| Personal name | Reign title and period | Temple name |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | Hongwu (1368–98) | Taizu |
| Zhu Yunwen | Jianwen (1399–1402) | Huidi |
| Zhu Di | Yongle (1403–1424) | Taizong, Chengzu |
| Zhu Gaochi | Hongxi (1424–1425) | Renzong |
| Zhu Zhanji | Xuande (1426–1435) | Xuanzong |
| Zhu Qizhen | Zhengtong (1436–1449) | Yingzong |
| Zhu Qiyu | Jingtai (1450–56) | Daizong, Jingdi |
| Zhu Qizhen | Tianshun (1457–1464) | Yingzong |
| Zhu Jianshen | Chenghua (1465–1487) | Xianzong |
| Zhu Youtang | Hongzhi (1488–1505) | Xiaozong |
| Zhu Houzhao | Zhengde (1505–1521) | Wuzong |
| Zhu Houcong | Jiajing (1521–1566) | Shizong |
| Zhu Zaihou | Longqing (1567–1572) | Muzong |
| Zhu Yijun | Wanli (1573–1620) | Shenzong |
| Zhu Changluo | Taichang (1620) | Guangzong |
| Zhu Youxiao | Tianqi (1621–1627) | Xizong |
| Zhu Youjian | Chongzhen (1628–1644) | Sizong |
In: Copper Coins and the Emperor's Wallet: The Role of Currency in Ming China
Author:
Sui-Wai Cheung
Sui-Wai Cheung
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