Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
Abe Yukinobu
80n11
agricultural colonies (tuntian 屯田 )
37
private millet fields contrasted with
188
quota field tenants (xiandian ke 限佃客 )
37, 131, 168, 170, 171, 174
quota rice (xianmi) levied on
47–48, 82
Ancheng County. cloth—registers of cloth purchased by Ancheng County officials
districts of
41n95
Zoumalou documents from
3, 20, 74, 75, 184, 201
Ancheng County—registers of zu tax fields of provincial, commandery and county officials
examples
202–205
parts of a register of fields
202
preferential tax rates depending on status
201–202
basins and basin numbers (pen hao 盆號 )
cross-section diagrams of slip position
69, 69–70
excavated bundles (zha 紮 ) of bamboo slips assigned to
63, 63n2, 66, 68–70
location on document numbers after a slash
76–77
slips in basins
67, 67, 68
beans
15, 167
Cao Cao 曹操 (155–220)
1, 17, 21
Cao Wei state
Cao Pi (220‒226)
21–22
Huangchu reign title of Cao Wei
22
location of
2
name of
3n2
cattle and horses
horses in the Zoumalou documents
16, 193
registers of state-owned cattle
193–198
sacrificing of
198–199
water buffalo
16, 16n16, 194
Changsha. Mawangdui
geography and ecology of
10–16, 12
location in the Yangzi valley
11, 12, 18
population of
58–59
Changsha Commandery
county treasury (ku 庫 ) under the jurisdiction of
43–44
establishment in 37 CE
17
Linxiang Marquisate under the jurisdiction of
20
location in Sun Wu
2
population of
23
Zoumalou documents from
20
Changsha—political history of. Linxiang Marquisate
as an administrative centre for two millennia
10
location Sun Wu
2, 3
as the power base of Sun Jian
18–19
as the provincial capital of Hunan
10
during the Warring States period
17
cloth
cloth tax and cloth purchased in markets during the Han dynasty
136–137
cloth—diaobu (requisition cloth)
coins used to purchase requisition cloth during the Jiahe reign
143
defined
136, 154
household cloth (pin bu 品布 )
48, 58, 154, 156–158
during the Later Han Dynasty
155
market cloth (shibu 市布 )
154, 158–159
registers of
155, 156, 159–161
registers of cloth carried forward and newly entered
161–163
cloth—registers of cloth purchased by Ancheng County officials
household and market cloth registers
208–209
rice used for purchasing
206
Wu Dun buys cloth
206–208
coins
coin and cloth tax not paid by active soldiers (shi 士 )
85
coins—treasury account records
43–44
coins used to purchase requisition cloth during the Jiahe reign
143
collection of taxes in coins on the sale of private slaves
152–154
materials coins collected from Xiaowuling district
139
records of coins talken out and spent by the treasury
143–144
register of personal names and land rent coins
149–152
registers of coins listed, spent and remaining
144–146
registers of various sale coins carried forward and newly entered into the treastury
146–149
commoners (min 民 ). limin 吏民 (commoners and [lower] officials); women
details in the Zoumalou documents the about their legal and social position
5, 26
quota fields worked by
121
terms of their status with regard to the state
34
commoners (min 民 )—examples of
cows kept by
194–198
Sun Zhi
26, 139
Zhang Ke
92–93, 196
Zhao Shi
26, 110
corvée labour and corvée labourers (zu 卒 ). postal corvée labourers (you zu 郵卒 )
li 吏 as a term compared with
89n18
Pan Diao’s status as
89–91, 90–91
quota (xian) fields defined in relation to
121
in records of households kept by the Wu
30, 32, 36
of the Wu labour system reflected in household registers
101, 102, 103
cows. see cattle and horses
de-earthing numbers (chutu hao 出土號 )
61, 68, 70–71
deer
deer skins as tax payments
6, 13, 47, 164–165
diversity of deer in Hunan
163–164
Deng Weiguan
83n14, 139n134
excavation and collation of documents
8–9
basins and basin numbers (pen hao 盆號 ); reconstruction of documents; slip position diagrams (jiebo tu 揭剝圖 ); well 22 at Zoumalou
de-earthing numbers (chutu hao 出土號 )
61, 68, 70–71
Farming Promotion Attendants (quannong yuan 勸農掾 )
Guo Song as a
26, 110, 112n63, 191
Ou Guang as a
26, 124, 131, 132, 133, 183, 191
suiwu and yuewu under the jurisdiction of
26, 33, 39, 104–108, 110, 112, 133
gender. women
male/female household slaves (hucis nu/bi 戶下奴 /婢 )
37–38
gongsheng 公乘 and shiwu 士伍
householders with gongsheng rank
95, 97, 102, 103, 122
as terms
33
Xia Long’s gangsheng rank identified
55–56
granaries
Central Provincial Granary
44, 124
official of granaries management (dige 邸閣 )
44, 124, 124n95, 167–168
registers of grain distributed and lent
175–177
Sanzhou (Three Provinces Granary)
44, 147, 173–175
taxation managed and mediated by
44
Guan Yu (d. 220)
1, 18
guests (ke 客 )
defined as a euphemism for a labourer
37, 131
farmer guests (dianke 佃客 )
37, 133
quota field tenants (xiandian ke 限佃客 )
37, 131, 133, 168, 170, 171, 174
servant guests (tongke)
37, 48
Han Dynasty—Jian’an reign 建安 (196–220)
cloth tax and cloth purchased in markets
136–137
disintegration of
3n2, 21–22
Jian’an reign titles in Zoumoulou documents
20n29, 22
private armes formed by independent generals during
78n8
registered population in the Changsha region
58–59
requisition cloth (diaobu 調布 ) system
155
horses. see cattle and horses
Hou Xudong
45, 141n136
household grades. old households (guhu 故户 ) and new households (xinhu 新户 )
document 4·4523
109–112, 111
document 5.1616
117, 118
records of households assigned to suiwu
33, 39, 104–108, 110, 112, 133
wealth (zi 訾 ) as the determinant for
104
irrigation. see water and irrigation
Kan Ze 闞澤 (d. 243)
59
li 吏 (officials). see official ranks and hierarchies—terms in the Zoumalou documents
Li Qing
80n11
li吏 (officials)
zu 卒 (corvée labourers) compared with
89n18
limin 吏民 (commoners and [lower] officials). tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 )
as a term in the Zoumalou documents
34, 184
register of millet fields of
188–191
zu 卒 (corvée labourers) compared with li 吏 (officials)
89n18
Lin Yi-Der
28
Ling Wenchao
reconstructions by
73, 75
Linxiang Marquisate
Bu Zhi as marquis of
3, 18, 20, 23– 24
four categories of fields on field area registers
184
the government’s attention to water and irrigation
15, 178, 180–183
horizontal relations with surrounding commanderies and counties
40–41
population of
28–29
third-century communities presented in Zoumalou documents
58
Zoumalou documents as the bureaucratic “paperwork” of
3, 10, 20, 40
Liu Bei 劉備 (161–223)
1, 3, 5, 17–18, 21, 24, 123, 130n117
Lü Dai 呂岱 (161–256)
23, 24–25
Mawangdui
fish identified at
14
seeds from fruit and nut trees found in tombs at
15
spices, medicines, and aromatics from tomb #1 at
13n2
wood used to build coffin excavated at
11
medicine and medicinal knowledge
administrative records of disease and illness
29–30, 95, 95n27, 129, 133, 134, 197
medicinal materials collected in the Yangzi River valley
13
spices, medicines, and aromatics from tomb #1 at Mawangdui
13n2
Meng Yanhong
on the meaning of “two-year limit”
82–83n13
millet and millet fields
field millet converted to rice
91, 169, 170, 174
zu tax on
188–191
Minor Wuling. see Xiaowuling district 小武陵鄉
new households (xinhu 新户 ). see old households (guhu 故户 ) and new households (xinhu 新户 )
not registered as the member of a household (wu you hu 無有戶 ). privately educated (sixue 私學 ) men
example of Huang Xing from Changsha
126
official ranks and hierarachies—terms in the Zoumalou documents
32–38.
commoners (min 民 ); corvée labour and corvée labourers (zu 卒 ); Farming Encouragement Attendants (quannong yuan 勸農掾 ); gongsheng 公乘 and shiwu 士伍 ; guests (ke 客 ); limin 吏民 (commoners and [lower] officials); old households guhu 故户 and new households xinhu 新户 ; slaves and the slave market; soldiers
officials known by the work they engaged in
34
old households (guhu 故户 ) and new households (xinhu 新户 )
Central District old household registers
117–120
Mo District new household registers
120
Mo District old household registers
120–121
taxation in the three-tier system
32, 116
Pan Diao’s land tax
89–91, 90–91
Pan Jun 潘濬 (d. 239)
18, 25, 37, 42, 56, 112
poll tax (suan 算 )
defined
47
paid for slaves as members of households
38
in Zoumalou documents
46
postal corvée labourers (you zu 郵卒 )
quota fields worked by
121, 168, 170, 171
Yang Ming’s service as
101, 102
privately educated (sixue 私學 ) men
as a category in Zoumalou documents
36–37, 108, 123–124
document 4.4850 evaluated
126–127, 127
quota rice paid by
48, 80, 121, 168, 170, 171
those not registered in any household registers (type 1)
124–125, 125n100, 129–130
those registered as local residents (type 3)
124, 126, 128–129, 130
quota (xian 限 ) fields
defined
121
mu tax rates on quota fields
80, 82–83, 82n12, 83n14, 85, 85, 89–90, 90, 91, 92–93
taxes on surplus land compared with
50
quota rice (xianmi 限米 )
defined
46, 47–48, 81, 82, 121–122
in granary account registers
168, 170, 171, 172, 174
payments by privately educated persons
48, 80, 121, 168, 170, 171
payments by soldiers in
48, 48n121, 80, 82, 121n86
reconstruction of documents. basins and basin numbers (pen hao 盆號 )
de-earthing numbers (chutu hao 出土號 )
61, 68, 70–71
slip position diagrams (jiebo tu 揭剝圖 )
69, 69–71
rice. quota rice (xianmi 限米 ); shui 税 and zu 租 taxes—zu rice from zu land
cloth purchased with rice by Ancheng County officials
206–208
types of
15
Shen Gang
75–76
Shu Han state
location of
2
name of
3n2
paucity of information on
2–3
shui 税 and zu 租 taxes
administrative distinctions between
49, 81
registers of shui tax rice repaid during the Huanglong reign period
169–173
shui tax fields on field area type registers
184–185
the status of the taxpayer as a determinant
80–85, 82n12
during the Warring States period
49, 80
zu tax fields of provincial officials on field area type registers
184
shui 税 and zu 租 taxes—zu rice from zu land
defined
82
from extra labour fields
85, 186–187
from zu tax fields of provincial officials
82, 85, 184, 187–188, 201–203
slaves and the slave market
59.
guests (ke 客 )
beheaded or captured as slaves (zhanshou huosheng 斬首獲生 )
37
male/female household slaves (hucis nu/bi 戶下奴 /婢 )
37–38
registers of market taxes on slaves
152–154
servant guests (tongke 僮客 )
37, 48
shengkou 生口 as a term for
152
slip position diagrams (jiebo tu 揭剝圖 )
69, 69–71
reconstruction of documents based on
99–100
social status. see official ranks and hierarachies—terms in the Zoumalou documents
soldiers
“barbarian soldiers” (yi bing 夷兵 )
35
deserted soldiers (panshi 叛士 /zishou shi 自首士 )
35, 48, 82
military family tianjia certificates
93–94
quota rice paid by
48, 48n121, 80, 121n86
the term zu 卒 for corvée labourer Zoumalou documents
35, 89n18, 90, 121
soldiers—active (shi 士 ) and inactive soldiers (fumin 復民 )
active soldier Wu You
93
area fields held by wives of active soldiers
192–193
as categories on tianjia certificats
78
coin and cloth tax not paid by active soldiers (shi 士 )
85
fields of non-active soldiers on field area type registers
184, 186
zu fields cultivated by
82
soldiers—junli 軍吏 (military officials)
in household registers
35, 105–106
Registers of Male Relatives of Provincial and Army Officials (yinhe zhou jun li fuxiong zidi bu)
130–131, 133–134
Sun Quan 孫權 (182–252)
1, 54, 112, 123
Sun Wu 孫吳 (or Eastern Wu 東吳 , ca. 190–280). Changsha; Linxiang Marquisate
administration of households rather than individuals
30–32
as the first of the dynasties following the fall of the Han
3
location in the Yangzi valley
2, 5
name of
3n2
shui and zu taxes distinguished in
49
Sun Ce
18–19
Sun Jian’s founding of
18
wars with indigenous peoples in the mountains
19–20
Wu even-hu 吴平斛 as an official measuring vessel of
169n187
Zoumalou administrative documents associated with
1, 3, 5
Sun Wu 孫吳 —Huang Wu era (222–229)
adoption as the reign title by Sun Wu
22
Bu Zhi awarded the Marquisate of Linxiang during
20, 24
field millet converted to rice during
170
registers of shipped grains during
173–175
Sun Wu 孫吳 —Huanglong era (229–231)
registers of shui tax rice repaid during
169–173
Sun Wu 孫吳 —Jiahe era (232–238)
population of Xiaowuling District during the 4th year of
40
tax policies changes between the fourth and fifth years of
58, 202
Zoumalou documents dating no later than the sixth year of
22
Zoumalou documents primarily associated with
21
surnames
on tianjia certificates
68
in the Wu shu
25
in the Zoumalou documents
24n39, 25, 27
taxes and taxation systems. poll tax (suan 算 ); quota rice (xianmi 限米 ); shui 税 and zu 租 taxes; tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 ); tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 )—categories of fields
deer skins as tax payments
6, 13, 47, 164–165
mu tax rates lowered for provincial (zhou) officials
83, 83n14, 85, 201–202
mu tax rates on quota fields
80, 82–83, 82n12, 83n14, 85, 85, 89–90, 90, 91, 92–93
policy changes during the Jiahe reign periods of the Wu kingdom
58, 202
political power in ancient China based on
3, 5
summary of types of
45, 46, 47
Three Kingdoms (ca. 190–280). Cao Wei state; Shu Han state; Sun Wu state
dating of the Zoumalou documents to
20–23
forests of Changsha lowlands during
11
map of
2
Records of the Three Kingdoms
2–3, 121n86
Three Kingdoms (ca. 190–280)—wars between Wei, Wu, and Shu
Jingzhou as the focus of
17–18, 21
military mobilization in the background of the Zoumalou documents
19
tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 )
categories of cultivated fields in
84
as a category of written pieces from Zoumalou
72
cleaning and sorting of
67–68
as complete documents in themselves
77–78, 94
content of
77–78, 87
on land taxes
126–127
numbering of
77
publication of
7, 68, 68n4, 71
recovery from the dump site
62–63, 63
recovery from well 22 site
65
shi 士 (active soldiers) and fumin 復民 (inactive soldiers) distinguished in
78
surnames on
68
three identical versions of texts on
78, 78n7
tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 )—categories of fields
“two-year routine quota fields” (ernian changxian tian)
49–50
diagram of
84
extra labour
79, 80, 82–83, 82n12, 85, 91, 184, 186–187
fire planted fields
49, 79, 92
ripe fields
79–80, 82, 85, 89n20, 90, 93
surplus fire planted land
49, 79, 82, 82n12, 89
tax rates on
50, 82n12, 85, 85, 202
two-year regular quota fields
82–83, 85, 89, 90, 92, 93
tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 )—examples of
certificate 4.1
85–87, 86
certificate 4.463
87, 88
tianjia certificates (Jiahe limin tianjia bie 嘉禾吏民田家莂 )—military tianjia certificates
shi 士 (active soldiers) and fumin 復民 (inactive soldiers) distinguished
78, 93
Warring States (ca. 475–221 BCE)
Changsha during
17
Hunan colonized by the Chu during
19
shui and zu as tax terms during
49, 80
water and irrigation
Linxiang government’s attention to
15, 178, 180–183
registers of inspection of irrigated fields
177–180, 179
Wei state. see Cao Wei state
well 22 at Zoumalou. basins and basin numbers (pen hao 盆號 )
archaeologists separating the slips
68
discovery in downtown Changsha, Hunan (1996)
1, 61, 62
excavation of bundles (zha 紮 ) of bamboo slips
66, 66–70
four excavation areas (qu 區 ) of the second strata
64, 65, 66, 70
four strata (ceng 層 ) of
63
legal case thrown in. see Xu Di 許迪 embezzlement case
speculation on when documents were dumped in
22
women
details of their legal and social position in Zoumalou documents
5, 32
female households (nühu 女户 ) led by
31–32, 103, 105
fields held by wives of active soldiers
192–193
with gongsheng status
65
life expectancy of
29
population numbers in Zoumalou documents
28
qie 妾 used for women with no official name
97n32
wives and children in household taxation records
31, 96
Wu Qiong
139n134
Wu state. see Sun Wu 孫吳 (or Eastern Wu 東吳 , ca. 190–280)
Wuling 武陵 Commandery
2, 19, 41
Wuling Man 武陵蠻
as barbarian soldiers in the Wu state
35
as a term
19
Wu campaigns against
24, 25, 37, 42, 112
Xia Long’s 夏隆 household registers
gangsheng rank identified
55–56
household details
56–57
identification of Xia Long in Biographies of Old Venerables of Changsha
57–58
Xiaowuling district 小武陵鄉
Jiyang canton household records
96–97
location in Linxiang county
39, 112n63
materials coins collected from
139
population of
40, 98
quota field taxes
122, 123
requisition cloth from
158, 160, 162
shui tax rice
168, 185
zu tax rice
187, 190
Xu Di 許迪 embezzlement case
the Governor’s involvement in
43, 54
narrative of
53–54, 200–201
tablet recording the trial of
4, 75, 199–201, 200n239
Yellow River valley
1, 11
Yu Zhenbo
27–28, 30
Zhang Rongqiang
on the meaning of “two-year limit”
83n13
Zhu Biao 朱表 embezzlement case
53, 53n135, 54, 75
Zoumalou 走馬樓
well at. see well 22 at Zoumalou
Zoumalou 走馬樓 documents introduced. excavation and collation of documents
as the bureaucratic “paperwork” of Linxiang Marquisate
3, 10, 20
dating to the Three Kingdoms (ca. 190–280) period
20–23
documents found in ancient Huanan and Hubei compared with
6–7
documents found in the central Yangzi region compared with
6–7, 59
Jian’an reign titles as mentioned in
20n29, 22
materials on local government and society featured in
1, 5–7, 16, 32, 53
number and complexity of
1
publication of
7–8, 61
Three Kingdoms state of Sun Wu associated with
1
wood and bamboo as a Chinese writing medium
59–60
Zoumalou 走馬樓 documents—people mentioned in. surnames; Xu Di 許迪 embezzlement case
as the subjects of administration
26
zu 卒 . see corvée labour and corvée labourers (zu 卒 )
zu 租 taxes. see shui 税 and zu 租 taxes