Abbreviations
Abbreviations generally follow the conventions of The SBL Handbook of Style, 2nd ed. (Atlanta: SBL, 2014), §§8.4.1–2. For abbreviations of collections (un-italicized with inventory number) and published editions (italicized with volume and item number) of papyri and ostraca, see https://papyri.info/docs/checklist.
| AB | Anchor Bible |
| ABD | David Noel Freedman, ed., Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols. (New York: Doubleday, 1992) |
| AcBib | Academia Biblica |
| AJA | American Journal of Archaeology |
| AJEC | Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity |
| AnBib | Analecta Biblica |
| AnBoll | Analecta Bollandiana |
| ANF | Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, eds., The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325, 10 vols. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Co., 1885–1896) |
| AnSt | Anatolian Studies |
| ANTC | Abingdon New Testament Commentaries |
| ANTF | Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung |
| APF | Archiv für Papyrusforschung |
| APOT | R. H. Charles, ed., The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1913) |
| ARG | Archiv für Religionsgeschichte |
| ASE | Annali di storia dell’esegesi |
| ASP | American Studies in Papyrology |
| ATANT | Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments |
| AThR | Anglican Theological Review |
| AugStud | Augustinian Studies |
| AYB | Anchor Yale Bible |
| AYBRL | Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library |
| BAAR | Walter Bauer, Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland, and Victor Reichmann, Griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der frühchristlichen Literatur, 6th ed. (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1988) |
| BABELAO | Bulletin de l’Académie Belge pour l’Étude des Langues Anciennes et Orientales |
| BAGD | Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, F. Wilbur Gingrich, and Frederick W. Danker, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979) |
| BASP | Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists |
| BDAG | Walter Bauer, Frederick W. Danker, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000) |
| BDF | Friedrich Blass, Albert Debrunner, and Robert W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961) |
| BDR | Friedrich Blass, Albert Debrunner, and Friedrich Rehkopf, Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch, 19th ed. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2020) |
| BECNT | Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament |
| BETL | Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium |
| BEvT | Beiträge zur evangelischen Theologie |
| BFCT | Beiträge zur Förderung christlicher Theologie |
| BHG | François Halkin, ed., Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca, 3rd ed., 3 vols. (Brussels: Société des Bollandistes, 1986) |
| BHT | Beiträge zur historischen Theologie |
| Bib | Biblica |
| BibInt | Biblical Interpretation |
| BibInt | Biblical Interpretation Series |
| BL | British Library |
| BM | Bibliothèque municipale |
| BMSSEC | Baylor-Mohr Siebeck Studies in Early Christianity Series |
| BN | Biblische Notizen |
| BnF | Bibliothèque nationale de France |
| BNP | Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, et al., eds., Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, 16 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 2002–2010) |
| BNTC | Black’s New Testament Commentaries |
| BR | Biblical Research |
| BSGRT | Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana |
| Budé | Collection des universités de France, publiée sous le patronage de l’Association Guillaume Budé |
| ByzZ | Byzantinische Zeitschrift |
| BZNW | Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft |
| BZSup | Biblische Zeitschrift Supplements |
| CANT | M. Geerard, Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti, Corpus Christianorum: Clavis Apocryphorum (Turnhout: Brepols, 1992) |
| CBd | The Campbell Bonner Magical Gems Database, http://cbd.mfab.hu/ |
| CBET | Contributions to Biblical Exegesis and Theology |
| CBQ | Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
| CCSA | Corpus Christianorum, Series Apocryphorum |
| CCSG | Corpus Christianorum, Series Graeca |
| CdE | Chronique d’Égypt |
| CGCG | Evert van Emde Boas, Albert Rijksbaron, Luuk Huitink, and Mathieu de Bakker, The Cambridge Grammar of Classical Greek (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019) |
| CH | Church History |
| Chm | Churchman |
| CIG | Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (see Horsley/Lee) |
| CIL | Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin, 1862–) |
| ClAnt | Classical Antiquity |
| COMES | Civitatum Orbis Mediterranei Studia |
| ConcC | Concordia Commentary |
| CP | Classical Philology |
| CurTM | Currents in Theology and Mission |
| DACL | Fernand Cabrol and Henri Leclercq, eds., Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, 15 vols. (Paris: Letouzey et Aném 1907–1953) |
| DK | Hermann Diels and Walther Kranz, eds. and trans., Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 3 vols. (Zürich: Weidmann, 1974–1975) |
| DOP | Dumbarton Oaks Papers |
| EBR | Hans-Josef Klauck, et al., eds., Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2009–) |
| EC | Early Christianity |
| ECAM | Early Christianity in Asia Minor |
| ECF | Early Church Fathers |
| ECL | Early Christianity and Its Literature |
| ECM | Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, eds., Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997–) |
| EDB | Epigraphic Database Bari, https://www.edb.uniba.it/ |
| EKK | Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar |
| EPRO | Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire romain |
| ETL | Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses |
| ETR | Etudes théologiques et religieuses |
| EWNT | Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider, eds., Exegetisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament, 3 vols. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1978–1983) |
| FC | Fathers of the Church |
| FGH | Felix Jacoby, ed., Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Leiden: Brill, 1954–1964) |
| FRLANT | Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments |
| GA | Gregory-Aland, https://ntvmr.uni-muenster.de/liste |
| GCS | Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten (drei) Jahrhunderte |
| GGP | Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie |
| GRBS | Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies |
| HB | Hebrew Bible |
| HBT | Horizons in Biblical Theology |
| HDR | Harvard Dissertations in Religion |
| HNT | Handbuch zum Neuen Testament |
| HNTC | Harper’s New Testament Commentaries |
| Horsley/Lee | G. H. R. Horsley and John A. L. Lee, “A Preliminary Checklist of Abbreviations of Greek Epigraphic Volumes,” Epigraphica 56 (1994): 129–169 |
| HR | History of Religions |
| HRCS | Edwin Hatch and Henry A. Redpath, Concordance to the Septuagint and Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1897) |
| HTKNT | Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament |
| HTR | Harvard Theological Review |
| HTS | Harvard Theological Studies |
| HUT | Hermeneutische Untersuchungen zur Theologie |
| HWRh | Gert Ueding, et al., eds., Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, 12 vols. (Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1992–2015) |
| IAsMinChr | Henri Grégoire, ed., Recueil des inscriptions grecques chrétiens d’Asie Mineure, vol. 1, repr. (Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1968) |
| IBC | Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Preaching and Teaching |
| ICC | International Critical Commentary |
| ICUR | Inscriptiones christianae urbis Romae (see Horsley/Lee) |
| IG | Inscriptiones Graecae (see Horsley/Lee) |
| IGLSyria | Inscriptions grecques et latines de la Syrie (see Horsley/Lee) |
| IGNTP | International Greek New Testament Project |
| IKorinthMeritt | Benjamin Dean Meritt, Corinth, vol. 8/1: Greek Inscriptions 1896–1927 (Cambridge, MA: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1931) |
| ILCV | Ernst Diehl, et al., Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres, 4 vols. (Berlin: Weidmann, 1924–1967) |
| ILS | Hermann Dessau, ed., Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 3 vols. (Berlin: Weidmann, 1892–1916) |
| Int | Interpretation |
| ISyriaPrentice | William K. Prentice, Publications of an American Archaeological Expedition to Syria, III. Greek and Latin Inscriptions (New York: Century Co., 1908) |
| ISyriaPrinceton B | William K. Prentice, Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria, III. Greek and Latin Inscriptions, B. Northern Syria (Leiden: Brill, 1908–1922) |
| JAC | Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum |
| JB | Jerusalem Bible |
| JBL | Journal of Biblical Literature |
| JEAC | Journal of Ethics in Antiquity and Christianity |
| JECS | Journal of Early Christian Studies |
| JEH | Journal of Ecclesiastical History |
| JÖAI | Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts |
| JR | Journal of Religion |
| JRA | Journal of Roman Archaeology |
| JRASup | Supplements to the Journal of Roman Archaeology |
| JRS | Journal of Roman Studies |
| JSNT | Journal for the Study of the New Testament |
| JSNTSup | Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series |
| JTS | Journal of Theological Studies |
| KBR | Royal Library of Belgium |
| KEK | Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament (Meyer-Kommentar) |
| KJV | King James Version |
| LAECG | Jeffrey Spier, Late Antique and Early Christian Gems, 2nd ed., Spätantike – Frühes Christentum – Byzanz B/20 (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2013) |
| L&N | Johannes P. Louw and Eugene A. Nida, eds., Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1989) |
| LBH | Oda Wischmeyer, et al., eds., Lexikon der Bibelhermeneutik: Begriffe – Methoden – Theorien – Konzepte (Berlin: De Gruyter, 20o9) |
| LCL | Loeb Classical Library |
| LD | Lectio Divina |
| LNTS | Library of New Testament Studies |
| LSAM | Franciszek Sokolowski, Lois sacrées d l’Asie Mineure, École française d’Athènes: Travaux et mémoires 9 (Paris: De Boccard, 1955) |
| LSJ | Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., with rev. suppl. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996) |
| LTQ | Lexington Theological Quarterly |
| LXX | Septuagint, ed. Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006) |
| MChAr | Mitteilungen zur christlichen Archäologie |
| MNTC | Moffatt New Testament Commentary |
| Mus | Le Muséon: Revue d’études orientales |
| NA27 | Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger, eds., Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1993) |
| NA28 | Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, Bruce M. Metzger, and Holger Strutwolf, eds., Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2012) |
| NEB | New English Bible |
| NedTT | Nederlands theologisch tijdschrift |
| Neot | Neotestamentica |
| NET | Neutestamentliche Entwürfe zur Theologie |
| NewDocs | G. H. R. Horsley and Stephen Llewelyn, eds., New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (North Ryde, NSW: Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, Macquarie University, 1981–) |
| NHMS | Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies |
| NIB | Leander E. Keck, ed., The New Interpreter’s Bible, 12 vols. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1994–2004) |
| NICNT | New International Commentary on the New Testament |
| NIDB | Katharine Doob Sakenfeld, et al., eds., New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, 5 vols. (Nashville: Abingdon, 2006–2009) |
| NIGTC | New International Greek Testament Commentary |
| NIV | New International Version |
| NovT | Novum Testamentum |
| NovTSup | Supplements to Novum Testamentum |
| NPNF1 | Philip Schaff, ed., A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, series 1 (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1886–1900); repr. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1980–93) |
| NRSV | New Revised Standard Version |
| NT | New Testament |
| NTAbh | Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen |
| NTAMNS | Tony Burke and Brent Landau, eds., New Testament Apocrypha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, 3 vols. (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2016–2023) |
| NTD | Das Neue Testament Deutsch |
| NTGF | New Testament in the Greek Fathers |
| NTL | New Testament Library |
| NTOA | Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus |
| NTS | New Testament Studies |
| NTSI | The New Testament and the Scriptures of Israel |
| NTTSD | New Testament Tools, Studies, and Documents |
| OBO | Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis |
| OCD | Simon Hornblower, Anthony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) |
| OECS | Oxford Early Christian Studies |
| OECT | Oxford Early Christian Texts |
| OLD | Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968–1982) |
| ÖNB | Österreichische Nationalbibliothek |
| OrChrAn | Orientalia Christiana Analecta |
| OT | Old Testament |
| PG | Patrologia Graeca = Jacques-Paul Migne, ed., Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca, 162 vols. (Paris, 1857–1886) |
| PGL | Geoffrey W. H. Lampe, Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961) |
| PGM | Karl Preisendanz and Albert Henrichs, eds., Papyri Graecae Magicae: Die griechischen Zauberpapyri, 2nd ed. (Stuttgart: Teubner, 1973–1974) |
| PhA | Philosophia Antiqua |
| PHI | Packard Humanities Institute, Searchable Greek Inscriptions, https://inscriptions.packhum.org/ |
| Pinakes | Pinakes | |
| PKNT | Papyrologische Kommentare zum Neuen Testament |
| PL | Patrologia Latina = Jacques-Paul Migne, ed., Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina, 217 vols. (Paris, 1844–1864) |
| PMG | D. L. Page, ed., Poetae melici Graeci (Oxford: Clarendon, 1962) |
| PSB | Princeton Seminary Bulletin |
| PW | Georg Wissowa and Wilhelm Kroll, eds., Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 50 vols. in 84 parts (Stuttgart: Metzler & Druckenmüller, 1894–1980) |
| RAC | Theodor Klauser, et al., eds., Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1950–) |
| RB | Revue biblique |
| RBL | Review of Biblical Literature |
| RBS | Resources for Biblical Study |
| RelSRev | Religious Studies Review |
| RGG4 | Hans Dieter Betz, et al., eds., Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Handwörterbuch für Theologie und Religionswissenschaft, 4th ed., 8 vols. (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998–2007) |
| RGRW | Religions in the Graeco-Roman World |
| RPP | Hans Dieter Betz, et al., eds., Religion Past and Present: Encyclopedia of Theology and Religion, 14 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 2007–2013) |
| RSV | Revised Standard Version |
| SAAA | Studies on the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles |
| SB | Friedrich Preisigke, et al., eds., Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Aegypten (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1915–) |
| SBB | Stuttgarter biblische Beiträge |
| SBL | Society of Biblical Literature |
| SBLDS | SBL Dissertation Series |
| SBLTT | SBL Texts and Translations |
| SC | Sources chrétiennes |
| SCHNT | Studia ad Corpus Hellenisticum Novi Testamenti |
| SECA | Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha |
| SEG | Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (see Horsley/Lee) |
| SemeiaSt | Semeia Studies |
| SGRR | Studies in Greek and Roman Religion |
| SHBC | Smith & Helwys Bible Commentary |
| SIG | Wilhelm Dittenberger, ed., Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd. ed., 4 vols. (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1915–1924) |
| SJT | Scottish Journal of Theology |
| SM | Robert W. Daniel and Franco Maltomini, eds. and trans., Supplementum Magicum, 2 vols., Papyrologica Coloniensia 26 (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1990–1992) |
| Smyth | Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar, rev. Gordon M. Messing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956) |
| SNTS | Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas/Society of New Testament Studies |
| SNTSMS | Society of New Testament Studies Monograph Series |
| SP | Sacra Pagina |
| SPap | Studia Papyrologica |
| SPhiloA | Studia Philonica Annual |
| SPP | Carl Wessely, ed., Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde, 23 vols. (Leipzig: Avenarius, 1901–1924) |
| ST | Studia Theologica |
| STAC | Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum |
| StPatr | Studia Patristica |
| TAM | Tituli Asiae Minoris (see Horsley/Lee) |
| TCSt | Text-Critical Studies |
| TENTS | Texts and Editions for New Testament Study |
| ThH | Théologie historique |
| THKNT | Theologischer Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament |
| TimesLitSupp | Times Literary Supplement |
| TLG | Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/ |
| TLNT | Ceslas Spicq, Theological Lexicon of the New Testament, trans. James D. Ernest, 3 vols. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994). |
| TLZ | Theologische Literaturzeitung |
| TM | Trismegistos, https://www.trismegistos.org/index.php |
| TS | Texts and Studies |
| TU | Texte und Untersuchungen |
| TWNT | Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich, eds., Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament, 10 vols. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1932–1979) |
| UBS5 | Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, Bruce Metzger, and Holger Strutwolf, eds., The Greek New Testament, 5th rev. ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2014) |
| USQR | Union Seminary Quarterly Review |
| UTB | Uni-Taschenbücher |
| VC | Vigiliae Christianae |
| VCSup | Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae |
| WBC | Word Biblical Commentary |
| WGRW | Writings of the Greco-Roman World |
| WGRWSup | Writings of the Greco-Roman World Supplement Series |
| Wisdom | Wisdom Commentary Series |
| WLAW | Wisdom Literature from the Ancient World |
| WMANT | Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament |
| WUNT | Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |
| ZKG | Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte |
| ZNW | Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche |
| ZPE | Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik |
| ZTK | Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche |