Editors
Yulia Yamineva
is Senior Researcher at the Center for Climate Change, Energy and Environmental Law (cceel) of the University of Eastern Finland Law School. She holds the title of Docent in Climate Law and Policy. Her research focuses on international climate change law, governance and negotiations, as well as law on air pollution prevention, and the science-policy interface, and has been published in leading academic journals including Nature Climate Change, Transnational Environmental Law, and others. She previously worked for the UN Climate Change Convention Secretariat and the International Institute for Sustainable Development.
Kati Kulovesi
is a Professor of International Law and Co-Director of the cceel at the University of Eastern Finland. She has published widely on international, EU, and national climate change law, as well as international economic law. Kulovesi has led several large multidisciplinary research projects funded by the European Research Council, the Finnish Strategic Research Council and Academy of Finland.
Eugenia Recio
is Postdoctoral Researcher at the uef cceel. Her main research interests are international and national climate law and governance and international environmental negotiations, with a focus on biodiversity and forests. Eugenia has worked at the local, national and international levels, both in developing countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe.
Chapter Authors
Pami Aalto
is Jean Monnet Professor in international relations at the Politics Unit, Faculty of Management and Business, Tampere University, Finland, and Principal Investigator of the university’s research platform Climate Neutral Energy Systems and Society (cness). He has worked on all major sources of energy
Thomas L. Brewer
is a member of the Emeritus Faculty of Georgetown University in Washington, DC. He has been Visiting Senior Research Fellow at Oxford University in the Smith School for Enterprise and the Environment, Visiting Scholar at the mit Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, and Schöller Foundation Senior Research Fellow at Friedrich-Alexander University in Nuremberg, Germany. He was a Lead Author of the chapter on International Cooperation for the Fifth Assessment of the ipcc. He has made presentations at conferences of the Harvard-China bilateral cooperation project on climate change, the Centre for European Policy Studies, unfccc cop side events, wto side events, and the EU’s Florence School of Regulation. He has been a consultant to the World Bank, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Adam Byrne
has a PhD in Geography, Law and Policy which he completed at University College London (ucl) and a Master’s degree in Environmental Law and Sustainable Development awarded by soas, University of London. At the time of writing his chapter in this book, he was a Visiting Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Department of Geography at ucl. Adam has research interests in both climate change and air pollution law. His doctoral research explored the origins, design and implementation of the UK Climate Change Act 2008. He has researched and published on the history of transboundary air pollution law.
Anna Claydon
is a Doctoral Researcher in international relations at the Politics Unit of the Faculty of Management and Business in Tampere University, Finland. The focus of her dissertation is on the dynamics of black carbon governance and the possibilities for enhanced mitigation. She approaches these issues through the structuration of knowledge on black carbon, stakeholder interests, policy entrepreneurship, science diplomacy, and the formation of an epistemic community around black carbon.
is a PhD Candidate at Reykjavík University, Iceland, where he focuses on the normative impact of climate change on the law of the sea in the Arctic. He holds an ll.m degree in Polar Law from the University of Akureyri, Iceland. Medy is also a visiting researcher at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland (Rovaniemi, Finland), a researcher at the Stefansson Arctic Institute (Akureyri, Iceland), and a researcher at the Centre for Law on Climate Change and Sustainability (Reykjavík, Iceland). His fields of research include the law of the sea, Arctic law and governance, public international law, environmental law, and human rights.
Louise du Toit
is Lecturer in Law at the University of Southampton and Visiting Fellow at the College of Social Sciences, University of Lincoln (United Kingdom). Her research focuses on strengthening environmental law and governance to respond to current earth system challenges, including climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, and plastics. Louise holds a PhD in Public Law and an LLM in Environmental Law from the University of Cape Town and is an admitted attorney of the High Court of South Africa.
Minna Hanhijärvi
is a Doctoral Researcher in international relations at the Politics Unit of the Faculty of Management and Business in Tampere University, Finland. Her doctoral study explores the nexus of truth-subversion in climate politics and inter-state trust in global climate governance in the framework of the Paris Agreement and the Russia-Ukraine conflict and war. As a case study, the focus is on the international cooperation on climate change in the Arctic and its global effects accelerated by black carbon and methane emissions linked to the flaring of the associated petroleum gas in the Russian oilfields.
Gørild Heggelund
PhD, Research Professor at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (fni), has carried out research on China’s environmental, energy and climate change policy for three decades, including China in the Arctic. Heggelund leads a newly initiated research project on China’s changing role in global environmental governance (2023–2027) working with partners in Norway and China – funded by the Norwegian Research Council. She is international advisor/expert for the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (cciced), currently for the policy study on Carbon Dioxide Emissions Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Policy Measures and Implementation Pathways. She
Matthew Hengesbaugh
is a Policy Researcher supporting Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (iges) Integrated Sustainability Center with action research on the 2030 Development Agenda. Mr. Hengesbaugh has worked extensively in the Asia-Pacific region advocating and delivering sustainable development policy objectives since 2006, over which time he has advised and consulted with the United Nations, including the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (unescap) on issues including climate change and air pollution, green economy, and sustainable consumption and production.
Mikael Hildén
has a PhD in resource management from the University of Helsinki. He led the Climate Change Programme in Finnish Environment Institute syke in 2010–2022. He served as chair of the egbcm 2017–2019. Currently he is vice chair of the Finnish Strategic Research Council and holds a position as Expert Councellor in the Supreme Administrative Court. He has gained expertise in combining legal, economic, social, technical, and scientific research on environmental policy.
Kateryna Holzer
is Senior Researcher with the cceel at the University of Eastern Finland Law School, where she leads a project on regulatory cooperation on carbon standards and teaches a course on international economic law and green transitions. Kateryna Holzer holds a PhD in Law from the University of Bern and a PhD in Economics from Ukraine. She has many years of experience in climate change and energy research, teaching and consultancy, with a focus on trade rules and measures supporting sustainable development.
Tuula Honkonen
is a Senior Lecturer of International Law at the University of Eastern Finland cceel. She holds an llm (London School of Economics and Political Science) and a PhD in Environmental Law (University of Eastern Finland). She is specialized in international environmental law and policy. Tuula’s research focuses largely on climate change law and policy at different levels of governance: from
Alice Karanja
is a Post-doctoral Research Scientist at the World Agroforestry (icraf) in Nairobi, Kenya where she works on the interplay between agrobiodiversity, food environment and nutritional issues. She holds a PhD (Sustainability Science, University of Tokyo, 2019) in which she focused on clean cooking in rural Kenya from the perspectives of adoption dynamics, impacts, national policies, and stakeholder engagement.
Stefan Kirchner
is Research Professor of Arctic Law and head of the Arctic Governance Research Group at the Arctic Centre of the University of Lapland in Rovaniemi, Finland. Prof. Dr. Kirchner is a member of the bar in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and is working at the intersection of human rights and the protection of the natural environment. He has taught international law at universities in Finland, Germany, Greenland, Italy, Lithuania, and Ukraine and currently (2023) serves as Chair of the Disaster Law Interest Group of the American Society of International Law and as Visiting Professor of Human Rights at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, Lithuania.
Timo Koivurova
is Research Professor at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland. He is focused on Arctic law and governance but has also conducted broader research on global law (including authoring an English-language textbook on international environmental law). Some of his research areas include: the legal status of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic (e.g. the Sámi); regulations and politics regarding climate change in general and in the Arctic; regulating mining industry practices; and the continued development of the Arctic Council as an intergovernmental forum. He has been involved as an expert in several international processes globally and in the Arctic region and has published on the above-mentioned topics extensively.
Harri Kokkola
is a research professor at Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern Finland at the Finnish Meteorological Institute and a professor of aerosol-cloud interactions at the Department of Technical Physics at the University of Eastern Finland. His expertise is studying aerosol-cloud interactions and their effects
Kaarle Kupiainen
works as a Ministerial Adviser at the Finnish Ministry of the Environment where his main areas of responsibility concern international cooperation in climate and environmental policies. He represents the Finnish Government in the oecd, the unfccc, the ipcc, as well as the Arctic and Nordic cooperation in different duties. Prior to his public office, he worked in director and managerial duties in environmental business as well as in academia, where his work mainly focused on emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases.
Thomas Kühn
is Head of the Research Group ‘Climate Change and the Cities of the Future’ at the Finnish Meteorological Institute. He holds the title of Docent in Global Aerosol-Climate Modelling at the uef. Kühn’s expertise is in climate modelling, short-lived climate forcers, and model development. His main research interests are in aerosol-climate interactions, secondary organic aerosol, and black carbon, with a special focus on the Arctic regions.
Kari Lehtinen
is Professor of Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry as well as Dean of the Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology at uef. His main research interests are aerosol microphysics theory and modeling related to various applications in atmospheric science and climate change. Lehtinen has published more than 200 peer reviewed international journal articles (3 in ‘Science’) and supervised 25 PhD theses. Together with Kühn and Miinalainen, he has been working with the editorial team in joint interdisciplinary projects on slcps since 2014.
Niklas Löther
is a Project Researcher at the cceel, uef Law School. He holds degrees in Politics and International Relations from the University of Aberdeen and Environmental Policy and Law from uef. His research focuses on the intersection of environmental law and global politics, including the influence of non-state actors and the role of science.
Tuuli Miinalainen
conducted her PhD studies in the global climate modeling team, Aerosol Physics group, uef Department of Technical Physics. Her dissertation was in global climate modeling with a focus on the impact of mitigating black carbon
Tade Oyewunmi
is an Assistant Professor of Law and Director of the Energy, Environment, and Natural Resources Certificate Program, at the University of North Dakota School of Law, Grand Forks, North Dakota, US. His research and teaching areas include property, energy law and policy, and international business transactions. He obtained his Doctor of Laws (ll.d) in International Energy Law and Policy at the University of Eastern Finland School of Law, Finland; his ll.m in Oil and Gas Law at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; and Bachelor of Laws (ll.b) from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Veera Pekkarinen
is a doctoral researcher in climate law at the uef Law School. Her research focuses on global legal and regulatory framework for methane, particularly on examining opportunities to strengthen action on methane in developing countries and informal initiatives targeting methane. Her research was a part of the European Research Council funded project “ClimaSlow: Slowing Down Climate Change: Combining Climate Law and Climate Science to Identify the Best Options to Reduce Emissions of Short-lived Climate Pollutants in Developing Countries”. Her other research interests include climate change loss and damage.
Malgorzata (Gosia) Smieszek
is a postdoctoral fellow at UiT The Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø, a visiting researcher at the Arctic Centre, University of Lapland in Rovaniemi, Finland, and an adjunct fellow of the East-West Center (ewc) in Honolulu, Hawaii. Her research interests include international environmental and Arctic governance, science-policy interface, science diplomacy, Arctic scientific cooperation, and gender-environment nexus. Smieszek was the Chair of International Arctic Science Committee (iasc) Action Group on Communicating Arctic Science to Policy Makers, a representative of iasc to meetings of the Arctic Council, and the Co-chair of the Arctic Observing Summit 2022. She is a co-founder of a non-profit “Women of the Arctic”.
David D. Sussman
is an Associate Professor in the Department of Global Studies at Tokai University in Japan, and most recently served as a Fellow at the Institute for
Charlotte Unger
is a Senior Research Associate at the Research Institute for Sustainability Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (rifs), which she represents in national and international climate fora, such as the unfccc, the ipcc or the Deutsches Klima Konsortium. Her work focuses on global climate governance, climate clubs and non-traditional alliances, carbon markets; as well as climate policy in Germany, the EU, and the US. She was also involved in the Berlin Climate Citizens Assembly. Charlotte draws from fifteen years of experience in the field of environmental policy, gained in civil society, governmental and scientific institutions. She holds a PhD in political sciences from the Technical University of Munich. Her dissertation focused on the international linking of EU Emissions Trading System.
Eric Zusman
is a senior policy researcher/area leader at the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in Hayama, Japan. Dr. Zusman holds a bachelor’s degree in Mandarin Chinese from Rutgers University, a dual Masters Degree in public policy and Asian studies from the University of Texas at Austin, and a PhD in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles. For much of the past two decades he has conducted research on environmental issues in Asia. This has included working with China’s Yellow River Conservancy Commission, the Chinese Research Academy on Environmental Science, Woodrow Wilson Center’s China Environment Forum as well as Taiwan’s Academia Sinica. He has published books and articles on water scarcity, air pollution regulation, environmental law, multilevel governance, sustainability transitions, low carbon development and the Sustainable Development Goals. He is currently serving as a lead author for the sixth assessment report of the IPCC (Chapter 17).