This book’s foundations were laid with the PhD thesis defended in December 2014 at the Central European University in Budapest. I owe an immense debt of gratitude to my teachers there, especially to István Bodnár and Gábor Betegh. My sincere gratitude goes to the anonymous referee of the book’s manuscript for their insightful comments and criticism, as well as to the people of Spain for the kindness they showed me during the past year. I also give my heartfelt thanks to Silvia De Bianchi, and Gabriela Martinez Sainz and Daniel Vázquez, for their constant support and incredible kindness. Sections 3 and 4 of Chapter II were previously published in 2017 and 2018 under the titles ‘Lot-casting, Divine Interference, and Chance in the Myth of Er’, Apeiron 50, no. 1: 67–79, and ‘Theodicy and Moral Responsibility in the Myth of Er’, Apeiron 51, no. 3: 259–278. Section 3 of Chapter IV was previously published in 2016 under the title ‘Plato’s Theodicy in the Timaeus’, Rhizomata 4, no. 2: 201–224. They are presented here in somewhat modified versions. This result is part of the PROTEUS project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 758145).