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In: Religious Rites of War beyond the Medieval West

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Abraham, Hebrew patriarch 334

Absalon, bishop of Roskilde (1158–1192), archbishop of Lund (1178–1201) 299

Achilles, mythical hero 93, 100, 103, 103n68

Adalbert, Saint . see Vojtěch-Adalbert (saint)

Adanai, Lithuanian deity 57

Adasa, battle of (161 BC) 320n74

Adrian (saint) 96n45

Adventisti desiderabilis (You have come, O long-awaited one), hymn 159

Aelred, abbot of Rievaulx, writer 96n45

Aethelred I, king of Wessex (865–871) 310, 311

Agincourt, battle of (1415) 256, 262, 276

Agnes of Bohemia, Bohemian princess 156

Ajtony, Hungarian noble 181

Alba . see Scotland (

Alba

), see Scots, Scottish

Albero of Montreuil, archbishop of Trier (1132–1152) 260, 260n57

Albert I of Habsburg / of Germany, prince of Austria and Stiria (1282–1308), king of Germany (1298 –1308) 186

Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorod (1236–1240), grand prince of Kiev (1246–1263), and of Vladimir-Suzdal (1252–1263) 21, 32–34

Alexander of Malonne, bishop of Płock (1129–1156) 4

Alexander Vsevolodovich, prince of Belz (1195–1207, 1214–1232, 1233–1234), and of Vladimir-Volynsky (1208–1209, 1210–1214) 64

Alexander-Romance (anonymous), Old Rusian translation of 50, 68

Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1081–1118) 314

Alfonso VIII, king of Castile (1158–1214) 121, 303–4, 316

Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871–ca. 886) and of the Anglo-Saxons (886–899) 265, 310

Algui, Mongol commander 71

Allington, Richard 329

Álmos, Árpádian prince (d. 1127) 181

Althoff, Gerd 176, 298–99

Anders Sunesen, archbishop of Lund (1201–1228) 318

András Bátori, count of Szabolcs (1511–1519) 172

Andrea Vanni, painter 220

Andrei Bogoliubsky, grand prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1157–1174) 12, 13, 23–24

Andrew II, prince of Galich (1188–1189/1190, 1208/1209–1210), king of Hungary and Croatia (1205–1235) 53, 67n79, 184–85, 185n79

Andrew III / the Venetian, king of Hungary and Croatia (1290–1301) 186

Andrew of Bergamo, chronicler 297

Andrzej Łaskarzyc / Laskary, doctor of rights, bishop of Poznań (1414–1426) 246, 269, 270

angel, angels, angelic .

God’s and saints’ agency in war; standard-bearers (miraculous); holy patrons of polities and peoples; warrior-saints

dedication to 113

in the Bible 33, 335

in war rites and liturgy 25, 109

role in war, imagination of 18, 20, 33, 89, 96, 96n45, 101, 102, 116, 118, 124, 169, 196, 296, 314–15, 315n64, 316–17, 336

St. Gabriel, Archangel 12n33

St. Michael, Archangel 11–12n33, 21, 25, 41, 65, 96n45, 102, 105n72, 108, 109, 110, 183, 196, 314

Anglo-Norman realm . see England, English

Anna Mstislavovich, Rusian princess 52–53

Anna of Cilli / Celje, queen consort of Poland, wife of Władysław Jagiełło (d. 1416) 245

Annales Ottakariani (anonymous) 79, 113, 115, 118, 119, 122, 124–126, 257–58, 275, 278

Annales seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae / Annals or Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom of Poland . see Jan Długosz

Annalista Saxo, chronicler 100n59

Annals of Cracow Chapter (anonymous) 253

Annals of Hradiště-Opatovice (anonymous) 92, 95

Annals of Minor Poland (anonymous) 252

Anonymus, Gallus . see Gallus Anonymus

Anonymus, Minorita . see Minorita, Anonymus

Anonymus, notary of King Béla III . see Notary of King Béla III, Anonymus

Antemurale Christianitatis, idea of 220, 234–35, 238

Antioch, battle of (1098) 65–66

Antonio Bonfini, humanist, poet, and historian 172, 186, 188, 189–90, 196, 198

Antonio Giovanni da Burgio, papal nuncio in Hungary (d. 1538) 171, 236

Apostolic See / Holy See / Roman Curia, papacy, pope, papal 113, 115, 124, 156, 174, 217, 218, 236, 244, 261, 263n69, 303–4, 328

Arbroath Abbey 123

Arkona 302

Árpád, prince of the Hungarians (d. ca. 907) 177, 181

Árpáds (Hungarian dynasty) 53, 185, 212, 237

Ashdown, battle of (871) 310

Asser / Ascer, archbishop of Lund (1103–1137) 330n105

Asser, hagiographer 310, 310n47

Assyrians, Assyrian 29, 33

Auer, Leopold 100n59

Augsburg 211

Aussig an der Elbe, battle of (1426) . see Ústí nad Labem

Austria, Austrians, Austrian 52, 56–57, 58, 112–13, 149, 299n21

Aversa 192

Babenbergs (Austrian dynasty) 51, 56, 113

Bachrach, Bernard S. 294, 331

Bachrach, David S. 260n55, 261, 294

Bald Mountain . see Łysa Góra

Baldwin I / of Boulogne, count of Edessa (1098–1100), king of Jerusalem (1100–1118) 120

Balogh, József 176

Baltic, region 301, 302

Bamberg 174

Banderia Prutenorum by Jan Długosz 304–6

banners, military 23, 67, 68, 90, 95, 96, 97, 97n49, 99, 99n53, 105, 107, 116, 117, 118–21, 145, 169, 183–90, 184n76, 184n77, 185–89, 190, 210, 217, 217n26, 219, 221, 222, 224–25, 229, 231, 238, 252, 256–58, 278, 301, 303, 304–7, 307n39, 307n41, 309, 318, 320, 330, 333n114.

signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans); rites of war: depositing booty and/or captured banners in churches

Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 261, 319, 325, 333

Barber, Richard W. 321n75

Bari 297

Bartholomew, parish priest of Kłobuck, provost of Kalisz, royal chaplain, uncle of Jan Długosz 246, 264, 319

Basty, Cuman khan 66

Báta 171–72

Batu, Mongol khan 34n118, 65, 216

Bavaria, Bavarians, Bavarian 149, 174, 211, 222

Bayezid I / the Thunderbolt, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1389–1402) 220, 223

Bedřich (Frederick), prince of Bohemia (1172–1173, 1178–1189) 157

Béla II, king of Hungary and Croatia (1131–1141) 184, 188

Béla III, king of Hungary and Croatia (1172–1196) 35

Béla IV, prince of Stiria (1254–1258), king of Hungary and Croatia (1235–1270) 56, 67, 113, 115, 117, 175, 197, 216, 217, 220

Béla, prince of Slavonia (1264–1269), son of Béla IV 175

Belchite, confraternity of 299

Belgrade, battle of (1456) 168, 182, 186, 226–35

Bella Antiochena. See Walter the Chancellor

Belz / Bełz 64, 69

Benedictines (Order of Saint Benedict) 169–70, 247

Beneš Krabice of Veitmile, chronicler 147

Beneš of Cvilín/Lobenstein, Bohemian commander 68

Bernard of Clairvaux (saint), theologian and crusade preacher 174

Betharius (saint), archchaplain of Chlothar II 102–3

Bible, biblical 50, 67, 68, 69, 320, 332, 334, 335

Book of Baruch 29

Book of Genesis 334

Book of Izaiah 66n77

Book of Jeremiah 28

Book of Kingdoms 29

Book of Kings 29, 33

Book of Maccabees, Second 320n74

Book of Numbers 334

Book of Proverbs 37

Book of Psalms 25, 27, 40, 269

Book of Samuel, First 314n60

Book of Samuel, Second 66n77, 314n60

Epistle to the Galatians 229

Gospel of Mark 69n91

Gospel of Matthew 69n91

Old Testament 27, 108, 268, 335

Birger Jarl, Swedish leader (d. 1266) 33

Birten, battle of (931) 211

Bogurodzica (Mother of God), Polish anthem 54, 119, 119n113, 257, 270–74, 272n111, 278.

rites of war: singing religious songs

Bohemia, Bohemians, Bohemian 51, 67, 77–128, 140–62, 174n35, 175, 209, 217, 226, 236, 256, 263n70, 269, 273, 295, 296, 297–98, 311

Bohemond, prince of Otranto (1089–1111) and of Antioch (1098–1101, 1103–1104) 101n62

Bohemus, (mythical) father of the Bohemians 90

Boleslav I, prince of Bohemia (935–967/972) 144

Boleslav II / the Pious, prince of Bohemia (967/972–999) 81

Bolesław I / the Brave (Chrobry), prince and king of Poland (992–1025) 88, 97n49

Bolesław II of Mazovia, prince of Płock (1275–1294), of Cracow (1288, 1289), of Mazovia (1294–1313) 55, 272

Bolesław III / the Wrymouth, prince of Poland (1102–1138) 89, 96, 118, 249, 261, 266, 269, 272, 296, 326

Bolesław V / the Chaste, prince of Sandomierz (1227–1230, 1232–1279) and of Cracow (1243–1279) 275

Boniak, Cuman khan 25–26

Boris and Gleb Vladimirovichi (saints), Rusian princes, martyrs, and patrons of Rus 12n33, 13–14, 13n44, 15, 15–16 (Boris), 36–37, 41

Bořivoj II, prince of Bohemia (1100–1107, 1117–1120) 157

Boroldai / Burundai, Mongol general 54, 57, 61

Borzsák, István 176

Bosnia, Bosnians, Bosnian 168, 172, 187, 221

Bouvines, battle of (1214) 269, 330

Brandenburg 159

Breadfield, battle of (1479) . see Kenyérmező

Brest 63

Břetislav I, prince of Bohemia (1034–1055) 103n68, 155, 156

Břevnov, monastery 159

Briakhimov 24

Bridget of Sweden (saint) 307

Bridgettines / Birgittines (Order of the Most Holy Savior) 307–8

Brno 159–60

Bronisch, Alexander Pierre 108

Bruno of Schaumburg, bishop of Olomouc (1245–1281) 124

Bryansk 58

Brześć 253

Bubczyk, Robert 325, 333

Buda 186–87, 188, 223, 227, 236

Budaszentlőrinc, monastery 192

Bulgaria, Bulgars, Bulgarian (also Volga Bulgars) 23–24, 177, 191, 195

Burgundia, Burgundians, Burgundian 220–21

Burundai . see Boroldai

Byzantium, Byzantines, Byzantine . see Roman Empire (Eastern, Byzantine)

Čakovec, monastery 195

Calixtines 148

Calixtus III, pope (1455–1458) 230, 233

Callimachus / Filippo Buonaccorsi, humanist, writer, and diplomat (d.1496) 189

Câmpul Pâinii, battle of (1479) . see Kenyérmező

Canon of the Elevation of the Cross, Greek hymn 27, 40

Canon of Vyšehrad, the so-called, chronicler (Cosmas’s continuator) 79, 92–94, 94n39, 94n41, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 118, 119, 122, 124, 125, 156, 182

Canones Nidrosienses 111n94, 327

Capella regia . see Chapel monarch’s

Capetian (French dynasty) 87

Carmelites (Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel) 250–51

Carolingians (Frankish dynasty), Carolingian empire 88, 256, 259, 261, 269, 275, 278, 295, 296, 297, 298n19, 324, 325, 328

Carpathian Basin 180

Carraz, Damien 299–300

Carvajal / Juan Carvajal, cardinal of Sant’Angelo in Pescheria (1446–1469), papal legate to Hungary 227, 228

Casimir I / the Restorer, prince of Poland (1034–1058) 312–14, 315, 318

Casimir II / the Just, Polish prince and prince of Cracow (1177–1191), grand prince of Poland (1191–1194) 296, 326

Casimir III / the Great, king of Poland (1333–1370), of Ruthenia (1340–1370) 151, 249, 249n17

Catalogus abbatum Saganensium . see Ludolf, abbot of Sagan

Catiline’s Conspiracy / Bellum Catilinae . see Sallustius

chapel, monarch’s 86, 89, 110–11, 319–20.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/rulerf

chaplains . see clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/ruler.chapel monarch’s

Charlemagne, king of the Franks (768–814), of the Lombards (774–814), emperor (800–814) 27, 147

Charles II/III / the Small, king of Naples (III) (1382–1386), of Hungary and Croatia (II) (1385–1386) 186

Charles IV / of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia and Roman-German king (1346–1378), Holy Roman Emperor (1355–1378) 141–46, 142n6, 144n10, 147, 151–52

Charvát, Petr 97n49

Chernihiv / Chernigov 49

Cherven 69

Chester, battle of (early seventh century) 330

Chiraleș, battle of (1068) . see Kerlés

chivalric culture, ideology, piety, and religiosity 98, 118, 121, 122, 124, 151, 161, 257, 266–67, 266n85, 272, 290, 301, 309, 315, 323

Chlothar II, king of the Franks (584–629) 102–3

Chlumec / Kulm, battle of (1126) 79, 89–112, 113, 115, 118, 122, 124–27, 140, 146, 146n15, 156n39, 174n35, 182, 319, 330

Chortoryisk / Czartorysk / Chartoriysk 70

Christ ist erstanden (Christ is risen), German anthem 273

Christ . see Jesus Christ

Christian II, king of Denmark and Norway (1513–1523), of Sweden (1520–1521) 318

Christian the Monk / Strachkvas, Přemyslid prince and hagiographer 81, 81n9, 81n10, 83

Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris (anonymous) 102

Chronica Boemorum / Chronicle of the Bohemians by Cosmas of Prague . see Cosmas of Prague

Chronica de gestis Hungarorum e codice picto saec. XIV / Illuminated Chronicle (anonymous) 176–179, 185, 191, 198, 213

Chronica Polonorum / Chronicle of the Poles by Master Vincentius . see Vincentius of Cracow

Chronicle of George Hamartolos . see George Hamartolos

Chronicle of John Malalas . see John Malalas

Chronicle of Lanercost 249, 325

Chronicle of Mstislav Mstislavovich 50, 66n76

Chronicle of the Battle of King Władysław of Poland with the Teutonic Knights . see Cronica conflictus Wladislai Regis Poloniae cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410

Chronicle of the Romanovichi . see Galician-Volhynian Chronicle

Chronicon Aulae Regiae / Zbraslav Chronicle (multiauthored) 141, 146, 148, 150–51, 159, 160, 264, 265, 311, 311n51.

František of Prague, chronicler; Peter of Zittau/Žitava, chronicler

Chronicon Dubnicense / Dubnic Chronicle (anonymous) 198

Chronique du Religieux de Saint-Denys (Historia Karoli Sexti Francorum regis) (anonymous) 221

Cikádor, battle of (1441) 172

Cinaed / Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Dál Riada (841–850), of the Picts (843–858), of Alba (843–858) 107n81

Cistercians (Order of Cistercians) 113–14, 149, 150, 185

Csanád, Hungarian warlord 182, 191

Csanád, monastery . see Marosvár

churches (generally) 21, 35, 60, 64, 86–88, 142, 149, 159, 184, 185, 188, 191–97, 214, 223, 233, 276, 320, 321, 324, 329, 331, 338

in Aachen, Cathedral of St. Mary 147

in Aachen, for Hungarian pilgrims 195

in Báta, Holy Blood’s shrine 171–72

in Buda (St. Mary’s) 186–87

in Buda Castle, Chapel of St. Martin and St. Sigismund 171, 236

in Burgos, Santa María Real de las Huelgas monastery 304, 307, 307n40

in Compostela, Cathedral of Santiago 335n116

in Constantinople, Chapel of the Virgin Mary of the Pharos 86

in Crăciunel / Homoródkarácsonyfalva 321

in Cracow at Skałka (Sts. Michael’s and Stanislaus’s) 251

in Cracow, Cathedral of Sts. Wenceslas and Stanislaus 88, 89, 251, 278, 304, 307

in Czerwińsk (St. Mary’s) monastery 253–55

in Dârjiu / Székelyderzs 321

in Dunkeld 106

in Edinburgh, Holyrood Abbey 88

in Esztergom, Cathedral of Sts. Mary and Vojtěch-Adalbert 334

in Fehérvár, Basilica (royal) of St. Mary 120, 173–74, 184, 185–86, 188, 191, 197, 307n39, 333n114

in Galich, Cathedral of the Mother of God 71

in Genoa (St. George’s) 333n114

in Ghelința / Gelencé 321

in Ghidfalău / Gidófalva 321

in Gniezno, Cathedral of Sts. Mary and Vojtěch-Adalbert 155, 251, 307, 334

in Gyulafehérvár, Cathedral of St. Michael 196

in Ingelheim 147

in Jakub (Církvice-Jakub) near Kutná Hora (St. James’s) 83–85

in Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulcher 87, 88n25

in Karlštejn, Chapel of the Holy Rood at Karlštejn castle 144n10

in Kholm (St. John Chrysostom’s) 65–66

in Kholm, Cathedral of the Mother of God 65

in Kiev (unspecified) 64

in Kiev, Caves Monastery / Pechersk Lavra 9, 26, 27

in Kiev, Church of the Tithes / of Our Lady 4–5, 330

in Kraskovo 214, 215

in Kruszwica (St. Vitus’s) 336

in Lilienfeld monastery (of the Holy Cross) 185

in Loreto, Basilica della Casa 196

in Lublin (of Our Lady of Victories) monastery 304, 307–8

in Lublin (of the Holy Trinity) castle 316–17

in Lublin (St. Michael’s) 314

in Lutsk, Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist 71

in Łysa Góra (Holy Trinity’s) monastery, shrine of the Holy Cross 247–51, 249n17, 276

in Mariazell, Basilica of St. Mary 192–94, 195, 219, 314

in Marosvár monastery (St. George’s) 191

in Mielnik (Virgin Mary’s) 60

in Mihăileni / Csíkszentmihály 321

in Mogyoród monastery (St. George’s) 191

in Mugeni / Bögöz 321–22

in Nidaros, Cathedral of the Holy Trinity 88

in Novgorod, Cathedral of the Holy Sophia 33, 34

in Nuremberg, Frauenkirche (“Church of Our Lady”) 147

in Nyírbátor 197

in Ocland / Homoródoklánd 321

in Olomouc (St. Mary’s) Franciscan monastery 233–34

in Paris, Cathedral of Notre Dame 223

in Poznań (of Corpus Christi) 250–51, 276

in Poznań (St. Mary’s) 313–14, 314n61

in Prague (St. Francis’s) 156, 158

in Prague, Cathedral of Sts. Vitus, Wenceslas, and Vojtěch-Adalbert 81, 82, 83, 86, 88, 94, 106, 111, 117, 123, 141–43

in Prague, Chapel of St. Wenceslas of the Prague Cathedral 83, 142–43

in Rome, Basilica of St. Peter 147

in Roudnice nad Labem castle (Sts. Mary’s, Vitus’s, Wenceslas’s, Vojtěch-Adalbert’s, and Sigismund’s), chapel 145

in Saint-Denis (near Paris) abbey 87, 87n23, 221, 223, 248–49

in Split, Cathedral of St. Domnius 185

in Toledo (Sts. Peter and Paul’s), Praetorian Church 87, 109

in Toledo, Cathedral of St. Mary 121

in Tours, Cathedral of St. Martin 324

in Várad, Cathedral of St. Mary 219

in Veľká Lomnica 214, 215

in Vilnius, Cathedral of St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislas 307n41

in Vladimir-Zalessky, Cathedral of Dormition 24, 63

in Vrbćany 93, 96

in Vydubychi (Archangel Michael’s) monastery 65, 65n71

in Zadar monastery (St. Mary’s) 188

in Zagreb, Cathedral of Sts. Mary, Stephen, and Ladislas 185

in Žehra 214, 216

in Zlatá Koruna monastery, Chapel of Guardian Angels 113–14, 113n99, 149, 304

in Zvenigorod 61

on Mount Řip (St. George and St. Vojtěch-Adalbert’s), chapel 90–91, 110

Clavijo, battle of (fictional?) (834 or 844) 335n116

Cleidion, battle of (1014) 191

clergy, clerical order

armsbearing by (or lack thereof) 3, 7–8, 9, 261

chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/rulers by 7, 15, 26n87, 32, 86–87, 89, 97, 100–2, 102n67m 106–11, 111n94, 122–24, 152–54, 167–68, 189, 190, 209, 228, 246, 253–56, 256n43, 261–62, 269, 274, 276–77, 296, 310, 319–20, 326–27, 330–31, 333, 336.

tented chapels and portable altars, use in war; Vitus, chaplain of Soběslav I

participation / involvement in warfare (or lack thereof) 3, 5, 6–8, 9–10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19–20, 23, 24–25, 26, 31–32, 34–35, 39–40, 41, 54, 86–87, 96, 100–11, 111n94, 119, 121–24, 125, 152–54, 155, 167–68, 179, 181, 217, 221, 224, 226, 275, 296, 327, 329–30, 330n105, 330–31, 333

role in peace-making / restraining from war of by 13, 19, 26n87, 31–32, 35, 40

Clovis I, king of the Franks (481–511) 324

Cologne 116, 328

Coloman the Learned, king of Hungary and Croatia (1095–1116) 168, 170–71, 184, 188, 188n97

Columba / Colum Cille (saint), abbot and missionary, patron of Scotland 83n15, 106–7, 107n78, 108, 123

Concilium Germanicum (742) 100, 100n57

Conrad I, prince of Mazovia (1194–1247), of Cracow (1241–1243), of Łęczyca-Sieradz (1231–1247) 67, 273

Conrad II of Czersk, prince of Mazovia (1264–1275), of Czersk (1275–1294), of Sandomierz (1289) 55

Conrad II, king of Germany (1024–1039), of Italy (1026–1039), of Burgundy (1032–1039), and emperor (1027–1039) 173, 275

Conrad IV, king of Jerusalem (1228–1254), of Germany and Italy (1237–1254) 217

Constantin II, king of Alba 107

Constantine I / the Great, Roman emperor (306–337) 101, 269, 309, 310, 310n48, 312, 313, 315–20, 320n74

Constantine VII / Porphyrogenitus, Eastern emperor 31

Constantinople 86, 192, 222, 232

Contamine, Philippe 119

Cosmas of Prague, chronicler 97n49, 103n68, 106, 110n91, 155, 156, 156n38, 159

Cracow 55–56, 55n26, 88–89, 151, 249, 251, 275, 304

Crécy, battle of (1346) 265

Crescente fide (anonymous life of St. Wenceslas) 81n10

Croatia, Croats, Croatian 221

Cronica conflictus Wladislai Regis Poloniae cum Cruciferis anno Christi 1410 / Chronicle of the Battle of King Władysław of Poland with the Teutonic Knights (anonymous) 245, 246, 252, 256, 257, 260, 263, 266–67, 269–70, 309, 310, 324–25

Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum / Chronicles and Deeds of the Dukes or Princes of the Poles by Gallus Anonymus . see Gallus Anonymus

cross, sign of 80–81, 116, 229, 303, 313, 316–17, 318.

signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross

crusaders 7, 33, 37, 119n114, 148, 152–54, 168, 185, 221, 222, 226–34, 294

crusades .

war, fighting(ideology of): crusading ideology/notion of/propaganda, rhetoric and/or idea of; Holy Land, Outremer

against Hussites (1420–1421) 152–54

against Ottomans (1396, 1443/1444, 1456, 1526) 168, 174, 181, 182–83, 185–86, 189, 199, 220–37, 276, 329

First (1096–1099) 20, 21, 221, 293

Second (1145–1149) 157

Third (1189–1192) 296

Fourth (1202–1204) 41

Fifth (1217–1221) 168

institutional/institutionalized and/or international, model of 121, 301, 302–3, 328

of Andrew II, king of Hungary (1217–1218) 184–85, 198, 199

of Frederick II, emperor (1241) 217

of Nicholas V (1455–1456) 226–34

of Philip II, king of France (1190) 176–77

to Prussia 7, 149, 158, 160

Cumans, Cuman (Polovtsians) 5, 9, 17–19, 21, 23, 25, 26, 32, 35, 51, 53, 64, 66, 113, 178–179, 182, 210, 212, 213–16, 238, 293, 321–22

Cuthbert (saint), bishop of Hexham and Lindisfarne and patron of England (d. 687) 97n49

Cyril, metropolitan of Kiev (1224–1233) 34n118

Czechs . see Bohemia, Bohemian, Bohemians

Czerwińsk, monastery 253–55

Dąbki, battle of (1431) 271, 304, 306

Dagobert I, king of the Franks (623–639) 87n23

Dalimil, the so-called, chronicler 80n6, 91

Daniel I, bishop of Prague (1148–1167) 157

Daniel Romanovich / of Galicia, prince of Galicia (1205–1255), of Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231), King of Rus 49, 52, 53, 53n15, 57, 59–60, 60–61, 64, 65, 65n68, 66n76, 66n77, 67–68, 67n79, 69–70, 275

Daniel Romanovich’s Chronicle 57–58, 63, 64, 67

Danube, river 184, 220, 221, 227, 228, 231, 235, 237

Daumantas, Lithuanian kunigas 58

Dausprungas, Lithuanian kunigas 57

David (biblical) / King David, king of the Jews 247, 311

David Igorevich / of Dorogobuzh, prince of Volhynia and of Dorogobuzh (d. 1112) 25

David Sviatoslavich, Rusian prince and prince of Chernigov (d. 1123) 18, 32

De Sancto Ladizlao rege Ungarie / On Saint Ladislaus King of Hungary (anonymous) 214

Demetrius (saint) 36, 60

Demian, envoy of Daniel Romanovich 70

Denis (saint) 249, 269

Denmark, Danes, Danish 272, 293, 297, 302, 318

Derwich, Marek 250

Digenes Akrites (Greek and Slavonic), Byzantine epic poem 24–25, 25n83, 40

Diocletian, Roman emperor (284–305 AD) 185

Diveriks, Lithuanian deity 57

Dmitri (saint) 59

Dniepr, river 26, 36, 63

Dominicans (Order of Preachers) 159

Domingo Pascual, canon and archbishop elect of the Toledo 121, 121n119

Don, river 23, 23n77

Drahomíra, duchess consort of Bohemia, wife of Vratislav I (d. 924) 144

Dubnic Chronicle . see Chronicon Dubnicense

Dubrava / Dobrawa, princess consort of Poland, wife of Mieszko I (d. 977) 314n61

Dürnkrut, battle of (1278) . see Marchfeld

East Central Europe / Central Europe 79, 93, 150, 209, 210, 216, 231, 233, 238, 289, 290, 295, 309n45, 323, 329, 338–39

Eastern Europe 3, 289, 291, 293, 294, 299–300, 323, 326, 337, 338, 339

Edinburgh 88

Edward I / Longshanks, king of England (1272–1307) 249, 325

Edward II / of Caernarfon, king of England (1307–1327) 267n87

Edward III, king of England (1327–1377) 265

Egypt, Egyptians, Egyptian 185

Ekdahl, Sven 246

Ekkehard, abbot of Aura abd chronicler 79n50

El Salado, battle of (1340) 304

Elbe, river 297

Elias, bishop of Novgorod 11

Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia, wife of John of Luxembourg (d. 1330) 160

Elizabeth of Hungary, queen consort of Serbia, wife of Stephen I Kotromanić (d. ca. 1322) 175n35, 198

Emeric (saint), Hungarian prince (d. 1031) 120, 183, 185

Emma, princess consort of Bohemia, wife of Boleslav II the Pious (d. 1005/1006) 81

Enea Piccolomini . see Pius II

England, English 217, 247n11, 249, 267n87, 277n136, 310n47, 328, 332, 334

Erik II / the Emune, king of Denmark (1134–1137) 330n105

Estonia, Estonians, Estonian 318

Esztergom 334

Euthymius, bishop of Pereiaslavl (1141–1155) 26n87

Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea and chronicler 101–2, 121n118, 310, 312, 320n74

expeditio, defensio terrae (military obligation, kinds of) 111, 331–32

feasts, religious (in connection with warfare) 19, 19n65, 21–23, 60–61, 69–70, 71, 86, 86n17, 146, 157, 158, 168, 172, 188, 227, 244, 253

Fehérvár / Székesfehérvár 120, 173–74, 184–85, 188, 197, 307n39, 333n114

Ferdinand I Habsburg, king of the Romans (1531–1564), of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia (1526–1564), archduke of Austria (1521–1564), Holy Roman Emperor (1556–1564) 148

Field of Blood, battle at (1119) 332n111

Filippo Buonaccorsi . see Callimachus

Fillan (saint) 319

Five Martyred Brethren (saints) 117, 155, 333

Flarchheim, battle of (1080) 97n50

Forglen in Banffshire, estate 123

Fortriu, Pictish kingdom 106

Fotevig, battle of (1134) 330n105

Fraga, battle of (1134) 102, 102n65, 332n111

Fragmentary Annals of Ireland (anonymous) 106–7

France, French 220–21, 248n13, 265, 269, 291, 332

Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) 158, 159, 168, 173, 181, 183, 226, 228–29, 233, 321–22

Frankia, Franks, Frankish 87, 110, 180, 261, 272, 329

Franko Talovac, Croatian nobleman, ban of Severin (1436–1439) (d. 1448) 225

František Hag / of Hajé, mercenary captain 197

František of Prague, chronicler 151.

Chronicon Aulae Regiae

Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany (1152–1190), of Burgundy (1152–1190), of Italy (1155–1190), Holy Roman Emperor (1155–1190) 185n79

Frederick II, king of Sicily (1198–1250), of Germany and Italy (1220–1250), of Jerusalem (1225–1228), and Holy Roman Emperor (1220–1250) 217

Frigidus, river, battle of (394) 309

Füle, Hungarian voivode 67

Fyrileif, battle of (1134) 299

Gaels, Gaelic 103, 103n70, 126, 295, 330, 331

Galich / Halicz / Halych 35, 53, 60, 64, 71

Galician Rus . see Rus, Rusians, Rusian: Galician-Volhynian Rus

Galician-Volhynian Chronicle / Chronicle of the Romanovichi (anonymous) 48–72, 182, 273

Gallus Anonymus, the so-called, chronicler 4, 180, 256, 256n43, 266, 269, 296, 326

Gallus, Prague gladiator 123

Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia 293

Gaudentius, archbishop of Gniezno, brother of St. Vojtěch-Adalbert 155

Genoa, Genoese 192, 333n114

George (saint) 96n45, 191, 224

George Hamartolos, chronicler 50, 66n77

George of Poděbrady, king of Bohemia (1458–1471) 148

Gerard (saint), bishop of Csanád (ca. 1030–1047) 169

Germany, Germans, German (also Germanic) 33, 56, 90, 168, 173, 182, 198, 220, 224, 226, 235, 237, 248n13, 291, 298, 298n19, 328, 331, 331n110.

Roman Empire (Western, medieval), Holy Roman Empire

Gertrude Babenberg / of Mödling, princess of Austria and Styria (d. 1288) 56

Gesta Chuonradi imperatoris by Wipo . see Wipo

Gesta Henrici Quinti (anonymous) 276

Gesta Hungarorum . see Notary of King Béla III

Géza I, king of Hungary (1074–1077) 178, 179, 213

Géza II, king of Hungary and Croatia (1141–1162) 168–69, 175

Géza, prince of the Hungarians (early 970s–997) 170, 211, 237

Gilgenburg / Dąbrówno 260, 263, 270–71

Gilo of Paris, cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (until 1139), poet, and chronicler 170–71

Giovanni da Capistrano, Franciscan friar, preacher, theologian, and inquisitor (d. 1456) 168, 181, 182, 226–34

Giovanni da Tagliacozzo, monk in the following of Giovanni da Capistrano 181, 183, 199, 228, 231, 232

Giovanni de Dominis, bishop of Senj (1432–1440) and of Várad (1440–1444) 224

Giovanni de Marignolli, chronicler 146

Gisela, queen consort of Hungary, wife of Stephen I (d. 1065) 185n79

Giuliano Cesarini the Elder, cardinal-bishop of Frascati, papal legate in Hungary (d. 1444) 224–26, 231

Gleb Vladimirovich (saint) . see Boris and Gleb Vladimirovichi

Gniezno 155–56, 307, 334

God (Hebrew, Christian) 5, 12, 13, 13n44, 14, 17, 18, 19–20, 21, 23, 26, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 59, 60, 64–65, 67, 67n79, 70–71, 77–78, 79, 80, 83n15, 93, 96, 97, 102, 104, 105, 105n73, 106, 108, 112, 116, 117, 124, 148, 150, 152–54, 161, 162, 173, 177, 178, 180–81, 183, 210, 211, 213, 214, 218, 221, 222, 223, 228, 232, 236, 247, 250, 252, 258, 259, 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 278, 304, 304n36, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 314n60, 316, 318, 319, 323, 324n87, 325, 327, 328, 334, 335.

God’s and saints’ agency in war; Jesus Christ

wrath of 17, 28, 40, 70–71, 102.

God’s and saints’ agency in war: as punishment for believers

God’s and saints’ agency in war .

angel, angels, angelic; holy patrons of polities and peoples; standard-bearers (miraculous); warrior-saints

as aid for believers in war 5, 11–15, 17, 18, 19–20, 29, 34, 36, 40–41, 64, 65, 67, 70, 77–78, 82, 88–89, 93, 95, 96n45, 97–98, 109, 112, 113, 116, 120, 124, 127–28, 146–47, 148–49, 154, 161, 169–70, 173–74, 178, 180–81, 187, 188, 191, 197, 219, 223, 228, 249, 251, 259, 265, 268, 269, 272n112, 275, 289, 304, 309, 318, 319, 320

as grace / mercy for believers 17, 59, 65, 70, 78, 83, 89, 93, 96, 103, 109, 124, 154, 178, 189, 221, 230, 237, 247, 304, 311, 313, 322, 324, 328

as punishment for believers 28, 40, 66n77, 70–71, 102, 147, 180–81, 226, 290, 325.

God (Hebrew, Christian): wrath of

in the Bible 29

miraculous, epiphanies, apparitions 20, 21, 24, 29, 33, 71, 80, 83, 93, 95, 98, 109, 115, 169, 173, 219, 230, 251, 252, 304, 312–13, 314–15, 315n64, 316–20, 330, 333, 335n116, 336.

omens, dreams, visions, prophetic signs

Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lotharingia (1089–1096), ruler of Jerusalem (1099–1100) 170

gods or deities, pagan 57, 105, 302, 331, 333–34, 336.

pagans, pagan, paganism

Goetz, Hans-Werner 294, 296n16

Golden Horde 34n118, 65

Grachev, Artem Iu. 7

Graus, František 147n18

Greece, Greeks, Greek 6, 35, 36, 177

Gregory IX, pope (1227–1241) 217, 218

Gregory of Tours, bishop of Tours and chronicler (d. 593/594) 324

Groißenbrunn, battle of (1260) . see Kressenbrunn

Grunwald / Tannenberg / Žalgiris, battle of (1410) 119, 176, 244–79, 303, 304n39, 305, 307, 307n41, 309, 316, 319, 327

Guillaume Guiart, chronicler 87n23

Gumpold’s Legend, the so-called (life of St. Wenceslas) 81n10

Guoth, Kálmán 176

György Szerémi / Georgius Sirmiensis, writer 199

Gyulafehérvár / Alba Iulia 196, 213.

Transylvania

Habsburgs (Austrian, German dynasty) 151, 160

Hannsen Greiff, Bavarian noble 222

Harrington, Jesse 295, 331, 335

Hastings, battle of (1066) 180

Hector Boece / Boethius / Boyce, philosopher and historian 319, 327

Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson . see Snorri Sturluson

Hellenic and Roman Chronicle, by George Hamartolos . see George Hamartolos

Hendrikman, Lars Auth 318

Henry II / the Pious, prince of Silesia and prince of Cracow (1238–1241) 259

Henry II / the Saint, king of Germany (1002–1024) and emperor (1014–1024) 96n45, 102n66, 104

Henry III, king of Germany (1028–1056), of Italy and Burgundy (1039–1056), and emperor (1046–1056) 174, 179, 179n51

Henry IV / Probus, prince of Wrocław (1270–1290), of Cracow (1288–1290), of Ścinawa (1289–1290) 55

Henry IV, king of Germany (1054–1105) and emperor (1084–1105) 97n50

Henry of Austria / the Friendly, son of king Albert I Habsburg (d. 1327) 160

Henry of Carinthia, prince of Carinthia and landgrave of Carniola (1295–1335), landgrave on the Savinja (1295–1308), count of Tyrol (1295–1335), king of Bohemia (1307–1310) 159–60

Henry of Livonia, chronicler 301, 333

Henry of Rožmberk, Bohemian noble 150

Henry Zdík, bishop of Olomouc (1126–1150) 91n35, 110, 110n91

Heraclius, Eastern emperor (610–641) 31

Herbort of Fulstein, Bohemian knight 68

Herman, Prague furrier 123–24

Hermann III of Stahleck, count palatine of the Rhine (1142–1155) 260

Hermannstadt, battle of 1442 . see Nagyszeben

Hezekiah (biblical), king of Judah 29, 33

Hilarion, metropolitan of Kiev 50

Himfi, Benedict, Hungarian noble and commander 195

Historia Hungarorum by János Thuróczy . see János Thuróczy

Historia Vie Hierosolimitane by Gilo of Paris . see Gilo of Paris

Historia Wambae / Story of Wamba by Julian of Toledo . see Julian of Toledo

Holy Cross, monastery . see Łysa Góra

Holy Land, Outremer 100n58, 111n92, 120–21, 195, 293, 302n30, 336.

crusades

holy patrons of polities and peoples 30, 77, 79, 89, 90, 96, 98, 99–100, 99n54, 102, 106–8, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, 141–48, 161, 187, 252, 272, 290, 301, 323, 330, 331, 333, 336.

God’s and saints’ agency in war

militarization of 98–99, 99n54

Holy Sophia 11, 11n33

holy war . see war, fighting (ideology of): holy (religious war and God’s war)

Homiliary of Opatovice 112

Hospodine pomiluj ny (Lord, Have Mercy on Us), Bohemian anthem 117, 119, 119n113, 159, 273

Housley, Norman 218

Houts, Elisabeth van 50

Hradište, monastery 191

Hrvoje Vukčić, grand duke of Bosnia (1380–1388, 1392–1416) 172

Hungarian Chronicle Composition . see Chronica de gestis Hungarorum

Hungary, Hungarians (Magyars), Hungarian 25, 35, 51, 53–54, 64, 67, 68, 71, 113, 115–16, 117, 119, 120, 124, 149, 157, 167–99, 209, 210–38, 268, 274–75, 295, 298, 304n36, 309, 311, 334

Hussites, Hussite, Hussite Revolution (also anti-Hussite) 147–48, 152–54, 152n32, 161–62, 197, 325

Hypatian Chronicle/Codex 14, 16–20, 32, 40, 50, 59n49, 60n52, 66n76, 67n79.

Povest’ vremennykh let / Tale of Bygone Years / Primary Chronicle; Laurentian Chronicle

Iberian Peninsula, Iberia, Iberian 272, 299, 301–2, 304

Illuminated Chronicle . see Chronica de gestis Hungarorum

Innocent III, pope (1198–1216) 303, 304, 329

Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh 60, 66

Ippolito d’Este, archbishop of Esztergom (1494–1497) 190

Israel, Israelites, Israelite, Chosen People (ancient, biblical) 33, 332n111, 335

István (Stephen) III Bátori, Hungarian nobleman and commander, palatine of Hungary (d. 1444) 224

István (Stephen) V Bátori of Ecsed, voivode of Transylvania (1479–1493) 196

Istvánffy, chronicler 184n77

Italy, Italians, Italian 157, 186, 190, 198, 272, 312

Ivan the Great / III Vasilievich, grand prince of Moscow and sovereign of all Russia 49

Iwańczak, Wojciech 95

Iziaslav Andreievich, Rusian prince (d. 1165) 23

Iziaslav II Mstislavich, grand prince of Kiev 10, 26n67

Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich, prince of Terebovl (1210), of Novgorod-Seversk (until 1235), grand prince of Kiev (1235–1236) 64

Iziaslava, Rusian princess, adopted daughter of Vladimir Vasilkovich 55n25

Jajce 168, 187

Jakub (Církvice-Jakub) near Kutná Hora 83–85

Jakub of Kurdwanów, bishop of Płock (1396–1425) 255

James the Greater (saint), apostle 99n54, 334n116

Jan Długosz, chronicler 119, 187, 189, 198, 246, 250, 257–58, 262, 263, 264, 266–68, 270, 271, 276, 279, 304–6, 309, 310, 314–15, 319, 325, 325n91, 327

Jan Očko of Vlašim, bishop of Olomouc (1351–1364), archbishop of Prague (1364–1378) 145

Jan Žižka, Bohemian general and leader of the Taborites 152–53, 154n33, 325, 325n92

János Hunyadi, Hungarian commander, voivode of Transylvania (1441–1446), regent of Hungary (1446–1453) 172, 175, 187, 196, 224–34

János Thuróczy, chronicler 175, 183, 187, 198, 223, 229, 231

János Vitéz of Zredna, bishop of Várad (1445–1465), archbishop of Esztergom (1465–1472) 187

Janus Pannonius, bishop of Pécs (1434–1472), diplomat, and poet 168, 187

Jarloch, chronicler 157

Jaroš, burgrave of the Prague castle 117, 118, 119, 122, 333

Jaroslav / Jarosław / Yaroslav, battle of (1245) 54, 67, 70, 182, 273

Jatvingia / Jatvingians / Jatvingian 58, 64, 314

Jean II Le Maingre / Boucicaut, French knight and military leader (d. 1421) 221–22, 223

Jean Froissart, chronicler 265

Jean of Nevers / the Fearless, count of Nevers and prince of Burgundy (1404–1419) 222

Jean of Vienne, French knight and admiral (d. 1396) 222

Jena Codex (Hussite) 152

Jensen, Carsten Selch 301, 333

Jeremiah (biblical), Hebrew prophet 320n74

Jerusalem, Holy City 68, 87, 170, 221, 295

Jerusalem, Latin Kingdom of 87

Jesus Christ 30, 63, 81, 81n11, 155, 182–83, 196, 219, 222, 224, 228, 229–32, 258, 273.

God (Hebrew, Christian)

Jewish War . see Josephus Flavius

Jews, Jewish (medieval) 160, 230

jihad, idea of 30, 31, 37

Jihlava 148

Jogaila . see Władysław II Jagiełło

Johannes Mannesdorfer, chronicler 192–93

Johannes Schiltberger, Bavarian crusader 222

John IV of Dražice, bishop of Prague (1301–1343) 123–24

John XXIII, antipope (1410–1415) 246, 269

John, Bohemian knight 117, 118, 119, 122

John Barbour, poet 326n94

John Henry of Luxembourg, count of Tyrol (1335–1341), margrave of Moravia (1349–1375) 142, 151–52

John Malalas, chronicler 50, 69n91

John of Gara / Garai, Hungarian noble, count of Temes (1402–1403) (d. before 1430) 172

John of Luxembourg / the Blind, king of Bohemia (1310–1335) 142, 145, 146–47, 148, 151, 159–60, 264–65

John the Baptist (saint) 175, 273–74

John the Evangelist (saint) 71

Josephus Flavius, Jewish historian and military leader 50, 68

Judas Maccabeus (biblical), priest and leader of the Jews 247, 320n74

Julian of Toledo (saint), Archbishop of Toledo, theologian and chronicler (d. 690) 109

Kalisz 67, 264

Kalukyan, State (India) 333n113

Karlštejn 144, 236

Kenyérmező / Breadfield / Câmpul Pâinii, battle of (1479) 183, 196, 197

Kerlés / Chiraleș, battle of (1068) 182, 213–14

Kerny, Terézia 196

Khlebnikov/Ostrogski Codex 48n1, 50

Kholm / Chełm / Xolm 65–66, 66n73

kierelesz . see Kyrie eleison

Kiev, Kievans 4, 10–11, 35, 64, 65, 66, 188

Kievan Chronicle (anonymous) 4, 25, 35, 38, 49, 50, 175

Kievan Rus . see Rus, Rusians, Rusian: Kievan Rus

Kinnamos, chronicler 184

Klaniczay, Gábor 99–100

Kolia-Demitzaki, Athina 30

Kołobrzeg 272

Komendová, Jitka 50

Konchak / Könchek / Končak, Cuman khan 17

Konstantin Vsevolodovich, grand prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1216–1218) 12

kontakia (hymns) 27, 40.

rites of war: singing religious songs

Korsun / Chersonesus / Cherson 334

Kosovo Polje, battle of (1448) 226, 231–32

Kotecki, Radosław 4, 140, 141, 159, 256n43, 257

Kotian, Cuman khan 53

Kouřim 80, 82, 83, 86

Kovács, Éva 175n37

Kressenbrunn / Groißenbrunn, battle of (1260) 79, 112–125, 126, 127, 146, 146n15, 149, 159, 175, 257–58, 273, 275, 303, 333

Kruszwica 336

Kulikovo, battle of (1380) 9

Kulm, battle of (1126) . see Chlumec

Kumorovitz, Bernát 195

Kürbis, Brygida 313

Kuremsa, Mongolian temnik 71

Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof 258

Kwiatkowski, Stefan 270–71, 271n110

Kyrie eleison (Lord, have mercy), chant 54, 60, 67, 93, 126, 181–82, 182n65, 213, 272–74.

rites of war: singing religious songs

Kyrieleys . see Kyrie eleison

Ladislas I / the Saint, king of Hungary (1077–1095) and Croatia (1091–1095) 120, 169, 173, 177–78, 179, 183, 185, 191, 212, 213, 214, 219, 321–22, 321n78, 324–25

Ladislas III, king of Hungary and Croatia (1204–1205) 184

Ladislas IV / the Cuman, king of Hungary and Croatia (1272–1290) 175n37, 185, 198, 304n36, 329n104

Ladislas V / the Posthumous, prince of Austria (1440–1457), king of Hungary and Croatia (1440–1444) 224, 226

The Lament for the Destruction of Hungary by the Tartars . see Planctus destructionis Hungariam per Tartaros

Las Huelgas in Burgos, monastery 304, 307, 307n40

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of (1212) 121–22, 124, 302–3, 304, 316

Lateran Council, Fourth (1215) 303, 328

laudes regiae, hymn 188n97

Laurentian Chronicle 23–24.

Povest’ vremennykh let / Tale of Bygone Years / Primary Chronicle; Hypatian Chronicle/Codex

Lawrence (saint) 96n45

Lawrence of Březová, chronicler 152–54

Lechfeld / Augsburg, battle of (955) 211, 238

Legenda Christiani . see Christian the Monk

Legenda maior sancti Stephani regis / Major Legend of King Saint Stephen (anonymous) 170, 213

Legenda S. Gerhardi episcopi / Major Legend of St. Gerard (anonymous) 170, 170n14, 181–82

Legnica / Liegnitz, battle of (1241) 259

Leighton, Gregory 301, 311–12, 329

Leitha / Lajta, river, battle of (1146) 168–69, 330

Lenart, Marek 274

Lenhoff, Gail 13

Leo VI / the Wise, Eastern emperor (886–912) 102

Leopold VI, prince of Stiria (1194–1230), of Austria (1198–1230)

Lesser Poland, region 150–51

Lesson on the Life and Murder of the Blessed Passion-Sufferers Boris and Gleb by Nestor of the Kievan Caves . see Nestor of the Kievan Caves

Leszek II / the Black, prince Sieradz (1261–1288), of Łęczyca (1267–1288), of Inowrocław (1273–1278), of Cracow (1279–1288) 214

Lev Danilovich, prince of Peremyshl (ca.1240–1301), of Belz (1245–1269), of Kholm and Galich (1264–ca.1301) 56, 70, 71

Liber Ordinum, Visigothic 87, 109, 121

Liegnitz, battle of (1241) . see Legnica

Life of Alexander Nevsky .

Zhitie Aleksandra Nevskogo

Life of Constantine by Eusebius . see Eusebius of Caesarea

Life of King Alfred by Asser . see Asser

Lilienfeld, monastery 185

Lipitsa, river, battle of (near Yuryev-Polsky) (1216) 8–9

Lithuania, Lithuanians, Lithuanian 6, 51, 57–59, 61, 70, 173, 195, 198, 219, 244, 249n17, 253, 257, 271, 304, 315n62, 324–25

liturgy of war . see rites of war: liturgy of war (liturgical prayers)

Liutprand of Cremona, diplomat and historian 182

Livonia, Livs, Livonian 301–2

Lombards / Longobards 110

Lord’s Cross . see signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross

Lothar III / of Supplinburg, king of Germany and Italy (1125–1137), Holy Roman emperor (1133–1137) 90, 93, 107

Louis I / the Great, king of Hungary and Croatia (1342–1382) and of Poland (1370–1382) 171, 183, 192–93, 198, 218–19, 314

Louis II / the Younger, king of Italy and emperor (844–875) 297

Louis II Jagiellonian, king of Hungary and Croatia, and of Bohemia (1516–1526) 171, 220, 236–37

Louis VI / the Fat, king of France (1108–1137) 248–49

Lübke, Christian 106n74

Lublin 304, 307–8, 314, 316

Lucas, Anthony T. 103, 103n70, 294, 295

Ludmila (saint) 144

Ludolf, abbot of Sagan (1394–1422) and chronicler 316

Ludwig (Louis) the Bavarian, king of the Romans (1314–1347), of Italy (1327–1347), and Holy Roman Emperor (1328–1347) 146, 151

Ludwigslied 182

Luticians / Lutici, Lutician 104, 331n110

Lutsk / Łuck 71

Lyndanisse, battle of (1219) 318

Lyrskov, battle of (1043) 88n28, 95n44

Łysa Góra (Bald Mountain) / Łysiec / Święty Krzyż, mount and monastery 247–51, 250n20, 276

MacAlpin (dynasty of Alba) 107n80

Maccabees (biblical), leaders of the Israel 247, 320n47

Maciejewski, Jacek 4, 119, 303, 309

Magdalene (saint) 188

Magistri Vincentii dicti Kadłubek Chronica Polonorum . see Vincentius of Cracow

Magnus I / the Strong, king of Götaland, or possibly Sweden (1120s–ca. 1132), co-king of Denmark (1134) 330n105

Magnus III / Olafsson / Barefoot, king of Norway (1093–1103) 299

Magnus, canon of Prague Cathedral chapter, brother of Henry Zdík 110n91

Mahanaim (biblical) 116

Maier, Christoph T. 293

Malcolm of Monymusk, Scottish deòradh/dewar 123–24

Malyi Donets, river 23n77

Mantua 234

Manus O’Donnell, hagiographer 103n70

Marchfeld / Dürnkrut / Moravské pole / Suché Kruty, battle of (1278) 120, 123n124, 150, 182, 185, 198, 273, 299n21, 304n36, 329n104

Margaret of Hungary (saint) 197, 218

Maria Laskarina, Greek queen consort of Hungary, wife of Béla IV (d. 1270) 218

Márianosztra, monastery 195

Máriavölgy, monastery 195

Mariazell / Zell 192–94, 195, 219, 314

Marienburg / Malbork, seat of the Teutonic Order 244, 253

Márkus, Gilbert 123

Marosvár / Csanád / Cenad, monastery 191

Mars, Greek god 120

Martin (saint) 87, 170–71, 178, 191, 324

Mass against pagans (missa contra paganos) 39, 169, 233, 301

Mass for the king and the army (missa pro rege et exercitu) 39, 169, 329

Master Vincentius . see Vincentius of Cracow

Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary and Croatia (1458–1490), of Bohemia (1469–1490), archduke of Austria (1487–1490) 148, 172, 184n77, 187, 189–90, 196–97, 198

Maurice (saint) 306

Maurice, abbot of Inchaffray (1304/1305–1322), bishop of Dunblane (1319/1322–1347) 261

Mauricius, Eastern Roman emperor (582–602) 182

Mazovia, Mazovians, Mazovian 3–4, 55, 253, 255, 257, 272, 273, 313, 318

McCormick, Michael 294–95

Mehmed II, sultan of the Ottoman empire (1451–1481) 226–28, 232

Melchizedek, Hebrew high priest 334

Ménfő, battle of (1044) 168, 174n35, 179

Michael Beheim, poet 224

Michael of Csák, Hungarian noble 175

Michael, Archangel . see angel, angels, angelic: St. Michael, Archangel

Mielnik 60

Mieszko I, prince of Poland (ca. 960–992) 314n61

Mihály Szilágyi de Horogszeg, Hungarian general, regent of Hungary (d. 1460) 230–32

Mikhailov, Alexander 28

Mikołaj Kurowski, chancellor of the Kingdom of Poland, bishop of Poznań (1395–1399), of Włocławek (1399–1402), and archbishop of Gniezno (1402–1411) 276

Mikołaj Trąba, deputy chancellor of Poland (1403–1412), bishop of Lviv (1410–1412), archbishop of Gniezno (1412–1422), and primate of Poland (1417–1422) 245, 261, 277

Mikula, sotnik 64–65, 65n68

military saints . see warrior-saints

Milvian Bridge, battle of (312 AD) 315

Mindaugas, grand duke (1236–1253) and king of Lithuania (1253–1263) 57, 58, 59

Minorita, Anonymus, chronicler 173, 183, 192, 219

Mitrofan, bishop of Vladimir-Suzdal and Pereslavl-Zalessky (1227–1238) 62–63

Modzelewski, Karol 331n110

Mogyoród, battle of (1074) 178, 191

Mohács, battle of (1526) 167, 168, 171, 220, 236–37, 238

Mongols, Mongol 10, 54–55, 57, 61, 63, 66, 66n77, 70–71, 71n101, 168, 173, 183, 191, 197, 210, 214, 216–18, 219, 220, 234, 238, 244, 249n17, 259, 328

Monk of Sazava, the so-called, chronicler 92, 111

Morava, river 113, 116, 175

Moravia, Moravians, Moravian 157, 159, 160, 191, 217

Moravské pole, battle of (1278) . see Marchfeld

Moroz, Irina 49n2

Moses, prophet and Patriarch of Israel (biblical) 309, 318

Mstislav (II) Danilovich, prince of Lutsk, of Vladimir-Volhynia (d. ca. 1301) 49, 55n25, 63, 71

Mstislav Andreievich, Rusian prince (d. 1172/1173) 12

Mstislav Rostislavich / the Brave (Khrabryi), prince of Smolensk and Novgorod (1179–1180) 38

Mstislav Udalyi (the Lucky) / Mstislavovich, prince of Tripolye (1193–1203), of Toropets (1206–1213), of Novgorod (1209–1215, 1216–1218), of Galich (1215–1216, 1219–1226), of Torchesk (1203–1207, 1226–1228) 53, 53n15, 70, 71

Muhi, battle of (1241) 168, 216

Mühldorf, battle of (1322) 146, 148, 151, 160, 264–65

Murad II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1421–1444, 1446–1451) 224, 225, 231

Musin, Alexandr E. 9, 49–50n2

Muslims, Muslim 30, 31, 37, 120–21, 199, 224, 225, 228, 233, 237, 244, 295, 297, 303n32, 304, 336

Naderer, Max 337

Nadolski, Andrzej 260n54

Nagyszeben / Sibiu / Hermannstadt, battle of (1442) 196

Naples, Kingdom of 198

Nasiedle, stronghold 68

Neckar, battle of (1315) 151

Nelson, Janet L. 294

Nestor of the Kievan Caves, monk and writer 15–16

Neustift 233

Nicephorus II Phokas, Eastern emperor (963–969) 31

Nicephorus II, metropolitan of Kiev (1182–1198) 32, 35, 36, 39

Nicetas Choniates, chronicler 37, 184

Nicetas, bishop of Novgorod 11n32

Nicholas (saint) 59, 61, 71

Nicholas II of Gara / Garai, palatine of Hungary (1402–1433), ban of Macsó, Usora, Só, Slavonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia (d. 1433) 221

Nicholas III, pope (1277–1280) 304n36

Nicholas of Cusa, cardinal, philosopher, theologian (d. 1464) 233

Nicholas of Reisenburk, bishop of Prague (1240–1258) 158

Nicolas of Fara, biographer of Giovanni da Capistrano 228, 231

Nicopolis, battle of (1396) 220–23, 226, 234, 235

Nidaros / Trondheim 88

Niels, king of Denmark (1104–1134) 330n105

Northallerton, battle of (1138) . see Standard (at Northallerton), battle of the (1138)

Northern Europe 298, 291, 293, 295, 298–300, 326, 329, 337, 338, 339

Norway, Norwegians, Norwegian 88, 106, 107n79, 111n94, 327

Notary of King Béla III, Anonymus, chronicler 177, 180–81

Novgorod 7, 11, 11n32, 39, 61, 62

Novgorodian Rus . see Rus, Rusians, Rusian: Novgorodian Rus

Novgorod Sviatopolchyi 61, 66

Novgorodian First Chronicle (anonymous) 6–7, 9, 11

Novgorodian Rus . see Rus, Rusian, Rusians

Nowa Słupia 247

Nowe Miasto Korczyn 247

Nyír, province in Hungary 213

Oder, river 297

Olaf (saint), king of Norway (d. 1030) 88, 95n44

Olga (saint), princess of Kiev (d. 969) 12–13

Olomouc 159

omens, dreams, visions, prophetic signs (in connection with warfare) 18, 67, 83, 93, 95, 95n44, 98, 101, 109, 115, 117, 118, 122, 173, 192, 213, 213n15, 219, 233, 252, 252n32, 312–15, 315n62, 318–20.

God’s and saints’ agency in war: miraculous, epiphanies, apparitions; rites of war: fortune-telling, divination

On Saint Ladislaus King of Hungary . see De Sancto Ladizlao rege Ungarie

Onias III (biblical), Hebrew high priest 320n74

Opava / Troppau / Opawa 51, 65, 67–68

Ordoño III, king of León (951–956) 335n116

Orley, Bernard van, painter 318

Otto I / the Fair, prince of Moravia (d. 1087) 191

Otto I / the Great, prince of Saxony and king of East Francia (936–973), king of Italy (961–973), and emperor (962–973) 211, 237

Otto II / the Black, prince of Moravia (1107–1126) 90, 93

Otto II, king of Germany (961–983) and emperor (from 973) 97n49

Otto III, king of Germany (983–1002) and emperor (from 996) 118

Otto V, margrave of Brandenburg, regent in Bohemia (d. 1298) 159

Ottomans, Ottoman (also Turks) 168, 183, 186, 189, 192–95, 196, 197, 198, 199, 220–37

Ottonians (Saxon dynasty) 100n59, 211, 297, 328

Oxford 233

pagans, pagan, paganism (also infidels, barbarians) 3, 5, 17–19, 25n85, 29, 30, 38, 40, 52, 57–58, 72, 120–21, 211, 302, 304, 313, 314, 331–32, 331n107, 333–38.

Cumans, Cuman; Rani Rugians; Luticians / Lutici, Lutician; Wends, Wendish

Pannonhalma, monastery 169–70, 198

papacy . see Apostolic See

paremeinik (pericopes from the Scripture) 27–28, 29–30

Paris 36, 223

Patericon of the Kievan Caves Monastery (anonymous) 26, 41

patron saints . see holy patrons of polities and peoples

Pauk, Marcin R. 99–100, 104, 111, 113, 334

Paul Tomori, commander of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács (1526) 184n77

Paul, dux, Visigothic usurper 109

Pechenegs, Pecheneg 212, 213, 237, 238

Peder Olsen / Petrus Olai, chronicler 318

Peipus, lake, battle of (Battle on the Ice) 34

Penman, Michael A. 260n55

Pereiaslavl 5

Peter (Petrilo), priest in Russa 6–7

Peter of Zittau/Žitava, chronicler 146, 160, 265.

Chronicon Aulae Regiae

Peter the Hermit 236

Peter, Hungarian noble 228

Pezzarossa, Lucrezia 310n47

Philip II / Augustus, king of France 176–77, 269

Philip of Spanheim, archbishop elect of Salzburg (1247–1257), patriarch of Aquileia (1269–1271) 124

Piasts (Polish dynasty) 55, 272, 293, 296

Pietro Ranzano, bishop of Lucera (1476–1492), historian and humanist 198

Pinsk 58

Pius II (Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini), pope (1458–1464) 234–35, 310n46

Piwowarczyk, Dariusz 266n85

Planctus destructionis Hungariam per Tartaros / The Lament for the Destruction of Hungary by the Tartars (anonymous) 218

Plantagenet (English dynasty) 311

Płock 3, 4, 39, 326

Płowce, batte of (1331) 252

Podiven, servant of St. Wenceslas 143

Pohl, Walter 108

Poland, Poles, Polish 3, 4, 39, 51, 54–56, 67, 88–89, 104, 110, 111, 119, 150, 155, 209, 226, 235, 244–79, 295, 296, 298, 303, 304, 311, 313, 314, 315, 324, 326, 327, 329, 334

Pollexians, Pollexian 296, 326

Polovtsians . see Cumans

Polyeuctus, patriarch of Constantinople (956–970) 31

Pomerania, Pomeranians, Pomeranian 3, 89, 96, 272, 293

portable altars . see tented chapels and portable altars, use in war

Potkowski, Edward 307–8

Povest’ vremennykh let / Tale of Bygone Years / Primary Chronicle 6, 11n32, 13–14, 16–20, 25, 27, 49, 50, 334.

Hypatian Chronicle/Codex; Laurentian Chronicle

Poznań 250–51, 276, 315

Prague 86n17, 88, 90, 97n49, 117, 122, 126–27, 141–43, 147, 152, 156, 157–58, 159, 160

prayers (in connection with war)

as thanksgiving / praise for victory 18, 24, 32, 59–60, 65–66, 111, 178, 185, 188, 189, 196, 210, 213, 214, 249, 251, 276–77, 329, 329n104

before battle and/or in war 4, 15, 15–16, 19–20, 23, 26n87, 27, 32–34, 38, 40, 59–61, 65, 67, 106–7, 109, 116, 149, 150–51, 167–68, 169, 171, 172, 191, 192, 221, 228, 232, 233, 234, 236–37, 248–49, 256–58, 263, 265–66, 268–69, 274, 278, 303, 309–14, 316, 318, 319–20.

rites of war: invocations of God/saints

by the clergy (or lack thereof) 4, 11, 11n32, 15, 16, 24–25, 26–27, 26n87, 33, 39, 65, 70, 102, 106–7, 109, 111, 167, 181, 189, 217, 221, 228, 232, 234, 249, 260n57, 275, 276–77, 318, 320n74.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/rulers by

for mercy, deliverance from the threat of death, protection, or safe return 11n32, 12, 19–20, 33, 60, 61, 65, 178, 217, 221, 313–14

for peace 13

for success in war by rulers’ progenitors/relatives 11–15, 26n87

for victory 4, 11, 11n32, 12, 19–20, 29, 32–33, 39, 102, 109, 167, 177, 236–37, 269, 316, 328, 329

in the Bible 29, 33

in church/temple 29, 33–34, 171, 188, 192, 236–37, 249, 312–14.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/rulers by

in tent 15–16, 38, 101, 102, 263–64, 265–66, 265n81, 309–11, 310n48, 312, 316, 319–20.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/rulers by; tented chapels and portable altars, use in war

personal 25, 278

public, “home front,” on behalf of the ruler/state/crusade 13, 26, 27, 39, 65, 167, 173, 209, 210, 218, 223, 233, 274–77, 278, 328–29

preaching war or crusades 174, 220, 224, 226–27, 232, 236, 253–56, 301.

rites of war: battle speeches and exhortations

Prędota / Prandota, bishop of Cracow (1242–1266) 275

Přemysl Otakar II, king of Bohemia (1253–1278) 56, 113, 115–16, 115n101, 118, 126–27, 149, 150, 158, 159, 303–4, 304n36, 309n45, 328, 329n104

Přemysl the Ploughman (mythical), ancestor of the Přemyslid dynasty 144

Přemyslids (Bohemian dynasty) 98, 141, 157

Přibík Pulkava, chronicler 146

Přibyslava, sister of St. Wenceslas 143

Primary Chronicle . see Povest’ vremennykh let

Procopius (saint), abbot of Sázava 117, 333

Prussia, Prussians, Prussian 3, 149, 158, 160, 246, 258, 270, 271, 293, 310, 329

Przemysł I of Greater Poland, prince of Greater Poland (1239–1257) 272

Pskov 7, 34

Radislav, lord of Kouřim 80, 80n6

Radu I / Radovan, voivode of Wallachia (ca. 1377–ca. 1383) 195

Rafael, bishop of Bosnia (1444–1454) 224

Raffensperger, Christian 5

Ramiro II, king of León (931–951) 335n116

Rani / Rugians 333–34

Reconquista 302

Regensburg 211

Reitinger, Lukáš 94

relics (of saints, holy) 81–82, 86–87, 96, 100, 107n81, 113, 123, 141, 147, 155–56, 169, 171, 173, 173–76, 185, 192, 197, 210, 219, 236, 238, 247–51, 252, 278, 299, 307, 307n39, 319, 330–32, 331n107, 332n111, 333.

signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans): relics (of saints, holy)

Rethra / Redigast, temple of Luticians 105

Reynold Basztely, Hungarian knight 120

rites of war .

prayers (in connection with war); signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans)

almsgiving 106, 210, 247, 248, 249, 328

“archaic” / “old” models of 98, 104–12, 125–26, 297, 331, 335

battle cries 181–83, 213, 221, 222, 226, 228, 229–31, 272–73, 274

(pre-)battle speeches and exhortations 4, 31, 32–33, 38, 40, 59, 63, 67–68, 104, 179–81, 217, 222–23, 224–25, 227–28, 228–29, 253–56, 256n41, 256n43, 260n57, 267–68, 269, 270, 320, 326–27

blessing the arms/banners 102, 169, 182, 185n79, 186, 258, 301

blessing, clerical, before/during war to rulers/soldiers 5, 26, 34, 34n118, 40, 151, 209, 227, 252, 260n57, 301, 321–22, 321n78

carrying or using: relics, crosses, holy banners/standards, monstrances 100–3, 105, 119, 119n114, 120, 121–24, 152–54, 155, 169, 189–90, 195–96, 210, 224, 231, 234, 252, 260n57, 299, 303, 307n39, 330–32.

signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans); clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/ruler

celebrating victory, return, adventus/triumphus 17, 34, 59, 59n45, 94, 95, 154–60, 155n35, 156n39, 161, 185, 188–90, 210, 228, 232, 303–8, 304n37, 304n39, 314, 321.

triumph, victory, idea of

chivalric 118–20, 151, 161, 257, 266–67, 266n85, 272, 301, 309

confession and absolution/indulgence 34, 103, 122, 122n122, 124, 171, 224–25, 228, 259, 260–62, 260n57, 262n64, 278, 294–95, 303, 315n62, 326, 329, 331.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/ruler

construction chapel at the battle site 196–97, 252

crusading (characteristic of the crusades) 20, 122–24, 185n79, 186, 221, 225, 273, 296–97, 299, 300, 301, 303, 313, 323, 329

cursing the enemy 228

depositing booty and/or captured banners in churches 187–89, 191, 196, 304–7, 304n38, 304n39, 307n41, 320, 333–34, 333n114.

banners, military

devotion / worship before and/or in in war (or lack thereof) 15–16, 19–20, 23–24, 93, 104, 108, 113, 116, 119, 146, 148–49, 150–51, 161, 168, 169–74, 178–81, 209, 210, 213, 253–77, 304, 309–12, 318, 319–20

expression of joy 23, 32, 59, 65, 93, 160, 232, 256, 314

fasting 173, 179, 210, 233, 247, 310, 326

fortune-telling, divination 53–54, 58, 314, 314n60, 332n111

omens, dreams, visions, prophetic signs (in connection with warfare)

gestures (walking barefoot, rising hands, handshake, shaking spears) 20, 54–55, 59–60, 64, 265n81, 270, 309, 316, 318

girding with a sword, knighting, becoming knight 151–52, 161, 168–69, 266–67, 267n87, 269, 278, 309

heading troops by the clergy 18, 155, 189, 190, 336

hoisting a holy banner as a sign of a conquest/subjugation to Christianity 301–2

Holy Communion/Eucharist/viaticum, taking of 54, 104, 122n122, 144, 148, 167, 171, 209, 213, 228, 229, 258–61, 265, 278, 294–95, 296, 297, 300, 303, 315n62, 326–27, 326n94, 327n95, 329, 331, 331n107.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/ruler

Holy Mass on the battlefield or on the way to it 100, 104, 122, 122n122, 146, 148–49, 161, 167, 168, 181, 186, 209, 223, 253–56, 258–59, 261, 263, 263n70, 264–66, 265–66n81, 297, 310n47, 311, 326, 329.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/ruler

in iconography 193, 213–16, 219–20, 318, 321–22

integrating/community building, role of 39, 90, 99, 104–12, 125, 127–28, 141, 180, 289–90, 322–38

invocations of God/saints 59–61, 67, 169, 182, 196, 210, 222, 238, 268

kissing the Cross / “cross oath” 21, 40, 55–56, 55n25, 175

kissing the icons 23

liturgy of war (liturgical prayers) 27–29, 39, 40, 233, 293n7, 323

morning, time of 15, 16, 106, 115, 146, 155, 177–78, 213, 219, 228, 231, 251, 259, 262–64, 265, 297, 312, 314, 319, 320, 326, 326n94

penitential 23, 38, 176–81, 326–27

pilgrimages to, and/or visits in churches before/after war 40, 170, 171–72, 173–74, 185n79, 189, 247–53, 278, 309

pouring tears, weeping, expression of grief 4, 23, 23–24, 54, 93, 151, 176–81, 175n44, 257, 268, 270, 276, 309

pre-Christian / pagan 25–26, 52, 57–58, 72, 104–5, 302

processions 55n24, 59, 63, 152–54, 158, 161–62, 188, 188n94, 190, 210, 221, 233, 276

profectio bellica (departure and march for war) 20, 59, 60, 65, 87, 109, 171, 184–85, 184–85, 185n79, 199, 209, 226, 236–37, 296, 321–22, 322n79, 336

propagandistic role of 278–79, 289–90, 303, 307–8, 321

prostration / proskynesis / bowing down / kneeling in front of holy icon/person/relic or just on the ground, before going to war 23–24, 27, 59, 60, 65–66, 66n75, 178, 231, 272, 318

raising and/or unfurling banners 118–19, 121, 185–86, 222, 228, 256–58, 278, 303, 309

ringing of bells (or sound of bells) 5, 93, 95, 95n44, 156, 160, 190, 223, 233

singing religious songs 16, 19, 20, 23–24, 24–25, 27, 32, 40, 53, 67, 117, 119, 152, 156, 159, 182, 189, 228, 231, 257, 269–74, 276, 278, 303, 314.

Kyrie eleison (Lord, have mercy), chant; Adventisti desiderabilis (You have come, O long-awaited one), hymn; Bogurodzica (Mother of God), Polish anthem; Canon of the Elevation of the Cross, Greek hymn, Christ ist erstanden (Christ is risen), German anthem; Hospodine pomiluj ny (Lord, have mercy on us), Bohemian anthem; kontakia (hymns; Svatý Václave (Saint Wenceslas), Bohemian anthem; Te deum Laudamus (We praise thee, O God), hymn; troparia (hymns)

submission to victors (including deditio) 18, 54–55, 63, 80, 90

taking vows to God/saints, if granted victory 113, 169, 178, 191, 195, 197, 221, 278

thanksgiving for victory 5, 111, 113, 154, 178–79, 185, 186, 188, 192–94, 196, 197, 210, 214, 219–20, 251, 276, 314, 329, 329n104

votive donations and/or foundations 90–91, 110, 113, 149–50, 169–70, 172, 173, 178, 185, 188, 190, 191–97, 219–20, 248, 249, 251, 303–4, 307–8, 314

Rhosia, metropolitanate of 36

Řip, mount 90–91, 110

Robert I / the Bruce, king of the Scots (1306–1329) 318, 327n95

Robert the Monk, chronicler 101n62

Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, archbishop of Toledo (1208–1247) and chronicler 121, 316

Rodrigo Sánchez de Arévalo, chronicler 316

Roger of Torre Maggiore / Master Roger, archbishop of Split (1249–1266) and writer 217

Roman Danilovich, prince of Novogrudok, Slonim, and Vawkavysk (1254–1258) 56–57, 57n32, 58, 58n37

Roman Empire (ancient, Late), Romans 36, 39, 41, 259, 331, 336

Roman Empire (Eastern, Byzantine) 5–6, 7, 29–31, 41, 50, 86, 88, 184, 191, 210, 272, 273, 326.

Constantinople

Roman Empire (Western, medieval), Holy Roman Empire 90, 147, 298n20.

Germany, Germans, German (Germanic)

Roman II Mstislavovich / Roman the Great, prince of Novgorod (1168–1170), of Volhynia (1170–1189, 1189–1205), of Galich (1189, 1198/99–1205) 52, 60, 65n68, 70

Romano-German Pontifical 169

Romanovichi (Rusian dynasty) 49, 51, 57, 58, 58n37, 59, 67, 70, 71

Rome 21, 174.

Apostolic See

Rosik, Stanisław 105n73

Roskilde 299

Rostislav Mikhailovich, prince of Novgorod (1230), of Galich (1236–1237, 1241–1242), of Lutsk (1240), of Chernigov (1241–1242), Hungarian dignitary 67

Rostislav Vsevolodovich, prince of Pereyaslavl (1078–1093) 26

Roudnice nad Labem (village, caste) 145

Rudolf I of Germany / Habsburg, king of Germany (1273–1291) 182, 299n21, 304n36

Rudolf of Rheinfelden, prince of Swabia and anti-king of Germany (d. 1080) 97n50

Rurik Rostislavich, prince Novgorod (1170–1171), grand prince of Kiev (1173, 1180–1181, 1194–1201, 1203–1204, 1205–1206, 1207–1210) 17, 35, 36

Rurikids (Rusian dynasty) 35, 36, 39, 53, 60, 64n65, 66, 293

Rus, Rusians, Rusian 3–41, 48–72, 110, 250n20, 315

Galician-Volhynian Rus 35, 48–72

Kievan Rus 3–41, 300

Novgorodian Rus 7, 11, 26, 38, 39, 60, 61, 62

Vladimir-Suzdalian Rus 9, 23, 26, 49, 61, 62

“Rus Land”, idea of 36, 38

Russa / Staraya Russa 6–7

Šabac 197

Saint-Denis (near Paris) 87, 87n23, 221, 223, 248–49

Sajó, river 216

Sallustius (Gaius Sallustius Crispus), Roman politician and historian (d. 34AD) 180

Salnitsa, river, battle of (1111) 18–21, 330

Salomea of Berg, princess consort of Poland, wife of Bolesław III Wrymouth (d. 1144) 249

Salomon, king of Hungary (1063–1074) 178, 213

Samuel Aba, king of Hungary (1041–1044) 174

San, river 273

San Felice, battle at (1332) 151

Sancho VII / the Strong (el Fuerte), king of Navarre (1194–1234) 121–22

Sandomierz, siege of (1260) 54–55, 54n23, 55n24, 63

Sarmin, battle of (1115) 120

Sarti, Laury 324n87

Saucourt, battle of (881) 182, 272–73

Saul, Nigel 328

Saule / Schaulen / Saules, battle of (1236) 7

Sava, river 184, 235

Saxo Grammaticus, chronicler 299, 302, 330n105

Saxony, Saxons, Saxon 93

Scharff, Thomas 294, 324

Scotland (also Alba), Scots, Scottish 88, 106–7, 107n80, 107n81, 108, 110, 249, 261, 319, 325, 333

Sennacherib (biblical), Assyrian king 33

Serbia, Serbians, Serbian 171, 175, 221

Serfőző, Szabolcs 195

Sermon on Law and Grace by Kievan metropolitan Hilarion 50

Seville 304

Sharukan, stronghold 18–19, 19n65, 19n66, 20, 23

Shumsk-Torchev, battle of (1233) 67n79, 68, 7

Shvarn Danilovich, prince of Galich and Kholm (1264–1269/1270), grand duke of Lithuania (1267–1269/1270) 57–58, 59, 275

Sibiu, battle of 1442 . see Nagyszeben

Sicilians 113

Sieradz 146

Sigismund (saint) 145, 171–72

Sigismund of Luxembourg, king of Hungary and Croatia (1387–1437), of Germany (1410–1437), of Bohemia (1419–1437), Holy Roman Emperor (1433–1437) 148, 152–54, 171, 106, 221–22

signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans) .

banners, military; rites of war: carrying relics, crosses, holy banners, monstrances; relics (of saints, holy)

Ark of the Covenant (biblical) 332n111

Árpádian lance or Saint Stephen’s Lance 174–75

banner depicting angel (St. Michael?), used by Ottonian kings 105n72

banner depicting white eagle (Polish), at the battle of Grunwald (1410) 256–57

banner mounted on a cart (Hungarian) 184

banner of the Danes called Dannebrog 218

banner of the French kings called Oriflamme 87, 87n23, 119, 186

carroccio (Italian) 184, 184n76

cross (Holy Cross) belonging to Magnus Barefoot 299

cross belonging to Géza II 175

cross belonging to János Hunyadi 175

cross belonging to Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada 121

cross belonging to Záviš of Falkenštejn 175n37

cross called the Black Rood (Scottish war talisman) 88

Cross, Imperial (Reichskreuz) 179n51

golden, decorated with gold and/or precious stones 86, 101, 117, 118, 175, 189, 192, 219–20, 296, 320n74, 332n111

Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross 5, 11, 11n33, 21–23, 34, 40, 59, 70, 86–87, 101, 109, 120, 175, 179n51, 299, 316–17, 322n111.

cross, sign of

Holy Lance, Imperial Lance 97n50, 102n66, 105, 118

Holy Sacrament placed in a monstrance on a pole 152–54, 162

icons 23–24, 60, 61, 62

image of the Virgin Mary with a Child (Schatzkammerbild in Zell Basilica) 192–96

labarum of the Constantine the Great 121n118, 316

Nail of Christ’s Cross (part of imperial Holy Lance) 174

pagan (images, statues of gods) 104–5, 331, 331n110

Passion relics stored in the church of the Virgin of the Pharos 86

Piast lance or the so-called Spear of St. Maurice 88–89, 89n29, 105

Piast sword Szczerbiec (the Jagged Sword) 88–89

relics (of saints, holy) 79, 81–83, 86–87, 96, 100, 123, 173–76, 197, 210, 238, 252, 299, 307n39, 319, 330, 331n107, 332, 332n111, 333.

tented chapels and portable altars, use in war

replica of the imperial Holy Lance made for anti-king Rudolf 97n50

spear in Master Vincentius’s narrative on the campaign against the Pomeranians (1109) 88, 101, 118, 296, 336

St. Adrian’s sword (German) 96n45

St. Anthony of Padova’s banner, at the battle of Belgrad (1456) 229

St. Bernard of Siena’s banner, belonging to Giovanni da Capistrano 229

St. Columba’s crozier Cathbhuaidh 83n15, 106–7

St. Columba’s psalter Cathach 103–4n70

St. Columba’s relics Breacbennach 123

St. Cuthbert’s banner (English) 97n49

St. Francis of Assisi’s, at the battle of Belgrad (1456) 229

St. George’s banner (Genoese) 333n114

St. George’s banner (Hungarian) 170

St. George’s banner (Hungarian), at the battle of Varna (1444) 224

St. George’s banner (Teutonic Knights’) 119n114

St. John the Baptist’s finger belonging to Béla IV 175

St. Ladislas’s axe (Hungarian) 173

St. Ladislas’s banner (Hungarian), at the battle of Varna (1444) 225

St. Louis of Touluse’s, at the battle of Belgrad (1456) 229

St. Martin’s banner (Hungarian) 170

St. Martin’s cappa (Frankish) 87

St. Mary’s banner (Teutonic) 119n114

St. Mary’s banner belonging to Paul Tomori 184n77

St. Mary’s banner in the Nicopolis campaign (Hungarian) (1396) 222

St. Mary’s royal banner (Castilian) 121–22

St. Mary’s royal banner (Hungarian) 120, 184, 304n39

St. Olav’s weapons (banner, battle-axe Hel) 88, 88n28

St. Stephen’s (King Saint Stephen of Hungary) banner 186

St. Vojtěch-Adalbert’s banner (Bohemian) 95, 96, 97, 97n49, 107, 333

St. Wenceslas’s arma (Bohemian, banner, chainmail, helmet, spear, sword) 80–83, 81n8, 81–82n12, 83, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97–98, 98n50, 100–1, 106, 111, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 123, 123n124, 127–28, 145, 174n35, 252n32, 307n39, 333

True Cross stored in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem 87

Visigothic golden cross reliquary containing particle of the True Cross 86–87, 109

Silesia, Silesians, Silesian 159, 265

Simeon (saint) 59

Simon II Rozgonyi, bishop of Eger (1440–1444) 224

Simon of Kéza, royal notary and chronicler 120, 185–86, 198

Simon, bishop of Płock (ca. 1107–1129) 4

Simpkin, David 311

Skomantas / Komantas of Sudovia, Jatvingian duke and priest 58

Slankamen 227

Slavia Orthodoxa 25

Slavonia, Slavonians, Slavonian 221

Słupecki, Leszek P. 334n115

Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel, religious writer 311

Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian, poet, and politician 299

Soběslav II, prince of Bohemia (1173–1178) 157

Soběslav I, prince of Bohemia (1125–1140) 89–90, 92, 93–94, 94n41, 97, 107, 110, 110n91, 156, 156n39, 174n35, 319

Soldau / Działdowo 262

Somogy, region 170

Spalatensis Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum Pontificum by Thomas the Archdeacon . see Thomas of Split

Spiridon, archbishop of Novgorod (1229–1249) 34

Split / Spalato 185

Standard (at Northallerton), battle of the (1138) 96n45, 262, 268, 330

standard-bearers (miraculous) 109, 313, 333.

angel, angels, angelic; banners, military; God’s and saints’ agency in war; signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans); warrior-saints

standard-bearers (real, lay/clerical) 86–86, 88n25, 89, 90, 100–1, 100n58, 100n59, 103, 109, 121–22, 152–54, 224, 225, 231, 296, 330, 336.

banners, military; rites of war: carrying relics, crosses, holy banners, monstrances; signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans): relics (of saints, holy)

standards. see banners, military

Stanislaus / Stanisław (saint), bishop of Cracow and martyr 251, 252–52, 304, 307

Stephen I / the Saint / Saint Stephen, king of Hungary and patron 120, 169–70, 172–73, 174–75, 176, 179, 183, 184, 185, 198, 211–13, 237, 275, 328

Stephen II Lackfi, ban of Croatia, palatine of Hungary, voivode of Transylvania (d. 1397) 195

Stephen III / the Great, prince of Moldavia (1457–1504) 187

Stephen Lazarević / the Tall, knez (1389–1402) and despot of Serbia (1402–1427) 221

Stephen Uroš I . see Uroš the Great

Steppes, steppe, Cuman steppe 3, 17, 19, 19n66, 21, 23n77, 35

Stiria, Stirians, Stirian 52, 56, 112, 124, 219

Strahov, monastery 159

Strategikon . see Mauricius, Eastern Roman emperor

Suché Kruty, battle of (1278) . see Marchfeld

Suchodolski, Stanisław 106

Sugrov, stronghold 19

Sula, river 52

Suleyman I / the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1520–1566) 237

Suzdal 9, 61

Svatopluk, prince of Olomouc (1091–1109), of Prague (1107–1109) 157

Svatý Václave (Saint Wenceslas), Bohemian anthem 147

Svetovit, Slavic god 105, 105n73, 302, 333

Sviatopolk I Vladimirovich, prince of Turov (988–1015), of Kiev (1015–1019), murderer of Sts. Boris and Gleb 13, 16

Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich, prince of Novgorod (1078–1093), of Turov (1088–1093), grand prince of Kiev (1093–1113) 17–18, 27, 32

Sviatoslav I Igorevich, prince Kiev (945–972) 68

Sviatoslav III Vsevolodovych, Russian prince and grand prince of Kiev (1174, 1177–1180, 1182–1194) 17, 35, 36

Sweden, Swedes, Swedish 33

Sword Brothers (Livonian Brothers of the Militia of Christ) 7

Székelys / Siculi 219

Székesfehérvár . see Fehérvár

Szekfű, Gyula 176

Talabuga, khan of the Golden Horde (1287–1291) 71

Tale of Batu Khan’s Invasion of Rus 50, 61–63

Tale of Bygone Years . see Povest’ vremennykh let

Tale of the Battle of Kalka 50, 63, 66–67

Tale of the Battle on the Lipitsa (anonymous) 8–9

Tale of the Passion and Praise of the Holy Martyr Boris and Gleb by Nestor 16

Tamás Bakóc, archbishop of Esztergom (1497–1521) 236

Tannenberg, battle of (1410) . see Grunwald

Tatars . see Mongols

Te deum Laudamus (We praise thee, O God), hymn 152, 303

tented chapels and portable altars, use in war 15–16, 101, 102, 110–11, 229, 252, 252n31, 263–64, 263n69, 263n70, 265, 265n81, 267n89, 309–11, 309n45, 312, 316, 319–20.

clergy, clerical order: chaplaincy and spiritual ministry to the army/rulers by; prayers (in connection with war): in tent

Teutonic Knights (Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem) 119n114, 244, 246, 252, 253, 257, 258, 261, 262, 264, 268, 270, 271, 273, 276, 301, 303, 307, 309, 311–12, 316, 324, 329

Theodore (saint) 12n33

Theodoret, theologian, biblical commentator, and bishop of Cyrus (423–457) 312, 313, 319

Theodosius I / the Great, Roman emperor from (379–395 AD) 309, 319

Theodosius of the Caves/Kiev (saint) 27

Theotokos . see Virgin Mary

Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg (1009–1018) and chronicler 104, 106, 182, 331n110

Thomas Gascoigne, vice-chancellor of Oxford University (d.1458) 233

Thomas of Split, called Archdeacon, chronicler 185, 108

Tihany, monastery 185n79

Tilovon Lorich, Teutonic Knight, commander of Elbing 307

Titus, Roman emperor (79–81 AD) 68

Tobias of Bechyně, bishop of Prague (1278–1296) 159

Toledo 87, 121

Tomasz Strzępiński, bishop of Cracow (1455–1460) 276

Tommaso da Modena, painter 144n10

Transylvania, region 213, 321.

Gyulafehérvár

Traska’s Annals 252, 314

triumph, victory, idea of 17, 20, 32, 40, 70, 90, 93, 95, 115, 127, 152, 154–60, 188–89 188n95, 232, 303–4, 316.

rites of war: celebrating victory, return, adventus/triumphus

troparia (hymns) 37, 40.

rites of war: singing religious songs

True Cross . see signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans): Holy Cross, Lord’s Cross, True Cross

Trutina, river, battle of (1110) 326, 330

Turin 192

Turks, Turkish 25, 26, 192–95, 196, 210, 237

Typikon of the Great Church, Byzantine ordinal 29

Tyrol, region 142

Ukmergė, battle of (1435) . see Vilkomir

Ulrich (saint), bishop of Augsburg (923–973) 211

Ulrich von Jungingen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order (1407–1410) 252, 267

Ung 177

Upper Don, river 23n77

Urban II, pope (1088–1099) 62, 246n9

Urban V, pope (1362–1370) 218

Uroš the Great / Stephen Uroš I, king of Serbia (1243–1276) 175

Urraca, queen consort of León, wife of Ramiro II 335n116

Ústí nad Labem / Aussig an der Elbe, battle of (1426) 148

Ut annuncietur (St. Wenceslas’s legend, anonymous) 77, 77n2, 80, 81–83, 89, 98, 111–12, 125, 127

Ut annuncietur II (St. Wenceslas’s legend, anonymous) 77n1

Vaillant, André 20

Vaišvilkas, grand duke of Lithuania (1264–1267) 59, 59n44

Várad / Nagyvárad / Oradea 173–74, 214, 219, 321

Varangians 6, 37

Varna, battle of (1444) 168, 186, 224–26, 230, 231–32, 235

Vasilko Konstantinovich, prince of Rostov (1219–1238) 12

Vasilko Romanovich, prince of Belz (1207–1269), of Brest (1231–1269), of Volhynia (1231–1269) 49, 54n23, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 69–70

Vasilko Romanovich’s Chronicle 54n23, 58

Vazul, Hungarian prince (d. 1030/1031) 176

Veliky Novgorod . see Novgorod

Velislav Bible 145

Velislav, Master, chaplain and advisor of Charles IV 144–45

Venice, Venetians, Venetian 144n10, 192, 195, 198, 218, 222

Veszprém 170, 185n79

vexilla . see banners, military

Via regia by Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel . see Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel

victory-bringing objects . see signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans)

Vidin, district (banatus) of 195

Vienna 189–90

Vikings, Viking 81n11, 310

Vilkomir / Ukmergė/Vilkmergė / Wiłkomierz, battle of (1435) 271

Vincentius of Cracow / Master Vincentius / Kadłubek, bishop of Cracow and chronicler 4, 65n68, 89, 96, 101, 296–97, 326, 336

Vincentius of Prague, chronicler 157

Virgin Mary (saint), Marian 5, 11, 12, 17, 18, 23–24, 26, 27, 41, 59, 60, 61, 65, 70, 71, 121, 150, 169, 172–73, 184, 186–87, 189, 192–96, 219–20, 221, 222, 251, 272, 272n112, 301

Visigoths, Visigothic 87, 108–10, 112, 324, 329

Vita Betharii (anonymous) 102–3

Vítek of Rožmberk, Bohemian noble 150

Vítkov Hill, battle of (1420) 152–54

Vítkovci, noble Bohemian family 149–50

Vitus (saint) 127

Vitus of Chotel, bishop of Płock (1187–1206) 326

Vitus, chaplain of Soběslav I 93, 95, 96, 98, 100–1, 100n59, 102–3,111, 115, 122, 123, 319

Vladimir I Sviatoslavich (saint) / the Great / the Saint, prince of Kiev (978–1015), of Novgorod (970–ca. 988) 4, 68

Vladimir Monomakh / II Vsevolodich, Rusian prince and grand prince of Kiev (1113–1125) 14, 16–18, 23, 26, 32, 40, 52, 60, 66

Vladimir Vasilkovich, prince of Volhynia (1269–1289) 49, 55n25, 58, 58n42, 63, 70, 71

Vladimir-Suzdalian Rus . see Rus, Rusians, Rusian: Vladimir-Suzdalian Rus

Vladimir-Volynsky 18

Vladimir-Zalessky 62–63

Vladislav II Jagiellon, king of Bohemia (1471–1516), king of Hungary and of Croatia (1490–1516) 148

Vladislav II, prince (1140–1158) and king of Bohemia (1158–1172) 157

Vojtěch-Adalbert (saint), bishop of Prague (981–997), missionary and martyr 90, 97n49, 112, 117, 155, 251, 252–53, 278

Vok of Rožmberk, Bohemian noble 149–50

Volhynia . see Rus, Rusian, Rusian: Galician-Volhynian Rus

Vozviahel / Wozwiahl (or Zviahel) / Novohrad-Volynsky / Nowogród Wołyński 57–58

Vratislav II, prince (1061–1092) and king of Bohemia (from 1085) 97n50

Vsevolod the Big Nest / III Yuryevich, grand prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1176–1212) 49

Vyšehrad (near Prague) 156, 157

Vyšehrad, battle of (1420) 154

Vyšší Brod / Hohenfurth, monastery 149–50, 175n37

Vytautas / the great, grand duke of Lithuania (1392 –1430) 253, 257, 266n82, 307n41, 310, 310n46, 325, 307n41, 309, 310n46, 325

Wallachia / Wallachians / Wallachian 113, 195

Walter the Chancellor, chronicler 120, 332n111

Wamba, king of the Visigoths (672–680) 87, 109, 111

war, fighting (also ideology of)

against Christian enemies 247, 253, 256, 268, 278

against pagans/unbelievers/heretics/schismatics/rebels/“bad Christians” 3, 17–20, 25, 30, 32, 38, 59, 120–21, 124, 170, 173–74, 178–79, 193, 212, 218, 219, 220–37, 272, 313, 314, 327, 329

as a holy vengeance 13–14, 256, 269

as a medium of baptism and Christianization / missionary 212

as God’s judgement 40–41, 79, 108, 154, 169, 197, 289, 290, 320, 324

as necessary evil 37, 41

Byzantine ideology/notions and/or customs of 6, 29–31, 34, 35, 36–37, 38, 39, 272, 273, 299n21, 300, 300n24

civil, internecine, fratricidal 19, 26n87, 31–32, 35, 37, 40, 58n39, 59, 158, 177, 179, 199

crusading ideology/notion of/propaganda 20, 23, 30, 38, 98–100, 115, 121, 124, 125, 174, 223, 224, 229, 238, 293, 295, 296–97, 299, 299n22, 313, 315, 329, 336.

crusades

defensory (defence of Christianity/Church/patria/votchina) 33, 35, 36–37, 38, 39, 108, 111, 111n94, 124–25, 181, 275, 300, 311, 329

holy (also religious war and God’s war), rhetoric and/or idea of 30–31, 38, 39, 41, 210, 218, 236, 238, 289, 296–98, 298n19.

crusades

just, just cause in, righteous, concepts of 23, 30, 33, 36–37, 39, 40, 148, 245, 253–56, 256n41, 267, 269

offensive 29–30, 124–25

sacralization / “religionization” of 30, 185, 225, 289, 294, 300–1, 312, 415

Western ideology/notions and/or customs of 6, 7, 23, 30, 31, 37, 301

war talismans . see signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans)

Vedeman, Danish noble and “pirate”, guild of 299

Veszprémy, László 268, 309

Vita Ælfredi regis Angul Saxonum / Life of King Alfred by Asser . see Asser

warrior-saints 30–31, 36, 93, 101n62, 170, 224, 238.

angel, angels, angelic; God’s and saints’ agency in war; holy patrons of polities; standard-bearers (miraculous)

Wawel Hill (princely and royal residence in Cracow) 55–56.

Cracow

weapons/armor, spiritual, idea of 34, 61, 71.

signa victricia (victory-bringing objects, war talismans)

Wenceslas (saint), Bohemian prince (921–ca. 935) 77–128, 78n3, 80n6, 81n12, 86n17, 90n34, 112n96, 140, 141–48, 142n6, 144n10, 161, 319

Wenceslas I, king of Bohemia (1230–1253) 56, 156, 157–58, 217, 328

Wenceslas II, king of Bohemia (1278–1305), of Poland (1300–1305) 141, 146, 150–51, 159, 265, 311, 311n51

Wenceslas III, king of Hungary and Croatia (1301–1305), of Bohemia and Poland (1305–1306) 141

Wenceslas IV, king of Bohemia (1378–1419), of Germany (1376–1400) 145

Wends, Wendish 293, 297, 299, 331n110

Western/Latin Europe and/or Christendom, West 5–6, 7–8, 23, 25, 27, 37, 39, 41, 57n31, 86, 180, 198, 209, 210, 211, 218, 264, 269, 272, 291, 299n21, 300, 301, 302, 323, 325, 326n94, 327

White, Monica 30, 31

Wiłkomierz, battle of (1435) . see Vilkomir

William I the Lion, king of Scotland (1165–1214) 123

William of Poitiers, chronicler 180

William of Tyre, archbishop of Tyre (1175–1186) and chronicler 88n25

William the Conqueror, prince of Normandy (1035–1087), king of England (1066–1087) 180

Wipo, chronicler 173

Wisła / Vistula 253

Władysław I / the Elbow (Łokietek), Polish prince and king of Poland (1320–1333) 55, 146, 150, 249–50

Władysław II / Jagiełło / Jogaila, grand duke of Lithuania (1377–1381, 1382–1434), king of Poland (1386–1434) 119, 177, 245, 247–48, 250–52, 250n20, 253–58, 260, 263–66, 265n81, 267–72, 274, 277, 278, 303, 304, 307–10, 310n46, 311, 316–17, 316n67, 325, 327

Władysław Jagiellon, king of Poland (III of Varna/Warneńczyk) (1434–1444), of Hungary (I Ulászló) (1440–1444) 187, 189, 224–26, 231, 276, 329

Wojciech Jastrzębiec, bishop of Poznań (1399–1412), of Cracow (1412–1423), archbishop of Gniezno and primate of Poland (1423–1436), politician 258, 264

Wolbórz 247

Wrocław 158

Wrota, battle of (1266) 275

Yaropolk II Vladimirovich, prince of Pereiaslavl (1114–1132), grand prince of Kiev (1132–1139) 14

Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich, grand prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1238–1246) and of Chernigov (1176–1198) 21, 22

Yaroslav Svyatopolkovich, prince of Volhynia (1100–1118) 18

Yaroslav the Wise / I Vladimirovich, prince of Kiev (1019–1054), of Novgorod (1010–1034), of Rostov (978–1010) 13

Yaroslav, battle of (1245) . see Jaroslav

Yaroslav, Russian prince, brother of Andrei Bogoliubsky (d. 1166) 23

Yuri (I) Lvovich, prince Belz (1264–1301), of Galich (1301–1308) 59, 63, 71

Yury Dolgorukii (George the Long Arm) / I Vladimirovich, prince of Rostov-Suzdal (1157), grand prince of Kiev (1149–1151, 1155–1157) 10, 11, 12, 26n67

Yury II Vsevolodovich, grand prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (1212–1216) 8, 12

Zadar / Zara, Zaratins 188, 188n97

Zagreb 185

Žalgiris, battle of (1410) . see Grunwald

Záviš of Falkenštejn, Bohemian noble 150, 175n37

Zbigniew Oleśnicki, bishop of Cracow (1423–1455), secretary of Władysław Jagiełło, statesman and diplomat 245, 246, 246n10, 270–71, 271n108

Zbraslav Chronicle . see Chronicon Aulae Regiae .

František of Prague, chronicler; Petter of Zittau/Žitava, chronicler

Zbraslav, monastery 150

Zell . see Mariazell

Žemlička, Josef 127

Zlatá Koruna / Goldenkron, monastery 113, 149, 304

Zupka, Dušan 79n4, 167, 295, 321, 323

Zvenigorod / Dźwinogród / Zvenyhorod 53, 61

Zwiefalten, monastery 249

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Religious Rites of War beyond the Medieval West

Volume 2: Central and Eastern Europe

Series: Explorations in Medieval Culture, Volume: 24/2

Cover Religious Rites of War beyond the Medieval West

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004686373

Publisher:: Brill

Print Publication Date:: 08 Nov 2023

Subjects
- History
  - Medieval History
  - History of Warfare
- Religious Studies
  - History of Religion

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Central and Eastern Europe

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Religious Rites of War beyond the Medieval West

Volume 2: Central and Eastern Europe

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