This book is the culmination of a number of phases and several years of research and I am indebted to many people for their help along the way. Firstly I would like to thank the archivists and staff at Stockholm City Archives, Gothenburg Provincial Archives, The National Archives at Kew, the National Archives of Norway in Oslo, Derbyshire Record Office in Matlock, The British Library in London and the National Archives of Sweden and the Military Archives in Stockholm for their assistance and expertise. Thank you to Edgar Abs at Lempertz Kunsthaus, Petri Heinonen at Crafoord Auktioner, Katharina Fahlstedt at Auktionsverket and Lisa Olrichs at the National Portrait Gallery for assistance with images. For help with specific sources I would have otherwise missed or not been able to use thank you to Dr Charlotta Forss, Dr Cathleen Sarti, Dr Kaarle Wirta, Dr Kathrin Zickermann and Henri Hannula. Your contributions have made this study so much richer. Much gratitude goes to my thesis examiners Professor Leos Müller and Dr Jacqueline Rose for straightening out the very first draft of this book. Thank you to my proofreaders Jack Abernethy, Dr Otso Kortekangas and Dr Kieran McConaghy who also tackled some messy early drafts. Thank you to Dr Claire McLoughlin for reading the first draft of the opening chapter. In Manchester thank you to Dr Rosamund Oates who took the time to set me on task at the beginning of my history studies. Thank you to Dr Meghan Healy, Rowan Malpas, Lucas Wright, Kirsty Henderson and Ian Jones for your friendship and a place to stay. In St Andrews thank you to Professor Guy Rowlands for making my studies in Scotland possible. In Gothenburg thank you to Annie Andrén (who has a lot to answer for), and of course to Josef “Koffalo” Landberg, David Johansson and Lina Jutvik for constant encouragement and much needed accommodation. In Stockholm thank you to Samuel Hemmilä and Kristian Östberg; to Oscar Lindberg and Matin Modarres; to Simon Bengtsson and Barry Nairne; to Nicholas Albert, Benjamin Smith and Patrick Corkery; to Francesco “Fenn” Martelli, Mauro Angelantoni, Valerio Pierantozzi, Alessandro Caverni; to Erik Svensson and Lenny Lindbäck; to Dr Ebba Hedén Blomqvist; to Björn Nordgren, Dr Martin Skoog, Dr Lisa Hellman, Dr Ale Pålsson, Dr Carl Mikael Carlsson and Dr Olof Bortz; to George Ellem, Natalie Hall, Veronica Bäckström, Nils Adler, Andreas Lundin, Werner Müller-Schell, Hanna Poutanen and Sofie and Louie Seitamo-Mijac. Thank you to Oscar Carlsson, Eskil Kvarnström, Jacob Ljunggren and Jens Öberg for the flexibility that aided the completion of this book. Thank you to Franziska Rönisch, Shmuely Slater, Ryan McDowell and Dr Rune Blix Hagen. Thank you to the University of St Andrews and the ahrc for the funding and belief that