Index
abilities see pure abilities doctrine (res merae facultatis)
absolutism
7–8, 20, 27n40, 39n3, 54, 63n57, 67, 71n68, 145, 164–165, 204, 208n56, 210, 215, 300n, 301, 307
acceptance (of a bill)
230–231, 235, 240, 247, 259, 260n84, 262, 265, 280, 282, 283, 287
Accursius
32n49, 93n24, 163, 314
Acton, Lord
5, 15, 16n26, 329
adiaphora see pure abilities doctrine
adverse possession
162, 201, 217–218, 299, 313, 318
alienation, alienability see rather inalienability
allod (Eigen)
117, 129, 139–149, 152, 156–157, 159, 162, 176, 188, 291, 303, 313, 338, 344
Althusius, Johannes
66n60, 105
federalism, confederations
Amalie-Elizabeth or Amalia-Elizabeth, regent landgravine of Hesse-Cassel
85, 129–130, 134, 136, 139, 182, 184, 191n23
Amend-Traut, Anje
26n37, 241n43, 248n59, 249n60, 249n62
American Revolution
159
Amsterdam
26, 117, 223, 239, 252–253, 275, 284
ancient constitution see under constitution
ancient Germanic freedom
10, 12, 24, 35, 37–43, 51, 53, 56–58, 60–61, 68, 122, 294
Anderson, Margaret
6, 7n11
animals and wildlife
xiin4, 101, 131n, 133, 170, 183n5, 315, 321
hunting
Antwerp
223, 239–242, 275
appellate courts and jurisdiction (general discussions or mentions of)
xviii, xx, 1, 10, 16, 56, 62, 69n66, 71, 73–74, 79, 84–89, 93–98, 100–101, 166, 173–174, 177, 204, 207, 247, 250, 283, 292, 301, 303–305, 308, 329
Aulic Council, Hofgericht, Hessian High Appellate Court (Oberappellationsgericht), Imperial Chamber Court
archives
20, 31, 169, 170n105
Aristotelianism
8, 50, 108–109, 204–205, 207–208, 212, 220, 230
armies, armed conflict
26, 37, 48, 85, 114, 130, 165n86, 166n90, 185, 187, 196, 238, 265–266, 269, 284, 287, 305
arrest
226–227, 246–249, 262, 266, 270–271, 280
artisans
15, 103, 116, 250, 253–254, 263
Aulic Council see under imperial
Austria, Austrian Crown lands
20, 31, 33n51, 51, 55n35, 76, 145, 266
autonomy
xii, 5n7, 15, 32n49, 38, 54, 56–58, 61, 67, 71, 80, 87–88, 93n24, 97n27, 145n31, 156–159, 175, 259, 270, 295
Backhaus, Jürgen
17n28
bank notes
225–226
paper money
Bank of England
226n11
bankruptcy
278
banks, bankers
15, 26, 28–29, 225–226, 231, 233–234, 239–241, 244n, 253–254, 267, 269, 279, 281, 283, 285, 287–288
Barbeyrac, Jean
146n, 322
Grotius
bearer
27, 233, 239n39, 247, 252, 274, 276, 278, 285
Beaumanoir, Philippe de
48n18, 93n25, 152n44
Becher, Johann Joachim
28–29n44, 105n40
Berman, Harold
xi, 28n42, 43n16, 60n51, 76n6, 84n13, 218n83, 251n66
Berne, Eric
xiv
Beza (or de Beze), Theodore
297n9
bill of exchange (Wechselbriefe)
12, 15, 26–27, 36, 115, Ch. 6passim, 293, 298, 302–303, 306, 319
Bismarck, Otto von
20
Blackbourn, David
7n11, 290
Blickle, Peter
7–8, 15n, 29n45, 47–48, 57–58n44, 86n, 290
Peasants’ War
Böhmer, Justus Henning
202, 212
borrowing and lending
5, 13, 24, 36, 159, 188, 193, 207, 211, 226, 228–229, 232, 250–252, 254–255, 262–264, 267–269, 273, 280–281, 284, 311
bourgeoisie
7n11, 30, 57–58, 71n68, 116, 153, 167, 172, 177–178, 224, 236, 238–239, 291, 308–310, 316
burghers and Marxism etc.
Brady, Thomas A., jr.
20n31, 57n43
Brandenburg-Prussia
5n7, 20, 38–39, 54–55, 62, 71, 76–77, 79, 100, 146, 150, 166, 175, 206–207, 209, 222, 224, 241, 248, 267, 302–303
Braun, Georg Heinrich
172n107, 197–204, 211, 213, 323
Breslau
241, 256–258
Britain
10, 17, 179, 229–230, 241, 269, 284, 298, 300
Brunner, Otto
28–29n44, 33n51, 46n18, 218–219, 290, 331–332
Bucer, Martin
43, 48, 325
bullionism
227, 229n16
bureaucrats, bureaucracy
xiv–xv, 5, 75–76, 79–81, 85, 87–88, 95, 97–98, 101, 103, 143, 167, 170, 187, 193, 227, 230, 238–239, 312n
burgage
59, 155
burghers (townspeople, member of town)
1, 5, 57–58, 60, 98, 148, 190, 239, 250, 262, 267, 271, 309
bourgeoisie
Burke, Edmund
163, 297, 300
Butzbach
57n42
cadaster see registration
Calvin, Jean and Calvinists
24, 61, 70n66, 165, 194n
Calvinus, Johannes
60n51, 199n39
cameralism
28–30, 105n40, 106, 113–115, 187, 224, 227–229, 254, 267, 288n135, 308, 310
Canngiesser, Leonhard de
xx, 117, 270n105, 271–272, 274n112, 276–277, 281, 304n25, 321
canon law see under law
capital, capital markets
xin1, xivn8, 27, 30, 64, 75n3, 77n8, 102n36, 109n53, 123, 153, 185, 187–188, 193n30, 196n34, 238n, 243n48, 247, 250, 252, 268, 269, 279, 283, 291, 293, 307n30, 341
capitalism, capitalists
7n11, 14, 21, 25, 27–29, 59n47, 102–103, 116n69, 135n8, 140n20, 144nn, 152n44, 155n60, 156nn, 162n80, 178–180, 224–225, 227n, 230n, 236nn, 237n37, 238n, 243n48, 247nn56–57, 269n103, 275n14, 285n128, 286nn, 291, 293, 307–308, 312n, 330, 340–341, 345
Carl (Karl), landgrave of Hesse-Cassel see Charles
Carolingians, Carolingian period
4n, 40–41, 144n27
carry trade
228, 240, 250
cash
xii, 15, 123, 135, 149, 155, 187–188, 235, 251, 263, 267–269, 281–283, 288, 305
money
Cassel or Kassel
xviii, 17, 20, 29, 66, 80, 87, 90–91, 95, 105–106, 117, 138n12, 168n96, 174, 183, 191, 193, 197, 219, 249–250, 254–255, 261, 263, 267–269, 280–283, 302–303, 310
entry for the state of Hesse-Cassel, whose administrative center was principally Cassel
Catzenelnbogen Landrecht (C. Territorial Law)
39, 154, 248n58, 251n66, 253n71, 324
Catzenelnbogen
76, 80, 145, 148, 154, 168n96, 341
causa, causae
198n36, 273n, 279
causality
xiii, 74, 218n85
chanceries, chancellors
xiii, xviii–xx, 20, 30–31, 58, 74, 85–86, 97–101, 104, 115, 119, 123, 126, 141, 153, 156–158, 163, 167–169, 172–173, 176–177, 183–184, 191, 222n4, 235, 246, 259, 270, 277, 305, 307–308
Charles (Karl), landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
xi, 10, 13–14, 26, 28, 63, 85, 104–106, 113, 160, 183n3, 192, 202, 212–213, 221, 254, 266, 270, 283, 300, 307, 313, 317, 320, 322, 324–325, 327, 335–336, 340, 342, 344
Christian freedom see under freedom
Cicero
202n50
civil law see under law
civil liberty, civil liberties, civil rights see under freedom
class, classes
7, 14, 27, 36–37, 58, 102–103, 176, 223, 238, 254n74, 263, 267, 269, 273, 290–291, 293, 300n, 302–303, 309n33, 316
classical liberalism see under liberal
coin see under money
Coke, Edward
218
Colbert, Jean Baptiste
241n45
collateral
145–146, 183, 193, 226, 242, 250–251, 254, 256, 267, 269, 281, 283, 315
commerce, commercialization
5, 12, 16, 25–28, 36–37, 64, 74, 75, 84, 101–103, 117, 127, 155–156, 167n94, 178, 210, 222–224, 229–230, 233n, 235–238, 241, 243–244nn, 251–256, 259–262, 265, 267–268, 270, 273–276, 278, 284, 286–287, 293, 298, 302, 305, 308–309n35, 311–312, 318, 329, 333, 338, 342–344
common law see under law
common people, common man
7, 9, 16, 27, 30, 36, 48n18, 53, 57, 60, 62, 67, 77, 87, 129, 135, 147, 153, 155, 161, 166–168, 173–175, 177, 179, 182–183, 194–196, 204, 219, 236, 242, 251, 263, 291, 302, 305, 307, 309–310
free common people
30, 77, 87
commons, common lands and resources
11, 14, 27, 58, 109, 209
communalism, organized communal concerns
1, 13, 16, 47–48, 53, 57–58, 71, 80–81, 88, 196, 216n75, 331
Blickle, Peter and republicanism
community
xiv, 1, 10, 19, 20, 38, 50n22, 57–58, 64, 67n62, 71, 86, 101, 154, 157–158, 176, 219n, 222–223, 240, 243–244, 249, 260, 262, 268, 275, 286, 291–292, 299–300, 302–303, 310–311, 332
concrete order of law or rights
xii, 5, 29, 34, 80, 160–161, 173, 178, 195, 212, 220, 237, 241, 254, 303, 306, 314–315
confederations and federalism
xi, 7, 9–10, 12, 16, 20–21, 35, 38–39, 50, 52n27, 54–57, 64, 66–67, 71, 77, 79, 105, 156–157, 159, 208n56, 212, 242, 283, 289, 294, 346
Confino, Alon
67
conflict of laws (including conflict of jurisdiction)
12, 79, 160, 220, 265, 306, 317
Conring, Hermann
8
consent
xii–xiii, 1, 10, 51n24, 108, 151, 158, 160, 174, 188, 201n46, 203, 208, 216, 287, 292, 296–300, 305–306, 308, 321, 341, 346
conservatism
6, 84, 251, 253–254, 264, 293n3, 300, 340
constitutions, constitutionalism, constitutional government
6–11, 17, 33, 37–40, 42n11, 50–56, 61–64, 67, 71, 76, 84, 106, 128, 134, 156, 164, 166, 173–174, 176–177, 181, 199–200, 205, 208, 210–211, 216, 218, 224–225, 260, 279, 284–285, 289–291, 294–295, 297, 301, 305, 316, 333–334, 336, 339, 344
law, Princely Resolutions, and rule of law
ancient constitution
xi, 40n6, 52n29, 76, 81, 164n83, 216n75, 294, 342
territorial constitution (Landesverfassung)
84, 224, 260, 279, 284
Conte, Emanuele
32n49, 42n11, 333
contracts
xii, xix, 14, 33–34, 71, 102, 109, 135, 139, 147, 155, 174–177, 182–184, 195, 211, 218, 240, 257, 259, 261–263, 269–270, 273, 275, 281–282, 287, 291, 298, 302, 306, 318
contradiction see adverse possession
Contribution (tax)
85, 100n31, 165, 185, 200
conversion
134–135, 146, 177, 181–182, 226, 281, 288, 305
Corpus Iuris Canonis see under law
Corpus Iuris Civilis see under law
corruption
5, 37, 84, 101, 193, 250
Corvinus family
44, 124
court decisions or judicial decisions
14, 16, 21, 34, 69, 79–80, 84–101passim, 103, 158, 169, 172, 177, 198n36, 212, 220n, 241–242, 246–247, 259n82, 270, 272–274, 279, 282–283, 294, 303–304, 306, 311, 313, 321–323, 326
court(s) see appellate court, Hofgericht, imperial courts, Oberappellationsgericht, patrimonial court, Revisionsgericht
Cramer, Johann Ulrich
1–3, 5, 17, 113, 117, 120–121, 170n103, 197, 212–218, 220, 307, 320–321
Wetzlarische Neben-Stunden
1n1, 3, 170n103, 215–216, 218n84, 320–321
credit
26, 39n4, 109, 115, 149, 223, 226–227, 229, 239–241, 244n, 247–248, 252–257, 259–260, 267, 269, 271, 275–276, 278, 280–284, 286, 288, 291, 293, 302, 343, 346
Cujas, Jacques
122
currency see money
custom
xii, 1, 3–4, 15–16, 31–34, 39, 47–48, 50n22, 58, 60n51, 76, 79–81, 84, 86–87, 89, 93, 107, 109, 112, 117, 122–123, 128–129, 143, 146, 149–150, 152–154, 156, 158–160, 163, 165n86, 167, 172, 175–176, 193–194, 200, 208, 212, 235, 243–245, 249–250, 256, 259–260, 263, 284, 291, 298, 300, 308, 310–311, 313–315, 317, 319
under law
Darmstadt
17, 20, 80, 95, 250, 255, 268–269, 310
debasement
235
default
149, 226, 247–248, 269–270, 281
Demandt, Karl
56n40, 106, 113n59, 148n37, 164–166, 193n29, 333
Deneen, Patrick
300n
Desan, Christine
286n132
Diestelkamp, Bernhard
78n9, 290, 334
Dietze, Gottfried
6, 290
Dippel, Horst
290
discounting
26, 135, 234–235, 240–241, 252–253, 255, 262–263, 267, 284
Domesday
186–187
domination
12, 16, 29, 58, 68n64, 102, 108, 162, 185, 196, 224, 229n16, 265, 285, 291, 299, 302–303
dominion or dominium
2n3, 64, 68n64, 70n67, 75–76, 81, 97n27, 110, 114, 144, 146, 171–172, 177, 192, 195, 209, 269n102, 310, 315–319
lordship, ownership, property rights
Dreitzel, Horst
7, 27n40, 63n57, 67n61, 208n56, 238–239, 290, 334
dry exchange
231–232, 241, 250–251nn, 284, 343
bills of exchange and law of exchange
dues
10, 13–14, 16, 34, 36, 58, 60, 91, 100, 114, 129, 131–132, 134, 138, 139, 141, 144–145, 149, 162, 166, 174–175, 177, 180–182, 185, 188, 194–195, 197, 199, 219, 224, 292, 299n18, 305
easements
13, 33, 133, 161n77, 171, 237n31
servitude
edicts
63n56, 79–80, 85, 136, 139, 158n70, 163, 167–168, 183–184, 258n, 264, 278, 280–281, 283, 310, 318
Edinburgh
117, 228
Eisenbach see Riedesel zu Eisenbach
Eley, Geoff
7n11, 290, 331
elites and aristocracy
30, 39n3, 50, 54, 67n61, 75, 116, 208n56, 229–230, 237–238, 254, 284, 311
emancipation
8–9, 12, 15n, 30, 60, 70–71, 119–120, 127, 175, 179, 254n74, 285, 286, 295, 302, 316, 340
emperor
33, 38, 43, 49, 52–53, 55–57, 59, 61n52, 65, 71, 77–81, 141, 151, 200, 203, 206–208, 211–212, 216nn, 242, 294–295, 299n17, 306, 309, 313–314, 330
empire see imperium (term), Holy Roman Empire
encumbrance and leverage
5, 14, 36, 139, 141, 146, 148, 175, 181, 194, 229, 265, 293, 305, 311, 315
endorsement
26, 233–234, 240–241, 257, 259, 278
England
5, 17n29, 21, 24, 28, 34–35, 40–41, 52n29, 58n46, 61–62, 64, 70n67, 71–72, 98n29, 102–103, 109, 113, 141, 143–144, 154–156, 162, 174–175, 187, 195, 208n56, 218n83, 223–226, 231–232, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247–248, 253, 259, 273–274, 276–277, 287, 294, 300, 304, 308–309, 314–316, 318, 322, 336–339, 347
Enlightenment
7–9, 13n23, 15, 31, 35n, 54n33, 66–67, 71n, 106–108, 115, 117–120, 127, 159, 178, 204–206, 209, 222, 228n13, 286, 290, 296n6, 300–301, 310, 311, 324, 333–338, 346
equality (and inequality)
xii–xiii, 8, 14, 26, 34, 57–59, 64–65, 67, 72, 110, 112, 120, 131, 160, 205, 274, 301, 308–311
equity
70n66, 101, 177, 221, 248–249, 253, 305
freedom from equities
estates
social contract and Glossary
in the sense of real property
xii, 1, 5, 10, 12, 14, 20, 25, 27, 36, 71, 73–74, 98, 101–102, 128–130, 132–134, 139–142, 144, 146–151, 153, 156–157, 159, 162, 166–167, 169–171, 174–178, 180–182, 185, 187, 190, 194–196, 199, 208, 218–224, 239, 248n58, 254, 256, 265, 267–270, 280–282, 290–293, 298–299, 305, 309, 313, 315–316, 318–319
in the sense of social estate
x, xii, 5n7, 10–12, 27, 33, 37–39, 49–50, 53–56, 60–62, 64, 67, 97–98, 100n31, 129, 131, 161, 164–167, 173, 175, 192, 199, 203, 205, 208n56, 218nn, 238n, 242, 247, 259n82, 262, 265–268, 271–273, 284, 295–297, 301–303, 305, 309, 310–311, 315–316, 347
Estor, Johann Georg
17, 49n, 69n66, 92, 107, 109n53, 111, 116–117, 119, 121, 127n, 153, 197, 209n59, 232–233, 235, 246n53, 251n67, 255–257, 267n95, 295–298, 307n29, 321, 329, 332
European common law see ius commune
exclusion
xii, 14, 21, 52n29, 151, 162, 168, 243, 251n65, 262, 265–267, 270–271, 273, 275n114, 279–280, 284, 293
freedom from equities
extractions
5, 11–12, 16, 26, 29, 36, 60, 85, 100n31, 113–114, 153n48, 166n91, Ch. 5 passim, 221–222, 228–229, 287–289, 292, 298, 307, 311, 316
taxes, tithes, dues, freedom from e.
family, clan, kin groups
xii–xiii, 4n, 12, 30, 58, 60, 81, 106, 116, 129–131, 136–137, 139–144, 146, 148, 152–159, 167, 169, 176, 178–179, 193, 196, 207n55, 228, 283, 290–291, 298, 300n19, 303, 310–311, 313, 315
farmers
iv, 15, 27, 29, 36, 38, 53, 57–59, 101, 134–135, 148n38, 157, 161n77, 179, 188, 194, 223, 250, 254, 262–265, 267–268, 270–271
common people
Fasolt, Constantin
xvi, 8n15, 51n24, 126n81, 216n76, 219n, 313, 334
federalism see confederations
fee simple tenure see tenure
Ferguson, Adam
13n21, 120, 300
feud matters see law – feudal
Fichard, Joannes
117, 154, 322
finance
xii, 26, 77n8, 102n36, 109, 193n30, 233n25, 239, 241–243, 248–250, 252, 254, 256, 259, 267–270, 273, 283–284, 291, 293, 338, 341, 344
credit and money
Financial Revolution
253
public finance
242, 293, 331
financial instruments see notes, bills
fishing see animals
Flanders, Flemings
240
Florence
26, 122, 223, 234
forests
11, 17, 57–58, 143–144, 183–184, 188, 315
Foucault, Michel
93n25, 230n, 312n332, 334–335, 341
fowling see hunting
France
xi, 10–11, 17n29, 24, 26, 29–32, 35, 38, 40–41, 48, 52n29, 55, 61–64, 66–67, 70–71, 77, 93nn, 102–103, 105n40, 113–114, 123, 129, 135, 141, 143–145, 152n44, 155–156, 159, 163, 167n94, 208n56, 218n85, 222n, 227–228, 238, 241, 247n57, 253, 256n, 275n114, 284, 287, 290, 294, 300–301, 304, 308–309, 312, 314
franchise
225, 236, 243, 284, 293
Franconia (Franken)
17, 55n37, 57, 144n27, 348
Frankenspiegel see Saxon Mirror
Frankfurt am Main
xii, 17, 19, 26, 31–32, 36, 46, 57, 77, 80, 117, 124, 140, 154, 232, 235, 237, 239–244, 248, 250, 252–253, 255, 257, 268–269, 275, 284, 306, 307n27
Frankfurt an der Oder
114, 248
fraud
42, 101, 134–135, 138, 155, 182, 185, 240, 246, 262, 278
Frederick (Friedrich) I, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
192
Frederick (Friedrich) II, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (r. 1760–1785)
105n41, 192, 269, 331
Frederick the Great of Prussia
10n18, 55, 232, 340
free and common socage see socage under tenure
free common people see common people
Free German Empire
10, 12, 24, 37–39, 50, 52–53, 58, 64, 71, 216, 294–295
empire, emperor, imperium
freedom
ancient Germanic freedom, Free German empire, presumption of freedom, serfdom and Glossary
civil freedom, civil liberties, civil rights
4–5, 7, 10, 26, 32–33, 35, 71–74, 93, 102, 159, 178, 196n34, 201, 212, 220, 225, 228, 230, 285–286, 288, Ch. 7 passim
Christian freedom
24, 42, 51–53, 68–69, 206n, 212n69, 295, 297, 317
freedom of commerce
Chs. 4 and 6passim, 302, 308, 311
free common people see under common people
freedom from equities (Saxon model)
xx, 274–280passim, 283, 286
freedom from extractions
11–12, 14–16, 27, Ch. 5passim, 71, 132, 138, 289, 292, 316
allod and Ch. 4 passim
German freedom and Teutsche Libertät
xi, 4–9passim, 11, 25, 35, Ch. 2 passim, 73, 129, Ch. 7 passim
individual freedom and individual rights (iura singularia)
xi–xii, xiv, 2, 6–7, 38, 71, 157, 230, 285, 300, 312
freedom of movement and bodily freedom
36, 266
natural freedom
x, 2, 10–11, 13, 32, 36, 47, 57, 60, 67, 69–70, 93, 118, 120n71, 159, 197–198, 201–202, 212, 220, 229, 292, 294, 298–300, 311
pure abilities doctrine
negative freedom
12, 196, 200, 206, 302–303, 316
freedom as non-domination
xi, 12, 196, 303
personal freedom
xi, 5–6, 8, 15–16, 39, 71, 86, 196, 225, 290, 295–296, 311
positive freedom
12, 302–303, 316
free trade
228–229, 237–238
freedom of commerce above
Freigericht Kaichen
19, 57, 310
French Revolution
xi, 35, 71, 159, 163n81, 228, 290, 300, 312
Friedburg (Burg und Stadt)
19, 310
Friedeburg, Robert von
8n15, 100, 130n4, 185, 290, 334
Friedman, Milton
102, 225n, 286n131, 335
Frederick I (Friedrich I), landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
192
Frederick II (Friedrich II), landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
192
Fulda
1, 19, 69, 80, 103–105, 153–155, 158–159, 342
function, functioning, functionalism
xiv, 33, 43, 53, 56n38, 58n45, 62, 73, 95, 97, 113–114, 123, 140145, 160, 164, 175, 177, 202, 207–208, 210–212, 218n85, 221–222, 226, 232, 256, 268, 274n111, 279n, 287, 312, 313–314, 347
Gaertner, Bernhard August
xiin3, 113n58, 117, 174n, 176–177, 237n31
Genoa
26, 75, 123, 126, 223, 240, 244n, 246nn, 259, 342
German Empire or “Second German Empire”
6, 42–43
German Enlightenment see Enlightenment
Giessen
17, 80, 90, 104–106, 121, 130, 235, 259, 277, 307, 338
Glorious Revolution
159
Goethe
xi, 64, 66, 70, 122, 290, 322
Gregory VII
51
Christian freedom
grey economy
130, 168, 193, 224, 256, 298
Grotius, Hugo
vii, 8, 13–14, 31, 40n6, 108–109, 113, 117, 122, 146n, 159, 161, 178, 199, 208n57, 212, 232n23, 236, 266, 291, 297n8, 317, 322, 335
Grunert, Frank
8, 13n23n 290n, 335
Haakonssen, Knud
8, 13n23, 290n, 335
Halle
113, 198n36, 205–206, 257, 277
Hamburg
66, 117, 223, 232, 239, 241–243, 252–253, 268, 284
Hanau
17, 57, 76, 80, 86, 94n, 104–106, 152, 248
Hanse towns, league
239–240, 344
hard money, hard currency see money
Harpprecht, Ferdinand Christoph
172n107, 197–204, 211, 213, 215, 217, 323
Hayek, Friedrich
xin1, 102, 285n130, 336
Hedwig-Sophie, regent landgravine of Hesse-Cassel
184n8, 192
Heineccius, Johann Gottlieb
146–147, 222n, 246nn, 257–259, 275n115, 297, 323
Helfferich, Tryntje
130n2, 134, 336
Henricus, Christian
161n77, 172nn, 197–204, 211, 213, 217n78, 326–327
Herborn
80, 104–106, 325, 329, 336
Hersfeld
41, 76
Hertius, Johann Nikolaus
49n21, 117, 235–237, 243n49, 259–260, 277, 323–324
Hesse
Hesse-Cassel
vii, 18, 25–26n39, 29nn, 50, 71, 76, 79, 85, 94, 96–98, 100–101, 113–114, 129, 134, 136–138, 148, 158, 165–166, 172, 174–175, 181, 183, 185, 187n16, 189, 191, 193nn, 196, 224, 242, 248, 251–253, 255–256, 261–262, 267, 270, 282–284, 292, 302
Hesse-Darmstadt
15, 18, 68, 79, 86, 94, 97, 106, 130, 224, 235, 242, 269, 306–307
Hesse-Rothenburg
97, 165, 270, 338
all, united or other divisions of Hesse
xii, 5, 17, 19, 25–26, 29, 38, 48, 52–53, 55–57, 60, 76–77, 80–81, 87–88, 90, 94–95, 98, 100, 105–106, 113–114, 120n71, 124, 128, 130, 134–135, 137–139, 148, 153–154, 159, 161, 164–165, 168n96, 175, 177, 181, 184n8, 207, 252, 267, 270, 275, 333–335, 337, 340, 343
Hessian High Appellate Court (Oberappellationsgericht)
xiii, 94, 96, 98, 168n96, 177n116, 255, 271–274, 276, 280, 303, 337
historical school of law
107n47, 120, 233, 296n7
Hobbes, Thomas
69, 85n16, 108–109, 159, 204, 206n, 285, 297n8, 300n, 324
Hochstrasser, T. J.
8, 13n23, 108–109, 206n, 290n, 335
Hofgericht
167, 303
Hofmann, Johann Andreas
109n53, 117, 268n100, 296n7, 321, 324
Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
xiv, 1, 4n, 7–8, 10–12, 14, 17–18, 20–21, 26–27, 30–32, 34–35, 37–39, 41–42, 50–58, 60–64, 67, 70–71, 75, 77–79, 81–82, 93, 96, 106n43, 110, 121n73, 123, 129, 144, 146, 156, 160, 165n88, 172, 181, 199–200, 203, 208n56, 212, 214–216, 223, 237, 241–242, 255, 269n101, 274, 276, 279, 290, 293–295, 299n17, 314, 346–348
Free German Empire and imperial
Holzhausen
140, 143, 147, 148, 157
Hölzle, Erwin
40–43, 72, 290, 337
Hont, Istvan
228n15, 337
Hotman, Francois
24
human rights
xvi, 15
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
xi, 9n, 15, 290, 324
Hume, David
120, 227–228, 300, 324
Hunter, Ian
8–9, 13n23, 290n, 337
hunting and fowling
xii, 132–133, 162–163, 171, 174, 182–183, 195, 208–209, 303, 315
Hutten, Ulrich von
42–43, 55–56, 107, 240n40, 336
ideas
xi, xiii–xiv, 4–5, 8–16, 21n32, 24–25, 27–29, 32, 35–40, 51–56, 60–62, 64, 66–67, 70n67, 72–75, 85–86, 89, 93, 102, 105–106, 108n51, 113, 115–117, 120–123, 126–128, 152, 156, 159, 163–164, 178, 197, 199, 201, 206n, 209, 216, 219, 223, 225, 227–230, 238, 244, 256, 260, 263, 267, 286n131, 289–290, 293–300, 304, 306, 308–309, 311–312, 316–317
immediacy see imperial – immediacy
immunity
10, 14, 36, 58–59, 64, 133, 145, 161, 167, 172, 175, 181, 197–204, 206, 209, 211, 213, 217–220, 243, 273; see generally Ch. 5
imperial, imperium, empire broadly
Holy Roman Empire
empire
ix–x, xiv, xvii–xviii, 1, 4, 6–8, 10–12, 14, 17–18, 20–21, 24, 26–27, 30–32, 34–35, 37–43, 50–58, 60–64, 66–67, 70–71, 75, 77–79, 81–82, 93, 96, 103, 106, 110, 121, 123, 129, 144, 146, 156, 160, 165, 172, 181, 199–200, 203, 207–208, 212, 214–216, 223, 229, 237, 241–242, 255, 269, 274, 276, 279, 290, 293–296, 299, 309, 314, 330, 332, 346–348
imperial appellate courts
1, 9, 48, 56, 79, 84, 107, 203, 276, 301
Aulic Council
56, 77, 79, 81, 84, 165, 204, 269n101, 301, 307
Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht)
20, 26, 77–78, 241, 248–249, 330, 334, 343
imperial common law see ius commune
imperial diet, diet recesses
165, 223, 241–242, 251, 283, 287, 306, 316
imperial immediacy – imperial free towns, cities, villages, and lordships
19–20, 55–57, 144n25, 155–156, 184n8, 237, 242, 294; see also such domains byname e.g. Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Wetzlar; see generally Ch. 2 §2, Ch. 3 §§1–2, and Ch. 4 §7
imperium (term)
207n54
imprescriptibility see prescription
inalienability, inalienable rights
156, 204, 207n54, 210, 212, 343
independence
xiv, 16, 21nn, 37–38, 51–52, 54, 56–58, 67, 77, 80, 86, 100n31, 148n38, 156, 176, 179, 203, 211, 222, 237, 256, 294–296, 310
indifferent things see pure abilities doctrine
individual freedom and rights see under freedom
Industrial Revolution
103n38, 179, 253, 336
information
12, 98, 101, 129, 132, 134, 139, 166–167, 172, 175, 184–188, 195–196, 219
Ingrao, Charles
105–106, 113–114, 263n, 281n, 304n25, 337
inheritance
37, 48, 58, 75–76, 79, 82, 87, 132, 141, 143, 146, 149–150, 153, 157, 179n119, 194, 196, 209, 219, 280, 303n24, 316
institutions
xi, xiii–xv, 5–6, 8n16, 10, 12, 17, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 33n50, 35–36, 52n27, 72–74, 84, 93, 95, 103–105, 109, 111, 114, 119–124, 127, 129–130, 144n25, 158, 165–166, 177, 199n39, 209, 222n, 230n, 232, 240n40, 243–244, 266, 269n102, 280–281, 289–290, 293, 300n, 304, 305, 308, 311–312
interest
188, 232, 250–252, 255, 262–264, 267, 281, 284
borrowing and lending and usury
Jena
117, 121, 126
Jews
36, 43, 61, 69, 129, 149, 151, 156n64, 161n77, 176, 183, 190, 223, 251–252, 255–256, 262–265, 284, 291, 302
Jouvenel, Bertrand de
86nn, 126n79, 297n10, 307n27, 309
judges
1, 30–31, 34, 49, 74–75, 87n21, 93, 113, 115, 117, 121, 127–128, 165, 168, 175, 190, 207, 212, 217, 246, 249, 259, 275–276, 292, 304, 307
jurisprudence
4, 32–33, 35, 69n66, 73, 75, 77n9, 89, 107, 109n55, 122, 124, 128, 143, 146, 153, 157, 159, 163, 175–176, 179, 202–203, 209–210, 216, 218–220, 222, 248n58, 257, 259–260, 262, 265, 268, 270, 274, 292–294, 303–304, 307n27, 309–310, 313, 316, 319
Kant, Kantianism
6, 8–9, 15, 24, 70, 113, 118, 120, 206n, 222, 286n131, 301
Kelley, Donald
37n1, 40n5, 42–43, 49n21
Klippel, Diethelm
6–7, 34, 46n, 67n61, 106n43, 204n, 228n13, 290
knights
19, 38, 53, 55–57, 60, 67, 77, 144n27, 147, 151, 155–157, 164–165, 187–192, 316
Königsberg
70
Kopp family
29n46, 150–152, 277–278, 283, 307, 325
Krieger, Leonard
6, 52n26, 113n60
Kümin, Beat
57n41, 98nn, 164–165, 177n115, 339
land see estates and real estate
Landes, David
xin1, xiv, 227n, 239n56
Lange, Tyler
145n33, 339
law
sources of law and further following entries beginning with law and legal and Glossary
canon law
xvi, 32, 43, 51, 105, 107, 123, 155, 232, 244, 297–298, 313, 330, 334
civil law
x, xii–xiv, xix, 1, 16, 24, 32, 34, 43, 80, 89, 107, 109, 112–113, 118, 122–124, 128, 133, 156, 160–161, 163, 166–167, 169, 177, 199–201, 203, 211–212, 220, 232–233, 241, 244, 247, 249, 256, 268, 274–275, 277, 279, 287, 289, 291, 295–296, 298, 307, 313–314, 317
ius commune (common law, imperial common law)
17, 24, 34, 48, 87, 107, 117, 133, 152, 156, 163, 174, 200, 220, 234, 240–241, 244, 250, 256, 262, 274–276, 296, 314, 344, 348
Law of Exchange (Wechselrecht, ius cambialis)
x, 109, 115, 222–224, 226, 229–230, 232, 239, 241–248, 250, 252–257, 260, 262, 265–266, 271n198, 275–276, 278–280, 283–285, 287, 293, 316, 319, 321, 324, 335, 343
feudal law
xii, xiv, xviii, 15–16, 32, 40, 76, 112, 117, 120, 123, 127–131, 134, 139–152, 156, 159–160, 162, 164, 171–172, 175–176, 184, 188, 191–193, 195–196, 212, 219, 270, 291, 294, 305–306, 308, 315, 319, 325, 330, 332, 334, 342
Germanic law
32, 40, 48, 164, 232, 295–296, 348
law merchant, lex mercatoria
xiv, xix, 223–224, 234, 241–246, 255, 260, 262, 274–275, 283, 309, 318, 326, 333, 339, 342
natural law
xv, 1, 8, 11, 13–14, 39, 48, 60, 71–72, 107–113, 117, 123, 159–160, 201, 206, 212, 216, 227, 232, 291, 293, 297, 313, 317, 335–336, 338–339, 345–346
private law
8, 11, 32–34, 71, 93, 107–108, 170, 206, 210, 234, 296, 304, 313, 318, 344, 347
public law
5, 32–34, 71, 107, 204, 206–207, 210–211, 220, 237, 296, 313–314, 316
Roman law (Pandects)
xvii–xviii, 24, 31–33, 43–44, 48, 89, 93, 107, 110, 112–113, 122, 124, 144, 146, 160, 169, 199, 202, 313–314, 330, 341, 347
Law of Reason
107, 117, 205
law schools, law faculties
16, 20–21, 25, 30, 34, 36, 58, 73–75, 81, 84–85, 87, 93–94, 103–108, 115, 126, 163, 172, 212, 305, 308
professors, students, teachers, universities
legal fictions
12,128–129, 149–150, 159, 176, 199n39, 219–220, 223, 294, 302, 306, 308
legal positivism
16, 193, 206, 222n, 237, 313
Leibniz
113, 205–206
Leipzig
27, 31, 117, 123, 126, 197, 212, 227, 239, 241, 243, 257–260, 274, 276
leverage see encumbrance
Levy, Jacob
66n60, 76n7
liability, strict liability
227, 232, 234n, 245–249 passim, 260, 270, 273, 279, 296, 298
liberalism, Liberal Political Model, and liberal anthropology
xiii, 4, 6, 15, 29, 35, 40n5, 45, 71, 106, 115, 220, 227–228, 230, 252, 254, 292, 297–298, 300n
classical liberalism
10, 179, 285, 288, 308–309
libraries
20, 36, 41, 66n59, 73–75, 93, 121–124, 126–127, 163, 305, 308
liens
139, 145, 188, 282
life use (Widem) see widows
liquidity and circulation of money
26–28, 153, 225–226, 230, 235, 240, 247n57, 253, 269n102, 281–283, 288, 291, 293
under money
loans see borrowing and lending
Locke, John
70n66, 109, 159, 285, 297n8, 300n
London
26–27, 117, 223, 226, 253, 284, 287
lordship and lords (seigneurs, Herren)
xii, 2, 5, 14–15, 33, 36, 43, 51, 56–57, 59–61, 71, 77, 80–81, 87, 94, 98, 100, 113–114, 130, 134, 136n, 143–146, 148, 150–151, 161–162, 168, 175–176, 181–182, 185, 188, 191–195, 201, 207, 209–210, 213, 214, 217, 219, 238n, 243, 291–292, 295–297, 299n17, 301, 310, 313, 315, 317, 319
dominion, ownership, property rights
Louis XIV
63n57, 145, 241n45
Low Countries see Netherlands
Ludovici, Jakob Friedrich
48n18, 247n54, 266n94, 274n110, 276–278
Luther, Lutheranism
6, 28n43, 42–43, 49, 53, 61n52, 68–70, 76, 130, 165, 206, 212, 297, 317
Machiavelli, Niccolo
41, 54, 202n50, 212–214, 220, 224n8, 287, 326
Magna Carta
58n46, 62, 71, 218n85, 337, 339
Maine, Henry Sumner
145–146
majesty see sovereignty
Malynes, Gerard
234, 237n33, 241n45, 309n34
Marburg
xiii, 17, 19, 32n49, 50, 77, 80, 86–89, 94, 98–99, 104–107, 113, 117, 121, 123, 130, 140, 146, 153–154, 174, 183, 197, 219, 222n, 232, 243, 246, 249–250, 254–255, 257, 263, 270, 303, 306, 310
market, markets, fairs
x, xii, 5, 16, 25, 29, 34, 62, 69, 72, 102, 122–124, 73–75, 156, 176, 178, 190, 208, 218, 228, 224–225, 235–237, 239, 241–244, 248–249, 250, 252–253, 268–269, 272–273, 284, 286, 305, 308, 347
Marquard, Johann
229, 244, 326, 340, 344
marriage
15, 58, 60, 87, 156, 177, 303
Maruhn, Armand
97, 339
Marxism; theory of bourgeois revolution
xvi, 7, 102, 116, 238, 273, 285, 307–309
medieval social contract see social contract
Menk, Gerhard
97, 104, 340
mercantilism
28, 113, 227, 228–229, 254, 267
merchants
5, 103, 116, 156, 161, 221, 223–225, 228–229, 236–238, 242–244, 246, 249–252, 255, 257, 259–260, 262–265, 271, 274, 279, 284, 306–307, 311, 316–317, 333
Mevius, David
xix, 221, 243–245, 326
middle class see rather bourgeoisie and burghers
militarism
7
monarchy and monarchism
7, 11, 21, 26, 33, 50–52, 54, 64, 67, 76–77, 156, 206, 208, 210–212, 216, 289, 294–296, 301
money
money (generally)
ix–x, xii, 5, 9–13, 15–16, 26–27, 29, 33, 35–36, 114–115, 134, 155, 174, 177, 188, 208, Ch. 6passim, 293, 302, 305, 311, 319, 325, 333, 339, 343, 345
circulation of money
13, 227, 229
coin and specie
2, 207, 215, 218, 225, 238, 250, 269, 280, 286–288, 320–321, 327, 333
currency
xv, 68, 223, 225–227, 232, 250, 253, 257, 286, 333
hard money
225
paper money
x, 9–12, 15, 27, 36, Ch. 6passim, 293, 305
monopoly
xi, 1, 28–29, 34, 69, 220, 254
Montesquieu, Charles le secondat, baron
10, 21, 40, 43, 54, 66, 224, 229, 280, 287–288, 290, 296, 301, 326, 337
Moran, Bruce
26, 340
Maurice (Moritz), landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
26, 28, 105, 129, 179, 331, 340
mortgage
102, 142, 145, 152, 157, 226, 281
Moser, Friedrich Carl von
106
Moser, Johann Jakob
106–107, 116, 204, 288, 326, 347
Möser, Justus
xi, 107, 293, 297, 301, 326, 340
Napoleon
30, 63, 194
Nassau
19, 80, 104, 154, 329
nature (natura)
26, 47, 49–52, 57, 60, 66, 75, 84, 86, 109–111, 117, 119, 130, 141, 147, 156, 168, 181, 201, 206, 208, 210, 224, 248, 265, 286, 297, 317, 328, 337–338
natural abilities see pure abilities doctrine
natural freedom see freedom
natural law see under law
natural right (Recht der Natur, Naturrecht) and natural rights (iuranaturalia)
xvi, 1, 6, 14, 27, 51, 67, 69, 80, 108, 122, 159, 244, 313, 317, 338, 344
pure abilities doctrine
negative freedom see freedom
negotiability
x, 233–234, 239–241, 250, 252–253, 273–274, 278–279, 284
Nemo dat see Rule of Derivative Title
Netherlands
vi, 32, 40, 93, 102–103, 223
Nietzsche, Friedrich
69
North, Douglass C.
xi, xiv, 73n1, 75n3, 77, 102–103, 225n10, 232n22, 243n48, 280n122, 341
notes, promissory
222, 226, 230, 256, 271, 284
Novalis
xi
Nuremberg
241, 243, 248
oath(s)
62, 149–151, 155, 247, 291, 302, 306
Ogilvie, Sheilagh
243, 290, 341
oppression
7, 14–15, 67, 225, 289, 303, 306, 316
ownership
2, 14,32–33, 36, 81, 93, 114, 140, 143–144, 153, 160, 171, 176, 178, 192–193, 195, 197, 199, 226, 275, 313–315, 317–318, 333
Glossary and under dominion, lordship, property
Paderborn
xvii, 6, 17, 19, 104–105, 142, 191, 322, 335, 338
Pandects see under law – ius commune
paper money see money
Paris
108, 117, 223, 253, 284
paroemia
49, 259
pasture
14, 57, 188
patrimonial or seigneurial courts
xii, 26, 94, 185, 313
patronage
26, 59, 74, 104, 106, 117, 120, 172, 177, 196, 238, 309, 311
Peace of Westphalia
xvii, 8, 18, 36, 54, 61
peace
xii, xvii, 8, 18, 36, 54, 58, 61–62, 81, 95, 100, 104, 108, 128, 130, 134, 146, 165, 169, 177, 181, 197, 203, 207–210, 225, 237, 241, 297, 300, 304, 306, 322
Peasants’ War of 1525 see Blickle, Peter
personal freedom see freedom
petitions and supplications
97–98, 101, 165, 177, 305, 339
Pettit, Phillip
58, 265, 342
Philipp the Magnanimous
xviii, 76, 94–96, 248
Philippi, Friedrich
161n77, 172nn, 197–198, 200nn, 202nn, 213, 217, 326–327
Philippi, Hans
26n39, 342
Physiocrats and physiocracy
xi, 6, 7, 29, 106, 114–115, 227, 230, 254, 267, 301, 310
pledges and pawn
226, 250, 281, 315
collateral
pluralism
6, 13, 20, 39, 54, 56, 64, 66, 224, 241, 290, 330, 339
Pocock, John
76, 163–164, 320, 342
police
8, 20, 29, 33, 63, 75, 80, 84, 196, 225, 227, 242, 253, 256, 342, 347
political economy
ix–x, xiv, 7, 10, 24, 27–30, 106–108, 114–115, 117, 127, 227–228, 230, 235, 238, 254, 267, 269, 298, 307–308, 337, 340–342
cameralism, liberalism, and mercantilism
population, populationism, population growth
ix, xix, 12, 74–75, 85, 93, 101–103, 114, 122–123, 127, 130, 132–133, 144, 169, 196, 223, 253, 260, 266–267, 279–280, 289, 301, 305, 308
positive freedom see freedom
positivism
16, 222
legal positivism
possession
vi, ix, xii, 2, 27, 36, 55, 57, 124, 128–129, 139–144, 146–149, 152, 156, 159–164, 166–179, 194–195, 197, 199–203, 210, 217–218, 224, 226, 236, 247, 276, 278, 281, 291, 296, 298–299, 303, 305–306, 313–315, 317–318, 348
possessory remedies (possessorium)
2, 117, 139, 164, 169–170, 172–173, 175–176, 202, 303
precedent
21, 34, 304
premodern social contract see social contract
prescription and imprescriptibility
xii, 2, 24, 27, 34, 36, 114, 120, 124, 128–129, 139, 156, 158–163, 167, 169, 171–172, 175–179, 182, 197–204, 206, 208–214, 216–220, 224, 236, 281, 291–292, 296, 298, 300, 303, 305–306, 313, 315, 318, 348
presumption of (natural) freedom
229
price(s)
14, 20, 122, 135, 147, 153, 157, 159, 225, 234–235, 237, 250–251, 268, 286, 316, 334
princes, principalities, and their state governments
ix, xiii, xviii, 5, 9, 12–13, 15, 26–28, 30, 32–33, 39, 41–43, 48–49, 51–64, 66–67, 71, 75–77, 79–81, 84–89, 93–95, 97–98, 100–101, 104–107, 121, 128, 130, 134–136, 139, 144, 149–150, 154, 156, 159, 161, 163–169, 172–178, 181–183, 185, 187–188, 190–198, 200–201, 203–204, 206–213, 216–220, 235–238, 242, 249–251, 254–255, 262–263, 269–270, 287–288, 291–295, 298, 301, 305, 308–310, 313, 316, 326, 332, 346
constitutions (etc.), state-building, and territorial governments
Princely Resolutions
ix, 128, 164, 166–168, 173–175, 192–193, 219, 291
constitutions etc.
printing, printers
xvii, 31, 36, 46–47, 73–75, 122, 127, 153, 308
priority of creditors
39
private law see under law
privileges
xiv, xii, 10, 12, 29, 31, 55, 57, 79, 110, 114, 131, 167, 176, 181, 199, 207–208, 211, 216, 223, 236–239, 243, 247, 262, 265–266, 291, 302, 306, 316, 345
privy councils, privy counsellors
121, 251, 282, 305, 308
production
14, 25–28, 34, 74, 102, 114, 122, 124, 126, 134, 179, 224, 227–230, 235, 238, 251, 254, 265, 268, 271, 288, 305, 317
professions, professionalism
30, 115–116
professors and teachers
xx, 13, 28, 30–32, 50, 70, 73, 75, 104–105, 113–115, 117, 124, 126–127, 197, 206, 222, 235, 246, 257, 259, 277, 292, 306–307, 333
universities
promissory notes see notes
property rights
x, xii–xiv, 2, 4–5, 9, 11, 14, 16, 25–27, 29, 33–35, 39, 58, 62, 69, 71–72, 75, 80, 109, 131, 139, 144–145, 157, 160, 162, 168, 171, 173, 177–178, 181, 195, 209, 211, 220, 259, 285, 287, 289–290, 293, 301–302, 304–307, 318–319, 333, 339
protection
vi, xii, 6, 11, 12, 15, 27, 35, 38–39, 54, 71–72, 79, 85, 86, 97, 155–156, 163, 169, 173, 184–185, 202, 209, 212, 218, 225, 236, 248, 258, 262, 265, 267, 274, 279, 288, 295, 296, 301, 339
Protestantism
xi, xiv, 24, 38, 42–43, 48, 51–54, 56, 61–62, 68, 74–75, 108, 135, 164, 202, 206, 212, 294–295, 297, 331, 348
public law see under law
Pufendorf, Samuel
8, 13–14, 31, 50–51, 54, 109, 113, 205–206, 327, 338
purchase and sale
xvii, 1, 25, 75, 82, 102, 122–123, 126, 139, 142, 147, 149, 153–155, 158–159, 167, 176, 178, 188, 196, 234, 237, 250, 256, 267, 280, 298, 305–306, 315
pure abilities doctrine (res merae facultatis)
11, 69–70, 209, 321, 333, 342
natural freedom and natural rights
Raeff, Marc
33, 75, 84, 196, 227, 242, 310, 342
rationalism
28, 66, 71, 109, 117–120, 127, 206, 230, 236, 311–312, 339
Rau family
xix, 130, 140–143, 147–150, 156–157, 176
real estate and real property
5, 9–12, 14, 25, 27, 36, 73–74, 98, 102, 128–130, 132–133, 140–142, 149, 152–153, 156, 161, 166–167, 171, 174–182, 190, 194, 199, 218–220, 223, 239, 254, 256, 268–269, 281–282, 290–291, 293, 298–299, 303, 316, 319
reception of Roman law
32, 89, 107
law – Roman law
Rechtsstaat see rule of law
rectification see taxes
reform
8, 20, 26, 29, 55, 75–76, 84, 105, 114, 120, 197, 238–239, 284, 290, 314, 334, 337, 342
Reformation
xi, 8, 12, 24, 37, 42–43, 48, 51, 53–54, 68, 75–76, 80, 84, 104, 114, 122, 135, 154, 164, 174, 184, 194, 248, 250, 254, 322, 330–331, 336–337, 340, 342, 345–346
regalia
x, 204, 206–211, 213, 217–218, 220, 299
registration (including registries, cadasters, Salbücher)
x, 60, 170–172, 174, 182–188, 191–192, 194–195, 197, 256, 328
Renaissance
15, 35, 37, 56, 68, 121, 251, 331, 337, 343, 348
rents, rentiers, rentiership
29, 57, 98, 101–102, 109, 177, 188, 197, 318
Repgow, Eike von
48, 327
representative government
6
republics and republicanism
vi, xviii, 20, 24, 26, 30, 35, 55, 57–58, 69, 97, 110, 154, 157, 202, 207, 216, 237, 241, 243, 253, 265, 287, 294, 301, 310
res merae facultatis see pure abilities doctrine
resources
xiv, 10–11, 13, 27–29, 58, 102, 126, 139, 153, 209, 224, 227, 229, 238, 254, 267, 315
retraction law (Abtrieb, Näherrecht, Retraktsrecht, ius retractus)
ix, 69, 152–159, 176, 179, 265, 291, 342
Review Court (Revisionsgericht)
94, 303
revisionism, revisionist historical scholarship
8, 290
Rhineland
xi, 17, 145
Riedesel zu Eisenbach
20, 30, 88, 97n27, 154n51, 156, 179n121, 207n55, 310, 335
Rinteln
xvii, 19, 28, 104–105, 114, 329
Roman law see under law
romantics
xi, 40, 42–43, 300, 303, 333
Roover, Raymond de
231, 234, 241, 251–252, 343
Rousseau, Jean Jacques
202, 216, 300
rule of derivative title
275–276, 315
rule of law and Rechtsstaat
xiv, 6–7, 10–11, 27, 34–35, 40, 63, 112, 209, 218, 308, 312, 332, 334, 336, 340, 343, 348
constitutionalism and law
sale see under purchase
Savigny, Friedrich Carl von
13, 110, 144, 160, 313, 317, 327, 338, 345
Saxon Mirror (Sachsenspiegel) and other mirrors of customary law
xvii, 43, 46–48
Saxon model see freedom from equities
Schenck zu Schweinsberg
130, 143
Schenk-Statt see Weinschenck
Schmale, Wolfgang
290
Schmalkaldic War
269
Schmidt, Alexander
290
Schmidt, Georg
4n, 7–9, 34, 53–57, 62, 77n9, 301, 343–344
Schmitt, Carl
xi, 54, 63, 85, 202, 300, 344
scholasticism
36, 107–108, 317
Schwabenspiegel (Swabian Mirror) see Saxon Mirror
Scotland, Scotts law
24, 28–29, 227, 294
seigneurial courts see patrimonial courts
Selchow, Johann Heinrich Christian von
39, 107, 115, 121, 142, 222, 229, 246–248, 260, 266, 273, 307, 321, 325, 327
Senckenberg, Heinrich Christian
60, 79, 117, 153, 197, 242, 306–307, 327–328
serfs and serfdom
xii, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14–15, 20, 29–30, 34, 38–39, 50, 58, 60, 63, 81, 86–88, 114, 120, 144, 155, 161, 162, 167, 178, 195, 200, 204, 265, 299, 303, 307, 309–310, 319, 334
servitude
50, 53, 60, 145–146, 161, 202, 210, 296, 299, 318
Sheehan, James
35, 123, 345
Sickingen, Franz von
55
Simmel, Georg
224, 285–286, 345
Simmonds, Nigel
109–110, 345
Skinner, Quentin
58, 345
slavery
14–15, 49–50, 68n64, 164, 266, 307
Smith, Adam
xi,xv, 27, 102, 106, 120, 156, 227–229, 286, 300, 310n38, 322, 328, 334
socage (English term) see under tenure
social contract
76n7, 85, 199, 216, 218–219, 339
premodern social contract
218–219
social estate see estates
Solms
xii, 15, 17, 19, 79–80, 97, 154–155, 306–307, 328
Sonnenfels, Joseph von
28–29, 268
Soto, Hernando de
xi, xiv, 193, 345
sources of law
xvii, 22, 32, 121, 123
sovereignty (maiestas)
xviii, 54, 61, 66, 110, 117, 146, 168, 197, 202, 204, 207, 211–212, 218, 235, 259, 292, 300, 343–344
space
21, 36, 38, 52, 68, 126, 133, 156, 162–163, 171, 199, 221, 226, 289, 295, 299, 312, 315, 318–319
Special Path (Sonderweg) thesis
6, 54
Stamm, Johann Hermann
120, 307, 328
states see under princes
state-building
xiv, 67, 85
statute
xiv, 16, 34, 79, 112, 200, 203, 241, 243, 257
Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara
9, 51, 290, 345
Stolleis, Michael
17, 335
Stryk, Samuel
28, 107, 341
students
30–32, 73–75, 93, 103–104, 106–107, 117, 126–127, 197, 206, 209, 222, 235, 246, 307
summary procedure
x, 226–227, 245–247, 249, 262, 285
supplications see petitions
supply and demand
ix, xiv, 25–26, 28, 74–75, 97, 101, 103, 179, 226, 229, 286, 303, 312, 348
suretyship
226, 250–251, 256, 273
suzerainty
144, 178
Swiss
4, 20, 54, 57, 294, 332
systems
xi, xiii–xv, 11, 14, 16, 21, 25, 27–29, 73, 77, 85, 93, 102, 115, 117, 122–124, 128, 159, 181, 187, 192, 197, 206, 227, 236–237, 259, 283, 286–287, 290, 296, 303–304, 308, 310, 322, 331–332, 347
Tacitus
35, 37, 40–43, 49–50, 294, 337
Taunus forest
17, 240, 334
taxes
x, xii, xv, 5, 7, 10, 13–16, 28–30, 33–34, 36, 60, 63, 71, 76, 85, 87, 97, 114–115, 129, 132–134, 144, 149, 159, 161, 165–167, 175, 177, 180–182, 185, 187–188, 192–202, 204, 207, 211, 213–214, 217–219, 224, 239, 249, 251, 287–288, 290, 292–293, 299, 305, 310
tax rectification
xv, 185, 187, 192, 196
see generally Chs. 4–5
Taylor, Peter
29, 37, 87, 100, 113–114, 185–187, 196, 345
teachers
xvi, 74, 126, 205
tenure
16, 59, 77, 129, 131–132, 140–141, 143–146, 148–151, 155, 162–163, 172, 175–176, 178, 185, 195, 197, 224, 270, 276, 291, 302, 313, 319, 334
fee simple tenure
175
socage
175, 313
territorial constitution (Landesverfassung) see under constitution
territorial government (state)
93, 171, 201, 213, 235, 292, 310
Theibault, John
98, 101, 130, 345–346
theology
41–42, 61, 69, 105, 123, 202, 232, 337, 344
Thirty Years’ War
xi, xix, 10, 12, 25, 27, 39, 61, 75n4, 95, 97–98, 102–104, 123, 128–133, 134, 138, 145n30, 150, 159, 161, 165, 169, 175, 181, 191, 193, 195, 203, 212, 219, 223, 236, 241, 249, 251, 254, 269, 283–284, 292–293, 303, 305, 308, 336, 342–343, 345–346, 348
Thomasius, Christian
x, xix–xx, 8, 13–14, 31, 108, 113, 204–214, 216, 220, 277, 292, 299, 324, 328, 337
Thudichum, Friedrich von
57, 60, 86–88, 346
Tierney, Brian
51, 108, 297, 313, 346
timbering
11, 14, 29, 58, 133, 175, 229
tithe
ix, 5, 58, 60, 134–136, 138–139, 143, 174, 181–182, 185, 188, 194–195, 197, 199, 288
Vermalterung of tithe
134–136, 138, 181, 194, 288
title and good title
xii, 128, 148, 160–161, 166n92, 170–172, 174, 176, 179n120, 193, 195, 197, 200, 203, 211, 275–276, 291, 303, 315
possessory remedies, rule of derivative title, and registration
titulo oneroso
171
toleration
6, 8, 10, 15–16, 39, 54, 61–62, 72, 289, 302
towns and townspeople
xvii–xix, 1, 4, 15, 19, 24, 38, 50–51, 53–54, 56–58, 60, 66–67, 77, 79–81, 88, 90, 98, 116, 123, 130, 134, 139, 148, 155, 162, 163–166, 183, 190–192, 207, 216, 218, 239–240, 243, 245, 262–263, 270–271, 294, 299, 302, 330
bourgeoisie
tradition
xi, 6, 21, 24, 27, 28, 37, 40, 50–51, 56–57, 62, 70, 88, 100, 107, 128, 134, 143, 149, 153, 163–164, 166–167, 181, 196, 208, 237, 241, 250–251, 268–269, 274, 297, 300, 316, 331, 337–338, 340, 346, 348
transactions
xii–xiii, 34, 102, 109, 128, 158, 168, 172, 174, 176, 181, 193–195, 208, 235, 240, 246, 250, 268, 286, 288, 291, 298, 302, 305–306, 318
trespassing
x, 167, 182, 185, 195, 292, 299
Umbach, Maiken
7, 35, 54, 66–67, 290, 346
uniformity and uniformitarian
xi–xiii, 11, 108, 300, 309, 316, 318
universality and universalism
xi–xiii, 34, 58, 64, 110, 205, 207, 265, 273, 291, 302, 309, 316–317, 345
universities
ii, ix, xi, xiv–xvi, xviii, xx, 6–10, 13, 16–17, 20–21, 24, 26–30, 32–33, 35, 37, 40–43, 50–52, 55, 57–58, 60, 66–67, 71, 73–77, 81, 85, 93–94, 100, 102–108, 113–114, 117, 120, 122–123, 126–127, 129–130, 135, 144, 167, 178, 194, 203, 205–207, 221–222, 224–225, 228, 230–231, 238, 243–244, 251, 268, 270, 274, 277, 285–286, 297, 299–300, 305, 307–309, 313, 320, 326, 330–348
unwind
xii, 155–156
usury
15, 42, 232, 251–253, 262, 264–265, 284
Usus modernus
xix, 36, 107, 123, 160, 243–245, 259, 295, 344
velocity
26, 123, 288, 293
Vermalterung see under tithe
Vienna
5, 8, 26, 29, 55, 66, 77–78, 117, 145, 238, 330–332, 343
violence
34, 98, 100, 109, 248
Volckart, Oliver
17, 347
Voltaire
43, 329
Vries, Jan de
ii, 40, 144, 179, 293, 295–296, 303, 347
Waldeck
19, 97, 186, 322, 340
Walker, Mack
17, 347
water and water use rights
14, 132, 179
Weber
25, 102, 130, 230, 250, 312, 341, 347
Weinschenck and Schenk-Statt
1, 3, 320
Wetterau
xvii, 19–20, 86, 129, 346
Wetzlar
20, 77, 121, 213, 247, 321, 325
Wetzlarische Neben-Stunden see Cramer, Johann Ulrich
widows and widow’s life use (Widem)
36, 113, 120, 129, 139–141, 150–152, 176, 184, 190, 192, 199, 291, 323, 328–329
Wieacker, Franz
107–108, 206, 296, 313, 347
wildlife
133
William (Wilhelm) IV, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
xix, 153, 183
William (Wilhelm) V, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
xix, 129, 139
William (Wilhelm) VI, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
xix, 130, 183–185, 187
William (Wilhelm) VIII, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
xix, 192, 261, 267
William (Wilhelm) IX, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel
vii, 192
Willoweit, Dietmar
61, 155–156, 184, 290, 294, 301, 348
Wilson, Peter
4, 129, 165, 348
Wolff, Christian
17, 31, 107, 113, 117, 206, 330
women (including Frau, domina)
2, 12, 15, 129, 131, 141–142, 147, 150, 157, 161, 176, 223–224, 266–267, 284, 291, 302, 311, 316
widows
Ysenburg
19, 80
Ziegenhain
48, 60, 76