Figures
1.1 Genealogies of four Pre-Islamic Arab tribes 3
1.2 Reducing a real Arab genealogical system to a hypothetical symbolic system 22
1.3 Notional semantic field for individual and group names based on five kinds of references 39
1.4 Preliminary semantic field for attested individual and group names based on five kinds of references 40
4.1 An artificial taxonomy of Arabic terms for animals 142
6.1 Genealogy of the Pre-Islamic al-Aws and al-Ḫazraǧ tribes showing ancestral names and nicknames 237
7.1 Hierarchical model of the bedouin tribes of Cyrenaica and Northwestern Egypt 268
7.2 Attachment of foreign elements and blending of patrilineages to form the Banī Tanūḫ 292
7.3 Representing the Banī Tanūḫ as an assembly of “core” and “peripheral” groups 293
7.4 Core and peripheral components of the Abū-Ǧuwayʿid tribe 310
7.5 Core and peripheral components of the Akrād al-Ḫayṭ tribe in the 1930s 312
8.1 Genealogical model of the ʿUǧmān tribe of Eastern Arabia 335
8.2 Genealogical model of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy of Western Saudi Arabia 339
8.3 Kinship group names of the Rašāyidah tribe of Eastern Sudan 344
8.4 Core and peripheral components of the Rašāyidah tribe 345
8.5 Relationships based on common descent and patronage in the ʿAqāqirah tribal confederacy of Cyrenaica 350
8.6 Model of the Banī Ḥasan tribe of Jordan 353
Tables
1.1 Residential groups with animal names among the Iowa tribe of North America 18
1.2 Apinayé ritual and cosmological categories 19
2.1 Clans and lineages of the Banī Rašīd tribe of Northwestern Saudi Arabia 44
2.2 Names of the kinship groups of the Rašāyidah bedouin 56
2.3 Names of the kinship groups of the Bakr ibn Wāʾil tribe 67
2.4 Placement in referential categories of personal and kinship group names mentioned in Chapters 1 and 2 76
2.5 Scientific taxonomy of five members of the Corvidae family 86
2.6 Arabic terminology for five members of the Corvidae family 86
2.7 English terminology for five members of the Corvidae family 87
4.1 Definitions of animal terms found in dictionaries of Modern Standard (al-Ǧurr, Wehr) and Classical (al-Bustānī, Hava) Arabic 106
4.2 Classical Arabic terminology for horses 123
4.3 Classical Arabic terminology for camels 124
4.4 Terms for camels among the Āl Murrah bedouin that distinguish young from mature animals 129
4.5 Āl Murrah camel terms that specify age in years 130
4.6 Relationship of camel terms that specify age in years to terms that describe camels’ fertility or utility as mounts 130
4.7 Camel terminology of the Āl Murrah bedouin of South-Central Arabia 134
4.8 Age-Related camel terminology of the Rašāyidah bedouin of Sudan 137
4.9 Camel terms as defined by local tradition among Najdī Arabic speakers 138
5.1 Medicinal plant terms in use among the Kabābīš of Northern Sudan 151
5.2 Comparison of Kabābīš plant terms with corresponding terms in Classical Arabic 153
6.1 Kinship groups with names based on taxonomic bird terms in order of frequency 162
6.2 Kinship groups with names based on taxonomic bird terms sorted by order, family, and genus 169
6.3 Combining the species identified by taxonomic bird terms and the groups named after them into biological orders 175
6.4 Kinship groups with non-taxonomic avian names in Arabic alphabetic order 176
6.5 Names referring to predatory birds vs. names referring to non-predatory birds 185
6.6 Kinship groups with taxonomic mammalian names sorted in Arabic alphabetic order 186
6.7 Kinship groups with taxonomic mammalian names sorted by biological family 189
6.8 Kinship groups named after predatory mammals vs. kinship groups named after non-predatory mammals 207
6.9 Comparing groups named after birds and mammals, predatory and non-predatory 208
6.10 Groups named after predators (scorpions and spiders) and non-predators (insects) 212
6.11 Groups named after reptilian predators (snakes) and non-predators (other reptiles and amphibians) 214
6.12 Groups named after predatory sea creatures (sharks) and non-predatory marine life 216
6.13 Groups named after predators vs. groups named after non-predators 216
6.14 Terms referring to predators vs. terms referring to non-predators 218
6.15 Cases covered by the “Nickname Eponymy” Hypothesis 242
7.1 Classical Arabic terms for politically prominent tribesmen 319
7.2 Classical Arabic terms for politically peripheral tribesmen 320
8.1 Names of the segments of the ʿUǧmān tribe of Eastern Arabia 333
8.2 Genealogical chart of the segments of the ʿUǧmān tribe of Eastern Arabia 336
8.3 Political elites in the Ḥarb tribal confederacy of Western Saudi Arabia 341
8.4 Measuring the semantic fit of the names of the ʿUǧmān tribe of Eastern Arabia with a genealogy 362
8.5 Names of the Zubayd tribe of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy of Western Saudi Arabia 370
8.6 Names of the al-Nawāṣifah sub-tribe of the ʿAwf tribe of the Masrūḥ section of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy 373
8.7 Names of the Murawwiḥ tribe of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy of Western Saudi Arabia 376
8.8 Measuring the semantic fit of the names of the Zubayd tribe of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy with a genealogy 381
8.9 Measuring the semantic fit of the names of the Murawwiḥ tribe of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy with a genealogy 392
8.10 Measuring the semantic fit of the names of the al-Nawāṣifah sub-tribe of the Ḥarb tribal confederacy with a genealogy 406
8.11 Measuring the semantic fit of the names of the Rašāyidah tribe of Eastern Sudan with a genealogy 416
8.12 Names of the “free” Awlād Ḫarūf segment and its “tied” client in the ʿAqāqirah tribal confederacy of Eastern Libya 423
8.13 Measuring the semantic fit of some names of the ʿAqāqirah confederacy of Eastern Libya with a genealogy 430
8.14 Names of the Banī Ḥasan tribe of Northern Jordan 442
8.15 Measuring the semantic fit of the names of the Banī Ḥasan tribe of Jordan with a genealogy 447
8.16 Comparing the semantic fit with genealogies of group names for seven cases 458
8.17 Kinship groups in Kufr al-Māʾ 467
9.1 Evidence in the Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia (OCIANA) of terms for living things and personal and group names derived from these terms 483