
321–22
Liang Qichao on
169, 173, 175
Rui Yifu on
383–84, 387–88
Sun Zhongshan on
126–27, 156–57, 161, 175, 384
Zhang Dadong on
433–34, 435
Association for the Common Progress of the Peoples of the Five Races
113–15, 199
Bai Chongxi
389
Bai Shouyi
311–312
Bluntschli, Johann
57n1, 62–63, 170
Bo Gu
238
Book of Rites
27, 28, 88–89, 91–92
Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs
128, 129
Burlingame Treaty
12–14
Catholic missionaries
20–23
Cen Chunxuan
113
Cen Jiawu
359–60
Chang Naide
174, 192, 372, 423
on the Chinese nation
136–37, 187–90, 293, 346–47
on the revival of the Chinese nation
258–59
Chen Boda
361, 395
Chen Changheng
369–70, 373
Chen Daluo
355n1
Chen Jianfu
408
Chen Jingdi
84–86, 170
Chen Jingxiu
194–95
Chen Lifu
239n1, 353n1, 410
Chen Qimei
112
Chen Qingnian
46
Chen Qitian
175n1, 176, 254
Chen Yinke
204, 279
Chen Zhongshan
116
Chen Ziyi
342–43
China
as the name of the country
6–16, 36–50, 66
‘China proper’
29–31, 98n1, 308
China Revival Society
101
Chinese guozu
305, 358, 365–90, 413, 415, 427, 432, 441
Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu)
and national self-determination
154–55
and the founding of the National Government
186–87
and the Japanese invasion
211–13, 221–22
and the ‘national language’
27
and the ‘republic of five races’
99–120, 124, 126–28, 154, 156–58, 168, 223, 282, 296
anthropologists on
303–05
anti-imperialism of
149–55
as descendants of the Yellow Emperor
68, 75, 106, 168, 197–204, 311–12, 341–48, 358
as Han ethnicity
67, 71–72, 184
as a monoethnic nation
ix, 164, 280–82, 305–51, 362, 368, 375, 378, 395, 398, 410
as a multiethnic nation
ix, xiii, 68, 85, 105, 141, 178–80, 280–81, 285, 305–51, 391, 395, 398, 405, 434
assimilation in
82–83, 85–87, 95, 131n2, 190, 210–11, 296, 324, 337, 340, 414
as the ‘greater nation’
61–67
as ‘Zhongguo minzu’
61, 65–67
Chang Naide on
136–37, 187–90, 258–59, 293, 346–47
Chinese guozu as the
305, 358, 365–90, 413, 415, 427, 432, 441
clan theory of
165, 351, 352–64, 374–76, 378, 391, 396n1, 434
Communist Party on
149–50, 183–85, 223, 231, 237–41, 252, 391–412, 433
concept of
ix–xiii, 427–40
constitutionalists and the
49, 60, 73–88, 90, 94, 95, 100, 105, 139, 146–48
Dai Jitao on
166, 204–05, 206, 232–34, 371
during the 1911 Revolution
99–120, 146–48
during the May Fourth Movement
148–55
earliest use of
67
ethnic integration in
ix, 69, 71, 73, 74, 80, 82–83, 87–88, 96, 97, 99, 113, 115–17, 120, 127–28, 132, 141, 146–47, 156
Fei Xiaotong on
x, 173, 310–11, 314, 328, 329, 335
Fu Sinian on
325–26, 327–29, 336, 411, 412
Gu Jiegang on
305–17, 321–23, 328–29, 336, 338, 356, 434
guozu as
88–96, 162–65, 200, 203, 204, 216, 259, 321, 365, 368, 371–72, 389, 423–27
histories of
187–92
historiography on the
xiii–xvi
Hui support for
213–14, 217–20
in history textbooks
291–97, 302–03
in the constitution
365–79
in the national anthem
133–36
Jiang Jieshi on
166–68, 197, 206–07, 323, 335, 371, 406, 412, 413, 431
Kang Youwei on
105–07, 130n1, 346
Liang Qichao on
56, 61–65, 67–69, 127–28, 155, 168–75, 434
Li Dazhao on
139–42, 158, 223–24, 226–27, 229–31, 237, 430
Liu Kuiyi on
100–03, 104
Ma Hongkui on
217–18
Manchu-Han relations in
73–88
Mao Zedong on
183–84, 396–98, 406
minority nationalities in
316, 325, 332–33, 349, 351, 373, 386–87, 399, 403, 406–16
Mongols on
196, 210–11, 213–17
National Government on
192–98, 207, 211
national heroes of
263–79
Nationalist Party on
193–94, 197, 200–01, 207, 405–15
origins of
x, 61–67
popular histories of
300–02
Qian Mu
167
revival of the
222–63
Rui Yifu on
379–87
self-consciousness of
xi–xii
Shen Yuelu on
142–45
songs about
298–300
Statist faction on
175–82
Sun Ke on
181–82, 365, 366–72, 374–76
Sun Shengwu on
219–20
Sun Zhongshan on
155–66, 168, 182, 365
Tibetan support for
213–15
traitors to the
279–91
translations of
422–27
Wang Qifen on
182–83
Western origins theory
293–94
Wu Wenzao on
178–80, 329–36, 382
Xia Dewo on
131–32
Yan Fu on
123–24
Yang Du on
69–72, 94–95, 103, 381
Ye Shaojun on
413–15
Yuan Shikai on
115, 122–26
Zhang Dadong on
433–34, 435
Zhang Qiyun on
190–91
Zhang Taiyan on
56, 67, 72, 381
Zhang Weici on
207–10
Zhang Wentian on
399–400
Chinese nationalism
165, 177, 192, 203, 229
Li Dazhao on
139–42, 223
Chinese race
66, 68, 74–75
Chinese Rites Controversy
21, 23
Christianity
and the Chinese nation
326–27
and the revival of the Chinese nation
256–57
Catholic missionaries of
20–23
Commercial Press
46, 47, 98–99, 131, 191, 379
Communist Party of China
Li Dazhao, Mao Zedong
and anti-imperialism
151–52
and rituals for Genghis Khan
204, 273–74
and rituals for the Yellow Emperor
201, 204, 346
on nationalities
318, 335, 361, 379
on the Chinese nation
149–50, 183–85, 252, 391–412, 433
on the revival of the Chinese nation
223, 231, 237–41
on traitors
285–88
Conference on Mongolian Affairs
205, 210
Confucianism
in the Qing
17–18
Constitutional movement
in the late Qing
49, 60, 73–88, 90, 94, 95, 100, 105, 139, 146–48
in the Republic
207, 365–79, 386–87, 390, 410, 412–13
Cultural Construction Movement
228, 235, 252
Dai Jitao
166, 204–05, 206, 232–34, 371
Dalai Lama
121n1, 323
de Lacouperie, Albert Terrien
293
de Magalhães, Gabriel
9–10
de Mendoza, Juan González
30
Democratic League
373, 377, 412
Democratic Socialist Party
242, 377, 378, 390
Deng Changyao
199
Deng Jiayan
201
Deng Shi
107
descendants of the Yellow Emperor
and the Chinese nation
148, 168, 197–204, 311–12, 341–48, 358
late Qing conceptions of
68, 75, 106, 119
traditional conception of
2, 4
de Tournon, Charles Thomas Maillard
21–22
Dong Fangsan
77
Draft Constitution of May Fifth
207, 366–74, 378, 380, 413
Duanfang
28, 75
East-West Monthly Magazine
52–54
Elliott, Mark
24n1, 27, 28n2, 30n3, 35–36
ethnic autonomy
377, 387
ethnicity
xii, 54, 60, 72, 116, 162, 318, 341, 362
Han ethnicity
ethnic minorities
nationality, minority nationalities
and identification with the Chinese nation
27, 66, 83, 88, 213–20
as national heroes
272–73, 275
Communist Party on
149, 184, 362, 391, 392n1, 394n3
in the constitution
370, 371, 373, 377, 409–10, 412–13
naming practices for
340n2, 348–51, 362–64, 368
Nationalist Party on
192, 193, 204, 363–64
Rui Yifu on
380, 384–87
Wu Wenzao on
332, 334
Fei Xiaotong
434
criticism of
320–21, 329, 334
on the Chinese nation
x, 173, 310–11, 314, 328, 329, 335
Feng Yuxiang
370–71
Fitzgerald, John
37n1
Fu Sinian
325–26, 327–29, 336, 411, 412
Great Harmony Association of the Republic of China
110–12, 138
Great Unity
20, 27–28, 76, 116, 325, 437
Manchu bannermen on
87–88
Guangsheng
118–20, 143, 426
Guixiu
77
Gui Yongqing
235
Gu Jiegang
82, 335, 350, 352, 353, 357
on ‘China proper’
29–30, 31
on the monoethnic Chinese nation
305–17, 321–23, 328–29, 336, 338, 356, 434
guozu
216, 259, 321, 365, 371–72, 389, 423–27
Chinese guozu
invention in the late Qing
88–96
Mao Qirong and Liu Honghuan on
351, 352, 356, 367, 390
Sun Zhongshan on
162–65, 200, 203, 204, 368
use by Li Dazhao
141, 142n1
Gützlaff, Karl
50–54, 91
Gu Zhutong
201
Han ethnicity
28, 38, 62, 64, 191
as the Chinese nation
ix, 65–67, 69, 71–73, 184
Hang Liwu
329
Han supremacist thinking
147, 245
assimilation as
105, 116, 120, 322
criticism of
276–77, 281, 311, 404–05
Liang Qichao’s
63, 69, 127, 169, 175
National Government’s
207, 362, 391, 395, 396n2
Sun Zhongshan’s
127, 157, 161–162, 163
He Guoxiong
348–49
Hengjun
78, 80, 87, 110, 112
Huang Fensheng
303, 357–59
Huang Musong
323
Huang Xing
100, 103, 104, 106, 110, 114, 138
Huang Zhouqing
344
Hu Bingxiong
74–75, 346
Hu Hanmin
236
Hui
republic of five races
as heroes of the Chinese nation
274, 275
as part of the Chinese nation
as traitors
285–87
Communist Party on
391, 397, 400, 402, 404–05
in the late Qing
49, 63, 70–71, 79, 80, 82–83, 87, 101–02
in the Republic
98, 105, 113–15, 117, 125, 132, 156, 178, 190, 192
on the Chinese nation
213–14, 217–20, 389
Hu Shiqing
344, 347, 390
Hu Tiqian
317, 319–22, 362, 423
imperialism
and the formation of the Chinese nation
148–55, 190, 221, 232, 260
early Chinese works on
151–53
Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
121, 123
Jian Bozan
315–17, 322
Jiang Jieshi
82, 194, 217, 323
on clans
165, 351, 352–64, 374–76, 378, 391, 396n1, 434
on the Chinese nation
166–68, 197, 206–07, 323, 335, 371, 406, 412, 413, 431
on the revival of the Chinese nation
234–36, 247
Jiang Tingfu
320, 423, 424
Jiangyang Nima
203–04
Jiang Zhiyou
73n2, 293
Jin Yufu
359, 360
Jurchen
4, 5
Kangxi Emperor
7–9, 21–24
Kang Youwei
28, 60, 75
on the Chinese nation
105–07, 130n1, 346
Kelzang Tsering
193, 213, 215
Kong Xiangxi
204–06, 211
Kozyo Satakichi
55
Lai Xiru
174n3, 323–24
Lan Yun’ou
180–81
Lei Zhen
113
Liang Qichao
40, 56, 78n6, 117, 124
and Han supremacist thinking
127, 169, 175
on guozu
92–93, 95
on nationalism
58–60
on the Chinese nation
56, 61–65, 67–69, 127–28, 155, 168–75, 434
on the greater nation
61–65
on the revival of the Chinese nation
222, 224–25
use of ‘China proper’
31
use of ‘China’
33
Liang Shuming
224–26
Liao dynasty
4–5
Li Chukuang
378
Li Dazhao
146
on the Chinese nation
139–42, 158, 430
on the revival of the Chinese nation
223–24, 226–27, 229–31, 237
Li Genyuan
132
Li Hongcai
76
Li Hongzhang
42–44
Li Huan
386n1, 387–88, 390
Li Huang
176, 177–78, 229
Li Jinxi
264
Lin Boqu
201
Liu Decen
276–78
Liu Honghuan
351, 352, 356, 368
Liu Kuiyi
100–03, 104, 110, 112, 138
Liu Shipei
66, 293
Li Yuanhong
106
Li Zongren
236, 246
Lu Jianzhang
113
Luo Jialun
253, 359–60
Lu Zhengxiang
101
Lü Zhenyu
395, 396n1
Ma Hongkui
217–18
Maigrot, Charles
23
Ma Junwu
72–73
Manchus
republic of five races
as part of the Chinese nation
bannermen on the Chinese nation
74–88
Chinese identity of
1, 6–12, 16–29, 31–32, 34–36
identification with China
9–16
in the late Qing
46, 48–49, 62–63, 69, 70, 71, 72, 100–02
in the Republic
125–29, 132, 137, 145, 156, 159, 178, 192, 196, 206, 216, 295
Manzhou
7, 15–16, 25
Mao Qirong
351, 352, 356, 368, 390
Mao Zedong
216, 240, 241
on the Chinese nation
183–84, 396–98, 406
Ma Tianduo
409
May Fourth Movement
148–55
Miao
as part of the Chinese nation
63, 65, 66, 80, 98, 132, 189, 220, 295, 329, 330
on the Chinese nation
311–12
Ministry of Education
in the late Qing
45–47, 49, 109
in the Republic
129, 132, 134, 137–38, 292, 349, 363, 410
minority nationalities
316, 325
ethnic minorities
National Government on
349, 363, 364n1
policies towards
332–33, 373–74, 386–87, 399, 403, 411, 412–13
use of the name
349, 351, 410
minzu
see nation
Mongolia
independence movement of
175–78, 180–82
Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
129, 193–95, 200, 217, 349, 386n1, 387
Mongols
republic of five races
as national heroes
271, 272, 274
as part of the Chinese nation
in the late Qing
49, 66, 70–71, 77, 79, 80, 82, 87, 97
in the Republic
97, 98, 124–26, 128, 193–95, 205–06, 220, 295, 302, 344–45, 348
as traitors
285, 287–88, 289
education of
129–30
on the Chinese nation
196, 210–11, 213–17
separatist movement of
120–23, 154
use of ‘Zhongguo’
11
monoethnic nation
conception of China as a
ix, 164, 280–82, 362, 368, 375, 378, 395, 398, 410
debate over China as a
305–51
Muduli
78, 81, 82
multiethnic nation
conception of China as a
ix, xiii, 68, 85, 105, 141, 178–80, 280–81, 285, 310, 391, 395, 398, 405, 434
debate over China as a
305–51
nation, the
origin of the modern concept of
50–61
Western concept of
418–22, 428
national anthem
133–36
national consciousness
73, 190, 203, 219, 248, 262, 297, 364
and national heroes
268, 271
and the May Fourth Movement
148, 150, 151, 153
and the War of Resistance
298, 300
Gu Jiegang on
306, 314, 316, 324
Liang Qichao on
61, 63, 67, 69, 169–71, 173, 175, 182
origins of
ix–xii, xiii, 36, 47, 50, 60, 65, 418, 420, 436–37
National Government and
204, 247
National Government
on heroes of the Chinese nation
271–73, 277–78
on the Chinese nation in history textbooks
137, 291–93, 302
on the revival of the Chinese nation
192–98, 211, 234–35, 247
on the status of nationalities
207, 305, 349, 363–64, 386, 410, 412
national heroes
263–79
books on
265
Chen Xunci on
265–66
Liu Decen on
276–77, 278
middle school students on
267–69
National Government on
271–73, 277–78
Nationalist Party
151, 159, 186
manifesto of
116, 160–61
on nationalities
207, 259, 305, 338, 356, 373
on the Chinese nation
164, 166, 183, 192–94, 197, 200–01, 207, 363, 371–72, 405–15
on the revival of the Chinese nation
231–34, 236–37, 242
nationality
179, 318, 333–34
Communist Party on
286, 316–17, 362, 391, 395–411
debates over
308–09, 313–14, 320–21, 323, 330–39, 346, 348, 351
ideas about in the late Qing
xi, 13, 54, 93–94
ideas about in the early Republic
118–19, 143, 148
in the constitution
367–79
law
47–49
Liang Qichao on
169, 171
National Government on
204–05, 207, 259, 305, 352–53, 356–61, 363–64, 411–13
Stalin’s definition of
401
status of
381–89, 413–15
national self-determination
Communist Party on
184, 317, 392n1
concerns about
154–55, 177, 180–82, 193, 308, 313, 329, 332
for the Chinese nation
160–61, 165, 197, 211, 259
Manchu views on
88
National Socialist Party
242–45, 248–49
Nevius, John Livingston
14
New Qing history
15, 17–18, 24–25, 28n2, 32, 34–36
North-South peace negotiations
104–05, 147
Nurhaci
6, 15
Okamoto Kansuke
45
Panchen Lama
193–94
Pan Wu
97
Pei Zhi
212–13
Pope Clement XI
21
Progressive Party
117, 118, 139, 224, 229
Pu Ru
412
Qianlong Emperor
9–10, 25, 28
Qian Mu
166, 167, 174
Qian Xuantong
264
Qiao Yifan
376–77
Qidan people
4–5
race
66, 187n1, 276–77, 290, 324
republic of five races
confusion with nation
60–62, 350
difference from nation
81, 83–85, 178, 304, 306–07, 319–20, 348, 350, 351, 381–82
Great Harmony of the Five Races
74–80
Gu Jiegang on
307–11, 313–14, 338
in textbooks
291, 295–97
Liang Qichao on
68, 92, 169–71, 229–31
Nationalists on
206–07, 352–53
Xia Dewo on
131–32
regional autonomy
Communist Party and
317, 379, 392n1, 411
Rui Yifu and
386, 387
Wu Wenzao and
335
Renan, Ernest
170
Republic of China
as the ‘republic of five races’
99–120
significance of the name
37–38, 130–33, 136–39
republic of five races
and the concept of the Chinese nation
99–120, 154, 168, 223, 282, 296
and the national anthem
133–36
critics of
144–146, 348, 400
in the early Republic
124, 126–28, 147
Sun Zhongshan on
156–158, 168
revival of the Chinese nation
222–63
Christianity and the
256–57
Communist Party on
237–41
Dai Jitao on
232–34
discourses on during the War of Resistance
245–63
Jiang Jieshi on
186, 234–36
Liang Qichao on
224–25
Liang Shuming on
224–26
Li Dazhao on
223–24, 229–31, 237
Nationalist Party on
232–37
National Socialist Party on
242–45
origin of the discourses on
222–231
scientists and the
257–58
Wang Guangqi on
226, 227–29
Zhang Junmai on
242–45, 248–49, 250–51, 261
Revolutionary Alliance
100–01, 103, 116
Ricci, Matteo
22, 38–39
Rongde
47
Rui Yifu
303, 379–87
Shagdurjab
216–17
Shao Yuanchong
112, 192, 201
Shenbao
89–91, 95, 131
Shen Enfu
133
Shen Jiaben
47
Shen Xingong
134
Shen Yuelu
139, 142–46, 191
Shen Zongzhi
259
Shi Weihuan
253
Shi Ying
300, 301–02
Shoufu
61–62
Sima Qian
2–3, 198
Sinicization
17–18, 26, 36, 258, 387–89
Sino-Japanese Treaty of Friendship (1871)
41–44
Smith, Anthony
420–21, 428
Society for the Revival of the Chinese Nation
234–35
Statist Faction
151, 158, 187n1, 192
on the Chinese nation
175–82
Sun Bojian
153
Sun Ke
on the Chinese guozu
365, 366–72, 374–76
on the Chinese nation
181–82, 380
Sun Shengwu
219–20
Sun Zhongshan
104
as a national hero
268–69
on guozu
96, 162–65, 389
on racial assimilation
126–27, 384
on the Chinese nation
141, 155–66, 168, 174–75, 181–82, 186, 204, 365, 367–68
on the five color flag
157–60
on the ‘republic of five races’
108, 111, 145–46, 157–58
on the Three Principles of the People
145, 156, 157, 165, 226, 230, 232, 353
Tao Chengzhang
73n2
Tao Menghe
373, 374
textbooks
history
46–47, 66, 97–99, 131–32, 137, 174, 291–97
on national heroes
264
social studies
302–03
Tibetans
republic of five races; Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
as part of the Chinese nation
in the late Qing
46, 49, 63, 66, 70, 73, 82, 87–88, 100–02
in the Republic
97–98, 105, 108, 117, 124–25, 132, 145, 181, 295, 323, 344–45
education of
128–29, 193–94
on the Chinese nation
196, 213–15
traitors
279–91, 312, 340, 349
traitors to China
289–91
traitors to the Han
279–85
traitors to the Hui
285–87
traitors to the Mongols
287–89
Treaty of Kyakhta
11
Treaty of Nanjing
12, 285
Treaty of Nerchinsk
7, 9, 23
Treaty of Shimonoseki
41
tribes
53, 92
ethnic groups as
350–51, 364n1, 368
Trigault, Nicholas
38
Tulišen
10
Veritable Records
25–26
Wang Guangqi
176, 226, 227–29
Wang Guowei
417
Wang Jingwei
103, 152, 254n1, 410
Wang Ke
57, 60, 280, 281, 282, 284–85, 288
Wang Ming
204, 399, 400
Wang Qifen
182–83, 293
Wang Rongbao
46, 134, 135
Wang Shaolun
336–37, 338n1, 356
Wang Tongling
187
Wang Xinkui
135
Wei Huilin
362
Wu Gengshu
246
Wu Guanyin
117–18, 141n3, 146
Wu Jingxiong
369
Wu Leichuan
256–57
Wu Tingfang
47, 104, 139
Wu Wenzao
on Liang Qichao
172
on the Chinese nation
178–80, 329–36, 382
Wu Yuzhang
204
Wu Zesheng
78–81, 84, 86, 423
Wu Zijian
246
Xia Dewo
131–32
Xiao Yishan
300, 339–40
Xiao Youmei
135
Xia Wanchun
91
Xia Zengyou
66
Xie Kang
303–05, 364n1
Xiong Shili
300, 344–46, 433, 434
Xiyi
89–90
Xuantong Emperor
108–09
Xu Xusheng
311–12, 350
Xu Yongyi
264, 269
Yan Fu
94–95, 123–24
Yang Chengzhi
317–19, 322, 423
Yang Du
64, 67, 69–72, 94–95, 103, 115
Yang Shuda
144
Yang Song
401–03
Yang Youjiong
152, 210
Yan Xishan
236
Yao Jiangbin
340–42
Yao Xiguang
114
Yellow Emperor
see descendants of the Yellow Emperor
Ye Shaojun
413–15
Yikuang
48
Yinchang
135
Yi Junzuo
264, 269, 275
Yongzheng Emperor
18–21
Young China Association
175–76, 226, 227, 229
Youth Party
151, 187n1, 192, 229–30, 254, 377, 423
Yuan Shikai
during the 1911 Revolution
101, 103, 109
on the Chinese nation
115, 122–26
on the national anthem
135–36
Yuduan
78, 87–88
Yu Jiaju
175n1, 176, 178
Yu Youren
201–02, 371
Zeng Jinke
249
Zeng Qi
229
Zhang Dadong
300, 433–34, 435
Zhang Daofan
271
Zhang Dongsun
180, 242
Zhang Ji
201, 371
Zhang Junmai
373, 378
on guozu
93–95
on the revival of the Chinese nation
242–45, 248–49, 250–51, 261
Zhang Qiyun
187, 190–91, 192, 411
Zhang Shizhao
373, 374
Zhang Taiyan
national anthem of
134–35
on the Chinese nation
56, 67, 72, 381
Zhang Weici
207–10, 307, 323
Zhang Weihua
311–312
Zhang Wentian
240, 399–400
Zhang Yuanji
253, 300
Zhao Bingjun
113, 114
Zhao Bingqi
378
Zheng Hesheng
31n1, 349n2
Zhina
33n1, 39–41, 65, 72, 73
Zhirui
76
Zhongguo
China
as the name of the country
6–16
Manchu use of
6–12
origin of the term
1–3
Zhongguo minzu
73, 148, 185, 208, 392, 396n1
Chinese nation
as Han ethnicity
65, 72
first appearance of
67, 118
shift to Zhonghua minzu
66, 291, 292, 394
Zhonghua
origin of the term
3–4
in dictionaries
15
Zhonghua minzu
see Chinese nation
Zhong Yueqiu
174n3
zhongzu
see race
Zhou Enlai
240, 362, 391, 405
Zhu Jiahua
329, 338
Zhu Qinglai
163–64
Zou Huamin
134
Zou Rong
91–92, 95
1911 Revolution
and use of ‘China’
37–38
concept of the Chinese nation in
98–120
North-South Peace Negotiations in
104–05