Abbreviations
| BSOAS | Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |
| EI1 | Encyclopaedia of Islam, First edition. Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, T. W. Arnold, R. Basset and R. Hartmann. Leiden: Brill, 1913â1936. |
| EI2 | Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, and W. P. Heinrichs. 12 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1960â2004. Brill Online. |
| EI3 | Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, and Everett Rowson. Leiden: Brill, 2007â. Brill Online. |
| EQ | Encyclopedia of the QurʾÄn. Edited by Jane McAuliffe Dammen. 6 vols. Leiden: Brill, 2001â2006. Brill Online. |
| EIr | Encyclopaedia Iranica. Edited by Ehsan Yarshater. New York: Columbia University. Online http://www.iranicaonline.org |
| JAOS | Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JNES | Journal of Near Eastern Studies |