Figures
1 The Lower Germanic Limes region with the main locations and features mentioned in the text 23
2 Central places (military and civilian) that were in existence in the Lower Germanic Limes region in the Roman period 34
3 The total number of soldiers stationed along the Lower Germanic Limes 36
4 The development of the number of urban settlements in the Lower Germanic Limes region 42
5 Estimated population densities in the German Rhineland per km² 44
6 Estimated population densities in the Dutch part of the MDS region per km² 45
7 The chronological development of rural settlements in the six subregions of the Lower Germanic Limes region 47
8 The number of stray coin finds in the Roman Netherlands 54
9 The locations where the coins from Figure 8 were found 55
10 Important features of the Roman infrastructure network in the Lower Germanic Limes region 65
11 Dated wood remains from western Germany in absolute numbers 110
12 The percentage distribution of dated finding spots of wooden archaeological objects 111
13 Dated wood finds from the Dutch River Area and Dutch coastal area 113
14 Estimated number of yearly produced millstones in the Eifel quarries near Mayen 118
15 The number of dated pottery kilns that have been found in the Lower Germanic Limes region 136
16 Distribution of settlements where pottery kilns have been documented 138
17 Sites where Roman period glass production has been documented 153
18 Sites where Roman period metal production has been documented 159
19 The distribution of the dated terra sigillata stamps that have been found in the Lower Germanic Limes region 185
20 The total number of dated terra sigillata stamps per 25-year period, divided by region of origin 186
21 The total number of dated terra sigillata stamps from military contexts per 25-year period, divided by region of origin 190
22 The total number of dated terra sigillata stamps from civilian contexts per 25-year period, divided by region of origin 191
23 The total number of dated metal objects that have been collected in the PAN-database in 50-year periods 215
24 The distribution of the metal objects collected in the PAN-database and dated within the Roman period 217
25 The development of the number of metal objects in specific rural settlements 219
26 The development of average proportions of handmade and wheel-thrown pottery in 10 rural settlements 224
27 The sites that were used for Figure 26 and Table 15 225
Tables
1 Available space for surpluses in rural granaries 84
2 The relative proportions of animal species in rural settlements from the western Dutch river delta 88
3 The relative proportions of animal species in rural settlements from the Dutch River Area 89
4 The relative proportions of animal species in Tiel-Passewaaij 92
5 Amphorae from the Hunerberg (19–12 BC), MNI (n=31) 171
6 Amphorae from the Kops Plateau (12 BC–AD 69), MNI (n=654) 172
7 Amphorae from Neuss, fortifications 1–4 (16 BC–AD 16), sherds (n=936) 173
8 Amphorae from Neuss, fortifications 5–6 (AD 16–43), sherds (n=1608) 173
9 Amphorae from Xanten Ostmauer (Augustus–AD 50), sherds (n=2498) 177
10 Amphorae from Xanten Hafengrabung (Nero–second century AD), sherds (n=420) 178
11 Amphorae from Xanten Insula 15 (late first–second centuries AD), sherds (n=746) 178
12 Amphorae from Xanten Insula 39 (Trajan–mid third century AD), sherds (n=3794) 178
13 Amphorae from Bonn (second–third centuries AD), sherds (n=4075) 180
14 Amphorae from Braives (first–fourth centuries AD), MNI (n=146) 182
15 The percentages of handmade vessels in pottery assemblages from 10 different rural settlements 226