Index
1948 war
9, 544, 551, 572
ʿAbbāsid(s), ʿAbbāsī period
32, 65, 113, 250, 289, 353
ʿAbd al-Qādir (Algerian ʿālim and ṣūfī who resisted the French occupation)
560
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad (d. 1905)
5, 45, 211n40, 233n50, 241, 250, 253, 259, 262, 279, 288, 580, 583, 590n129
abrogation
.
see naskh
Abū Ḥanīfa
127, 393–94, 451.
Ḥanafī school
Abū Yūsuf (Ḥanafī jurist)
326, 329, 393, 396, 419, 437, 451
ʿāda (tribal customary law)
xii, 3, 76, 78, 88–89, 117, 122, 206, 257, 259, 278.
ʿurf
adab pl. ādāb (morals)
112, 124, 209, 223, 234, 256, 541.
moral(s); public morality
adab al-qāḍī
61
ʿadāla (moral and religious integrity)
44, 146, 171, 241n86, 294, 586
ʿadl
passim.
amīn; notary; shāhid; ʿudūl; witness(es)
dār (al-)ʿadl (tribal notary)
121, 125, 129, 132n76, 133n81–82, 134, 141–42, 144–56
kātib (al-)ʿadl (notary public)
71, 99
shuhūd ʿadl
71–72.
; witness(es)
administrative justice
289
administrative regulations
.
see siyāsa sharʿiyya
adultery (zinā)
24, 28, 55, 126–28, 569, 580, 588.
illicit intercourse; zinā
Africa
15, 24, 30, 147, 432.
North Africa
agency
.
see wakāla
agnates
.
see ʿaṣaba
al-aḥkām al-khamsa (the five sharʿī legal-ethical qualifications)
89n108, 569
ahl al-ḥadīth (jurists who mobilized the Prophet’s authority by means of ḥadīths attributed to him)
205
ahl al-ḥaqq [al-ḥall] wa’l-ʿaqd (jurists authorized to issue religio-legal permissions and prohibitions)
238
ahl al-raʾy (jurists who emphasized legal reasoning as a method for the creation of positive law)
183, 205
Aleppo
xiii, 2, 9, 307–10, 312–13, 316–20, 325, 329, 332–33, 336–37, 340
Algeria(n)
9, 21, 391n2, 398–99, 401–2, 407, 408, 411, 413, 423–24, 426, 560, 598
French courts in
397, 401–2, 418, 427
ʿālim pl. ʿulamāʾ (jurist)
4, 5, 112, 162–63, 165, 168n21, 170n38, 171nn43–44, 172n45, 183, 227, 231, 242, 263, 352, 380, 511, 560.
ʿulamāʾ
alimony
539, 571
allegiance
179, 223, 350, 353, 545, 563.
bayʿa; oath
alms tax
.
see zakāt
ʿamal (Mālikī judicial practice)
29, 45–46, 61–62, 114, 122, 152, 241n86, 257n37, 284, 338
amīn (reliable person)
133
.
ʿadl
al-ḥukm (agent of the shariʿa court)
147
al-sirr (secretary of the state)
333
amīr (royal title, prince)
307–8, 313–16, 321–22, 328, 330–33, 335–37, 368
amputation
77n63, 90, 176n10, 296n118
Andalusia
45, 122n56
Anderson, Norman
xii, xv, 20, 24, 147, 255
Anglo-Muhammadan Law
11, 273, 286, 549–50, 568, 570, 598
apostasy
233, 541, 543, 560.
Islam; ridda
ʿaqb (agnatic descendants)
381, 402, 408, 411, 414, 416, 449, 451
ʿāqila (solidarity group, male agnates up to a certain degree of relationship)
50n16, 103, 278
Arab countries, Arab states
9, 255, 257, 260n48, 274, 436, 469, 485–86, 503, 513, 517, 524–25, 546, 548, 551, 565, 571–72, 574, 589, 594, 598–99
Arab Evangelic Episcopal Church (Israel)
519, 541, 546
Arabia(n)
178, 207, 287, 433.
Saudi Arabia
Arab Spring
272
arbitration (taḥkīm)
22, 64, 70, 72, 104, 147, 158–59, 296, 573n58, 579, 582n95.
arbitrator(s)
award (ḥukm, qarār)
22, 63–64, 69–72, 74, 86, 89n109, 104, 106, 158, 384, 389
family
571, 594
tribal
33, 72, 77, 104, 106.
courts; tribal arbitrator(s)
arbitrator(s) (muḥakkam)
1, 4–5, 21–22, 64–66, 68–76, 80, 82, 84–87, 89, 95–96, 101, 106–7, 122, 146–47, 151–52, 158, 160, 168n20, 579
family
587n115
tribal
.
see tribal arbitrator(s)
Archbishop
518, 540, 552
Armenian(s)
536
Armenian millet
556
army
203, 260n48, 274–75, 295, 315n34, 317, 354, 358, 370
ʿaṣaba (male agnates)
8, 12, 171, 255, 391, 396, 411, 433, 481
aṣl (ascendant, generation)
409, 446–47, 449–50, 454, 461
assault
xiii, 34, 39, 43, 89–90, 157.
bodily harm
cultural assault (al-ghazwal-thaqāfī)
228, 233–34, 236
attorney(s)
577, 588, 596
Attorney General
225–26, 296n116, 570n46
power of (wakālā ʿāmma)
19, 21, 23, 26, 99, 101
ʿaṭwa (tribal truce)
69n31, 70, 77, 89
ʿayn (tangible asset)
318, 589
al-Azhar
177, 179, 258n39, 261, 281, 288, 291, 294–95, 444, 452, 458, 466n186, 494, 550–51, 572, 577, 579, 582
Bahai Faith
546
Bahai Organization
470
Balkans
371
al-Bannāʾ, Ḥasan
227, 292–93
al-Bashīr, Shaykh Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib (Sudan)
179–82, 193
bayʿa (vow of allegiance)
223.
allegiance; oath
bayt al-māl (public treasury)
7, 207n23, 223, 310, 317, 320–23, 333–34, 338, 391–93, 425–26, 428, 431, 434, 471, 496, 571n49
Bedouin(s)
passim.
qabīla; tribe(s) of the Judean Desert
.
see Judean Desert
Beirut
355, 358
Benghazi (Libya)
3, 49–51, 56, 116
berāt (extra rights anchored in the Capitulations agreements)
537
bequest
civil
488, 491, 493
obligatory, compulsory
254, 277, 441, 448, 463, 466, 475, 496, 575–76
religious
490
Berber(s)
16, 21, 23, 25, 29, 35, 179, 193, 206n23
Bethlehem
3, 62–65, 70–71, 91, 113, 116–17, 157, 169n27, 357
Qāḍī of
69, 73n47, 78–79, 87, 117, 121–23
Sharīʿa Court
.
see Court(s)
blood money (diya)
36–40, 51n20, 69, 71, 88–90, 106, 160, 249, 278, 540.
diya
bodily harm, injury (jurḥ)
xiii, 4, 37, 49–51, 65–66, 86, 89–90, 106, 115, 118n35, 120, 125n65, 142, 144, 151, 249, 257, 278, 539–40, 587, 591.
assault
Braude, Benjamin
536
Britain
273, 537, 562, 572
British India
.
see India
British Mandate in Palestine
.
see Palestine
Cairo
116, 261, 309–10, 317, 333, 346, 353
caliph(s)
113, 124, 205n17, 220, 248, 250, 322–23, 350, 353
the Righteous Caliphs (al-khulafāʾ al-rāshidūn)
2, 175, 189, 194, 202, 220, 222, 542
caliphate
2, 220n81, 292, 353
Capitulations
.
see Ottoman Empire
Catholic(s)
540, 545.
Greek Catholic(s)
Central Asia
369
Chad
35, 116
charitable gift (deed, purpose)
2, 9n18, 56–57, 223, 278, 324, 325n109, 328, 332, 334, 336–37, 377, 466n186, 469–70, 508, 543.
ṣadaqa
charitable trust
.
see waqf khayrī
.
Law(s)
charity (ṣadaqa)
56, 254, 266n63, 315, 322, 325–26, 348, 353, 377, 379–80, 388, 467, 486, 493, 502, 519n72, 553, 576
Chehata, Chafiq
255
child(ren)
best interest of
11, 285, 547
illegitimate
569–71
orphaned
.
see orphan(s)
socialization of
589
unborn
326, 398, 400, 402, 435, 439, 473, 475
welfare
325, 412, 429, 551, 583–86, 589, 592, 597
Christian(s)
64, 203, 345–46, 355–58, 367, 369–71, 374, 466, 507, 536, 538, 548, 560–62, 564
church(es)
540
community (-ies), population
346, 370, 518, 535, 540, 544–45, 555, 562n13, 595n153
court(s)
282, 285, 509–10, 511n42, 539–40, 562n13
endowment
510, 540
minority
346
monastery
378n96
village
345–46, 378n91
women
221, 544, 562
world
354
Christianity
228
church
111, 345, 354, 356–57, 384n148, 537, 540, 545
Arab Evangelic Episcopal Church
519, 541, 546
Christian
.
see Christian(s)
church property
.
see property
citizenship
536, 560
civil judge(s)
.
see judge(s)
civil judiciary (system)
34, 69, 72, 106
civil jurisdiction
528
civil justice
65, 72
civil society
111–12
claim(s)
civil
17, 34, 43, 86, 297n119, 587
criminal
69
monetary
21, 69, 74–75
personal
519
clergy(men)
282, 519, 540.
ʿulamāʾ
codification (taqnīn)
passim.
taqnīn
of the sharīʿa
.
see sharīʿa; tashrīʿ
cognates (relatives through females)
8, 9, 12, 77, 105, 119, 255, 260, 328, 331, 391, 421–22, 428, 430, 433, 453, 464–65, 476, 481, 497–98, 547, 565–66, 583–84
colonialism
286
legal
259, 273
common law
.
see law(s)
community
Christian
518, 540, 545, 555, 562n13, 595n153.
Christian(s)
Druze
xi, 439, 459, 510, 511n42, 546, 595n153.
Druze(s)
Jewish
540, 545n38.
Jews
Muslim (jamāʿa, umma)
.
see Muslim community; umma
Companions of the Prophet
.
see Prophet
constitution, Constitution
111, 225, 237, 258, 262, 264, 274, 280, 282–83, 289, 291, 294–96, 504, 538–40, 545, 592.
Law(s)
constitutional court
.
see court(s)
constitutional doctrine
280
constitutional law
.
see law(s)
constitutional movement
250, 273–74
constitutional norm (principle; provision)
xiii, 248n1, 258, 262, 264, 281, 568, 570
constitutional rights
287
contract(s)
customary
21, 95, 105
marriage
.
see marriage contract
sale
99, 101n63, 105
tenancy
105
three-party
97, 105–6
Coulson, Noel
xii, xv, 255, 264, 433n3
court(s)
passim.
Court(s)
Christian
282, 285, 509–10, 511, 539–40, 562n13
civil (niẓāmī)
11, 22, 34, 43, 69, 72, 87n97, 92, 101, 105, 111n5, 118n35, 124, 253–54, 258–59, 261–62, 272, 278, 282, 284, 285–87, 481, 489, 493–94, 504–8, 510–12, 536, 538–39, 543, 546–49, 551, 554–55, 565, 567–69, 599–600
constitutional
7, 258, 262, 264–65, 272, 274, 280.
Court(s)
decisions
xii, 37, 46, 61, 111, 251n18, 591n133
district
349, 484n96, 485n99, 486n104, 488–90, 492, 494, 506, 509, 547
Druze
xii, 504n5, 510–11, 546
family
3, 10, 285, 548–49, 564, 568, 596, 599
French (in Algeria)
29, 397, 398–402, 412, 418, 423–24, 427
Jewish
282
minutes (maḥḍar)
47, 308
national
6, 223, 251n18, 255, 262–63, 281, 284
notaries (shuhūd al- ḥāl, ʿudūl)
43, 49
mixed
273
Rabbinical
285, 297n119, 504n5, 510–11, 539–40, 546, 562n13, 564, 577, 593, 595n151
religious
8n17, 10–11, 282, 285–86, 470, 488, 492, 504, 506–10, 511n42, 539–40, 542–43, 545–47, 550, 555–56, 562n13, 564, 567–68, 570, 578n80, 584, 587n114, 589n126, 590n128, 592, 599
sharīʿa
passim.
Court(s)
state
69, 275, 297n119, 505, 536, 540, 562
tribal
32–33, 66, 68, 118, 160, 164
Court(s)
Court of Cassation (Egypt)
282
District Court of Haifa
349, 484n96, 485n99, 486n104, 489n117, 489n119
High Court of Justice (Israel)
3, 10, 285, 505n9, 513–15, 522, 545, 552–53, 559n2, 563, 564n26, 567–69, 574, 576–77, 589, 592–94.
Supreme Court
Sharīʿa Court of Acre
348–49, 351n20, 352n25, 360, 372n63, 386, 499
Sharīʿa Court of Appeal(s) (Israel)
3, 11, 123, 285–86, 441, 466n186, 494, 545, 549–51, 559–61, 563n22, 564n26, 570–73, 576–80, 582–83, 584n100, 585–89, 592–96, 598–600
Sharīʿa Court of Ajdābiya (Libya)
xv, 30, 43, 47, 49, 52–54, 56–59, 62, 125, 132–33, 141, 143–45, 152–53, 155
Sharīʿa Court of Beer Sheva
561n13, 590
Sharīʿa Court of Benghazi (Libya)
49
Sharīʿa Court of Bethlehem
65, 69n30, 71, 78–79, 82, 115, 122, 159, 165, 434n11
Sharīʿa Court of Jaffa
351n19, 432, 434n11, 469–70, 499, 562n14, 590
Sharīʿa Court of Jerusalem
78–79, 356
Sharīʿa Court of Kufra (Libya)
xiii, xv, 3, 20, 30, 32–34, 36–37, 40, 53n26, 62, 113, 115–16, 135n93, 141, 153
Sharīʿa Court of Nazareth
563n17
Sharīʿa Court of West Jerusalem
590
Supreme Administrative Court (Egypt)
281
Supreme Constitutional Court (Egypt)
7, 258, 258n39, 262, 264–65, 272, 280
Supreme Court
xiii, 3, 11, 105, 115n18, 258, 275, 284–85, 287n67, 349–50, 399, 442, 505, 514, 516n60, 520, 541–42, 544–45, 549–51, 554, 559n1–2, 562, 564n26, 568–70, 579, 586–87, 589–91, 593–94, 596–600
credibility
.
see tazkiya
Crimea
561
criminal law
.
see law
criminal legislation
.
see legislation
Crusader(s)
345, 354, 354n31, 367, 369, 375n77
custody (ḥaḍāna, ḥiḍāna, dhimma)
84, 284, 476, 549, 564, 583–86, 589, 594
custom passim
.
ʿāda; ʿurf
customary contract(s)
21, 95
customary khulʿ
15–29, 120n43, 121
customary law passim
.
tribal law
customary maintenance
8
customary marriage
.
see marriage
Cyrenaica (Libya)
3, 16, 32–34, 47, 50, 57nn37–38, 62, 115–17, 133n84, 141, 147–48, 152–53, 159, 168n20, 169n25, 371, 375
damage(s)
18, 51n18; 20, 71, 87, 92, 95, 97–98, 99n154, 101–2, 128, 142, 145–47, 149–51, 207n23, 216, 229, 249, 261, 482, 540.
ḍarar
Damascus
308–10, 317, 346, 350–55, 358–60, 367–68, 372, 375, 384, 580
Qāḍī of
2, 310, 346–47, 351, 384–85
Governor of
354–55
dār (al-)ʿadl (tribal notary)
.
see ʿadl
dār al-ḥarb (Domain of War, non-Muslim territories)
537, 541, 560
dār al-islām (Domain of Islam)
541, 560
daraja (degree in succession)
96, 327, 407, 446n84, 447.
parentela; ṭabaqa
ḍarar (prejudice, damage)
71, 92, 95, 97–8, 142, 145–46, 290, 579, 581, 585–87
ḍarūra (necessity)
5, 7, 46, 61, 187, 235, 257n37, 263, 275, 278, 280, 296, 286n61, 290–91
debt(s)
17, 23, 25–27, 44, 54, 56n36, 57, 93, 96–97, 105, 191, 241, 258–59, 334–5, 401, 462, 486–87, 497, 547, 561n13
defendant
46, 74–75, 90, 134n87, 349, 388, 569
democracy
226, 233, 238, 281, 295
dhawū ’l-arḥām (relatives that are neither Qurʾānic heirs nor male agnates)
7, 433
dhawū ’l-farāʾiḍ (Qurʾānic heirs)
8, 433
dhikr (incessant repetition of the name of God)
180, 188, 195, 380
dhimma (financial liability, protected status, custody)
17, 73, 81, 82, 84, 97–98, 335, 536, 560
dhimmīs (protected subjects)
536–37
discrimination
183, 287, 296, 541, 593
age of (mumayyiz)
145
in inheritance
401–2, 410, 416–17, 419, 449, 565
dispute (shiqāq)
1, 28, 33–34, 36, 38n19, 39, 51n20, 53, 58, 69–70, 72, 104, 125, 159, 296–97, 313
over inheritance (property, succession)
48, 348–49, 506, 360, 381, 422, 429, 458, 464, 482, 495, 506
over jurisdiction
564
over land
74, 76, 84, 91, 125
matrimonial (between spouses)
121–23, 125, 129, 132n76, 135n91, 141–42, 145–49, 151, 154, 542, 544, 548, 562, 574, 578–79, 586, 588, 593
among scholars
114, 116n24, 204n6, 206, 338, 431, 433n3
divorce passim
.
faskh; firāq; khulʿ; marriage; repudiation; talāq
suspended
4, 6, 160, 162, 168–69, 208–9
diya (blood money)
36, 38, 51n20, 160, 540.
blood money
diya mughallaẓa (enhanced blood money)
88
diya muḥammadiyya (Islamic blood money)
63, 69n31, 88–89, 106
document(s)
official, written (ṣakk, wathīqa, sanad, waraqa)
44–46, 61–62, 64, 70–71, 574, 590n129
dower
passim.
mahr; ṣadāq
deferred
18, 23, 73, 79, 81, 120, 548, 577, 587, 591n133
droit musulman algérien
598
Druze(s), Druze community
xi–xii, 8, 439, 459–60, 469, 482, 499, 510–11, 516, 540, 545–46, 552, 595n153
Druze custom
510–11
Druze endowments
510
Druze religious court(s)
xii, 504n5, 510–11, 546
Druze (religious) law
xii, 510–11, 595n153
Druze testation
8n17, 422, 469, 482
Druze waqf
511n42
Druze will(s)
474, 484
Dutch colonial law
273
education
10, 118, 121, 159, 162, 224, 228, 237, 242, 264, 274–75, 356, 502–4, 508, 517, 519n72, 539, 543–44, 550, 552–53, 562, 573, 577, 596, 600
religious (sharʿī)
8, 33, 62n53, 118, 121, 159, 164, 179, 207, 224, 227, 255, 276, 278, 281–82, 292, 316, 320, 336, 444, 551, 595–96, 600n175
Egypt passim
.
Law(s)
constitution
111, 280–81, 294
judges
111n5, 262
jurist(s)
251, 255, 266, 287
law, legislation
525n98, 574, 575.
Law(s)
legal history
281–82
Muslim Brothers (MB)
227, 296
national courts
262
reforms
553
endowment
.
see ḥabs; religious endowment; waqf
English (principles of) law, legal heritage
6, 10, 222, 225, 236n66, 259, 263, 284–85, 296, 509n31, 549–50, 570, 583, 591, 597–98.
Anglo-Muhammadan law
equal apportionment (of the estate)
419, 431, 457, 480–81, 483, 497
equality
before the law (court)
xiii, 33, 119, 273
between Muslims and non-Muslims
509, 537
between spouses
171, 274
in succession (or waqf) entitlement
260, 328, 402, 405, 419–22, 426, 428, 431, 456–58, 480–81, 547, 566–67
between wives
211
of women
277
equity (qisṭ)
6, 10, 241n86
Europe(an)
203, 228–29, 250–1, 253, 261, 266, 274–76, 286–87, 325n108, 355, 537, 548, 555
evidence, proof (bayyina)
passim
rules of
11, 61–62, 75, 262, 275, 282, 286, 549, 590, 596, 596n159
exegesis (tafsīr, shurūḥ)
16, 227, 232, 586
family
agnatic
414, 417, 423, 430, 453, 477, 482, 554
arbitration
571, 594
archive(s)
xiii, 2, 9, 307, 317, 320, 324, 336, 34
extended
329, 409, 429, 433, 463–64, 477
joint
464
law
.
see law
Muslim
256, 259–60, 411
nuclear
77, 251, 260, 277, 409, 429, 463, 470, 495, 595
waqf
.
see waqf
faqīh pl. fuqahāʾ (jurist)
113, 123, 142, 152, 155–56, 179, 236, 283.
fuqahāʾ
farḍ al-ʿayn (individual responsibility for fulfilling sharʿī obligations)
292
faskh (dissolution of marriage by legal proceedings)
127, 191n95.
marriage
fatwā (legal opinion)
1–2, 30, 123–24, 157–58, 162–66, 168–169, 171n39, 176, 187, 191, 212, 215n50, 217n62, 239–40, 249, 283, 291–92, 296, 353, 563n17, 563n24, 573.
iftāʾ
financial compensation
49, 50n16, 86
financial liability (dhimma)
17, 50n15.
dhimma
fine (gharāma)
57n41, 71, 76, 95, 102, 104
fiqh (jurisprudence, legal doctrine)
2, 5, 11, 45, 113, 152, 179, 229–30, 236, 240, 248n2, 248n4, 263, 276, 281–82, 286, 286n61, 289–90, 295, 585
al-aqalliyyāt
286n61
uṣūl
.
see uṣūl al-fiqh
firāq (divorce, separation)
81
forgiveness (ʿafw, musāmaḥa)
87, 89, 235
formulas
47–48, 162–3, 169n25, 325, 491, 493
fosterage (raḍāʿ)
127, 176n10, 186, 204n9
France
273, 354
fuqahāʾ sg. faqīh (jurists, experts in fiqh)
xiii, 29–30, 113–15, 123, 161, 164–65, 204, 206, 210, 222, 248–49, 254, 257, 290, 316n42, 468, 560, 585, 596–97.
faqīh; ʿulamāʾ
furūʿ (positive law)
7, 227, 229–30. 249n7, 276
Galilee
2, 345, 354, 452, 499–500, 517–18, 552
Gaza
296, 353, 355, 511
ghanīma (booty, spoils)
176, 205, 207–08, 221n88, 223
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid (d. 1111)
152n32, 179, 188
gift (hiba)
20, 56–59, 85, 353, 393, 425, 434, 440–41, 468, 479, 576
charitable
.
see charitable gift
.
ṣadaqa
‘gift’ marriage (ʿaṭāʾ)
.
see marriage
Gökalp, Zia (Turkish thinker, d. 1924)
242–43
Gold Coast
24, 28, 453
Granada
45
Greek Catholic(s) (Melkite)
518, 552
Greek millet
556
Greek Orthodox
518, 536, 540, 552
Greek philosophy
234n54, 236
guarantee (kafāla)
21, 27, 70, 85, 90, 105
guarantor(s) (kafīl pl. kufalāʾ)
21, 70–74, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105–6, 151
guardian(s) (wali, waliyya)
16, 20, 23, 27, 56, 78–80, 85, 112. 120, 158, 165, 171, 256, 274, 283, 547, 566, 581, 592
Guardian Jurist (vali-ye faqih)
283, 292
guardianship
285, 547, 549, 581, 584, 592.
Law(s)
ḥabs pl. aḥbās (special category of waqf property)
46, 322, 395, 402, 407–8, 416, 421, 423.
religious endowment; waqf
ḥaḍāna
.
see custody
ḥadd pl. ḥudūd (fixed Qurʾānic punishment)
24, 126–28, 146, 184, 249, 282–83, 539, 543, 580, 588
ḥadīth
passim
.
sunna
Haifa
xi, 349, 469–71, 489–91, 493, 499, 516, 518–19, 526, 530, 552, 563n17, 588n120, 590
ḥajj
350, 353
ḥakam (tribal qāḍī, arbitrator)
4, 64, 279.
muḥakkam; tribal judge
ḥākim (judge)
156, 332, 382, 385.
judge(s); qāḍī
Hallaq, Wael
43n1, 44n5, 52, 61, 241, 254, 265–67, 273, 279, 287
ḥalqa (a corps of free non-Mamlūk cavalry)
313–15, 322
Ḥanafī doctrine
86, 120, 124, 160, 162, 254, 264, 278, 282, 285, 311–12, 391, 393, 396, 398, 400–2, 407, 411–12, 414, 417, 422–23, 426–27, 447, 451, 479–81, 485, 491, 539, 543, 550, 561n13, 568–69, 579, 581–82
Ḥanafī qāḍī
426–27, 437
Ḥanafī school
8, 121, 160n9, 161, 164, 171n42, 191, 251, 278, 310–11, 318, 338, 349, 393, 397, 401–2, 415, 419, 424, 427, 430–32, 435–38, 451, 462, 549, 552, 571–73, 579, 582, 591n133.
Abū Ḥanīfa
Ḥanafī waqf(s)
406, 422–23, 426, 431
Ḥanbalī jurists, scholars
252, 289, 310.
neo-Ḥanbalī reformers
Ḥanbalī school
179, 291, 358, 401n53, 432, 457
haqq pl. ḥuqūq (claim, right, truth)
70, 74–76, 87, 96, 484, 573n58, 584–85, 588–89, 593.
ḥuqūq
ahl al-ḥaqq [al-ḥall] wa’l-ʿaqd (jurists authorized to issue religio-legal permissions and prohibitions)
238
ḥaqq allāh (right of God, public law)
588–89.
ḥuqūq allāh
al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf (Temple Mount)
74n51, 75, 539
al-Ḥaramayn (al-Sharīfayn) (Mecca and Medina)
9, 350
ḥazzābīn (reciters of al-Ḥizb)
405, 424
Hebron
69, 87, 353, 357, 511, 550, 561n13, 577
heir(s) (wārith) passim
.
inheritance
Qurʾānic (dhawū ’l-farāʾiḍ)
8, 12, 37, 39n26, 82–83, 321, 392, 398–400, 403, 405, 414, 418, 425, 427, 429–31, 433, 434, 437n29, 440n44;50, 442–43, 455, 463, 465, 471n17, 473–74, 480, 484, 487, 495, 497, 500
residuary
7, 83n81, 321, 338, 391–92, 403, 425, 428, 431, 434, 441–43
hiba
.
see gift
highway robbery (qaṭʿ al-ṭarīq)
77n63
Ḥijāz
3, 63, 157, 182, 325n105, 433n3
hijra (emigration)
560
Hinchcliffe, Doreen
xii
al-Ḥizb (special prayers composed by the founders of orders, or a sixtieth part of the Qurʾān)
398, 405–6, 424
homicide (dam, qatl)
xiii, 4, 34, 37, 39, 43, 46, 51n18, 65–66, 69, 86–90, 106, 115, 118, 120, 125n65, 157, 249, 257, 278, 539–40, 587.
qatl
honor (ʿirḍ, karāma, sharaf, wajh)
55, 70, 72, 74, 77n62, 86, 90, 105, 134n85
ḥudūd (Qurʾānic punishments)
.
see ḥadd
ḥujja, ḥijjih (oral pleading, authoritative proof)
71, 99n156, 168n20, 184
ḥukm (decisions in matters of law, arbitration award, legal norm)
2, 70, 86, 89, 117, 125, 211, 237, 578
ḥukm (political system)
231
ḥukūma (Islamic governance)
292
human rights
281, 287, 570
ḥuqūq sg. haqq (rights)
70, 74–75, 87, 319n60, 586, 593.
haqq
allāh (rights of God, public law)
573n58, 588–89
al-ʿibād (rights of human beings; private law)
573n58, 588
zawjiyya (matrimonial)
80–81
al-Ḥusaynī, Ḥājj Amīn (President of the Supreme Muslim Council and Mufti of Jerusalem)
513, 538, 542, 545
ʿibādāt (religious practices)
179, 190, 230, 243, 261n51, 266, 292
Ibāḍī(s)
419, 454
Ibāḍī doctrine
432
Ibāḍī school
395, 437, 451
Ibāḍī waqfiyya
441
Ibn ʿĀbidīn (Ḥanafī jurist, d. 1836)
257n37, 278, 563n24, 582, 584n101
Ibn al-ʿArabī (Andalusian Ṣūfī, d. 638/1240)
177, 179, 183n47, 189, 195, 353, 358, 380n122
Ibn ʿĀṣim (Mālikī jurist, d. 829/1426)
45–46, 61, 115n20, 146
Ibn Ḥanbal, Aḥmad
393
Ibn Ḥazm (Ẓāhirī jurist, d. 456/1065)
204, 576
Ibn Idrīs al-Fasi, Aḥmad (Moroccan jurist and Ṣūfī, d. 1837)
179, 181–93, 196–97, 207
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (Wahhābī jurist)
290
Ibn Rushd (Mālikī jurist, d. 595/1198)
576
Ibn Taymiyya (Wahhābī jurist, d. 1328)
121, 261, 289–90
ʿidda (waiting period)
69, 73, 81, 160n9, 170, 210, 460.
waiting period
iftāʾ (legal opinion)
141n2, 239, 293.
fatwā
ijāza (an authorization in religious studies)
179, 182–83, 317
ijmāʿ (consensus)
5, 176, 185, 192, 196, 205, 207, 222, 228, 232–33, 238, 241, 248, 257, 263, 582, 590n127
ijtihād (independent legal reasoning)
passim.
mujtahid
fī’l-madhhab
121n48
fiqhī (sharʿī interpretation by jurists)
237, 585
gate of
199, 229, 571, 582
neo-ijtihād (reinterpretation of textual sources)
252, 546
ikhtiyār (choice)
84, 179.
takhayyur
ikhtiyāriyya (elders)
77–79
Ikhwān (‘brothers’, descendants of officials and servants of zāwiyas of the Sanūsī order)
116.
Muslim Brothers
ilhām (Prophetic inspiration)
xv, 5, 175–77, 180–81, 185–88, 192, 194, 204–7, 211, 217, 219, 228
ʿilla (efficient cause, ratio legis)
233, 279
illicit intercourse
55, 60n50, 580.
adultery; zinā
imām, Imām
48, 170–71, 181, 190, 225, 283, 292, 332, 345, 348, 351–52, 355, 360, 374, 380, 382, 503
imāma
373, 374, 381–82
India
466, 561
British
11, 286, 598
infallibility
.
see ʿiṣma
infidel(s), infidelity
5, 206n23, 208, 211, 223, 317, 346, 560, 563n24
inheritance (wirātha)
passim.
ʿaṣaba; cognates; heir(s); succession
deprivation of
401–2, 415, 473–74, 541
law
xii, 11–12, 433, 468, 495, 565
rights
9, 105, 120n41, 477
rules (ʿilm al-farāʾiḍ)
8–9, 39n24–26, 40n31, 328, 433–36, 441–42, 445, 448, 453, 455–56, 463–68, 474–76, 481, 490–91, 493, 495–97, 500, 565
Sunnī rules of
442
system
12, 433, 468
intent (niyya)
54n28, 84
interest (prohibition on)
passim.
ribā
interpretation
legal
599
principles of (uṣūl tafsīriyya)
231, 234, 239
of shariʿa
276–77, 280, 585
of the textual sources
7, 176, 181, 185–86, 190–91, 211, 232, 237n68, 252, 267n67, 275, 281, 546, 567, 597
iqṭāʿ pl. iqṭāʿāt (agricultural land leased in return for a contractual payment)
315, 320–23, 331, 333, 335
Iran
7, 111, 251n18, 259, 272, 282, 284, 291, 294, 297, 571n50
Iraq
96, 206n23, 251n18, 256, 277, 571n50, 591n133
ʿirḍ
.
see honor
Islam
apostasy, secession from (ridda)
541, 546, 560.
apostasy; ridda
conversion to
124n65, 317, 544, 562
normative
29, 32–33, 36, 61–62, 67, 111n1, 116–19, 124–25, 129, 141, 148, 152n32, 158–59, 164
orthodox
158, 176n5, 226, 248, 502, 565, 598
Islamic banks
296
Islamic criminal procedure
51n18.
law(s)
Islamic law (sharīʿa)
.
law(s); Law(s); religious law
in a non-Muslim state
10, 272, 284–86, 535, 539, 541, 556, 560–61
Islamic legal methodology passim
.
Islamic legal theory; uṣūl al-fiqh
Islamic legal theory
2, 6, 44, 64, 114, 240, 248n3, 281
Islamic renaissance (nahḍa)
228, 240
Islamic renewal (tajdīd)
195, 224, 226–27, 229–30
Islamization
of areas, places
246, 355–57, 369, 371, 375
of the legal system, statutory law
111, 258–59, 265, 272, 281, 284, 287, 296, 551, 559, 583, 597
of the public sphere
275, 284
of tribal customary law
4, 66, 104, 107, 152, 272, 278–79
of tribal society, the Bedouin
1, 33, 79, 117, 157–59
ʿiṣma (infallibility)
183, 194
ʿiṣma (marriage bond)
81, 169
Israel
passim
law, legislation
.
see Knesset; Law(s)
Ministry of Justice
471, 479, 545, 563n20
Ministry of Religious Affairs
348, 349n11, 351, 373, 377n78, 516, 527n102, 552
Muslim society, community (Muslims) in
2, 10, 12, 470, 481, 484, 489, 493–95, 498–99, 502–3, 516–20, 523–24, 527, 544, 548, 550, 552–53, 562–63, 567, 573–74, 576, 588, 593, 595–96, 598, 600
State Comptroller
520, 523, 531, 553
statutes
11, 286, 296, 545
succession law
.
see Law(s)
Istanbul
352, 373
istiftāʿ (request for a formal legal opinion)
168.
fatwā
istiḥqāq (entitlement)
91, 408, 410, 449, 480, 552, 573
istiḥsān (discretionary opinion inconsistent with strict analogy)
235, 263, 324
istinbāṭ (deduction of rules)
231, 292
istiṣḥāb (a Shāfiʿī principle of legal evidence)
234–36, 239
Italian rule
3, 34, 117
Jaffa
403, 432, 469–70, 472–73, 475, 499, 511, 516, 518n65, 519, 526, 530, 590
Jerusalem
East
500, 552, 575, 599n171, 566n186
West
499, 575, 590, 599nn170–71
Jew(s)
296n119, 466, 507, 535–36, 538, 540, 545, 555–56, 560–62, 593
Jewish community, society
494–95, 539–40, 545n38
Jewish (democratic) state
550, 554–55, 561–62, 570, 596
Jewish endowment
510
Jewish law
.
see law(s); Law(s)
Jewish (religious) courts
.
see court(s)
509
Jewish (religious) parties
548n46, 555
Jewish women
.
see women
jihād (holy war)
176, 196, 223, 240s
Jordan
64, 69, 71, 80, 86, 88, 96, 100, 118, 157, 159, 161, 165, 266n63, 519n68
law
69, 80, 115, 118n35, 123, 159, 161, 251n18, 575.
Law(s)
Judean Desert
xv, 1, 3, 113, 113n10, 115–116, 118n35, 122, 157, 158
Bedouin of the
22, 115–116, 119n38, 122–124, 159–160, 165, 16n20
judge(s) (qāḍī, ḥākim)
48, 72n43, 92, 111–12, 125, 156, 168n20, 241n86, 253, 255, 258, 261–62, 264, 281, 284, 296, 309, 312, 323, 347, 383–85, 418–19, 489, 507, 528, 540, 549, 568.
ḥākim; qāḍī
civil
6, 115n18, 223, 258, 266, 281–82, 284, 549, 568
tribal
4, 64, 69, 70, 75–77, 86, 86n93, 89, 279.
ḥakam; muḥakkam; qāḍī; tribal arbitrator(s)
sharʿī
388–89, 569n42.
qāḍī
judg(e)ment(s)
26, 29–30, 34, 36, 40, 60, 69, 72, 75, 78, 101, 117, 128, 142, 157, 168n20, 183–84, 206, 252n21, 348–49, 351–52, 360, 367, 372–74, 379, 386, 507–8, 515, 522, 547, 559–60, 563n20, 569, 594, 596–99
Judgement Day
379, 383
judicial decree
3, 11, 256, 285.
manshūr; marsūm qaḍāʾī
judicial discretion
123, 125, 129, 284
judicial practice
passim.
ʿamal
judicial precedent (sawābiq al-ʿamal al-qaḍāʾī)
241n86, 284, 589
judiciary
2, 203, 258, 260, 274, 281n44, 283, 285, 289, 296, 310, 540, 545, 548n46, 551, 555, 578, 594, 597–98, 600
civil
34, 69, 72, 101, 106
sharʿī
10, 101, 106, 151, 259, 285, 545, 551, 559, 563, 578, 581, 589–90, 595–97, 599
state
242, 288n67, 296n119, 595n153
tribal
4, 68, 101, 279
jurisprudence
3, 7, 11, 261, 263, 285, 554.
precedents
Islamic
62, 114, 222, 252, 264, 286n61.
fiqh
jurists‘ law
.
see law(s)
justice (ʿadl)
236n66, 263, 573, 586–87, and passim
Islamic
587
natural (ʿadāla fiṭriyya, al-ʿadl al-ṭabīʿī)
6, 11, 241n86, 242, 263, 273, 284–85, 551, 568, 586–87, 597
social
6, 573, 587
God’s
242, 263, 283, 586–87
Kabyle Mountains, Kabylia (Algeria)
16, 21, 23, 25, 29, 399, 401, 422
kafāla (guarantee)
21, 27, 85, 105
kaffāra (atonement, religious expiation)
9, 86n93, 325
kafīl (guarantor)
21, 74, 100
Kemalism
274
Kenya
453
kharāj land
318, 320, 322–23
kharāj tax
322, 334
al-Khaṣṣāf (Ḥanafī jurist)
451
Khomeini
283, 291–92
khulʿ (the release of a woman by her husband in return for compensation)
15–17, 19, 21–22, 25–29, 81, 120, 122, 191n95, 204
customary
15–29, 120–21
sharʿī
15, 18, 29
kiswa (clothing)
17
Knesset (Israeli Parliament)
10, 285–86, 288n67, 297n119, 494, 502, 504n5, 508n29, 510, 518n65, 521–27, 52n107, 531, 545–46, 548–50, 554, 559n1, 566–68, 591–93, 595–96, 598–600
legislation
11, 281n44, 286, 495, 550–51, 566–67, 572, 574, 579, 590–91, 594, 597, 599–600
land
dispute(s)
76, 91, 125
law(s)
492, 527, 539, 546
mīrī
.
see mīrī land; mīrī property
mulk (milk) land
.
see milk
ownership, possession
91, 505–6
reform
6
register(s)
99, 118, 435, 464, 477, 489, 496, 508, 527
Land Reform Committee
526
Land Registry (Office)
83–84, 99, 101, 105, 477, 489, 496n143, 508
law(s)
common
583, 593n145, 598
constitutional
225, 281, 290n82
criminal (penal)
12, 86, 179, 249–50, 259, 282, 539, 568, 593
customary
passim.
tribal law
English
222, 583
family
xii, 7, 105, 115, 123, 235, 242, 261n51, 272, 277, 281–82, 544, 548, 550–51, 564–65, 571–72, 595, 598
inheritance
xii, 2, 11–12, 433, 468, 495, 565
international
35, 236, 562n13
Jewish
247, 272, 273n1, 281n44, 285, 287–88, 296n119, 484, 544–45, 550, 554, 559n2, 567, 570, 577n74, 595n151, 598n167
jurists’
xiii, 7, 11, 114, 206, 242, 248, 253n22, 256–57, 259, 261n50, 264, 266–67, 272–73, 275, 288, 297, 539, 544, 559, 565, 598
Muslim
516, 527n101, 528
Near Eastern provincial
433n3
personal (status)
65, 115, 159, 161, 163, 272, 282, 288, 546, 550, 561, 571, 595, 598.
Law(s)
positive
7, 203, 205–6, 209, 211, 227, 231–33, 248n1, 249, 276–78, 292
private
38n17, 51, 125n65, 146, 539, 587–88
procedure
290n82, 565, 588
public
115, 124n65, 146, 230–31, 233–35, 241, 243, 283, 290, 588–89
religious
.
see religious law
secular
35, 494, 506, 508–9, 528, 555
source of
xv, 32, 62, 67, 114, 122, 181, 185, 187, 194, 196, 204, 206, 222, 237n70, 241, 254, 257, 253, 278, 284, 288, 290, 296, 565, 566n31, 580, 597
state, statutory (qānūn, qawānīn waḍʿiyya)
xiii, 7, 70, 87, 91, 103, 114, 117, 125, 231n42, 232, 242, 247–48, 251, 256, 258–59, 261n50, 264, 266, 272, 275, 280, 295, 469, 498, 565, 592
of succession
.
see inheritance; succession
territorial
539, 544, 561
Torah
297
traditional
235, 590
waqf
.
see waqf
Western
273, 577
Law(s)
Druze Law of Personal Status (1948, Lebanon)
546, 595n153
Druze Law of Personal Status (1961, Israel)
595n153
Druze Religious Courts Law (Bill) (5723/1962)
504n5, 510–11
Druze Religious Courts Law (Draft) (1960)
510
Egypt Civil Code (1948)
251n18
Egypt Constitution (1971)
280
Egypt Constitution (1980)
111, 280–81, 294
Egypt Draft Constitution (2012)
294–96
Egypt Law abolishing family waqfs (1952)
525n98
Egypt Law of Personal Status (No. 25/ 1929)
574
Egypt Law of Testamentary Disposition (1946)
575
Egypt Waqf Law (1946)
254, 403n63, 409, 436, 438, 446, 448, 462
Iran Civil Code (1939)
251n18
Iran Constitution (1979)
282–83, 291
Iran Family Protection Law (1967)
283
Iraq Civil Code (1953)
251n18
Israel Absentees’ Property (Amendment) Law (5711/1951)
524n93
Israel Absentees’ Property Law (5710/ 1950)
513–15, 517, 519n69, 524, 529
Israel Absentees’ Property Law Amendment No.3 (Release and Use of Endowment Property) (5725/1965)
502, 527
Israel Absentees’ Property (Muslim Religious Endowments) Bill (5719/1959)
519, 521
Israel Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty (1992)
551, 568, 570, 592, 599
Israel Capacity and Guardianship Law [n.y.]
584, 592
Israel Civil Wrongs Ordinance [n.y.]
568
Israel Criminal Law (1977)
593
Israel Emergency (Absentees’ Property) Regulations (5709/1948)
513–14
Israel Immovable Property Bill (5724/1964)
527, 529
Israel Land Acquisition (Validation of Acts and Compensation) Law (5713/1953)
516–17
Israel Land Law (1969)
492, 546
Israel Law of Legal Foundations (1980)
281n44, 567
Israel Law of Property Relations between the Spouses (1973)
548, 592
Israel Maintenance (Securing Payment) Law (1972)
547
Israel Property Relations between Spouses Law (1973)
592
Israel Qāḍīs Law (5721/1961)
505, 515, 545, 563n22
Israel Qāḍīs Law (Amendment No. 10, 2002)
577
Israel Rabbinical Courts Jurisdiction (Marriage and Divorce) Law (5713/1953)
510n39
Israel Succession Bill (1952)
494
Israel Succession Law (1965)
470, 472, 481, 488, 490–4, 499, 547, 554, 568
Israel Women’s Equal Rights Law (1951)
481
Jordan Civil Code (1976)
251n18
Jordan Personal Status (Family Rights) Law (1951)
80, 115, 159, 161
Jordan Personal Status (Family) Law (1976)
115
Kuwait Civil Code (1961)
251n18
Lebanon Law of Personal Status of the Druze community (1948)
546, 595n153
Lebanon Waqf Law (1947)
436, 462
Libya Civil Code (1954)
251n18
Libya Law No. 18 (18 March 1973)
25
Libya Law of Personal Status (1972)
115
Ottoman Civil Code (1876)
.
see Mecelle
Ottoman Civil Procedure Law [n.y.]
588
Ottoman Family Rights Law (1917, adopted in Palestine in 1919)
115, 123, 251, 285, 539, 542, 547, 549–50, 564, 566, 579, 582, 588, 593, 595
Ottoman Hatt-i Hümayun decree (1856)
536–37
Ottoman Land Code/Law (1858, adopted in Palestine)
539, 546
Ottoman Procedure Law of the Religious Muslim (Shariʿa) Courts (adopted in Palestine) (1917)
539, 565, 588
Ottoman Succession Law (1913)
470, 481, 487n109, 492, 547, 554
Ottoman Succession Ordinance (1923)
470, 481
Palestine Charitable Trusts Ordinance (1924)
507–9, 509nn31–32, 528
Palestine Charities (Public Trustee) Ordinance (1925)
509, 528
Palestine Civil and Religious Courts (Jurisdiction) Ordinance (1925)
506n15, 510n37, 540n21
Palestine Defence (Muslim Waqf) Regulations (1937)
505, 513, 515
Palestine Jewish Community Rules (1928)
540, 545n38
Palestine Land (Acquisition for Public Purposes) Ordinance (1943)
509
Palestine Land (Settlement of Title) Ordinance (1928)
506, 507n20
Palestine Land Transfer Ordinance (1920)
508
Palestine Law and the Administration Ordinance (1948)
544
Palestine Order-in-Council (POC) (1922–1947)
538–542, 544, 546, 555, 561–62
Palestine Order Establishing the Supreme Muslim Council (20 December 1921)
504–5, 508, 511nn43–46, 515, 520, 524n94, 538–39, 545.
Supreme Muslim Council
Palestine Procedure Law of the Religious Muslim (Sharīʿa) Courts (1917)
539, 565, 588
Palestine Religious Community (Change) Ordinance (1927)
543
Palestine Religious Communities (Organisation) Ordinance (1926)
545, 595n153
Palestine Succession Ordinance (1923)
470, 481, 518n67, 538n15, 541
Saudi Arabia Basic Ordinance (1992)
289, 290n82
Sudan Judgments (Basic Rules) Act (1983)
226, 236n66, 241, 263, 284
Sudan Penal Code (1983)
255n28, 591
Sudan Penal Code (1999)
226
Sudan Transactions Act (1984)
251n18
Syria Civil Code (1949)
251n18
Syria Law of Personal Status (1953)
575–76
Tunisia Code of Obligations and Contracts (1906)
251n18
Turkey (Swiss) Civil Code (1926)
274
Lebanon
9, 525n97, 546
legal authority
177, 188, 237, 276, 288, 571–73.
legislative authority
religious
165, 211, 249, 253
legal capacity
57, 425, 486, 542
legal circular
.
see manshūr; marsūm qaḍāʾī
Sudanese Legal Circular
.
see Sudan
legal colonialism (istiʿmār qānūnī)
259, 273
legal competence (ḥāla jāʾiza)
48, 60, 156
legal discourse
541, 560–61
legal doctrine(s)
6, 32, 61, 178, 193, 211, 239, 251, 263, 286n61, 597
legal documents
xi–xii, xv, 1, 63, 65, 106–7, 113, 157, 309, 360, 375, 390–91, 427, 590
legal heritage
10, 285, 292, 544, 554–55, 567
legal maxim(s) (qawāʿid)
75, 86, 120, 290
legal methodology
passim.
uṣūl al-fiqh
legal pluralism
2, 258, 337, 535, 555, 566, 600n176
legal practice (praxis)
65, 114, 196, 236, 308, 338
legal precedent(s) (sawābiq qaḍāʾiyya)
6, 206, 242, 259, 263, 273, 551, 597
legal reform(s)
xiii, 7, 36, 178, 207, 251, 261, 274–75, 447, 551, 573, 595–96, 598
legal system
civil
106–7, 509
customary, tribal
65, 67–68, 91, 105, 152, 338
Islamization of the
111
religious
503, 509, 600n176
sharʿī, sharīʿa
4, 65, 67, 105–6, 152, 258, 265, 509, 512, 515, 572
state
3, 68, 258, 272, 286, 287n67, 296n119, 555
Western (-inspired), foreign
114, 228, 274.
law(s)
legislation (tashrīʿ)
.
law(s)
criminal
253, 275–76, 541, 547, 592
Islamist
226
judicial (tashrīʿ qaḍāʾī)
583, 590
modern
338, 409, 424, 463, 466, 485–86, 574, 589
legislative authority
238, 248, 250, 542, 550, 595.
legal authority
liability
18, 39, 96–98, 100
financial (dhimma)
17–18, 50n15, 81, 86
liʿān (mutual imprecation by the spouses and denial of paternity)
126–28, 135n92, 143, 580
Libya
passim.
Benghazi; Cyrenaica; sharīʿa court; Tripoli
Western Desert
24, 50n14, 134n87, 147–48
Lod (Israel)
469, 471, 499, 516, 519, 526, 530
madhhab pl. madhāhib (school of law)
118, 121n48, 175–76, 181–84, 190–92, 194, 196, 203, 228, 240, 248, 276, 549, 578, 596.
school(s) of law
maʾdhūn (sharʿī marriage solemnizer)
4, 27, 79, 121, 278
madīḥ (songs of praise)
180
madrasa, medrese (school)
9, 325, 328, 332, 334, 352, 368–69, 372
Maghrib, Maghreb
xv, 32, 45, 132, 178, 432
maḥḍar (record)
47, 308
al-Mahdī, Muḥammad Aḥmad b. ʿAbd Allāh (d. 1885) passim
Mahdī’s legal methodology, legal opinion
5, 6n13, 12, 175, 178, 181–82, 185, 187, 191–93, 195, 202–3, 206–9, 211, 218n71, 223, 228
Mahdi’s legal reformism
178, 207–8
Mahdist movement, rebellion (Mahdiyya)
196, 202, 209, 222
Mahdist state, territory
178, 203n1, 208–9, 222
mahr (dower)
67, 78.
ṣadāq
maḥram (blood relative prohibited for marriage)
17, 570, 583, 585
maintenance passim
.
nafaqa
Mālik Ibn Anas, Imām
401, 419, 423, 579
Mālikī doctrine
338, 390–91, 400, 406, 409, 417, 431, 564, 579
Mālikī judicial practice
.
see ʿamal
Mālikī jurist(s)
146, 318, 393, 396–97, 401, 407, 410–11, 414, 419–20, 428, 451n110, 576
Mālikī law, norm
35, 37, 40n30, 52n24, 56n36, 57n41, 114, 419
Mālikī literature
391
Mālikī qāḍī
.
see qāḍī(s)
Mālikī school
7, 19, 29, 32, 38n17, 44, 121–22, 127, 152, 179, 210, 240, 311n12, 321, 329n122, 390–92, 394–98, 402, 413, 419, 426–28, 430–31, 434, 437n26, 451, 462, 579–80, 590n130
Mālikī sources
394, 411n86
Mālikī waqf
.
see waqf
Mamluk(s)
308, 313–15, 317–18, 320–21, 328, 330–31, 337, 346, 351, 353, 369, 371
Mamlūk period
2, 9, 307–9, 320, 322, 324–25, 336, 357
Mamlūk state
141n2, 333
manfaʿa (usufruct, the revenue of landed property)
318, 393, 427.
usufruct
manshad (tribal judge dealing with violation of honor)
70
manshūr pl. manshūrāt (circular, proclamation)
2, 178, 202, 211, 218n72, 219n75, 572
maqāṣid (goals of the sharīʿa)
229, 232, 280–81, 286n61, 289, 293
marital status
55, 118, 210, 431, 462, 485–86, 497.
marriage
marjaʿ-i taqlid (‘source of imitation’, Chief Jurist)
283
marriage passim
.
zawāj
age
547
consummation
6, 73, 78, 81, 126–27, 155, 160n9, 168, 170n33, 170n36, 210, 254, 580, 588
contract
15–17, 21, 25, 27–29, 60n50, 67, 77, 79, 120, 135, 155, 170n35, 210, 221, 254, 548, 561, 564, 569, 571, 579, 581, 588, 592n39
customary (ʿaqd ʿurfī, zawāj ʿurfī)
79, 120–21, 566, 581n90
dissolution (faskh)
16–17, 22, 26, 29, 60n50, 81, 127–28, 145, 148, 170n34, 191n95, 208, 260, 277, 548, 561, 568, 571–72, 579–80, 588, 593
exogamous
423, 425, 465, 478, 482, 495
freedom of
17, 256, 461–62, 485–86
‘gift’ marriage (ʿaṭāʾ)
120, 170n38
marriage guardian
171
intermediate
4, 124, 160–61, 163–65, 170–71, 204–5, 210–11, 217–18
invalid (bāṭil)
216n55, 588
irregular (fāsid)
588
law
233–34
obstacle
168n23
polygamous
54n29, 176n10, 221, 253, 274.
polygamy
by-purchase
16, 19, 25, 27
rights (marital, conjugal)
16, 18–19, 27, 43, 211; and passim
marsūm qaḍāʾī (judicial decree, legal circular)
3, 11, 285, 441, 549, 572, 581, 597n163
Mashriq
64, 77n62
maskan sharʿī (legal conjugal dwelling)
72n44, 128–29, 133, 144–45, 148–52, 155n42, 561n13, 581, 591.
dār (al-)ʿadl
maṣlaḥa, maṣlaḥa mursala (public interest)
5–6, 29, 45, 52, 59, 61, 124, 129, 234–35, 239–41, 252, 254–55, 262–63, 275, 279, 283, 286n61, 288–89, 291, 293, 297, 317, 325, 546, 551, 573–74, 576, 580–81, 585–87, 589, 591
matriarchate
415
matrilineal system, descent
8, 410, 417n108, 430, 449, 453, 460, 465
mausoleum(s)
313n24, 317, 325n105
Mecca
9, 192, 195, 206n23, 221n88, 325, 329, 350, 353, 372, 377, 384n148, 486
Sharīf of
350, 353
mediators (wusaṭāʾ al-khayr)
70, 147, 178, 196
Medina
2, 9, 29, 152, 180, 192, 195, 221n88, 325, 329, 350, 377, 394, 535
Medinese doctrine
395
Mejelle, Mecelle (the Ottoman Civil Code, 1869–1876)
92–93, 105, 114, 251, 257n37, 278–79, 505, 536, 539, 546, 565–66, 579–80, 582
Mercier, E
.
397, 400–1, 405, 413–17, 422, 426, 428, 451
Middle East passim
.
Mashriq
milk, mulk (property, full private ownership)
59, 85, 92, 308, 311, 319, 321–23, 393, 395–96, 489, 492, 497, 499, 505–6, 518, 547, 565
documents
308
estate, land
320–23, 506, 554, 565
property
393, 395–96, 470, 489, 492, 497, 499, 505–6, 518, 547.
property
millet (milla) system
.
see Ottoman Empire
mīrī land
349, 406, 554, 565
mīrī property
470, 488, 492, 494, 497, 499, 506n16, 547, 554
monastery (-ies) (dayr)
345–47, 353–58, 370, 372, 374, 378–84.
Ṣūfī(s)
moral(s), morality
5, 118, 124, 146, 161, 203, 233–34, 284, 291, 486.
adab; ʿadāla; public morality
immoral (dubious) behavior
77n64, 144
Morocco
114, 375
mosque(s)
al-Aqṣā
Mosque 9, 75, 76n58, 119n38, 325
Great Mosque
392, 397–98, 412
al-Jazzār Mosque (Acre)
503, 516n61
al-Khalīl Mosque
9, 325
muʿāmalāt (transactions among human beings)
250, 289, 292
muftī(s) (jurisconsult, specialist in Islamic law)
passim.
fatwā; iftāʾ
Mufti of Jerusalem
511, 513, 542
muḥakkam (arbitrator)
4, 64, 70, 279.
arbitrator(s); ḥakam; tribal judge
muḥtasib (market inspector)
124–25, 152n32, 256, 587–89
mujtahid (scholar performing independent legal reasoning)
190, 205, 231–32, 234–35, 237, 293, 583
.
ijtihād
mukhbirūn (informants to the qaḍī)
549, 574–75
mukhtār (head of the tribe nominated by the government)
48, 64, 78–79, 85, 89, 91, 102
mulk (full private ownership)
.
see milk
murder (ightiyāl)
75, 88–89, 147, 590n130
Mursī, Muḥammad (former President of Egypt)
294–96
Muslim Brothers (Brotherhood)
6, 224–27, 284, 291, 296.
Egypt
Muslim community (-ies), society (jamāʿa)
10, 124, 227n9, 232, 242, 255, 257n37, 291–92, 295, 297, 322, 503, 516–20, 523, 538, 542, 544, 552–54, 560, 562–63, 573–74, 588, 595n153.
umma
Muslim countries
xii, 111, 266, 276, 282, 287, 441, 550, 563, 567, 595
Muslim family law
.
see law(s)
Muslim society
2, 7, 111–13, 124, 242, 255, 262, 277, 470, 481, 484, 493, 495, 498, 502, 524, 527, 548, 567, 596, 600
Muslim state
275, 502–3, 536, 542, 545, 555, 562.
Muslim countries
mutawallī
.
see waqf
Muʿtazilī doctrine, theories
264, 586
mystic, mysticism
177, 179, 180, 183–86, 188, 195–96, 207, 227, 356, 358, 367, 369, 375, 380n120, 380n122
Nablus
88, 511
nafaqa (maintenance)
72–73, 81, 133, 135, 574, and passim
nāʾib (deputy)
19, 34, 47–50, 52, 59–61, 121n47, 358, 360n44
An-Naʿim, Abdullahi A
.
286
naskh (abrogation of one textual provision by another)
176–177, 186–187, 204
naṣṣ (textual provision)
117, 184, 187, 204, 232, 235, 242, 579
nationality
541, 562n13
Nazareth
469, 471, 518–19, 526, 530, 552, 563n17
necessity
.
see ḍarūra
Negev
118n35, 499–500, 517, 561n13
neo-Ḥanbalī reformers
462.
Ḥanbalī jurists
Netherlands
273
Nigeria
20, 28
non-Muslims
9n18, 208, 216n55, 252n21, 287, 322, 507, 509, 536–37, 540, 542–44, 560, 562–64
non-Muslim state
10, 272, 286n61, 479, 496, 539, 554n60, 556
North Africa
5, 9, 11–12, 15–16, 29, 32–33, 66, 107, 122, 152, 207, 251, 257n37, 266, 338, 369, 390, 393, 395, 426, 430, 451, 456, 466, 550, 561, 577n78, 595.
Maghrib
notary (public) (ʿadl pl. ʿudūl, kātib ʿadl, maʾdhūn)
51n21, 71–72, 99, 121, 147–48, 151, 466.
ʿadl; dār (al-)ʿadl; ʿudūl
al-Numayrī, Jaʿfar (President of Sudan, 1969–1985)
6, 222–26, 241, 243, 255, 259, 263, 284, 572, 583n99, 591
oath (yamīn)
4, 6, 73–77, 86n94, 106, 120, 127, 134n87, 160, 168–170, 208
of allegiance (bayʿa)
350, 563.
allegiance; bayʿa; yamīn
obedience (taʿa)
16, 72, 80, 155n42, 160n8, 168, 548, 581
to the ruler
112, 261.
allegiance; bayʿa; oath
offense
11, 77n62, 86, 90n111, 126, 266n63, 286, 568, 587–88, 593
orphan(s)
8, 9, 147, 254, 277, 310, 321, 325, 398–400, 402–3, 405, 407–9, 413, 420, 428, 434, 439, 441, 447–48, 452, 454–55, 460, 463, 475, 480–81, 495, 575–76
orphanage
xi, 503, 517, 522, 531
Ottoman Empire
99n154, 251, 257n37, 284, 369–71, 373–75, 412, 426, 506, 535–39, 544, 554–56, 562
army
354, 370
Capitulations
273, 537
collapse
284, 535, 537, 562
colonization
2, 9, 370, 372
Islamization
2, 9
Defterdār
372
defters
308
family law
115, 123, 251, 285, 542, 547, 549–50, 564–66, 579, 582, 588, 593, 595, 598.
Law(s)
judicial reforms
34, 43, 566
law
481, 506, 519, 538, 547, 583
legal heritage
10, 544–45
millet (milla) system (a communal framework regulating the status and organization of the tolerated religious communities)
10, 285, 502, 535–37, 540, 546, 554–56, 561n11
officials
370–71, 375
Palestine
.
see Palestine
Qāḍī
347, 358, 372
qānūn
250
rule, regime
34, 162, 507, 535, 539, 549
sulṭān
.
see sulṭān(s); Sulṭān
Treasury
512n47
Young Ottomans
250, 274
ownership
.
see milk
.
land; property; waqf
joint (mushāʿ)
52–53, 425, 477, 482, 495
Pakistan
111, 227, 259, 266, 287, 576
Palestine
xi, 12, 66, 74n51, 96, 123, 285, 369, 375, 412, 414, 417, 419, 422, 435, 503, 507–9, 512–13, 524n91, 537–45, 551, 554, 561–62.
Gaza; West Bank
(British) Mandate, Mandatory period
118n35, 161, 285, 432, 448, 469, 472–73, 475, 503–9, 511–12, 518, 520, 524, 537–38, 540–45, 547, 554, 562–63
parentela (the kin of a person by descent)
39n25, 83n83, 328, 407, 412–17, 425, 430–31, 433n4, 443, 473, 575, 583–84.
daraja; ṭabaqa
parliament(s)
7, 10, 226, 238–39, 241, 250, 253, 257–58, 265, 275, 277, 280–83, 285, 291–97, 596
partnership (sharika)
54n28
paternity (nasab)
xiii, 46, 113, 125–29, 133–35, 143, 150, 210, 569–70, 580
civil
xiii, 11, 286, 550, 554, 570, 594, 599
Patriarch(s)
369, 540
patriarchal family
xiii, 7, 12, 260, 277, 429, 548
Patriarchate of Jerusalem
518, 552
patrimony
7–8, 12, 53–54, 82, 84–85, 277, 325, 330–32, 334, 337, 439, 467, 472–74, 477–78, 481–83, 485, 495, 497–98, 500, 554.
inheritance; milk; property; waqf
penal law
.
see law(s)
philosophy
228, 237, 481, 595
Greek
234n54, 236
of Islam
30
legal
258, 264
social
159, 258, 261, 289, 466, 469, 481, 600
Ṣūfī
180
piety
171n43, 325, 352, 367
plaintiff
45–46, 74–76, 90
pleading(s)
71–72, 168n20.
ḥujja
pledge (rahn)
6, 48, 90, 93–95, 99, 105, 430.
oath
polygamy
xii, 209–10, 218n73, 253, 255–56, 260, 277, 286, 541, 547, 566, 568–69, 583, 593.
marriage
Portuguese
355, 358
positive law
.
see law(s)
Powers, David S
.
43n1, 390n2, 433n3, 468
prayer(s)
47, 117, 189, 206–7, 291, 325, 350, 360, 374, 381–82, 397–98
pre-emption
.
see shufʿa
pregnancy
6, 125–27, 133–35, 143
private law
.
see law(s)
proof
.
see evidence
property (māl, milk, mulk)
passim.
milk
absentees’
9–10, 496, 502–3, 513–19, 521–22, 524, 526–27, 529, 552, 573–74, 576
Absentees’ Property Law
.
see Law(s)
church
537, 540, 545
communal, community
425, 502, 548, 591n134
Custodian of Absentees’ Property (Israel)
10, 496, 503, 516, 527n101, 552, 576
exchange of (istibdāl)
307n2, 310
family
417, 422–25, 430, 464–65, 502
immovable
52, 56, 80n72, 318, 458, 472, 482–83, 527, 529–31, 565
mīrī
470, 492, 494, 497, 499, 547
movable (manqūlāt)
53, 483, 499, 514
private
4, 9, 57, 59n48, 91–92, 278, 311, 320–21, 333
public (amlāk āmma)
320
relations
11, 285, 430, 493, 448, 592
secular
516
transfer of (intiqāl)
307n2
tribal
65
Prophet Muḥammad
2, 50n13, 56n3289, 158, 194, 202. 204–5, 209, 211, 215n52, 218n69, 218n73, 223, 357–58, 384n147, 426, 596
Companions (al-ṣaḥāba)
47, 49, 154, 180, 183, 192, 219n79, 325, 596
descendant(s)
.
see sharīf
encounter with (ḥaḍra)
117, 181, 187–88, 192, 195–96
prophetic inspiration (ilhām)
175–76, 205, 222
prosecution
69, 86, 124, 224.
public prosecutor
protection (dhimma, ḥimāya, jiwār)
12, 39nn28–29, 125, 134–35, 143, 150–51, 155, 280, 283, 289, 332, 334, 373, 377, 536–38, 555, 560, 592n140
Protestant
541
public interest
.
see maṣlaḥa
public law
.
see law(s)
public morality, morals
6, 112, 178, 187, 203, 209, 233–34, 256, 284, 296, 541.
adab; ʿadāla; moral(s)
public order
115, 129, 541
public property (amlāk āmma)
.
see property
public prosecutor
587.
prosecution
public sphere
111, 113, 129, 275
Public Treasury (bayt al-māl)
7, 207n23, 223, 310, 317, 320–23, 333–34, 338, 391–93, 425–26, 428, 431, 434, 471, 479, 496, 571n49
public welfare
.
see maṣlaḥa
qabīla (tribe, tribal affiliation)
3, 37, 47, 50, 91, 155.
tribe(s)
Qadhdhāfī (former ruler of Libya)
35, 154n39
qadhf (false accusation of illicit intercourse)
126–28, 176n10, 580
qāḍī(s) (judge of a sharīʿa court)
passim.
ḥākim; judge(s); tribal judge
Ḥanafī
426–27, 437
Ḥanbalī
310, 338, 458
Mālikī
35, 310n11, 427
qāḍī al-quḍāt (Grand Qāḍī)
309, 312, 572
sharʿī
1, 4, 69, 73n47–48, 79, 86–87, 89, 104, 113, 120, 122–23, 129, 141, 159–60, 164, 168n20, 258, 382, 442
tribal (ḥakam, muḥakkam)
4, 75–77, 86n93, 89, 279.
arbitrator(s); ḥakam; muḥakkam; tribal judge
Qāḍī of Bethlehem
.
see Bethlehem
Qāḍī of Damascus
.
see Damascus
Qādirī order
367–68, 373
Qadrī Pāshā, Muḥammad (Egypt)
251
qānūn (statutory law)
79, 89, 92, 101, 117, 125, 239–40, 250, 252, 256, 259, 263, 273, 345, 487, 491–92, 561, 592.
law(s); statutory law
qarāba (blood relationship)
96, 142, 255, 277
al-Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf
288
qaṣd (intention)
160–61, 164, 579
qatl (homicide)
86, 88–90.
homicide
intentional (ʿamd)
86, 88, 90n111, 106
unintentional (khaṭaʾ)
38n17, 87–88, 106
qawl (legal view, traditions)
2, 168, 184, 187, 582
qiṣāṣ (retaliation)
86, 127, 539.
retaliation
qiyās (analogical reasoning, analogy)
5, 176–77, 184–85, 187, 192, 196, 205, 207, 222, 228, 233–36, 248, 254–55, 263, 279, 580, 582, 590n127
Qurʾān
Qurʾānic heir(s) (dhawū ’l-farāʾiḍ)
8, 12, 37, 39n26, 82–83, 321, 391–92, 398–400, 403, 405, 414, 418, 425, 427, 429–31, 433–34, 437n29, 440n44, 440n50, 442–43, 455, 463, 465, 471n17, 473–74, 480, 484, 487, 495, 497, 500
Qurʾānic portion, share (of inheritance)
40n31, 392, 440, 455, 471–72
Qurʾānic punishment(s), sanction
.
see ḥadd
quṣṣa, quṣṣat al-marʾa (‘wife’s lock of hair’, promissory note)
20–23, 26, 28, 120
radd doctrine (reversion of the residue of an inheritance to the Qurʾānic heirs)
8, 321, 391–92, 399, 425, 434, 437–38, 440, 455, 471, 474, 480, 486
Ramla
469, 471, 499, 516, 519, 526, 530
raʾy (personal reasoning, judicial discretion)
86, 114, 177, 184, 196, 205, 295, 583.
judicial discretion
reconciliation (ṣulḥ, iṣlāḥ)
28, 62n52, 69–70, 87, 101, 121–22, 142, 225, 295.
ṣulḥ
religion
74, 182, 216–17, 221, 230, 233–34, 236, 242n92, 287, 296, 359, 377, 380, 424, 469, 508, 524, 537–39, 541–43, 555, 560, 564
folk
67, 116
freedom of
233, 275, 568–69, 593
popular
32, 118, 129
protection of
280, 289
and state
242n92, 260
religious education, school(s)
8, 33, 118, 164, 179, 278, 316, 320, 444, 458
religious endowment
7, 277, 509–11, 519, 521, 528, 538, 543.
waqf
religious formulas
163, 325, 491, 493
religious functionaries
112, 158–59, 202, 359, 371, 412, 503, 516, 539, 550, 595
religious jurisdiction
502, 528
religious law
35, 164, 234, 399, 422, 424, 488, 492, 508–10, 528, 537–38, 540–41, 543, 546–48, 555, 563, 566–68, 571
religious liberalism
241, 266n62, 279
religious library
444
religious services
336, 351, 354, 502–4, 517, 545, 552–53, 562
repudiation (ṭalāq)
4. 6, 17, 29, 123, 127, 160–65, 168–69, 191n95, 204, 210, 255, 594.
ṭalāq
irrevocable (bāʾin)
29, 127, 170n34, 210, 311
suspended
4, 6, 160, 162, 168n21, 168n23, 169n28, 208–9
triple
161, 164–65, 210, 594
residence
marital, conjugal
16, 72n44, 144
right of (ḥaqq al-suknā)
382, 423, 459–61, 464–65, 473, 484–85
retaliation (qiṣāṣ)
36, 86–87, 90n111, 127, 249, 539.
qiṣāṣ
revelation (waḥy)
32, 183–86, 188, 190, 211, 219n76, 242, 249, 264, 283
revenge
23, 38–39, 71, 86.
thaʾr; vengeance
ribā (usury)
94, 105, 258–59.
usury
Riḍā, Muḥammad Rashīd (d. 1935)
233, 261–62, 279, 288
ridda (apostasy from Islam)
541, 543, 560.
apostasy; Islam
rule of law
589
ruʾyā (the vision of the Prophet)
175n4, 177, 186, 188, 192, 196
ṣadāq (dower)
67, 81, 155.
mahr
ṣadaqa (charity, charitable gift)
56, 223, 322.
charity; gift; waqf
saint(s) passim
.
Ṣūfī; tomb(s)
al-salaf (the Forefathers)
227, 229, 238
Salafī(s)
xv, 2, 12, 177, 205, 227, 294–96
Salafism
5
salafiyya
175
Sammāniyya order
179–80, 182, 193, 208
al-Sanhūrī, ʿAbdal-Razzāq
251–52
al-Sanūsī, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī (d. 1859)
121, 189–91, 194, 196, 216n52, 375
al-Sanūsī, Muḥammad Idrīs al-Mahdī (Libya)
47, 50
al-Sanūsī (al-Sanūsiyya) order, movement
3, 33, 35–36, 57n38, 116–17, 121, 147, 189, 205, 207, 373–74
Sanūsī zāwiyas
371, 375
Saudi Arabia
226, 252, 260, 264n58, 266n63, 273, 289–90
Sayyid Quṭb
227, 292
Schacht, Joseph
67, 95, 248, 391, 423, 428–29
school(s) of law
7, 115, 118, 121–22, 144, 159, 165, 170n37, 175, 181, 203–4, 209–10, 220n81, 227–29, 249, 262, 264, 275, 278n27, 293, 295, 309–10, 318–19, 358, 437n26, 462, 466, 549, 564, 571, 582, 596, 598.
madhhab
scribe (kātib)
34, 40, 44, 65, 93, 97, 104, 309, 347, 352, 389, 466
sedentarization
.
see tribes
al-Shāfiʿī, Imām
170, 204n6, 393
Shāfiʿī doctrine
124, 162
Shāfiʿī fatwā
124, 164
Shāfiʿī jurist (ʿālim, muftī, qāḍī)
162, 164–65, 168n21, 171n39, 240, 310n11, 393, 444
Shāfiʿī practice
190
Shāfiʿī school
171–72, 179, 192, 234, 395, 432, 437, 451, 454, 570
shahādat naql (attestation of the conveyance of evidence)
43, 45–47, 49–50, 52, 58n43, 59, 61–62
shāhid pl. shuhūd (witness)
43, 51, 71–72, 76, 81, 86, 136, 146, 156
shuhūd ʿadl
71–72
shuhūd al-ḥāl (witnesses to the proceedings)
51, 136, 156
al-Shaʿrānī, ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (d. 973/1565)
177, 181
sharīʿa, sharʿī, sharʿiyya (Islamic law, the sacred law of Islam)
abolition
272, 274
application
3, 10, 112, 165, 253, 272, 281, 284–85, 294, 490–91, 549, 562, 599
codification, codified
xiii, 124, 240, 242, 247, 251–53, 255–57, 260–61, 265, 280–81, 284, 293, 600.
tashrīʿ
court(s)
passim.
Court(s)
abolition of
3, 43, 253, 261–62, 282
discourse
243, 272, 276
interpretation
276–77, 280, 585
judicial practice
34
judiciary
10, 106, 151, 259, 285, 545, 559n1, 563, 578, 581, 589–90, 595–97, 599
legal methodology
7, 114, 232n46, 256–57, 265, 276.
uṣūl al-fiqh
legal system
4, 106, 265, 509, 512, 515, 572
maqāṣid (goals)
229, 232, 280–81, 286n61, 289, 293
nationalization
7, 256, 266–67, 272, 274, 276, 282, 297
portion (in inheritance)
82, 399–400, 438, 455, 476, 480, 497
principles
265, 281, 289, 293
siyāsa
.
see siyāsa sharʿiyya
uncodified, non-codified
43, 115, 256, 258–59, 261, 266–67, 280
sharīʿa and tribal law (custom, customary law)
xii, xv, 1, 3–4, 18, 30, 32–33, 36–38, 63n1, 65–68, 105, 115, 117, 119, 121, 124, 129, 141, 152, 158–59, 223, 257, and passim
sharīf pl. ashrāf (descendant of the Prophet Muḥammad)
50n13, 56n32, 179, 215n52, 380n15
Sharīf of Mecca
350, 353
al-Shaybānī, Muḥammad (Hanafi jurist)
393
shaykh (tribal leader, elder)
Bedouin
121
shaykh al-dīn
164n15
Shaykh al-Islām (head of the Muslim community)
312, 542
Ṣūfī
.
see Ṣūfī
Shīʿī authority
283, 291
Shīʿī doctrine
434
Shīʿī law
255, 283
Shīʿī system
277
shufʿa (right of pre-emption)
95–96, 99, 106, 405
shūrā (consultation)
233, 238–40, 292, 295
shurūṭ (conditions, stipulations)
452
literature (legal formularies)
44n4, 466
sijill(s) (court records, register)
passim.
Ottoman defters
Sinai
64, 67, 71, 119n38
siyāsa sharʿiyya (administrative regulations within the boundaries of the sharīʿa)
11, 235, 238, 240–41, 250, 252–53, 286, 288–91, 293, 546, 551, 573, 581, 590
slave(s)
5, 16, 57n41, 203, 215, 315, 318, 331, 335
female
9, 57–58 221, 325, 337.
umm al-walad
manumission of (ʿitāq)
9, 46, 314, 325
manumitted, liberated, emancipated (maʾtūq, ʿatīq pl. ʿutaqāʾ)
2, 116, 119, 328–29, 331–32, 337, 392, 412, 443, 445
slavery
5
social justice
6, 573, 587
social welfare
8, 10, 278, 336, 517, 552–53, 573, 575, 584, 590
society
.
see civil society; Muslim society; tribal society
state(s)
Islamic (Islamist)
224, 292, 294, 296, 336, 338, 535, 553
legal system, principles
3, 68, 91, 272, 286–87, 296n119, 555
Muslim
.
see Muslim state
sharīʿa
237–38
statutes (mudawwanāt qānūniyya)
11, 118n35, 226, 240, 248n1, 251–53, 256, 259, 265, 276, 283, 286, 289, 296, 542, 545, 599.
qānūn; statutory law
Islamist
6, 241, 259, 263
statutory law (qānūn waḍʿiyya)
xiii, 7, 114, 117, 125, 231–32, 242, 248, 256, 258–59, 261n50, 264, 266, 272, 275, 280, 295, 469, 498, 565, 592.
law(s); qānūn
succession
.
inheritance
circumvention of
121, 408, 426, 500, 502
law, rules
390, 413, 470, 472, 481, 487–88, 490–94, 497, 499, 502, 547, 554, 568
per capita apportionment
420–22, 431, 456–57, 480–81
representation in (tanzīl, tamthīl, niyāba)
405n63, 409, 420, 422, 448, 455, 576
Sudan
Sudanese Legal Circular (manshūr qaḍāʾī)
572
Mahdī of
.
see al-Mahdī Muḥammad
national courts
6, 263, 284
Ṣūfī(s)
dervishes
9, 369
Mahdī
.
see al-Mahdī Muḥammad
monastery (-ies) (dayr)
9, 325n105, 345, 353, 369–74, 384n148.
monastery
networks
178
order(s)
32n1, 116, 176, 178–79, 182, 224, 229n25, 240, 358, 369
saint
55, 134n87, 194, 406
shaykh(s)
2, 9, 178, 345–47, 355–57, 359, 368–69, 372–73, 380, 380n115, 385n161
ṭarīqa(s)
.
see ṭarīqa(s)
tradition(s)
178, 183, 186, 195–96, 224
Sufism (taṣawwuf)
5, 183, 187–89, 195, 232, 243, 253, 355, 358, 360, 368, 373
Neo-Sufism
178n23
ṣulb (immediate offspring)
325, 327, 411, 416, 438, 451
ṣulḥ, iṣlāḥ (reconciliation)
28, 62n52, 101, 122, 159, 225, 295.
reconciliation
sulṭān(s)
232, 235, 239, 309, 312–13, 322, 334, 345–47, 352–53, 355–57, 359, 368, 370–71, 377, 536, 565
Sulṭān Bāyezīd II
271
Sulṭān Baybars
310
Sulṭān Meḥmed II
317
Sulṭān Qānṣūh al-Ghūrī (Mamlūk)
346, 350
Sulṭān Selīm I
2, 345–47, 349–50, 371, 375, 377
Sulṭān Selīm II
347
sunna
5–6, 11, 117, 122, 125, 175–76, 178n19, 180, 183–88, 190, 194n111, 202–7, 209, 223, 227, 231, 233, 235–37, 240–42, 248, 263, 279, 284, 286, 289–91, 293–94, 388, 395, 439.
ḥadīth
Sunnī doctrine, legal theory
255, 326, 439
Sunnī fiqh
240
Sunnī Islam, Muslims
353, 434, 468
Sunnī law, rules
403, 442, 575
Sunnī schools (of law)
2, 122, 210, 233, 255, 263, 292, 295, 310, 338, 391–92, 433
Sunnī states, world
297, 346
Supreme Muslim Council (SMC) (Palestinian British Mandate period)
161, 503–6, 508–9, 511–13, 515, 518, 524n94, 538–39, 542–45, 551–52, 554
synagogue
384n148
Syria
9, 251n18, 254, 256, 278–79, 309–10, 312, 322–23, 358, 368, 384, 525, 575, 576
ṭabaqa pl. ṭabaqāt (class, parentela, degree in succession)
39n25, 83n83, 277n25, 328, 348, 407–9, 420–21, 446–50, 452–53, 456–57, 575n68, 583.
daraja; parentela
ṭāʾifa (religious community)
538
takfīr (denouncing someone an infidel)
5, 206n23, 208, 211.
infidel(s)
takhayyur (eclectic device)
5, 7, 107, 161, 240–41, 251–52, 254, 259, 263, 275, 284, 338, 546, 564, 567, 572, 578, 597.
talfīq
ṭalāq (repudiation)
4, 18, 26, 30, 46, 73, 78, 80–81, 127, 143, 168–69, 204–5, 208, 210, 216
revocable (ṭalāq rajʿī)
78, 169n31, 210
irrevocable (ṭalāq bāʾin)
29, 127, 170n34, 210
talfīq (eclectic device combining elements from various sources)
5, 7, 107, 252, 254–55, 275, 292, 338, 546.
takhayyur
Tanganyika
453
Tangier
390–91, 393–94, 397, 405, 410–12, 415, 422–23
taqlīd (bound by the established body of law)
121, 177, 195, 203, 228, 230, 232, 249, 283, 310, 578
marjaʿ-i taqlid (‘source of imitation’, Chief Jurist in Shiʿa doctrine)
283
taqnīn (codification)
239, 250, 293
taqwā (fear of God)
104, 181, 183–185, 486
ṭarīqa(s) (‘path of the enlightened’, Ṣūfī order)
178–83, 188, 193–97, 203, 207–8, 352, 359–60, 371
muḥammadiyya (combines Ṣūfism and law and provides a state of illuminated consciousness)
180, 183, 188, 195
tashrīʿ (statutory legislation, codification of the sharīʿa)
236, 250, 255, 258, 260–62, 265, 280
ijmāʿ tashrīʿī (legislative or statutory consensus)
238, 241
qaḍāʾ tashrīʿī (legislative adjudication)
583, 590
tashrīʿ ijtihādī (legislative or statutory ijtihād)
238, 240.
ijtihād
tashrīʿ qaḍāʾī (judicial legislation)
583, 590
taʿṣīb (doctrine in sharʿī succession law)
39n24, 400, 433, 440n44, 442, 454–55, 474, 480–81, 483
tawḥīd (unity of God, theology)
179, 227, 232
tax(es), taxation
6, 8, 91, 91n118, 101, 123, 249–50, 266n63, 296, 320–24, 332, 334–35, 352, 370, 574
.
kharāj tax; ʿushr; zakāt
taʿzīr (discretionary punishments)
250, 283
tazkiya (test of credibility)
48–49, 51, 55, 74n53, 76, 106, 590
Tel Aviv
xi-xii, 519, 526, 530
Temple Mount
.
see al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf
testamentary disposition
xii, 56n36, 57, 84, 326, 329, 434, 485, 492–94, 497, 500, 547, 554, 575–76
testation
freedom of
2, 8, 8n17, 4t22, 469–70, 482, 494–95, 498, 500
testimony
43, 45, 47–59, 61, 121, 126, 135n93, 156, 171n40, 349, 383–84, 491, 590
false
146
oral
44
reliable
360
written
43–44, 48, 52–55, 57–59, 61
tha’r (revenge, vengeance)
38n17, 69, 86, 88.
revenge; vengeance
theft (sariqa)
77n63, 296n118
theology
179, 232n46, 444.
tawḥīd
tomb(s) (ḍarīḥ)
74n51, 126, 134, 143, 353, 356, 358, 374–75
Torah law
297n119
tribal arbitrator(s)
1, 3, 32, 37, 64, 68–69, 80–82, 86, 104–7; 113; 118–19, 121–22, 146, 151, 157, 160.
ḥakam; judge(s); muḥakkam; qāḍī
tribal courts
.
see courts
tribal custom, customary law (ʿāda, ʿurf, al-ʿawāʾid al-ʿashāʾiriyya)
xv, 1–3, 4, 11–12, 33, 36–38, 49, 63, 65, 68–70, 73, 76–78, 80, 84, 86–88, 95, 97n147, 99–100, 104–7, 117, 119, 121, 123, 129, 162, 170n38, 203, 206, 278–79, 433n3, 499–500.
ʿāda; tribal law; ʿurf
tribal judge (tribal qāḍī, qāḍī ʿashāʾirī)
.
see judge(s)
.
ḥakam; muḥakkam; tribal arbitrator(s)
tribal judiciary
4, 68, 279, 101
tribal law (qānūn ʿashāʾirī)
1, 3, 33, 36, 37, 38n17, 39n24, 40, 50–51, 67, 78, 89, 104, 117, 118n35, 145, 148, 150–52, 158, 164, 223.
ʿāda; tribal custom; ʿurf
tribal notary (dār (al-)ʿadl)
.
see ʿadl
tribal society
1, 16, 61, 63, 68, 79, 103–4, 106, 111, 113, 115–16, 118, 129, 141, 147, 150–53, 157–59, 223
tribal solidarity
90, 100
tribal truce
.
see ʿaṭwa
tribal witnesses
81
tribe(s), tribesmen
3, 32–38, 48–59, 64–65, 76, 85, 87, 91n118, 116, 119, 142, 157, 164n15, 169n27, 561n13.
qabīla
sedentarization
3, 33, 64, 68, 90, 113, 116–19, 129, 141, 151–53, 157–60, 499
Tripoli (Lebanon)
355
Tripoli (Libya)
3, 116
Tunisia
251n18, 282, 371, 373, 375, 560
al-Turābī, Ḥasan (1932–2016)
6, 224ff, 263, 284
Turk(s)
206n23, 209, 274
Turkey
260, 272, 274–75, 358
Turkish camps (al-qayqar)
216
Turkish command
355
Turkish schools of thought
274
Turkish territory, lines
208–10, 216n55
ʿudūl (professional witnesses)
43–44, 406.
ʿadl; notary
ʿulamāʾ sg. ʿālim (jurists, scholars of religious sciences)
5–7, 12, 112–13, 161, 176–77, 186–87, 192, 195, 202–3, 205, 207–9, 224, 228, 231–32, 237–43, 250, 259–62, 264, 266–67, 272, 276, 279, 281–82, 284, 287–88, 290–91, 293, 297, 332, 335, 337, 358, 369, 503, 560, 572, 578, 589, 597, 600n175.
ʿālim; faqīh; fuqahāʾ
ʿulamāʾ al-sūʾ (scholars of evil)
209
ultra vires doctrine (pertaining to testamentary disposition)
56n35, 84, 255, 326, 391–93, 426, 430, 434–36, 459–60, 468, 479, 486, 488, 491, 493–94, 497, 500, 508n28, 547, 554, 575
Umayyad(s)
278, 597
Umayyad Empire (661–750)
114
Umayyad Mosque
350, 358–59
ʿumda (village head)
24
umma (community of Muslims)
238, 249, 535–36, 554–56, 574
umm al-walad (slave mother who gave birth to a child from her master)
5
umpire (mumayyiz)
70–71, 81, 101.
arbitrator(s)
United States
276
urban society
106, 260, 464
ʿurf (tribal customary law)
xii, 3, 36, 38, 76, 88–89, 117, 122, 206, 257, 259, 278, 566, 581n90.
ʿāda; tribal custom; tribal law
ʿurf ʿāmm
257n37
ʿurf khāṣṣ
257n37
ʿushr (tithe, land tax)
318, 322–23, 332
usufruct (manfaʿa, taṣarruf)
83, 90, 322–23, 330, 393, 398, 401, 407, 485, 497, 517, 547, 565.
manfaʿa
uṣūl al-fiqh (Islamic classical legal methodology)
xiii, 5, 32, 114, 192, 211, 227, 229–31, 239, 248, 249n7, 256–57, 264–65, 267n67, 276, 279, 565
usury
249, 258–59, 282–83, 338, 578n79.
ribā
vali-ye faqih (Guardian Jurist)
283
vengeance (thaʾr)
36–39, 69, 86–88.
revenge; thaʾr
Wahhābīs, Wahhābiyya (puritan revivalist movement in the late 18th century)
193, 205, 207, 273, 289–90
waḥy (revelation)
184–85, 188.
revelation
waiting period (ʿidda)
4, 6, 16–17, 20, 27, 29, 69, 78, 121, 160n9, 162, 170, 176n10, 210, 254, 460.
ʿidda
maintenance
73, 81, 548
wakāla (agency, authorization)
79, 99, 101, 105, 320, 477
wakīl (agent)
19, 21, 23, 48, 117, 135, 317
walad pl. awlād (child, son)
407–8, 411, 421, 439, 451n110
al-walad li’l-firāsh (‘the child belongs to the bed of the marriage’, born in wedlock a child is legitimate)
134n85, 580
umm al-walad
5
walī al-amr (Islamic ruler)
292
waqf (religious endowment)
.
ḥabs; religious endowment
abolition
9, 436, 469, 529
administration
509, 512, 544–45, 562
administrator
324.
waqf, mutawallī; maʾmūr al-awqāf; nāẓir
ahlī (family waqf)
525.
waqf dhurrī
boards of trustees
10, 504, 520–23, 526–27, 529–32, 553, 573
charitable
2, 8–10, 278, 324–25, 329, 332, 334, 336–37, 377, 466n186, 469–70, 507–10, 528–29, 543.
waqf khayrī
committee(s)
511, 513, 520, 551
deed (waqfiyya)
2, 9n18, 387, 389, and passim
dhurrī (family waqf)
324, 504, 528.
waqf ahlī;
family passim
.
waqf ahlī; waqf dhurrī
founder
56n33, 309–10, 313, 315–16, 318–19, 335, 350, 396, 400, 405, 412, 465, 479, 501, 525n98, and passim
General Waqf (Endowments) Committee (British Mandate in Palestine)
511–13, 515
ghayr ṣaḥīḥ (non-genuine, i.e. established on mīrī land)
506, 512, 514
Ḥanafī
.
see Ḥanafī waqf(s)
khayrī (charitable)
8, 254, 278, 324, 334, 336, 504–5, 509n31, 512, 519–21, 523–26, 528, 553–54.
waqf, charitable
law
9, 254, 324, 329, 338, 403n63, 409, 436, 438, 446, 448, 462, 507–9, 522–23
maḍbūṭ (waqf whose management was seen to by the ma ʾmūr al-awqāf)
504–5, 512, 514–16, 519–20, 524, 526, 539, 551–52
Mālikī waqf(s)
390, 393, 398, 403, 407, 424, 426, 430–31
maʾmūr al-awqāf (independent waqf manager)
504, 511, 513, 518, 520, 524
management
511–12, 516
Ministry of Waqf
525, 539
mulḥaq (waqf whose administrator is a private person)
504–5, 511–12, 514–15, 539, 552
mundaras (family waqf which has become charitable waqf)
528–29
mutawallī (administrator, manager)
2, 56n33, 348–50, 356, 373, 378n99, 384, 396–97, 430, 435–37, 439–40, 443–45, 452–53, 459–60, 462, 464, 501, 504, 509, 511–15, 519–21, 525–28, 552
nationalization of
276–77, 526, 576
nāẓir (administrator)
311, 323, 329–33, 336, 348–49, 356, 382n134, 392–93, 397–98, 429, 445, 462, 525–26
property
passim
raqaba (bare ownership)
552, 565
ṣaḥīḥ (‘genuine’, i.e. established on mulk land)
506, 512, 514
temporary
395
testamentary
7, 48, 56–57, 329n122, 393–394, 397–99, 403, 405–6, 422, 426, 430–31, 436
waḥy (revelation)
184–85, 188.
revelation
waqfiyya
passim.
waqf deed
wathāʾiq sg. wathīqa (formulary manuals, written documents)
44n4, 45, 71, 574
wazīr (governor of a province)
113
West, Western(ization)
5–7, 11, 34, 111–12, 117, 225–28, 230–31, 233–34, 236–37, 239–43, 248, 250–53, 255–57, 259–66, 272–74, 277, 279, 284, 287, 289, 524, 535–37, 542, 544n36, 551, 566, 577, 590–91, 597
West Bank
68–69, 118n35, 159, 161, 581
widow(hood)
xi, 6, 23n20, 40, 78, 80n71, 82–83, 93, 398, 423–24, 460–61, 478, 485, 541, 581
will
passim.
testation
Jāhilī
500
witness(es)
passim.
shāhid
to the proceedings (shuhūd al-ḥāl)
51, 136, 156
professional
51n21, 147–48, 151.
ʿadl
witnessed document
48–49, 52
women
Christian
221, 544, 562
equal treatment of
500
Jewish
221, 544, 548, 562
(legal) capacity
2, 8, 57, 80, 84–85, 94, 100–1, 105, 260, 425, 479, 498, 542
(legal) status, position
106, 119, 178, 187, 226, 251, 277, 318, 337, 481, 497, 546, 548, 564, 571, 584, 591, 595–96
liberation of
548, 596
Muslim
xii, 8, 221, 498
yamīn (oath)
74–77, 86n94, 101, 106.
oath
Young Ottomans
250
Young Turks
274
zāhirī (literal) interpretation
185–86, 576, 597
Ẓāhirī(s), Ẓāhirī school
190, 204
zakāt (alms tax)
8, 266n63, 278, 296, 322.
tax(es)
ẓālim, ḍālim (transgressor)
21, 142
Zanzibar
147, 415, 419, 422–23, 441–42, 444, 451, 453–55
zawāj (marriage)
23, 85.
marriage
wa-nikāḥ
78–79
ʿurfī
581n90
zāwiya
55–57, 116, 348, 349n12, 356–57, 360, 367–69, 371–75, 378, 424, 452, 457n144
zinā (adultery, illicit intercourse)
24, 55, 126–27, 192, 580.
adultery; illicit intercourse