Index
Prepared by Jacqueline Pitchford
Page references in bold type indicate a more detailed treatment of the subject.
Aaron
23
al-ʿAbbas b. Abd al-Muttalib (uncle of the Prophet, d. 653 CE)
55
Abbasid Caliphate/Abbasid period/Abbasids
35, 60, 63, 86, 116, 131
ʿAbdallah b. Ahtam
26
ʿAbd Allah b. ʿAmir (Governor of Basra, d. 678 CE)
77
ʿAbd Allah b. al-Zubayr (counter caliph, r. 683–692 CE)
27, 31, 37, 94, 96, 102n33, 103
ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwan (5th Umayyad Caliph, r. 685–705 CE)
39, 96
Dome of the Chain; Dome of the Rock; Haram al-Sharif
architectural patronage
44, 95, 96–97, 109, 116, 118
cloth qubbas
51–52
coinage/coinage reform
7–8, 8ill., 86, 121
death
121
destruction of Dar al-Imara (Kufa) by
89–90
diversion of pilgrimage to Jerusalem
102n33
enthronement/oath of allegiance
28, 95, 103, 115
lavishness of
31, 66
use of minbar
24, 27, 125
attempt to move Prophet’s minbar
28
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Damascus)
31, 44, 61
use of sarīr (bedstead/couch)
31, 58
Second Islamic Civil War and
95, 109
ʿAbd Manaf b. ʿAbd al-Dar (2nd tribal leader of Quraysh, b. c. 430 CE)
37
ʿAbd al-Muttalib (4th Chief of Quraysh, d. 578 CE)
55
ʿAbd al-Rahman I (al-Dakhīl, Umayyad prince, d. 788 CE)
129
ʿAbd al-Rahman III (1st Caliph of Cordoba, r. 929–961 CE)
129n33
ʿAbdulrahman b. Hassan b. Thabit
68–69, 70n104
Abraha, Church of
55
Abraha al-Habashi (Christian ruler of Yemen/commander, fl. 6th c. CE)
55
Abraham (prophet)
106, 119, 119n125
Abu Bakr (1st Rashidun Caliph, r. 632–634 CE)
17, 35, 77
Abu Musa al-Ashʿari (Companion of the Prophet and Governor of Basra and Kufa, d. c. 662 or 672 CE)
77, 82
Abu Sufyan b. Harb b. Umayya (patriarch of Umayyad clan, d. 653 CE)
77, 93
accession ceremonies
.
see enthronements; oaths of allegiance
access to rulers, open
27, 29–30, 35, 40, 46, 49, 81, 83–84, 126–127
maqsuras
Adam (prophet)
creation of
105, 117
designation of
7n33, 17
tent of paradise and seat of
106
adornment
22
ʿAisha bt. Abu Bakr (d. c. 679 CE)
75
Ajlan (chamberlain of Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan)
84
Akkouche, M.
42ill.
Alexander the Great (d. 336–323 BCE)
63
Alexandria, Qubbat al-Khadraʾ/Tychaion
64, 66
ʿAli b. Abi Talib (4th Rashidun Caliph, r. 656–661 CE)
73
assassination
2, 2n10, 3, 35, 70, 77, 93
authority of
107
Battle of Siffin (657 CE) and
51, 51n9, 92
chair of (al-Mukhtar)
22–23, 129
Muʿawiya I vs.
1–2, 27, 129
protection of the Prophet
10
raḥba of
92
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan and
77
ʿAlids
22, 27, 47, 73, 107
Allan, James W.
86
Allat (pre-Islamic Arabian goddess)
56
Almohads
1n3
Amman (Jordan), mosque-palace complex
11n53, 48n89, 63, 63n82, 64ill., 86, 89, 89ill.
ʿAmr b. al-ʿAs (Companion of the Prophet and Governor of Egypt, d. 664 CE)
31
assassination attempt against
3, 24, 70
foundation of Fustat
59
use of minbar
24, 42, 49
reputation
73n3
role in formation of Islamic state
73
ʿAmr b. Saʿid b. al-ʿAs (Umayyad governor, d. 688–689 CE)
26, 31, 39
al-Andalus
129
angels, descent of
117
ʿAnjar (Lebanon)
48n89, 89
anointment
97, 110–112, 119
al-Ansari, Abu Ayyub (Companion of the Prophet, d. 674 CE)
31
Antun, Thallein Mireille
92n133
anxiety
apocalyptic
95, 100–101, 120, 127
eschatological
16, 23, 97, 119–120
existential
16, 97, 112, 119–120, 131
response of early Islamic architecture to
3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 46, 122, 131
temporal
113, 120
Aphrodite
37
apocalyptic anxiety
95, 100–101, 120, 127
in hadith
100, 102
apocalyptic eschatology (term/definition)
112n93
al-Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem)
27–28, 65ill., 95, 102n33, 104ill., 121
Arabian Alliance of the Perfumed Ones
111
Arabic (language)
121
architectural patronage
of ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwan
44, 95, 96–97, 109, 116, 118
of al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf
48, 60, 67, 123
of Muʿawiya I
50, 61, 66, 67, 72, 109, 128
of ʿUmar b. al-Khattab
109
of al-Walid I
16, 31, 66, 121
of Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
16, 49, 73–74, 75, 80, 82, 86–87, 90, 93–94, 124, 126
Arendt, Hannah
121
Ark of the Covenant
23, 129
Tabernacle of Moses
Ascalon, Shrine of al-Husayn
26ill.
assassinations/assassination attempts
against caliphs
2, 2n10, 9, 15, 35, 38, 122, 123, 126, 127
under individual rulers
against the Prophet
9–10
astrological domes
54, 54n22, 56–57ill.
audience halls
11n51, 29, 36, 48
domed
4, 16, 30, 51, 61, 63, 71, 72, 92
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
inscriptions in (Basra)
84, 91
pre-Islamic
34, 108
qibla areas as
41
austerity
of the Prophet
21, 22, 24, 31, 41, 43, 71, 128
shift from austerity to monumentality/materiality
48–49, 66, 71, 72
of ʿUmar b. al-Khattab
40, 41, 42–43
of Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
82, 83
authority
caliphal identity/authority
divine
15, 51, 96, 105
pre-Islamic
34, 36–38
of the Prophet
16, 17, 29, 41, 50, 52, 72
secular/political vs. religious
7n29, 105
Ayyubid Sultanate/Ayyubids
96n6, 119
al-Azraqi (historian, fl. 9th c. CE)
38, 106, 119n125
Baalbek
119
Bacharach, Jere
14
Baghdad, Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
59, 60, 63, 65ill.
al-Baladhuri (historian, d. 892 CE)
20–21, 38–39, 42n54, 67, 68
Banu ʿAbd Manaf
76
Banu ʿAbd Shams b. Zayd Manat (Tamim)
77
Banu Hashim (Quraysh)
47, 58, 83, 92
Banu Thaqif
58
Banu Umayya (Quraysh)
38, 93–94
Basra
Dar al-Imara (Basra); Mosque of Basra
accommodation of troops
83, 84
demographic developments/population
80, 81
foundation and first settlers
76, 79
governance
73
[al-]Batraʾ; Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
Qubbat al-Muqatila (Dome of the Combatants)
80–81, 88
tribal elites in
81
al-Batraʾ speech (sermon by Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan upon appointment as governor of Basra, 664 CE)
48, 73, 80, 81, 84, 90, 123
Battle of Al-Khandaq (939 CE)
129n33
Battle of Khazir (686 CE)
23
Battle of Qadisiyya (636 CE)
20
Battle of Siffin (657 CE)
51, 51n9, 58, 92
Battle of Uhud (625 CE)
56
bayʿas. see oaths of allegiance
Bayt al-Maqdis (holy precinct of Haram al-Sharif)
114
bedsteads/couches
.
see sarīrs
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris
13–14n70
betyls (sacred stones)
112, 112ill.
Bible verses
Ezekiel, 1:26
60n64
Samuel, 7:1–13
56
bird imagery
32
al-Biruni (b. 973 CE)
119n125
Bishr b. Marwan (Governor of Kufa and Basra, d. 694 CE)
25
black stone discs (al-Walid I)
9, 9n48, 10ill.
Black Stone (Kaʿba)
37, 101
Bloom, Jonathan
51n6
blue (color)
53n17
body politics
.
see embodiment
Book of Conquests (al-Baladhuri)
20–21
braziers
69, 69ill.
Bursi, Adam
111n85
Byzantine Empire/Byzantines
Arab-Byzantine relations
95n1
“architectural competition”
31, 67
Byzantine criticism of Umayyad palaces
66
church design as inspiration for mosque construction
82
fall of
20
heavenly domes
44, 54, 55ill., 124
Cairo
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
89
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ/Iwan al-Kabir
61, 63, 66ill.
caliphal identity/authority
13
maqsuras; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ; seats/seats of rule; under individual rulers
ambiguity around and multivalency of
5, 7–8, 11, 17, 50, 122
architecture for expressing
31, 34, 128, 131
caliphs as imams and preachers (khaṭibs)
25–26, 40
invocation of God’s Throne and Footstool and
105–109
multivalency of, God’s caliph vs. successor to the Prophet
17
Prophet’s authority vs.
16, 17, 96
titles of caliphs
7–8, 17, 18, 125
caliphate, kingship vs.
19, 20, 21
caliphs
rulers
assassination attempts against/murder of
2, 2n10, 9, 15, 38, 122, 123, 126, 127
palaces/residences of
.
see Dar al-Imara
protection of
.
see protection of rulers
seats of rule of
.
see kursīs; minbars; sarīrs; thrones
succession of
8, 93–94
working relation with governors
30, 70, 93
celestial/heavenly court
57, 97, 100–101, 106, 108, 118, 119
God’s Throne and Footstool
ceremony
.
see rituals/ritual practice
chain of command
7, 17, 122
chairs
.
see kursīs
Chamber of the Holy Relics (Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul)
1
Children of Israel
23
Christian cosmology
60
Christianity
113
churches
co-existence of Christians with Muslims
44n64
conception of heavenly domes in
53–54, 53–54n19, 60, 60n64
eschatological and apocalyptic thought in
98, 100
references to Jesus Christ in Dome of the Rock
116–117
Chronos (Titan)
111n87
Church of Abraha (Yemen)
55
Church of Edessa (Mesopotamia)
54
churches
“architectural competition” with
31, 67
attempted purchase of churches and temenos (temple enclosures)
44, 125
church design as inspiration for mosque construction
82
space sharing with mosques
44, 44n64
Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)
55ill., 127
Church of St. John the Baptist (Damascus)
44
circumambulation
106
of chair of ʿAli/al-Mukhtar
23, 129
of Dome of the Rock
106, 110, 111, 112n89, 114, 115–116
around idols and thrones in pre-Islam
22
of Kaʿba
51, 106, 115
of qubbas and palaces
71
civil wars
2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 35, 46, 102, 124
First Islamic Civil War; Second Islamic Civil War
formation of Islamic architecture and
3, 4, 15, 46, 48, 68, 73, 103
as sign of End of Days
100, 101
cleaning, ritualistic
110–111
coinage
ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwan
7–8, 8ill., 121
Bishr b. Marwan
25
coinage reform
86, 121
Heraclius
86
Khusrau Parvez
114
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
76, 77ill.
combatants
.
see soldiers
Commander of the Faithful (amir al-muʾminīn, title)
7, 17, 81
Conquest of Mecca (629–630 CE)
102
consultation (nadāwa)
37
Cordoba/Cordoban Caliphate
.
see Great Mosque of Cordoba
corruption
20, 75, 77, 80
cosmology
Islamic cosmology
cosmic kingship
62, 71
cosmic order
105
cosmological/cosmic imagery
32, 53–54, 56–57ill.
Greek, Mesopotamian, Christian and Jewish
60
cosmos
as domical, tent-like structure
60
as edifice
53–54
Quran on
60
couches
.
see sarīrs
council of elders (shūra council)
37, 38, 81, 83–84
covenant
.
see divine covenant
covering/veiling
of Dome of the Rock
102, 110, 112
of Kaʿba
22, 38, 71, 71n114, 102–103
protection of rulers through
59
of relic displays
22, 38
Creation/creation
of Adam
105, 117
God’s mastery over
98–99
imagery on destruction of
100
Islamic narratives on
99
role of God’s Throne and Footstool in
105, 106
role of holy sites of Jerusalem in
95, 106, 107, 113, 120, 128
role of Kaʿba in
107
of time
98–99
Creswell, K.A.C.
3n15, 10, 11n55, 86, 86n105, 87, 102n33
crowns
18, 19, 20, 21, 114–115, 119, 121
Crusades
96n6
Ctesiphon (ancient Iranian city)
62, 79, 119
al-Dahnāʾ (open/public space near mosque associated with Bani Hashim)
47, 83, 92
Damascus
61n74, 73
Dar al-Imara (Damascus); Great Mosque of Damascus
mosque construction in
121
rebellion (688–689 CE)
24
Dar al-ʿAdl (Iwan al-Kabir, audience hall, Mamluks)
61
Dar al-Imara (House of Governance, urban palace)
3
audience halls; mosque-palace complexes; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
archaeological records
11, 11n53, n55
architectural design/choices
31, 38
audience halls/public audiences at
4, 11n51, 29, 30, 36, 63
circumambulation of
71
development as single complex with mosques
11, 15
earliest residences
43n57–58
as fort
91, 92
governance/relation between mosque and
41, 43
origins, history, and development
43, 49
own homes vs.
71
seats of rulers in
33
Dar al-Imara (Basra)
43, 47, 91
Mosque of Basra
excavations/archaeological records
16, 74, 74n8
inscriptions in audience hall
84, 91
rebuilding/relocation
73, 82, 83, 124, 126, 127
Dar al-Imara (Damascus)
30, 43, 43n58, 44, 44n67, 45ill., 46, 53, 124
Great Mosque of Damascus; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Damascus)
Dar al-Imara (Fustat)
43, 82, 92, 124
Mosque of Fustat
Dar al-Imara (Iraq)
11
Dar al-Imara (Jerusalem)
11n53, 43, 44, 65ill., 82, 89
Dar al-Imara (Kufa)
Mosque of Kufa
attacks on and destruction of
89–90
audience hall
63, 90
excavations/archaeological records and dating
11n55, 16, 74, 86–89, 87–88ill., 90, 127
open access to
42
origins and location
82
rebuilding/relocation of
44n67, 49, 73, 74, 82, 83, 85ill., 86–89, 124, 126, 127
security of
91
Dar al-Imara (Syria)
11
Dar al-Imara (Wasit)
47ill., 48, 93
audience hall
48, 59, 60
Dar Hijra
.
see garrison towns
Dar al-Nadwa (House of Deputies, Quraysh, Mecca)
37–38, 123, 125
David (prophet)
7n33, 26, 107, 108
David’s Chain
118, 119
Day of Judgment
fear of
99–100
apocalyptic anxiety; eschatological anxiety
God’s Throne and Footstool on
97, 100, 116, 117
holy sites of Jerusalem at End of Days and
95, 97, 100, 102, 103–104, 107, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 128
intercession of the Prophet at End of Days and
111, 116
Mecca on
102
deities
122
invocation in pre-Islam
36–37
stones representing
111
Delegations, Year of (c. 629–630 CE)
58
desert/extra urban palaces
11, 14, 19n8, 123
Dionysus (Olympic god)
37
divine authority
15, 51, 96, 105
divine covenant
72, 98, 98n9, 105, 106, 111, 124, 127, 128, 131
Ark of the Covenant
23, 129
divine presence (sakīnah)
23
divine throne
.
see God’s Throne and Footstool
Djait, Hichem
87
Dome of the Ascension (Qubbat al-Miʿraj, Jerusalem)
95, 97, 97ill.
Dome of the Chain (Jerusalem)
99ill., 104ill., 118, 118ill.
“Dome of the Green”
.
see Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Khadraʾ Palace, “Dome of the Green”, Damascus)
Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem)
99ill., 104ill., 121
architectural patronage
66, 109, 118n120
association with God’s Throne and Footstool/heavenly court
57, 100, 106, 109, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 128
association with heavenly ascent of the Prophet
128
circumambulation of
106, 110, 111, 112n89, 114, 115–116, 128
covering/veiling of Dome and Rock
102, 110, 112
expense and lavishness of
31, 67
ground floor plan
108ill.
inscriptions
111, 111n81, 114, 115–117, 119
Jewish Temple and
95, 112, 112n90, 113, 127, 128
mosaics
102–103, 114, 115ill.
in Old Testament
117
origins/history/dating
68, 95, 96, 102n33, 109, 116–117, 127, 128
pilgrimage to/veneration of
105, 107, 108, 109–110, 113–118, 120, 127, 128
political function of
103
relics/gifts at,
black stone disc in mihrab
9, 9n48, 10ill.
celestial
119
Sasanian objects
21
as response to existential and apocalyptic anxiety
16, 95, 97, 98, 106, 113
ritual practices at
97, 101, 102, 109–113, 119, 128
role in Creation, End of Days and Day of Judgment
97, 103–104, 106, 107, 112, 113, 118, 119, 128
sanctity of
103, 106–107, 111, 113
Second Islamic Civil War and
113
transfer of qibla to Kaʿba
101
Haram al-Sharif
domes/domed structures
Dome of the Rock; qubbas; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
astrological domes
54, 54n22, 56–57ill.
cloth and leather
..
see qubbas
cosmological imagery/celestial domes
.
see heavenly domes
domed maqsuras
39, 40, 49
paradisiacal domes
54, 57ill.
pre-Islamic Arabian/early Islamic heavenly/celestial
11n51, 16, 43n58, 44, 51, 53–54, 55, 60
relation between caliphs and
51
draping
.
see covering
Edessa (Mesopotamia), Church of
54
Elad, Amikam
102n33
embodiment
14
body politics in architecture
5, 6, 9, 9n47, 131
End of Days
23, 98
civil wars as sign of
100, 101
holy sites in Jerusalem on Day of Judgment and
95, 97, 100, 101, 103–104, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 128
Kaʿba and black stone at
101
measurement of time and
99
the Prophet as intercessor at
111, 116
role of God’s Throne in
105
enthronements
31, 33ill., 115, 123
oaths of allegiance; under individual rulers
eschatological anxiety
16, 23, 97, 119–120
apocalyptic anxiety
eschatology
apocalyptic
112n93
origins and development of Islamic eschatological belief
98
Eutychius (Melkite priest, d. 940 CE)
102n33
existential anxiety
16, 97, 112, 119–120, 131
al-Farazdaq (poet, d. c. 728–730 CE)
58, 71, 107, 115
Fars
77
Fatima bt. ʿUtba (maternal aunt of Muʿawiya I)
58, 72
Fatimid Caliphate/Fatimids
96n6, 119
al-Fazari, Yazid b. ʿUmar b. Hubayra (Governor of Iraq, d. 750 CE)
93
al-Fihri, al-Dahhak b. Qays (Umayyad commander, d. 684 CE)
25
firāsa (definition)
9
First Islamic Civil War (First Fitna, 656–661 CE)
Battle of Siffin (657 CE)
51n9, 58, 92
formation of Islamic architecture and
3, 4, 15, 46, 48, 73
outbreak and end of
2, 96, 103
power balance and importance of Iraq
73, 75
reputation and recognition of Muʿawiya I during and after
50, 68, 103
securing of relics during
125
use of qubba in
58
fitna
129n30
First Islamic Civil War; Second Islamic Civil War
fl. means
Flood, Finbarr Barry
13, 13n65, 125–126
The Formation of Islamic Art (Oleg Grabar)
13
Fowden, Garth
13–14
Friday mosques
.
see mosques
Friday sermon (khuṭba)
8, 18, 29, 36, 41, 76, 93
al-Batraʾ
al-Fudayn (Umayyad palace, Jordan)
69ill.
Fustat
59
Dar al-Imara (Fustat); Mosque of Fustat
Gabriel (archangel)
106, 114, 117
garrison towns (Dar Hijra, Abode of Immigration)
79
Basra; Kufa
centralized vs. decentralized governance in
75–76, 81, 92–93
(function of) mosques in
41, 43, 82, 84
George, Alain
13
Ghadban (prisoner)
67
Ghassanids
19, 19n10, 54, 61n74
Ghumdan palaces (Yemen)
62, 62n78
God
mastery of Creation
98–99
omnipotence of
98–99, 105
Oneness of
97–98, 122
praising God in sermons
73n1, 90
prophetic successorship to God (khilāfa)
7, 106, 107
transcendence and immanence of
113, 122
unity of God
99
God’s Caliph (khalīfat Allāh, title)
7
God’s House (precursor to Kaʿba)
106
God’s Throne and Footstool
20, 33–34n98, 105n44
Dome of the Rock
association of Dome of the Rock with
109, 112
caliphal identity and invocation of
105–109
God on
106
heavens and
60, 105
Kaʿba as Footstool
101
prophethood and
105–106
Quran on
105, 105n48–50, 107
role in Creation, End of Days and Day of Judgment
97, 100, 105, 106, 116, 117
seat of caliphs vs.
33
Goitein, Shelomo Dov
102n33
Goldziher, Ignaz
102n33
governance (imāra)
38
centralized vs. decentralized
75–76, 81, 92–93
formation of Islamic architecture and
4, 5, 8, 15, 38, 40, 41, 49
history of Islamic
12, 37–38
mosque vs. Dar al-Imara
41
in pre-Islam
37–38
governors
rulers
corruption among
20, 75, 80
identity of
5, 20
protection/security of
26–27
residences of
.
see Dar al-Imara
working relation with caliphs
30, 70, 93
Grabar, Oleg
6n28, 11, 13, 53n19, 57, 87, 102n33
Greater Syria
68
governor’s residences in
43
mosques in
43–44
Great Mosque of Cordoba
1, 1n3, 129
maqsura
40, 123, 130–131ill.
mihrab
11n51, 129, 130ill.
Great Mosque of Damascus
3, 51, 52ill.
Dar al-Imara (Damascus); Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Damascus)
audience hall/audiences
11n51, 30, 123
courtyard
45ill.
enthronements in
8
expense and lavishness of
31, 66
maqsura
8, 38, 44, 46, 49
mihrab
20, 40n44, 44
minbar
27, 28–29, 123, 125
mosaics
5n20, 121, 122ill.
origins
11, 44
qibla area
44, 44n67, 49
reconstruction under Walid I
44–46, 45ill., 61
relics in
2, 130
scholarship on
13
Great Mosque of Mecca (Masjid al-Haram), minbar
24
Greek cosmology
60
Greek (language)
121
green (color)
53, 53n17
Guidetti, Mattia
13
hadith
3n12, 57
apocalyptic anxiety in
100, 102
al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf (Governor of Iraq, d. 714 CE)
architectural patronage
48, 60, 67, 123
Dar al-Imara (Wasit); Mosque of Wasit; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Wasit)
Dar al-Imara/Qubbat al-Khadraʾ/audience hall
48, 62, 67, 124
lavishness of
67
use of maqsura
39, 40, 46, 123
use of qubba
58
whitewashing palace walls with Quran pages
59, 129
al-Hakam II (2nd Caliph of Cordoba, r. 961–976 CE), use of maqsura
40, 123, 129, 130–131ill.
Hamdan (tribe)
23n37
Hammat Gader (Greater Syria)
7, 50n2
Hamza b. ʿAbd al-Muttalib (Companion and uncle of the Prophet, d. 625 CE)
72
haram (sacred and inviolable enclosure)
36, 38, 59, 71, 101n28, 128
Haram al-Sharif (Temple Mount, Jerusalem)
16, 96–97ill., 118ill.
Dome of the Chain; Dome of the Rock
accession/enthronement ceremonies at
103, 115
architectural patronage
109
association with Creation
120, 128
association with heavenly ascent of the Prophet
57, 95
divine authority mediation at
96
layout
104ill.
pilgrimage to
114, 127
as response to existential and apocalyptic anxiety
95, 97, 98
ritual practice at
101, 127–128
role in End of Days and Day of Judgment
100, 103–104, 120, 128
sacralization and resacralization of
101–102, 109
Second Islamic Civil War and
102n33
al-Harith b. Zalim (fugitive)
59
Harun al-Rashid (5th Abbasid Caliph, r. 786–809 CE)
24
Hasan b. ʿAli b. Abi Talib (2nd Shia Imam and grandson of the Prophet, d. 670 CE)
27
Hassan b. Thabit (Companion of the Prophet and poet, d. 674 CE)
7, 54, 69, 70
heavenly court
.
see celestial/heavenly court
heavenly domes
51, 56–57ill., 60
Byzantine
44, 54, 55ill., 124
Christian vs. Islamic conception
53–54, 53–54n19, 60, 60n64
heavens
51, 54, 54n21, 60, 70–71, 99, 99n11, 105, 105n50, 107, 115
Hebron, Mosque of Abraham
26ill.
Heraclius (Byzantine Emperor, r. 610–641 CE)
86
Herodotus (fl. c. 484–425 BCE)
36–37
Hillenbrand, Robert
13
Hind bt. ʿUtba (mother of Muʿawiya I, d. 634 CE)
72
al-Hira (Lakhmid capital)
46, 84
Hisham b. ʿAbd al-Malik (10th Umayyad Caliph, r. 724–743 CE)
as heir to Umayyad throne
71, 107
Khirbat al-Mafjar palace (Jericho)
109–110ill.
poetry on
115
Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (desert castle)
114, 116ill.
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
62, 63ill.
Holy Land
101
Holy Spirit (rūḥ), references in Dome of Rock to
117
holy wars
civil wars; warfare
carrying idols/relics into
23, 129
Hour, the
99–100, 100n14–15
Hudaybiyya, Treaty of (c. 628 CE)
58, 58n40
al-Huddani, Sabra b. Shayman (Azdi tribal leader)
92
Hujr b. ʿAdi (Companion of the Prophet, d. 660 CE)
76, 93
al-Husayn b. ʿAli (3rd Shia Imam and grandson of the Prophet, 670–680 CE)
assassination
90
shrine
26ill.
Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih (writer and poet, d. 940 CE)
84
Ibn Abihi
.
see Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan; Ziyad b. Sufyan
Ibn ʿAsakir (historian, d. 1176 CE)
20, 68
Ibn al-Ashʿath (military commander, d. 704 CE)
90
Ibn Battuta (chronicler, d. 1369 CE)
83
Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadhani (historian and geographer, fl. 902 CE)
24, 38, 46, 60, 83
Ibn Jubayr (geographer and poet, d. 1217 CE)
9, 83, 84
Ibn Khaldun (historian and philosopher, d. 1406 CE)
3n15
Ibn Manzur (lexicographer, d. c. 1311/1312 CE)
58n38
Ibn Rusta (historian, fl. 10th c. CE)
62n80, 63, 67
Ibn Sumayya
.
see Ziyad b. Sufyan
Ibn Tulun, Mosque of (Cairo)
89
Ibn ʿUbayd
.
see Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
Ibn Ziyad, Ubayd Allah (Governor of Basra, Kufa and Khurasan, d. 686 CE)
90
Ibn al-Zubayr
.
see ʿAbd Allah b. al-Zubayr
identity
.
see caliphal identity/authority
idolatry
60, 113
association of thrones and chairs with
22
carrying idols/relics into holy wars
23, 129
qubbas and
60
iḥtibāʾ (“self-reliant” seating position)
21–22, 24
Ilia
.
see Jerusalem
imagery
birds
32
cosmological/cosmic
32, 53–54, 56–57ill.
in hadith
3n12
water
32
imams, caliphs as
40
imāra
.
see governance
imperial anxiety
16
incensing
110, 111, 119
innovation, mosque design
41, 42
interreligious conflicts
35
civil wars
investment
in architecture
31, 40, 42, 66, 67, 96, 102, 103, 109, 128
in equitable pay of soldiers
80
inviolability/inviolable months
36, 57, 59, 60, 71, 128
haram
Iram (lost city/early tribe)
20n21
Iraq
Basra; Kufa; Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
as center of opposition
47, 75, 129
Dar al-Imara in
11
economy
81
governance in
73–75, 75n12
mosques in
43
Islamic architecture
archaeological records/written historical accounts
11–12
Christian vs.
31, 82, 124
embodiment/body politics in
5, 6, 9n47, 131
evolution of
36
for expressing caliphal identity
31, 40, 131
formation of early
4, 5, 10–15
civil wars and
3, 4, 15, 46, 48, 68, 73, 103
governance and
4, 5, 8, 38, 40, 41, 49
public audience/exposure and
4, 5, 8, 9
timeline
xviiill., 4
violence and
5–6, 38, 122, 129, 131
iconic pre-Islamic elements in
46, 48
response to anxiety
3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 46, 122, 131
scholarship on
13–14
Islamic cosmology
.
see God’s Throne and Footstool; heavenly domes
Islamic state
formation
6, 12, 12n58, 73
timeline
xviiill., 4
growth/expansion
3
strive for unity
5
Istakhr
77, 80, 88, 90
istilḥāķ (acknowledgement of paternity)
77
Iwan al-Kabir (Cairo)
63
Iwan of Kisra (Sasanian “Arch of Chosroes”, Ctesiphon)
25, 62
Jabal al-Ahwaz
84
Jaʿdah b. Hubayrah (nephew of ʿAli b. Abi Talib)
22
Jafnids
.
see Ghassanids
al-Jamali, Badr (Fatimid vizier, d. 1094), minbar of
26ill.
Janābi, Kāẓim
84n98, 85
Jarir b. ʿAtiyah (poet, d. c. 728 CE)
58
Jericho, Khirbat al-Mafjar
13–14n70, 40, 54, 57ill., 107, 109ill., 110ill.
Jerusalem
[al-]Aqsa Mosque; Church of the Holy Sepulchre; Dar al-Imara (Jerusalem); Dome of the Rock; Haram al-Sharif; Jewish Temple
accession/enthronement ceremonies in
103
architectural patronage
96–97, 109
holy sites on End of Days and Day of Judgment
95, 97, 100, 102, 103–104, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 128
invocation of God’s Throne and Footstool and caliphal authority
105–109
Islamic conquest (c. 638 CE)
16, 96, 101
mosque construction in
121
mosques in
44, 48
pilgrimage to
102n33, 109–110, 113n96, 127
qibla and
95, 101
sanctity/sacred identity of
34n98, 55, 101, 102–103, 105
as setting for Creation
95, 106, 107, 120, 128
under Umayyad rule
95–97, 96ill.
Jesus Christ
God’s Throne and
116–117
as Pantocrator in dome of Church of Holy Sepulchre
54, 55ill.
references in Dome of the Rock to
117
role in celestial court
100
Jewish cosmology
60
Jewish Temple (Jerusalem)
95, 112, 112n90, 113, 127, 128
John the Baptist, St., relics of
130
Jordan
48n89, 129
Joseph (prophet)
God’s Throne and
105–106
throne of
19, 19–20n14
Judaism
113
eschatological and apocalyptic thought
98, 100
Justinian I (Byzantine Emperor, r. 527–565 CE)
54
Kaʿba
Adam and
106
betyl (“Lord of the House”)
112
Black stone
37, 101
burning down of (692 CE)
95
circumambulation of
51, 106, 115
covering of
22, 38, 71, 71n114, 102–103
deposit of (celestial) relics/gifts at
119, 119n125
destruction attempt by Abraha al-Habashi
55
existential and apocalyptic anxiety and
106
as God’s Footstool
101
origins/precursor of
106, 112
as pilgrimage site under God’s Throne
107
protection of
60
ritual practices at
102
role in Creation and End of Days
101, 107
sanctity of
113, 115
Sasanian objects in
21
as treasury
119n123, n125
wine consumption above
71
Kaʿba of Najran (Qubbat Najran, martyrium, Yemen)
55–56
Karman
77
Kathisma Church (Church of the Seat of Mary, Jerusalem)
114
Kerbala (Iraq)
89
Kessler, Crystal
11n55
Khadraʾ palace (Damascus)
.
see Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
al-khadrāʾ (term)
46, 48, 52–53, 59–60, 62–63, 68
Khalid al-Qasri (Governor of Mecca and Iraq, d. 743 CE)
39
Khalid b. Yazid (Umayyad prince, d. 668 CE)
94
Al-Khandaq, Battle of (939 CE)
129n33
Kharijites
assassination attempts by
3, 38n25, 70
attack on Dar al-Imara (Kufa)
90
in Iraq
73
khaṭībs (preachers), caliphs as
25–26, 40
khaṭṭa
.
see tribal allotments
Khazir, Battle of (686 CE)
23
khilāfa (prophetic successorship to God)
7, 106, 107
Khirbat al-Mafjar (Hisham’s Palace, Jericho)
40, 109ill.
caliph on lion pedestal
110ill.
domed gateway
107
lion-gazelle mosaic
13–14n70
paradisiacal dome
54, 57ill.
Khosrow II
.
see Khusrau Parvez
Khoury, Nuha N.N.
14
Khusrau Parvez (Khosrow II/Kisra b. Hurmuz, Sasanian Shah of Iran, r. 592–628 CE)
audience hall in Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
61–62
crown of
114, 119
throne of
20, 21
khuṭba
.
see Friday sermon
kingship
123
avoidance of symbols of
19, 21
caliphate vs.
19, 20, 21
cosmic
62, 71
loss of
67
prophethood vs.
17, 19n14
Kisra b. Hurmuz
.
see Khusrau Parvez
Kufa
Dar al-Imara (Kufa); Mosque of Kufa
accommodation of troops
82, 84
demographic developments/resettlement of population
80, 81, 84
foundation and location
79
governance
73
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan
mosque-palace complex
4, 43
sanctity of
107
tribal groups in
81
kursīs (chairs, pseudo-thrones)
124ill.
association with idolatry
22
caliphal identity and
83, 123
chair of ʿAli/al-Mukhtar
22–23, 129
functions and use of
18n7, 29
replacing pre-Islamic thrones
19, 34, 108
Lakhmids
19, 19n10, 37, 54
land reclamation
73, 79, 80
Lebanon
48n89
Lehmann, Karl
54n19
McVey, Kathleen E.
54n21
al-Madaʾin (Ctesiphon)
119
Madinat al-Rizq (army provision depot, Basra)
80
Mahdi/al-mahdī
23, 100
Mamluk Sultanate, Qubbat al-Khadraʾ/Iwan al-Kabir
61, 63, 66ill.
al-Maʾmun (7th Abbasid Caliph, r. 813–833 CE)
116
al-Mansur (2nd Abbasid Caliph, r. 754–775 CE), Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
63
maqsuras (enclosure screens within qibla area of mosque)
6, 38–41
under individual mosques; under individual rulers
construction/structure
39–40
domed
39, 40, 49
function and use of,
exclusive space for caliph and inner circle
40–41, 49
inclusion in fortifications
38–39
protection of rulers
11n51, 16, 26–27, 36, 38, 39, 91, 123, 128
segregation
38
as symbol of caliphal identity
41
origins/history
36, 37, 38, 38n25
in pre-Islam
37, 38
Mar Sirgis (convent)
67
martyrs
55
ʿUthman b. ʿAffan
martyr burial
130n35
Marwan I (Marwan b. al-Hakam, 4th Umayyad Caliph, d. 685 CE)
39, 94
Marwanids
77, 89
Masjid al-Haram
.
see Great Mosque of Mecca
Maslamah b. Hisham (Umayyad prince and commander, d. c. 750 CE)
71
al-Masʿudi (historian-geographer, d. 956 CE)
29–30
Mecca
73
Dar al-Nadwa; Great Mosque of Mecca; Kaʿba
after/in civil wars
102
Conquest of (629–630 CE)
102
on Day of Judgment
102
God’s Throne and
34n98
mosque construction in
121
pilgrimage to
55, 106, 107, 113n96
diversion of pilgrimage to Jerusalem
102n33, 113n96
sanctity/sacred identity of
102–103
Siege of (692 CE)
95
Meccan tribes
37
Quraysh
Medina
73
Mosque of the Prophet
after civil wars
102
killing of ʿUthman b. ʿAffan in
1
mosque construction in
121
pledge of alliance to Abu Bakr (’event of the saqīfa’)
17
Prophet’s exile in
9, 18
residences of rulers
1, 41, 43n57, 91
sanctity/sacred identity of
55
Mesopotamian cosmology
60
messiah
.
see Mahdi
microhistories
4, 14, 121, 122
mihrabs (niches in wall of mosques)
104ill.
minbars within
24
Great Mosque of Cordoba; Great Mosque of the Prophet: Dome of the Rock; Mosque of the Prophet
origins/history
11n51, 14, 38, 40, 49
military campaigns
warfare
use of qubbas in
54–55, 56, 58
military forces
.
see soldiers
minbars (elevated seats within mosques)
11n51
under individual mosques; under individual rulers
behavior in relation to minbar/sitting vs. standing upon minbar
3, 24, 27, 35, 42, 49
covering of
22, 28, 38
location within mosque
24
origins/history
18, 40
of the Prophet
1, 3, 4, 9, 18–19, 21–22, 24, 28–29, 31, 33, 35, 38, 122, 123, 125
removal/relocation of
28, 123, 125
role and function
24–25
cursing of opponents
26, 27
platform for khuṭba, preaching, and proclamations
9, 24–25, 26, 49, 123
political and spiritual
26, 29, 123
swearing of oaths of allegiance
27–28
symbol of caliphal authority/identity
18, 24, 25, 29, 34, 41, 123
sanctity of
3, 28, 29
structure
24, 25–26ill., 28
monotheism
97, 112
monumentality/monumentalization
in mosques
46, 84–85, 92, 123
of Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
61, 66
shift from austerity to
48–49, 66, 71, 72
Moriah, Mount (location of former Jewish Temple, Jerusalem)
113, 128
mosaics
al-Aqsa Mosque (Jerusalem)
121
Dome of the Rock (Jerusalem)
102–103, 114, 115ill.
Great Mosque of Damascus
5n20, 121, 122ill.
lion-gazelle mosaic (Khirbat al-Mafjar, Jericho)
13–14n70
Moses
23
Ark of the Covenant
Tabernacle of
56, 128
Mosque of Abraham (Hebron)
26ill.
Mosque of Amman
48n89, 86, 89, 89ill.
Mosque of Basra
91
Dal al-Imara (Basra)
Dar al-Imara (Fustat)
accommodation of troops
83, 84
construction/structure and size
46, 82, 83, 83n82, 84
excavations
74, 74n8, 83
flooring
83, 84
location
41
maqsura
39, 43, 83, 91
minbar
24, 26, 83
monumentality
46, 83, 92, 123
qibla area
43, 49, 83
rebuilding of
46, 47–48, 73, 92
Mosque of Fustat
24, 41
location
41
Mosque of Ibn Tulun (Cairo)
89
Mosque of Kufa
Dal al-Imara (Kufa)
accommodation of troops
82, 84
assassination of ʿAli b. Abi Talib in
35
ceiling
84
construction/structure and size
46, 82, 84
excavations
74
flooring
84
land around/spaces near (raḥbas)
92
location
41
maqsura
39, 91
minbar
26
monumentality
84, 92
qibla area
43, 46, 49
rebuilding of
46, 48, 73, 82, 84–85, 85ill., 92
mosque-palace complexes
8, 11, 15, 36, 43, 48, 48n89, 82, 89, 92
Dar al-Imara; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
Mosque of the Prophet (Medina)
11, 42ill.
assassinations/assassination attempts in
35, 50
austerity and simplicity of
48
Byzantine church emulation and
82
maqsura (enclosure screen)
3, 3n15, 4, 10, 38, 39, 49
memories of the Prophet’s physical presence in
9, 130
mihrab
9, 40n44
minbar
1, 3, 4, 9, 18–19, 21–22, 24, 27, 28–29, 33, 35, 122, 123, 125
origins
18
perfuming of
111
Prophet’s residence and
91
public audiences at
123
qibla area
3, 4, 41, 49
scholarship on
12
mosques
maqsuras; mihrabs; minbars; qibla/qibla areas
“architectural competition” with churches
31, 67
architectural design/choices
31, 38
church design as inspiration
82
innovation
41, 42, 43
assassinations/assassination attempts and conflicts in
35, 39, 50
congregational vs. smaller neighborhood
92–93
domed caliphal
48
in garrison and provincial towns
41–42, 43, 82, 84
governance in
3, 8, 9, 41
Dar al-Imara; mosque-palace complexes
introduction of rituals and ceremony in
38
location of mosques in Umayyad Empire
xviill.
monumentality and lavishness
31, 46, 66, 84–85, 92, 123
relationship between Dar al-Imara and
3, 41, 43
security in
.
see maqsuras
space sharing with churches
44, 44n64
Mosque of Wasit
46, 47ill., 48
maqsura
39, 46, 123
qibla area
49
Mount ʿArafa (Mecca)
24
Mount Moriah (location of former Jewish Temple, Jerusalem)
113, 128
Mshatta (Umayyad palace, Jordan)
86
Muʿawiya I (Muʿawiya b. Abi Sufyan, 1st Umayyad Caliph, r. 661–680 CE)
ʿAli vs.
1–2, 27, 129
architectural patronage
44, 50, 61, 66, 67, 72, 109, 128
Dar al-Imara (Damascus); Great Mosque of Damascus; Haram al-Sharif (Jerusalem); Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Khadraʾ palace, “Dome of the Green”, Damascus)
assassination attempts against
3, 3n15, 38n25, 70
Dar al-Nadwa and
37
daughter of
68–69
death
25, 50, 70
enthronement/oath of allegiance
2, 19, 27–28, 68, 70, 96, 103, 115, 123
First Islamic Civil War and
50, 70, 75, 102
governance of
7, 73
criticism of governance
30, 70, 128
timeline of reign
78ill.
identification and recognition as ruler
7, 20, 30, 50–51, 52, 68, 70, 71, 123, 125
maqsura of
38, 38n25, 44
open access policy of
29–30, 81, 83
personality/reputation
20, 50, 71, 73n3, 126
public audiences
30, 123
use of qubba
58, 60, 61, 125–126
scholarship on
40
seats of rule
19, 19n12, 30, 31, 50
kursī (chair/pseudo-throne)
30
minbar
22, 24, 25, 27, 51, 92
use of sarīr (bedstead/couch)
30, 58
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan and
15, 72, 77–79, 93
Muʿawiya II (Muʿawiya b. Yazid, 3rd Umayyad Caliph, r. 683–684 CE)
8, 93
al-Mughira b. Shuʿbah (Rashidun governor of Kufa, d. 671 CE)
construction of Mosque of Kufa
46
corruption and favoritism of
20, 20n23, 75, 80
reputation
73n3
role in formation of Islamic state
73
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan and
76, 77
Muhammad (the Prophet)
Mosque of the Prophet (Medina)
assassination attempts against/protection of
9–10
austerity of
21, 22, 24, 31, 41, 43, 49, 71, 128
authority and status
16, 17, 29, 37, 41, 50, 52, 58, 72, 96, 121, 122, 124
blessing of Qubbat Najran
55
blessing in sermons
73n1, 90
covering of Kaʿba by
102
death and succession
2, 7, 17, 33, 35, 41, 95–96, 101, 121, 122, 126
chain of command
7, 17, 122
politicization/political landscape
29, 35, 43, 95
exile in Medina (c. 622 CE)
9, 18
God’s Throne and
105–106
house/residence of
41, 43n57, 91
as intercessor at End of Days/role in celestial court
100–101, 108, 111, 116
lineage
37
military campaigns
58
nightly journey and heavenly ascent
57, 95, 108, 128
on open access to rulers
29, 35, 81
peace treaties
36n5
relics/memories of the Prophet’s physical presence
1, 9–10, 122, 125, 130
black stone discs commemorating prayers by the Prophet
9, 9n48, 10ill.
cloak
10, 53, 58, 125
minbar
1, 3, 4, 9, 18–19, 21–22, 24, 28–29, 31, 33, 35, 38, 122, 123, 125
nail clippings
50
qubba
52, 58, 59, 61, 72, 81
shirt
50
staff
28, 58, 125
ritual sacrifices
58, 58n40
seating positions of
21–22, 24
al-Mukhtar b. Abi ʿUbayd al-Thaqafi (d. 687 CE)
90
chair of ʿAli/
22–23, 129
al-Mundhir clan
46
al-Mundhir (Ghassanid King)
62
al-Muqaddasi (geographer, d. 991 CE)
31
Muqatil b. Sulayman (narrator, d. 767 CE)
106
Musʿab b. al-Zubayr (Governor of Basra, d. 691 CE)
90
Muslims, co-existence with Christians
44n64
al-Mustansir Billah (8th Fatimid Imam-Caliph, r. 1036–1094 CE)
26ill.
al-Muttaqi lillah (21st Abbasid Caliph, r. 940–944 CE)
60
Muttarrif b. al-Mughira (Governor of al-Madaʾin/Ctesiphon, fl. 697 CE)
24–25
nadāwa (consultation)
37
Night of Power (Laylat al-Qadr)
117
al-Nuʿman III b. al-Mundhir (Lakhmid king, fl. c. 582–602 CE)
37
oaths of allegiance (bayʿas)
27–28, 93
under individual rulers
in pre-Islamic Arabia
36–37, 125, 128
obedience
7, 37
[al-]Batraʾ speech; caliphal identity/authority
Oneness of God
97–98, 122
palaces
mosque-palace complexes; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
extra-urban/desert
11, 14, 19n8
scholarship on Umayyad
13–14
seats in (sarīrs)
29
urban
.
see Dar al-Imara
Palmyra, Temple of Bel
54, 56ill.
paradisiacal domes
54, 57ill.
paternity, acknowledgement of (istilḥaķ)
76
patronage
.
see architectural patronage
peace treaties
36n5
perfuming
111, 114
Pharaoh
20, 20n21, 63
pilgrimage
to Dome of the Rock
105, 107, 113–118, 120, 127, 128
to Jerusalem
109–110, 127
diversion from Mecca to Jerusalem
102n33, 113n96
to Mecca
55, 106, 107, 113n96
refuge and
101
Second Islamic Civil War and
102n33
poetry
11, 52, 84
[al-]Farazdaq; Hassan b. Thabit; Jarir b. ʿAtiyah
employment of poets at courts
83
on Hisham b. ʿAbd al-Malik
115
as interpretative tool
13, 13–14n70
pre-Islamic
22, 37, 67
on qubbas/domes
54, 68–70, 68n100
tashbīb
68, 126
of/on al-Walid II
13–14n70, 70–71, 107
politics
existential anxiety
definition in Islam
7
intertwining of religion and
6, 105
political competition during First and Second Islamic Civil Wars
103
politicization after death of the Prophet
29, 35, 43
politicization of relics
129–130
polytheism
98n9, 113
preachers
.
see khaṭīb
pre-Islamic Arabia
36
tribes
authority in
34, 36–38
priests, pre-Islamic
36
primordial divine covenant
.
see divine covenant
prophethood
attributes of
17n3
God’s Throne and
105–106
kingship vs.
17, 19n14
prophetic successorship to God (khilāfa)
7, 106, 107
Prophet’s Mosque (Medina)
.
see Mosque of the Prophet (Medina)
protection of rulers
3, 26–27, 35–36, 43, 46, 59, 92, 126, 128
maqsuras
provincial towns, mosques in
41–42
pseudo-thrones
6, 18, 24, 31, 123
kursīs; sarīrs
public audiences/exposure
30, 35, 41, 123
access to rulers; audience halls; protection of rulers
formation of Islamic architecture and
4, 5, 6, 9
Qadisiyya, Battle of (636 CE)
20
Qalʿat Ziyad (fortification in Istakhr)
77, 80, 88, 90
Qasr Bani Muqatil (aristocratic residence, Kerbala)
88–89
Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (desert castle, Syria)
114, 116ill.
enthronements at
31, 33ill.
al-Qasri, Khalid (Governor of Mecca, d. 743 CE)
24
qibla/qibla areas
Kaʿba; under individual mosques
development and transformation of
4, 11n51, 24, 37, 40n44, 43, 49
function and uses of
26, 29, 41
Jerusalem and qibla
95, 101
qubbas (domes/dome structures)
circumambulation of
71
cloth and leather
51–52, 54–55, 54n25, 58, 69–70
of the Prophet
52, 58, 59, 61, 72, 81, 125–126
colors
58–59, 126
functions/use of,
for lover’s reunions
54, 69–70
in military campaigns
54–55, 58, 81
as place of refuge
59, 72
in pre-Islam
54, 60
for ritual sacrifice
58, 58n40
as space for negotiation and consensus building
58, 72
as symbol of authority
70, 71, 81
inviolability of
59, 60, 72
origins/history
52–60
poetry on
54, 68–70
term (qubba)
52, 54
textual sources on
58–59
domes/domed structures
Qubbat al-ʿAlam (Dome of the World)
56
Qubbat al-Ard (Dome of the Earth)
56
qubbat al-khadrāʾ (domed audience hall)
under individual Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
archaeological evidence
48
as heavenly dome
16
term
43, 51n6, 52, 53, 62, 63
as turning point in Islamic architecture
48
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Baghdad)
59, 63, 65ill.
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Iwan al-Kabir, Cairo)
61, 63, 66ill.
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Khadraʾ palace/“Dome of the Green”, Damascus)
44–46, 45ill., 81, 92, 126, 127
allusion to immoral associations of qubbas
70
archaeological evidence
51
dating of
43n58, 68
hall of Khusrau
61–62
as Islamized late antique heavenly dome
16, 43n58, 51, 53, 61–62, 124
location
52ill.
monumentality and lavishness of
44, 61, 66, 71
motivations of Muʿawiya I for construction
30, 66, 67–68, 71, 125–126
origins/history
53, 123–124
poetry on
68–70, 68n100
reproductions during and after Umayyad period
61, 62–63, 124, 127
as symbol of caliphal/political authority
30, 61, 62, 71, 124
term/name
51n6, 52, 53
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (al-Rusafa)
62
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (al-Rusafa, Syria)
62, 63ill.
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Tychaion, Alexandria)
64, 66
Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Wasit)
48, 59, 62, 67, 67n89, 93, 123
Qubbat al-Miʿraj (Dome of the Ascension, Jerusalem)
95
Qubbat al-Muqatila (Dome of the Combatants, Basra)
80–81, 88
Qubbat Najran (Kaʿba of Najran, martyrium, Yemen)
55–56
Qubbat al-Zaman (Tabernacle of Moses)
56, 128
Queen of Sheba, throne of
19–20
Quran
ʿUthmani Codex
on adornment
22
blood-spattered Quran of ʿUthman
1, 1–2n2–3, 2, 129, 129n33
on cosmos
60
on God’s Throne
105, 105n48–50, 107, 119
on the Hour
99–100, 100n14–15
Qurans as relic/talisman
1, 2, 129
on the Quraysh
60
Quranic exegesis, to address apocalyptic anxiety
100, 102
Quranic verses
2 “The Cow” (al-Baqara), 2:255 (Throne Verse)
107, 119
4 “The Women” (al-Nisāʾ, Obedience Verse), 4:59
7
7 “The Heights” (al-ʾAʿrāf),
7:11
105n50
7:31
105n50
12 “Yusuf” (Yūsuf), 12:100–101
19–20n14
32 “The Prostration” (al-Sajda), 32:4–5
99n11
36 “Ya-Sin” (Yāʾ Sīn), 36:1–9
10
38 “Saad” (Ṣād)|
,
38:10
60
38:20
26
40 “The Foregiver” (Ghāfir), 40:49
99n13
42 “The Consultation” (al-Shūrā), 42:11
113n94
43 “The Gold Adornments” (al-Zukhruf)
22
52 “The Mount” (al-Ṭūr), 52:1–8
51, 51n9
55 “The Most Merciful” (al-Raḥmān), 55:33–34
60
69 “The Sure Reality” (al-Hāqqah), 69:17–18
114, 114n98
83 “The Dealers in Fraud” (al-Muṭaffifīn), 83:25–27
111, 111n85
89 “The Break of Day” (al-Fajr), 89:6–14
20n21
106 “The Quraysh”, 106:1–4
60
Quraysh (tribe)
9, 26, 37, 38
Dar al-Imara
47
on the Prophet’s austerity
24
Quran on
60
on wealth
22
Qusayr ʿAmra (Umayyad desert castle, Jordan)
14
astrological dome
54, 54n22, 57ill.
enthronements at
31, 32, 33ill., 58, 123, 124ill.
sarīr at
32, 32–33ill., 58–59, 124ill.
Qussay b. Kalb (1st tribal leader of Quraysh, d. 480 CE)
37, 125
Rabbat, Nasser
13
raḥbas (spaces near a mosque)
92
Rajaʾ b. Haywah (courtier, d. 730 CE)
27, 111, 128
Ramla (daughter of Muʿawiya I)
69–70, 126
al-Ramla (Palestine)
59
rebellions/revolts
ʿAmr b. Saʿid b. al-ʿAs
Damascus (688–689 CE)
24
Kharijite
73, 90
red (color)
58–59
refuge
pilgrimage and
101
qubbas as place of
59, 72
relics
of ʿAli b. Abi Talib
22
chair of ʿAli/al-Mukhtar
22–23, 129
horn and ram of Abraham and Isaac
119, 119n125
politicization of
129–130
of the Prophet
1, 9–10, 28, 38, 50, 52, 53, 58, 59, 61, 72, 81, 122, 125, 130
minbars
public display of
129–130, 130n35
use in battle and warfare
23, 129
of ʿUthman b. ʿAffan
1–2, 1–2n2–3, 129, 129n33, 130n35
religion, intertwining of politics and
6, 105
religious authority, political and
7n29, 105
Rightly Guided Caliphs
assassinations
35, 38, 127
assassinations/assassination attempts
residences of
43n57, 91
rituals/ritual practice
98
circumambulation; covering/veiling; pilgrimage
anointment
97, 110–112, 119
incensing/perfuming
110–111, 114, 119
introduction of rituals and ceremony in mosques
38
ritualistic cleaning
110–111
ritual sacrifice
58n40
to respond to apocalyptic anxiety
101
rūḥ
.
see Holy Spirit
rulers/rulership
caliphs; governors; kingship
Arabo-Islamic rulership
43
open access to rulers
27, 29–30, 35, 40, 46, 49, 81, 83–84, 126–127
protection/security of rulers
.
see maqsuras; protection of rulers
residences of rulers
.
see Dar al-Imara
rulers as cosmic agents
62, 71
succession of rulers
93–94
al-Rusafa (Syria), Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
62, 63ill.
Rustam (Sasanian general, d. 636 CE), throne of
20
Ruzbih (Persian architect)
82, 86
Saʿd b. Abi Waqqas (Rashidun military commander and Governor of Kufa, d. 674 CE)
20n21, 27, 42, 43, 82, 84, 86, 92
sacred sites
haram; Jerusalem; Mecca; Medina
guardianship and control of
96, 102, 109, 110–111
in pre-Islam
36–37
sacral primacy
101
sacred stones
.
see betyls; Black Stone
Safaitic inscriptions
129
safety
.
see protection of rulers; security
Saʿid b. al-ʿAs (Governor of Kufa, d. 678/679 CE)
27, 42n54
sakīnah (divine presence)
23
Salma (slave girl of Walid II)
14n70
saqīfa, event of the (Medina, 632 CE)
17
sarīrs (bedsteads/couches)
24, 32–33ill., 124ill.
under individual rulers
dimensions
31
function and use of
18, 18n7, 29, 31–34, 123
replacing pre-Islamic thrones
19, 34, 108
Sarvistan (Sasanian palace, Iran)
88–89, 88ill.
Sasanian Empire/Sasanian period/Sasanians
46, 86, 88
coinage
114
fall of
20–21, 119
governance
83
land reclamation from
80
thrones of rulers
28
Sauvaget, Jean
10–11, 11n51, 12–13
seating/seating positions
iḥtibāʾ (“self-reliant” seating position)
21–22, 24
sitting down between sermons
27
seats/seats of rule
17–18, 29, 122
kursīs; minbars; pseudo-thrones; sarīrs; thrones
Christian/Jewish vs. Islamic
19
function, context, and symbolism of
34, 108
God’s Throne vs.
33
Second Islamic Civil War (Second Fitna, 680–692 CE)
22, 23, 39, 40
control of sacred shrines
109
Dome of the Rock and
113
formation of Islamic architecture and
3, 4, 46, 48, 68, 73, 103
Haram al-Sharif and
102n33
outbreak and end of
2, 95, 96, 103, 115
pilgrimage and
102n33
securing of relics during
125
timeline
98ill.
sectarianism
5–6
sectarian violence
101
civil wars
security
128
maqsuras; protection of rulers
Shalem, Avinoam
71n114
Sheba, Queen of
19–20
shirk
.
see idolatry; polytheism
Shrine of al-Husayn (Ascalon)
26ill.
shūra council (council of elders)
37, 38, 81, 83–84
Sibt b. al-Jawzi (writer, d. 654 CE)
62, 102n33
Siege of Mecca (692 CE)
95
Siffin, Battle of (657 CE)
51, 51n9, 58, 92
Al-Siq (Petra)
112, 112ill.
soldiers
accommodation of
82, 83, 84
payment of
73, 75, 80
Solomon, throne of
19–20, 21, 33, 104ill., 107, 108, 123
storytelling
121
Sufyanids
73, 75n12
Sulayman b. ʿAbd al-Malik (7th Umayyad, r. 715–717)
28–29, 59, 102, 123, 125
Syriac apocalypticism
95n5
al-Tabari, Muhammad b. Jarir (historian, d. 923 CE)
8n40, 22–23, 27, 30, 35, 62, 129
Tabernacle of Moses
56, 128
Ark of the Covenant
Taʾif (Hijaz)
76
Tamim
77
tashbīb (poetry genre)
68, 126
taxation/tax reform
73, 75, 77, 79, 80
temenos (temple enclosure)
124
attempted purchase of
44, 125
Temple of Bel (Palmyra)
54, 56ill.
Temple, Jewish
95, 112, 112n90, 113, 127, 128
Temple of Jupiter (Damascus)
44
Temple Mount (Jerusalem)
.
see Haram al-Sharif
temples, identification as qubbat al-khaḍrāʾ
64
temporal anxiety
113, 120
temporality
98–100, 120, 128
Thamud (early Arab tribe)
20n21
Theophanes
62, 67
Third Season report
86, 86n103
thrones
God’s Throne and Footstool; seats/seats of rule
association with idolatry
22
avoidance of throne-like seats
18–19, 19n11, 21, 22, 30, 34
circumambulation around idols and
22
cosmic imagery
32
pre-Islamic
19–20, 23, 34, 123
pseudo-thrones
6, 18, 24, 31, 123
reinterpretation of throne
33–34, 33–34n98, 108
of righteousness vs. tyranny
20, 21, 23–24
time, creation and measuring of
98–99
ṭirāf/ṭaraf (pleasant or amusing)
54, 59
titles of caliphs
.
see caliphal identity
Topkapı Manuscript
1
Topkapı Palace Museum (Istanbul)
1
Treaty of Hudaybiyya (c. 628 CE)
58, 58n40
Tree Treaty (sulḥ al-shajara)
36n5
tribal allotments (khaṭṭa)
75–76, 92
tribal elites, privileges for
75, 81
tribes
council of elders (shūra council)
37, 38, 81, 83–84
election of tribal leaders
37
intertribal violence/conflicts
75, 81, 127
oath-taking
36–37
self-autonomous rule of
81
tribal hegemony and influence
83, 90
tribal kinship/cohesion
2, 36, 75, 81
Trinity
117
Tychaion (Alexandrian temple)/Qubbat al-Khadraʾ
64, 66
Ubulla (Apologos, Iraq)
77, 79
Uhud, Battle of (625 CE)
56
ʿUmar II (Umar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, 8th Umayyad Caliph, r. 717–720 CE)
39, 123
ʿUmar b. al-Khattab (2nd Rashidun Caliph, r. 634–644 CE)
Great Mosque of Damascus
architectural patronage
109
assassination
2n10, 3, 35, 36, 38, 50
austerity of
40, 41, 42–43
covering of Kaʿba by
102
on governor Muʿawiya I’s behavior
30, 70
on guards and processional
20
on Khusrau Parvez’s throne
21
on kingship vs. caliphate
19, 21
on use of minbars
24, 42
Mosque of Kufa and
46, 82
resacralization of Haram al-Sharif
101n30, 102, 109
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan and
73, 77, 93n140
Umayyad Caliphate
xviill.
counter claims to
47
fall of
131
foundation/history of
50, 95–96
growth of
3
Umayyad Mosque
.
see Great Mosque of Damascus
Um Hakim (wife of Hisham b. ʿAbd al-Malik and mother of Maslamah b. Hisham)
71
unity of God
99
urbanism, Islamic
12, 79
urban palaces
.
see Dar al-Imara
ʿUrwa b. al-Zubayr (traditionist, d. 712/713 CE)
31
ʿUtba b. Ghazwan al-Mazini (Companion of the Prophet and Governor of Basra, d. 638 CE)
77, 79, 82
ʿUthman b. ʿAffan (3rd Rashidun Caliph, r. 644–656 CE)
assassination
1–2, 2n10, 3, 27, 28, 35, 38, 50, 68, 71, 125, 130n35
covering of Kaʿba/relic displays by
22, 38, 102
forced removal from minbar
27, 35
introduction and use of maqsura by
3, 36, 38, 39, 40, 123, 126
relics
1–2, 1–2n2–3, 10, 129, 129n33, 130n35
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan and
77
ʿUthmani Codex
1, 1n2–3, 2, 129, 129n33
al-ʿUzza (pre-Islamic Arabian goddess)
56
veiling
.
see covering/veiling
veneration
112
rituals/ritual practices
violence
36, 131
assassination/assassination attempts
formation of Islamic architecture and
5–6, 38, 122, 129, 131
intertribal
75, 81
inviolability/inviolable months
36, 57, 59, 60, 71, 72, 128
Wahb b. Munabbih (traditionist, d. c. 725–737 CE)
105
al-Walid I (6th Umayyad Caliph, r. 705–715 CE)
71, 119
architectural patronage
16, 26, 31, 40, 44, 66, 121, 122ill.
Dar al-Imara (Damascus); Great Mosque of Damascus
authority of
107
introduction of maqsura dome
49
introduction of niche mihrab
40n44
lavishness of
31
use of minbar
27, 28, 125
use of relics under
9, 130
resacralization of Haram al-Sharif
102
al-Walid II (11th Umayyad Caliph, r. 743–744 CE)
assassination
8
on domes/dome structures (qubba)
51
identification as ruler
70
Khirbat al-Mafjar palace
109ill.
as leader of Hajj
71
use of maqsura
40
palace of
58–59, 59n48
poetry of/on
13–14n70, 70–71, 107
use of sarīr (bedstead/couch)
32–33ill., 58–59
al-Walid b. ʿUqbah (Governor of Kufa, d. 680 CE)
27
warfare
civil wars
carrying idols/relics during
23, 129
use of qubbas in
54–55, 56, 58
war spoils
93
Wasit
60
Dar al-Imara (Wasit); Mosque of Wasit; Qubbat al-Khadraʾ (Wasit)
mosque-palace complex
46, 48
al-Wasiti, Abu Bakr (fl. 11th c. CE)
106, 109, 114, 117
water imagery
32
wealth, redistribution of
79, 81
Wendell, Charles
51n6, 53n17
Whelan, Estelle
15
wine consumption
27, 55, 71, 111n85
winged motifs
114, 115–116ill.
women, segregated areas for
38
Yahya b. Saʿid b. al-ʿAs (d. 689 CE)
.
see ʿAmr b. Saʿid b. al-ʿAs
al-Yaʿqubi (historian, d. 897–898 CE)
61, 61n74, 68, 102n33
Yazdegerd (Sasanian king)
62
Yazib b. Sallam (courtier)
111, 128
Yazid I (2nd Umayyad Caliph, r. 680–683)
70n104
use of sarīr (bedstead/couch) of
31
succession of Muʿawiya I
28, 50, 70, 77, 93, 94n143
Yazid II (Yazid b. ʿAbd al-Malik, 9th Umayyad Caliph, r. 720–724 CE)
107
Yazid III (12th Umayyad Caliph, r. 744 CE)
8
Year of Delegations (c. 629–630 CE)
58
Ziyad b. Abi Sufyan (Governor of Kufa and Basra, d. 673 CE)
architectural patronage
16, 49, 73–74, 75, 80, 82, 86–87, 90, 93–94, 124, 126
Dar al-Imara (Basra); Dar al-Imara (Kufa); Mosque of Basra; Mosque of Kufa
austerity of
82, 83
career
76–77, 93, 93n140, 94
governor of Basra/al-Batraʾ speech
26, 48, 73, 80, 84, 90, 123
governor of Iraq and Khurasan
72
governor of Istakhr
77, 80, 88
governor of Kufa
84
coinage
76, 77ill.
court of
84
death and succession
74, 78, 94, 94n143
governance
73–74, 79–82, 83
addressing corruption
75, 80
bottom-up restructuring
90
centralization efforts
92–93, 127
creation of council of elders
81, 83–84
justice and security measures
81
land reclamation
73, 79, 80
punishment of dissidents
26–27, 81, 91
resettlement of population
81
taxation/tax reform
73, 77, 79, 80, 90
timeline as governor
78ill.
identity as ruler and commander
74–75, 76, 78, 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 90, 93
on innovation within mosques
42
use of kursī
91
use of minbar
24, 26–27, 48, 49, 73, 92, 127
Muʿawiya I and
15, 73, 77–79, 93
origins/background,
adoption as stepbrother of Muʿawiya
77–79, 93–94
date of birth
76n22
name variations/name changes
75–76, 93
on/and poetry/poets
83, 84
qualities and reputation
73n3, 76, 79, 92
Qubbat al-Muqatila
80–81, 88
residency
.
see Dal al-Imara (Basra); Dal al-Imara (Kufa)
security/protection of
81, 92, 93, 126, 127
use of maqsura
26–27, 39, 49, 84, 91, 92, 126, 127
Zoroastrians
100