1.1 Ancient Roman writing implements. Fresco from Pompeii. Naples, National Archeological Museum, inv. nr. 4676 8
1.2 Ancient Roman schoolroom. Funerary relief from Neumagen, Germany. Late Second/Third Century CE. Trier, Rheinisches Landesmuseum, inv. nr 9
1.3 Inscription in Roman cursive. Rome, Santa Maria in Trastevere 10
1.4 Inscription in rustic capitals. Rome, Santa Maria in Trastevere 11
1.5 Inscription in Roman capitals with holes for bronze letters. Rome, Theatre of Marcellus 12
1.6 The oldest surviving manuscript of treatises by ancient Roman surveyors (Corpus Agrimensorum), the Codex Arcerianus. Sixth century CE 17
1.7 The oldest manuscript of Vitruvius, British Library, Harleianus 2767, Ninth century 19
1.8 The first printed Vitruvius, edited by Giovanni Sulpizio da Veroli, Rome, 1486 23
1.9 The first illustrated printed Vitruvius, edited by Fra Giovanni Giocondo, Venice, 1511 26
2.1 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. It. 37, c. 99r (Fabio Calvo for Raphael, Vitruvius translation) 39
2.2 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. It. 37a, c. 59v («Foro latino») 40
2.3 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. It. 37a, c. 63r (excerpt of Vitruvius De architectura translation) 41
2.4 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. It. 37a, c. 68r (glossary of Vitruvius, De architectura translation) 42
2.5 Anonymus Foro Semproniensis, Mount Athos; The Discovery of Fire, after 1524–before 1538, pen and ink, 336 × 223 mm. Fossombrone, Biblioteca Civica “Passionei,” Disegni vol. 4, c. 38v 47
2.6 Anonymus Foro Semproniensis, The Colchians and the Phrygians started building huts, after 1524–before 1538, pen and ink, 336 × 223 mm. Fossombrone, Biblioteca Civica “Passionei,” Disegni vol. 4, c. 39r 48
2.7 M. VITRVVIVS PER IOCUNDVM … Impressum Venetiis … Ioannis de Tridino alias Tacuino, Anno Domini .M.D.XI. Die.XXII. Maii, Regnante inclyto Duce Leonardo Lauredano, c. 4r («Ichnographia»). Florence, Private collection 53
2.8 M. VITRVVIVS PER IOCUNDVM … Impressum Venetiis … Ioannis de Tridino alias Tacuino, Anno Domini .M.D.XI. Die.XXII. Maii, Regnante inclyto Duce Leonardo Lauredano, c. 4v («Orthographia» and «Scenographia»). Florence, Private collection 54
2.9 M. VITRVVIVS PER IOCUNDVM … Impressum Venetiis … Ioannis de Tridino alias Tacuino, Anno Domini .M.D.XI. Die.XXII. Maii, Regnante inclyto Duce Leonardo Lauredano, c. 9r («Aeolipila»). Florence, Private collection 58
2.10 Length of the front of the systyle monotriglyphic doric temple: tetrastyle and hexastyle, Vitr., 4,3,7. Source: Di Teodoro 2010 62
2.11 M. VITRVVIVS PER IOCUNDVM … Impressum Venetiis … Ioannis de Tridino alias Tacuino, Anno Domini .M.D.XI. Die.XXII. Maii, Regnante inclyto Duce Leonardo Lauredano, c. 38r («Opus systylon monotriglyphon»). Florence, Private collection. 63
2.12 M. VITRVVIVS PER IOCUNDVM … Impressum Venetiis … Ioannis de Tridino alias Tacuino, Anno Domini .M.D.XI. Die.XXII. Maii, Regnante inclyto Duce Leonardo Lauredano, c. 24r (Temples plan «Amphiprostylos» and «Peripteros»). Florence, Private collection 65
3.1 Cesare Cesariano, Idea geometricae ab ichnographia sumpta ut peramussineas possint per orthographiam ac scaenographiam perducere … in Cesariano (1521) 15v 91
3.2 Cesare Cesariano, Columnarum ex sex generibus capitulorum … in Cesariano (1521) 62r [63r] 96
3.3 Cesare Cesariano, Iuliae basilicam fenestris quam Vitruvius collocavit curavitque faciendam, in Cesariano (1521) 74r 98
4.1 Arco dei Gavi, Verona (authors) 106
4.2 Arco dei Gavi, Verona, showing inscription (authors) 107
4.3 Vitruvius, De architectura, title page (Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence, Plut XXX, 11) 108
4.4 Vitruvius, De architectura, title page (Bibliothèque Nationale, de France, Lat. 7382) 110
4.5 Statue of Vitruvius erected on the top of the Loggia del Consiglio Verona c.1492 (authors) 112
4.6 Vitruvius, De architectura, title page (ed. G Sulpizio c.1486) 116
4.7 Vitruvius, De architectura, title page (ed. Fra’ G. Giocondo 1511) 118
4.8 Vitruvius, De architectura, title page (Universidad de Valencia, Ms 727) 120
4.9 Vitruvius, De architectura, title page (ed. G. Philandrier, 1544) 128
6.1 L[eon] Bap[tista Alberti], self-portrait, c.1435, bronze. 20,1 × 13,6 cm 164
6.2 Manuscript of Vitruvius Pollio, De architectura, with some annotations by Petrarch (Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Auct. F. 5. 7, f. 1r) 165
7.1 Verona, Arco dei Gavi 185
7.2 Verona, Loggia del Consiglio 188
7.3 Cesare Cesariano, Greek and Roman fora (from Vitruvius 1521) (Warburg Institute) 188
7.4 Verona, Cappella Pellegrini 191
7.5 Verona, Palazzo Canossa: plan (based on Ronzani and Luciolli 1823) 193
7.6 Sanmicheli’s orders (based on Ronzani and Luciolli 1823). From left to right: Porta Nuova, Porta Palio, portal of Palazzo del Podestà, portal of Palazzo del Capitano, Cappella Pellegrini 195
8.1 Domenico da Varignano, drawings of Bramante’s Tegurio for St Peter’s basilica and scaffolding, with notes on ancient and modern units of measurement. Codex Mellon, fol. 7v. New York, Morgan Library and Museum, 1978.44. Gift of Paul Mellon 202
8.2 Palazzo della Cancelleria, Rome 205
8.3 M. Vitruvius per Iocundum solito castigatior factus (1511), Book 2, fol. 16v, and Book V, fol. 52r 208
8.4 Vitruvius iterum et Frontinus à Iocundo revisi repurgatique quantum ex collatione licvit (1513) fol. 58v–59r, with notes and drawings by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 41.100.556. Bequest of W. Gedney Beatty, 1941 210
8.5 Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, studies of the Forum Holitorium temples. Florence, Uffizi, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe, inv. A 1174r 216
8.6 Baldassarre Peruzzi, studies of the Forum Holitorium Doric temple. Florence, Uffizi, Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe, inv. A 477v, detail 217
8.7 Circle of Maarten van Heemskerck, view of the transept of old St Peter’s and of Bramante’s Tegurio. Stockholm, Nationalmuseum, Collection Anckarvaerd 637 219
8.8 Vitruvius, De architettura 6.3.1–2, on types of courtyards (cavaedia) within the ancient house (domus). Sulpizio edition (1486/7), with notes and drawings by Giovanni Battista da Sangallo. Rome, Biblioteca Corsiniana, Inc. F 1 50 221
8.9 Atrium, Palazzo Farnese, Rome 222
8.10 Sebastiano Serlio, Regole generali di architetura sopra le cinque maniere de gli edifici (1537) Book 4, fol. XXVIV 224
11.1 Guarino Guarini, Corinthian order. Architettura civile, Turin, 1737, lastra VII, trattato III 284
11.2 Guarino Guarini, Entablatures and capitals of four Composite orders. Architettura civile, Turin, 1737, lastra IX, trattato III 287
13.1 Robert Smythson, Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire (1590–7) 326
13.2 Inigo Jones, the north façade of the Queen’s House at Greenwich (1616–35). The first classical villa in England, the Queen’s House was a radical departure from the Elizabethan house 327
14.1 Martin Waldseemüller, “Architecture et Perspective Rudimenta,” in: Gregor Reisch, Margarita Philosophica nova (Strassbourg: Johannes Grüninger, 1508). With letter: “Martinus Ilacomylus [=Waldseemüller] Friburgensis Philesio [=Matthias Ringmann] suo Salutem” 343
14.2 “Nunc primum in Germania” = first (Latin) Vitruvian edition printed in Germany: Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura Libri Decem (Strasbourg: Georg Messerschmidt, 1543) 348
14.3 First German Vitruvian edition with collaboration and dedication of Walther Ryff: Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, De Architectura Libri Decem (Strasbourg: Christian Egenolff; Georg Messerschmidt, 1543). Badische Landesbibliothek (Creative Commons Attribution—ShareAlike 4.0 International License) 350
14.4 First Vitruvius edition in German translation: Walther Hermann Ryff, Vitruvius Teutsch (Nürnberg: Petreius, 1548) 357
14.5 First edition of Ryff’s second volume of his Vitruvian corpus: Walther Hermann Ryff, Der furnembsten, notwendigsten, der gantzen Architectur angeho[e]rigen Mathematischen und Mechanischen ku[e]nst eygentlicher bericht (Nürnberg: Petreius, 1547) 359
14.6 Baldi’s copy with text and copy of the letter from his editor and friend Marcus Welser; from the Albani-collection; Bibliothek Werner Oechslin: Bernardino Baldi, De Verborum Vitruvianorum (Augsburg: Ad insigne pinum, 1612) 363
14.7 August Rode, Des Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Baukunst, Aus der römischen Urschrift übersetzt, Erster Band (Leipzig: Joachim Göschen, 1796) 365
14.8 August Rode, Marci Vitruvii Pollionis De Architectura Libri Decem. Ope Codicis Guelferbytani, Editionis Principis, Ceterorumque subsidiorum recensuit, et Glossario in quo Vocabula Artis propria Germ. Ital. Gall et Angl. Explicantur (Berlin: Augustus Mylius, 1800) 370
14.9 August Rode, Formae ad explicandos M. Vitruvii Pollionis Decem LIbros De Architectura; Kupfer zu Vitruvs Zehn Büchern von der Baukunst (Berlin: Augustus Mylius, 1801) 371
14.10 Hans Christian Genelli, Exegetische Briefe über des Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Baukunst, Erstes Heft (Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg, 1801), Tab. VI 378
16.1 Murus gallicus as found in excavated examples (author’s drawing, based on Ralston (2006) fig. 16.2) 419
16.2 Opus incertum and opus reticulatum (author’s drawing) 420
16.3 Author’s reconstruction of Vitruvius’ hanging reed ceiling (De arch. 7.3.1–3) 429
16.4 Illustrations of timber roof configurations with parts labeled (author’s drawings). A: Post and lintel roof with columen. B: Construction of truss excavated at Herculaneum (based on Comardo and Notomista (2015) fig. 13). C: Marble relief found in Rome under Palazzo Cancelleria showing wooden amphitheater (first century CE?) 430
18.1 Forum of Augustus perimeter wall and Palazzo Cancelleria façade, in Codex Coner, Sir John Soane’s Museum, London, f. 51. Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London, by courtesy of Trustees of Sir John Soane’s Museum, London 459
18.2 Antonio Lafréri, Palazzo Caprini (House of Raphael) by Bramante, ca 1501 (Speculum Romanae) 463
18.3 Giovanni Bettini da Fano, The Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini under Construction, in Basini Parmensis, Hesperis, Book XIII (Paris, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, Cod 630, fol. 126r) 467
18.4 Piero de Cosimo (attributed), La costruzione di un palazzo, ca. 1515–20 469
18.5 Anonymous, Worksite of Palazzo Farnese in Rome, ca. 1541. Biblioteca nazionale di Napoli, sezione manoscritti, vol. XII, D1 469
19.1 G. da Sangallo, Plan of the Villa Medici in Poggio a Caiano 481
19.2 G. da Sangallo, Plan of the Palazzo Medici on Piazza Navona in Rome 484
19.3 A. da Sangallo the Younger, Plan of the Palazzo Farnese in Rome 486
19.4 G. B. da Sangallo, The five Vitruvian atria 487
19.5 G. B. da Sangallo, The Vitruvian proportions of the atrium; reconstruction of the Roman house 489
19.6 Floor plan of the Palazzo Baldassini, by A. da Sangallo the Younger 490
19.7 A. da Sangallo the Younger, Plan of a royal palace 492
19.8 Reconstruction of the entrance of the royal palace in GDSU 999 A: 1—vestibulum, 2—atrium, 3—peristilium, 4—cavaedium 493
19.9 A. da Sangallo the Younger, Plan of the Palazzo Pucci in Orvieto 494
19.10 A. da Sangallo the Younger, Plan of the Palazzo Pucci in Orvieto 495
19.11 G. B. da Sangallo, Studies on the Roman basilicas 498
19.12 G. da Sangallo, Proportions of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns 500
19.13 A. da Sangallo the Younger, Studies on the hexastyle temple 501
19.14 A. da Sangallo the Younger, Studies on the Doric frieze 502
20.1 A. Palladio, The Tuscan order. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570). 1:20 512
20.2 A. Palladio, The Tuscan order, second version. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570). 1:21 514
20.3 A. Palladio, Ionic base and capital. In D. Barbaro, I Dieci Libri dell’Architettura di M. Vitruvio (1567), 153. Photo: Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio, Vicenza 516
20.4 A. Palladio, Ionic base and capital. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570), 1:34 517
20.5 A. Palladio, The Eustyle intercolumniation. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570), 1:29 519
20.6 A. Palladio, The Templum Pacis. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570), 4:12 524
20.7 A. Palladio, Villa Cornaro in Piombino Dese. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570), 2:53 526
20.8 A. Palladio, Reconstruction of the façade of the Roman house. In D. Barbaro, I Dieci Libri dell’Architettura di M. Vitruvio (1567), 281 528
20.9 A. Palladio, Plan of the Roman house. In D. Barbaro, I Dieci Libri dell’Architettura di M. Vitruvio (1567), 280 530
20.10 A. Palladio, The Corinthian atrium. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570), 2:31 532
20.11 A. Palladio, Palazzo Iseppo da Porto, plan and section. In I Quattro Libri dell’Architettura (1570), 2:8 533
20.12 A. Palladio, The Latin theater, plan. In D. Barbaro, I Dieci Libri dell’Architettura di M. Vitruvio (1567), 249 536
20.13 A. Palladio, The Latin theater, section. In D. Barbaro, I Dieci Libri dell’Architettura di M. Vitruvio (1567), 251 537
22.1 The three genera 569
22.2 The 6,000-seat, second-century Great Theater in Amman, Jordan (right), and the 500-seat Odeon 571
22.3 The Roman Theater at Aspendos, Turkey 572
22.4 Faraday wave experiment 575
22.5 Southern Theater, Jerash, Jordan 576
22.6 The 6,000-seat, second-century Great Theater in Amman, Jordan 580
22.7 Vase pitches for a small theater 580
22.8 Vase pitches for a large theater 581
22.9 Niches in the Northern Theater, Jerash, Jordan 583
22.10 The Roman Theater at Aspendos, Turkey. Photograph: Robert Godman 584
22.11 “Echea (Sounding Vessels in Theaters) (5.5.1–8).” (After Rowland and Howe (1999) 246) 586
22.12 Waveform and numerical analysis of a single vase 586
23.1 Scamilli impares (De arch. 3.4.5): stylobate curvature (Howe, in Rowland and Howe, 1999, 201, fig. 46) 595
23.2 Entasis (De arch. 3.3.13): with elliptical curvature, by truncated cone and cylinder (after Howe, in Rowland and Howe, 1999, 199, fig. 44) 599
25.1 The Caryatids. From Cesariano, Cesare, Di Lucio Vitruvio Pollione de Architectura libri dece, fol. 6r. Como, 1521 632
25.2 Dinocrates’ Project for Mount Athos. Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard, Entwurff einer historischen Architectur, pl. 18. Vienna, 1721 636
25.3 Callimachus invents the Corinthian Capital. Perrault, Claude, Les dix livres d’architecture de Vitruve, p. 101. Paris, 1673 644
25.4 The Shipwreck of Aristippus. Gregory, David, ed., Eukleidou ta sôzomena/ Euclidis quae supersunt omnia, antiporta. Oxford: David Gregory, 1703. The Linda Hall Library of Science digital collection, by creative commons licensing 647
25.5 The Bath of Archimedes. Woodcut by Peter Flötner for Walther Ryff (Rivius), Vitruvius Teutsch, fol. 267v. Nuremberg: Petreius, 1548. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek digital collection, by creative commons licensing 656
25.6 “Ctesibius and his father’s barbershop.” His father’s barbershop, with the famous mirror (round and hanging on the rear wall), is on the right. Woodcut by Peter Flötner for Walther Ryff (Rivius), Vitruvius Teutsch, fol. 286r. Nuremberg: Petreius, 1548. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek digital collection, by creative commons licensing 658
25.7 The Water Clock. Perrault, Claude, Les dix livres d’architecture de Vitruve, p. 269. Paris, 1673 660
25.8 Machines of Chersiphron and Metagenes. Woodcut by Peter Flötner for Walther Ryff (Rivius), Vitruvius Teutsch, fol. 298r. Nuremberg: Petreius, 1548. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek digital collection, by creative commons licensing 662
26.1 Thomas Noble Howe, Illustration for Vitruvius’ homo bene figuratus, from Vitruvius (1999), 191, fig. 38 688
26.2 Lorenzo Ghiberti, Illustration for Vitruvius’ homo bene figuratus, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence, MS. II, I, 33, fol. 64r 693
26.3 Giacomo Andrea da Ferrara, Illustration for Vitruvius’ homo bene figuratus, Ferrara, Biblioteca Ariostea, MS II, 176, fol. 78v 696
26.4 Leonardo da Vinci, The Vitruvian Man, ca. 1490, Venice, Gallerie dell’Accademia, Gabinetto dei Disegni e Stampe, no. inv. 228 698
26.5 Carlo Urbino, Quinta figura et principio di moto et ultima del primo libro, ca. 1560–1570. New York, The Morgan Library & Museum, Codex Huygens (MS 1139), fol. 7r 704
26.6 Aby Warburg, Mnemosyne Atlas: Panel B, 1920s, London, University of London, Archive of the Warburg Institute 708
26.7 Jaune Quick-To-See Smith, The Red Mean: Self Portrait, 1992, acrylic, newspaper collage, shellac, and mixed media on canvas, in. 90 × 60, Partial gift from Janet Wright Ketcham, class of 1953, and partial purchase from the Janet Wright Ketcham, class of 1953, Acquisition Fund, Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts, SC 1993.10 711