Qing reign dates are given using two-letter abbreviations (e.g., KX, QL) for post-1644 reign periods. When such a date is followed by a comma and a second date, that second date is the Gregorian calendar date, sometimes abbreviated to only the month and year (e.g., 8/20 for August 20).
Unless otherwise indicated, biographical data for Qing officials are taken from “Renming quanwei ziliao ku.”
English translations of official titles are taken from Brunnert and Hagelstrom, Present Day, when available, and otherwise from Hucker, A Dictionary.
Bannermen whose Manchu names are known from documents are transcribed from the Manchu, otherwise pinyin with hyphens between syllables is used.
著者：
Mårten Söderblom Saarela
Mårten Söderblom Saarela
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