1 Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, manuscript, dated 1334, showing a judge to the left. © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, A.F.9., fol.30b 10
2 Frontispiece of the manuscript of Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, dated 1334. © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, A.F.9 67
3 Mamluk silk with gilded threads, inscribed with sultan’s titles, 15th century. © Cleveland Museum of Art, 1939.40 94
4 Fragment of a silk coat from Egypt, 14th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art 31.14a, Alamy PA93T7 95
5 Mamluk silk fragment, lampas weave, circa 1400. © Cleveland Museum of Art, 1982.130 96
6 Mamluk silk fragment, circa 1400. © Cleveland Museum of Art, 1918.189 97
7 Mamluk silk fragment, late 14th century. © Art Institute Chicago, 1983. 747 98
8 Mamluk silk with gold fragment, lampas, circa 1500. © Cleveland Museum of Art, 1929.87. 99
9 Inscription (ṭirāz) on the façade of the complex of Sultan Qalāwūn (Photo courtesy of Bernard O’Kane) 100
10 Brass Bowl with Inscriptions praising the art of ṭirāz, 14th century. Courtesy of the Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar, Inv.no. MW-93-99-HU 101
11 Inscription on Mamluk pen box praising the art of ṭirāz. Private collection 101
12 Attendant of an enthroned figure, detail from the Palmer Cup. British Museum WB53, 1200–1250, © Trustees of the British Museum 110
13 Three Mamlūks, folio from a furūsiyya manuscript, dated 1330. © Aga Khan Museum AKM12 111
14 A Mamluk horseman with lance. © British Library, Nihāyat al-sūʾl, manuscript, dated 1371, add. Ms 18866, fol. 13b 111
15 A Cupbearer from a Mamluk illustrated manuscript of Jazarī’s Kitāb fī maʿrifat al-ḥiyal al-handasiyya, dated 1315. David-Collection, Copenhagen. http://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/materials/miniatures/art/20-1988 112
16 A Mamluk sultan sitting in state, engraving, Arnold von Harff. © Bodleian Library-MS-Bodl-972 00129, print dated 1554, fol. 64b 113
17 Mamluk Dignitaries, Arnold von Harff. © Bodleian Library MS Bodl. 972, print, dated 1554, fol. 67b 114
18 Brigandine in the name of Sultan Jaqmaq © Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, no. 1244M, (photo Azmi 1244) 115
19 ‘St. Marc healing Anianus’, by Giovanni Mansueti, 1516. © Gallerie dell’Academia, Venice, cat., 569. Wikimedia Commons 116
20 Episode from the life of St Marc by Giovanni Mansueti, Scuola Grande di San Marco, Venice. Wikimedia Commons, (Picture by M0tty) 117
21 Reception of a Venetian embassy by Sultan al-Ghawrī, by an anonymous artist, Bellini School. © Musée du Louvre 117
22 Portrait of Sultan al-Ghawrī, in Vecellio Cesare, Degli habiti antichi …, 1590. © Gallica, Bibliothèque Nationale de France 118
23 ‘The Stoning of St. Stephen’ by Vittore Carpaccio, 1520. Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, Germany. Photo Alamy 084-HR7MH1 120
24 The battle of Marj Dābiq, miniature from the Selīmnāme, first half of the 16th century. Topkapı Library, MS Hazine 1597-8, fol. 235a. Courtesy of the Directorate of National Palaces of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey (T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Milli Saraylar İdaresi Başkanlığı) 121
25 Mamluk soldier wearing a zamṭ, Arnold von Harff, © Bodleian Library MS Bodl. 972, print dated 1554, fol. 72b 124
26 Musicians wearing a zamṭ, a malūṭa, and boots, detail of Vittore Carpaccio’s ‘Baptism of the Selenites’. © Scuola di San Giorgi degli Schiavoni, Venice, Wikimedia Commons 125
27 A Mamluk Training with a Lance, fol. from a furūsiyya manuscript 19/2001, late 15th century. © David Collection, Copenhagen 126
28 Mamluk horsemen in military exercise, late 15th century, folio from a furūsiyya manuscript, courtesy of Bonhams. Islamic and Indian Art, 28 April 2018, lot 7. https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24623/ 127
29 Mamluk silk cap, 1985.5 © Cleveland Museum of Art, Wikimedia, https://clevelandart.org/art/1985.5 128
30 Mamluk silk cap. © Cleveland Museum of Art, Wikidata, https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1950.510 129
31 Mamluk silk cap. © Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (2) (36351944664) Richard Mortel from Riyadh, Wikimedia 130
32 Mamluk silk cap. © The Madina Collection of Islamic Art, Alamy ID TX0RJ9 131
33 Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, mns dated 1337. © Bodleian-Ms-Marsh 0458-45, fol. 45a 133
34 Silk trousers excavated in Egypt, dated to 1300–1400. Is.Tx0106. ImageStudio © Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels 139
35 Silk trousers excavated in Egypt and fragment of a silk jacket, dated to 1200–1300. © Victoria and Albert Museum, 763.1898 and 778.1898 140
36 Man of the working class, detail from a Mamluk copy of Kalīla wa-Dimna, ms Bodleian-Library-MS-Pococke-400_00050_fol-24a 147
37 Groom with elephant, detail from a fresco in the courtyard of Castello Sforzesco, Milan. Commune of Milan, all rights reserved, (Photo Fabio Saporetti) 148
38 Relief with an Oriental leading a camel, Palazzo Mastelli, Venice (Photo courtesy of Daniel C. Vaughan) 148
39 Woman with musician on a camel, Medallion on a Mamluk basin, © Victoria and Albert Museum, 2734-1856 150
40 Queen, woman and maid, Kitāb al-Ḥayawān by al-Jāḥiz, 14th century. Bibliotheca Ambrosiana Ar.A.F.D.140 Inf. 069-c-29b ©Veneranda Biblioteca-Ambrosiana 151
41 Scene in a tavern, Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, dated 1334. © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna A.F.9, fol. 42a 152
42 Female Musicians, Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, dated 1337, detail from frontispiece. © Bodleian Library, Ms Marsh 458, fol. 4a 153
43 Woman in indoor dress, Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, dated 1337. © Bodleian Library, MS-Marsh-458 00132, fol. 65b 153
44 Woman in outdoor dress, Maqamāt al-Ḥarīrī, dated 1337. © Bodleian Library, Bodleian-Library, MS-Marsh, 458 00132 fol. 28a 156
45 Woman in outdoor dress, Kalīla wa-Dimna, dated 1354. © Bodleian-Library-MS-Pococke-400_00163_fol-80b 157
46 Woman and physician, Risālat daᶜwat al-aṭibbā’, dated 1273, Bibliotheca Ambrosiana, cat. no. LXX, fol. 24b © Giancarlo Costa/Bridgeman 158
47 Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, St. Marc preaching in Alexandria, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, late 16th century. Wikipedia 163
48 Woman on a donkey, Arnold von Harff. © Bodleian-Library-MS-Bodl-972 00150, print dated 1554, fol.74b 163
49 Women of Cairo in outdoor (left) and indoor dress, by Pierre Belon (1557) 164
50 Icon from the Church of St. Barbara in Cairo, Coptic Museum in Cairo, 3451. © Hans Hondelink 166
51 Horseman on the Blacas Ewer at the British Museum 1866,1229.61. © The Trustees of the British Museum 173
52 Detail of a bottle of enameled glass, late 13th century. © Metropolitan Museum of Art MET_DP170374 174
53 Detail of a bottle of enameled glass, late 13th century. © Metropolitan Museum of Art MET_DP170374 174
54 The ‘Baptistère de St. Louis’, detail of the exterior. © 2009 Musée du Louvre/Hughes Dubois 175
55 The ‘Baptistère de St. Louis’, detail of the exterior. © 2009 Musée du Louvre/Hughes Dubois 176
56 Detail of an enameled glass bottle, 13th century, at the British Museum, no. 1869,0120.3. © The Trustees of the British Museum 177
57 Detail from ‘Baptism of the Selenites’ 1514, by Vittore Carpaccio. © Scuola di San Giorgi degli Schiavoni, Venice, Wikimedia Commons 182
58 Sculpture of an Oriental at the Campo dei Mori in Venice. Wikipedi8.Org 183
59 The ‘silk market’ at the complex of Sultan al-Ghawrī by David Roberts 1839, (Photo by Wellcome Collection Gallery. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35996700) 200