Figures
1.1 The Mausoleum of Satuq Bughra Khan near Kašgar 31
1.2 The Miʿraj or The Night Flight of Muḥammad on his Steed Burāq 47
1.3 The Mausoleum of Tughluq Temür Khan near Yining 55
2.1 Possible scene of fire worship 74
2.2 Vāsudeva raising Mt. Govardhana (?) 80
2.3a–b Monkey figurines from Yōtkan 84
2.4 Pan and Maenad 86
2.5 The great yakṣa Gaganasvara from Mogao Cave 98 87
8.1 Exchange routes traversing cultural units in contested Tibetan-Chinese border region 259
8.2 Mourning scene upon the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa 262
8.3 Timeline relevant to the Tibetan-Chinese border region, 7th–11th c. 264
8.4 List of 20 dharma colleges established on the eastern fringes of the Tibetan Empire, 9th c. 274
8.5 Chan text Lung chung [Small Treatise] and description of lineages of dharma colleges, IOL Tib J 689 276
8.6 Phases of production of Dunhuang Chan manuscripts 277
8.7 Selected list of Dunhuang Chan manuscripts according to phases of production (fig. 8.6) 278
8.8 Temple of a Hundred Nāgas 285
8.9 Fresco of a thousand Buddhas in the Temple of a Hundred Nāgas 285
8.10a Section to the right of the fresco of a thousand Buddhas 286
8.10b Section to the left sides of the fresco of a thousand Buddhas 286
8.11 Tibetan emperor under umbrella 287
8.12 Chinese and Tocharian donors 288
8.13a Fresco inside the Temple of a Hundred Nāgas 289
8.13b Detail of fresco inside the Temple of a Hundred Nāgas 289
8.14 Cliff with stūpa and frescos 290
8.15a Detail of fig. 8.14: Fresco with deities with local hairdress (?) 291
8.15b Detail of fig. 8.14: Detail of fresco with deities with local hairdress (?) 291
8.16 Buddhist network with model of feedback loop by BuddhistRoad project 293
8.17 Exchange routes traversing cultural units 294
9.1 Detail of four Tibetan syllables, P. T. 764 302
9.2a The Tibetan preface to the Epitome 308
9.2b Detail of ‘the Chödrup hand’ on the Tibetan preface 308
9.3a Tibetan annotations to the Epitome 311
9.3b Detail of the scribal hand and annotation layout of the Epitome 312
9.4a Tibetan annotations to the Epitome, P. T. 766 313
9.4b Detail of annotation, P. T. 766 313
9.4c Detail of scribal hand and annotation layout, P. T. 766 314
9.5a Variant set of Tibetan annotations to the Epitome, IOL Tib J 623 318
9.5b Detail of scribal hand and annotation layout, IOL Tib J 623 318
9.6 Chinese Epitome Notes, S.269 321
11.1 Sketch of the three-storey complex of Mogao Caves 16, 17, 365, and 366 383
11.2a Front view of the three-storey complex of Mogao Caves 16, 17, 365, and 366 395
11.2b Side view of the three-storey complex of Mogao Caves 16, 17, 365, and 366 395
Maps
1.1 The Battle of Talas, 751 22
1.2 The Kara Khitai at its height: Asia in 1142 37
1.3 The Mongol Commonwealth: The Four Khanates after 1260 40
1.4 Mongol Central Asia: The Chaghadaid Khanate ca. 1330 49
7.1 Map of Central Tibet with locations mentioned in A Method of Taming Spirits of Polluting Untimely Death 237
8.1 Network of Buddhist nodes in Eastern Central Asia 260
8.2 Network of Buddhist sites in the region of the Blue Lake before the Chinese and Tibetan conquests (1st–7th c.) 272
8.3 Location of dharma colleges in the region east of the Blue Lake 273
Tables
7.1 List of ritualists and their corresponding locations according to A Method of Taming Spirits of Polluting Untimely Death 238
9.1 The outlines of the Chinese Epitome Notes and the Tibetan annotated gloss commentary 322
9.2 The opening lines of the Epitome Notes and the Tibetan preface 324
9.3 The five ‘matters to be known’, as applied to the Epitome of Interdependent Origination by the Epitome Notes and the Tibetan preface 326
9.4 A comparison of Epitome Notes glosses with two sets of Tibetan annotations 331
9.5 Parallel passages and proof texts in the Epitome Notes and Tibetan annotations 339