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Jerry Elmer

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Index

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics indicate figures; page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.

abolitionism

,

,

,

absolutists

,

,

,

–

,

,

Acheson, Dean

Acton, Thomas

administrative agency

–

,

,

,

African American men . see Black men

Agnew, Daniel

Aiken, George

Alabama

,

armed resistance in

,

conscript department in

racial composition of draft boards in

Supreme Court of

,

,

,

,

Alito, Samuel

Allsup, Citti

alternative civilian service

,

–

,

,

–

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

during Cold War

–

controversies regarding

–

COs and

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

at nonprofit organizations

–

during World War II

,

–

,

–

ambulance service

American Baptist Home Missionary Society

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB)

American Farm Bureau Federation

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

,

,

American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)

–

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

American Protective League (APL)

,

,

,

American Socialist Society

–

American Union Against Militarism (AUAM)

,

,

,

,

Anabaptists

,

Anderson, Orville

Anderson, Patton

Andresen, Bent

,

,

anticonscription activists . see antidraft activists

antidraft activists

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

.

antidraft protests

;

specific organizations

arrests of

,

–

,

convictions of

–

draft counseling and

prosecutions of

,

,

student

–

,

in the Union (Civil War)

,

–

antidraft protests

–

,

–

,

–

,

draft card burnings

–

draft card turn-ins

–

,

–

,

,

–

during Korean War

in the Union (Civil War)

–

during World War I

–

,

,

antidraft publications

–

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

.

specific organizations

antidraft resistance . see draft resistance ; see Resistance

antidraft riots

–

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

.

antidraft protests

antidraft sentiment

,

,

,

,

,

.

antidraft activists

;

antidraft protests

;

antidraft riots

;

antidraft speech

during Cold War

in the Union (Civil War)

–

,

–

,

during Vietnam War era

,

during World War I

during World War II

–

antidraft speech

–

,

,

,

.

First Amendment

Anti-Militarism League

.

Collegiate Anti-Militarism League

antiwar organizations

,

.

antidraft organizations

;

specific organizations

antiwar protesters

,

–

arrests of

Hershey revokes student deferments of

punitive Selective Service reclassification of

–

Vietnam War era

–

Antrim’s Case

–

Aquinas, Thomas

Are We Facing a Militarized America?

Armed Forces Qualifying Test

armed resistance, in the Confederacy (Civil War)

–

,

,

,

Armfield, Robert F.

Armistead, W. B.

Armstrong

Army Detention Barracks Stormville, Green Lawn, New York

Asboth, Alexander

Ashland, Kentucky, prison strike in

Ashmore, John D.

–

Association of Catholic Conscientious Objectors

,

Baer, Elizabeth

–

,

Baez, Joan

Baker, Newton D.

–

,

,

,

,

,

Balch, Emily Greene

Baldwin, Roger Nash

,

–

,

,

–

Ball, Harry

Baltimore Four

Baptists

Barbeau, Arthur E.

Barbour, Simon S.

Barnes, David M.

–

Baskir, Lawrence M.

,

,

,

Bates, Edward

Bates, Francis

Battle, William Horn

,

Battle of Gettysburg

Baty, Don

Beale, Howard K.

Becker, Morris

Beckett, Henry

–

Bell, James H.

–

Benedict, Donald

Bennett, John C.

Bennett, Scott

Benson, David

Benson, Percy George Reginald

Berkman, Alexander

,

,

,

–

,

,

Berrigan, Daniel

,

,

–

Berrigan, Philip

,

–

,

Beulah, South Dakota

Bevilacqua, Joseph

,

Billings, Arthur

–

Billings v. Truesdale

,

,

,

Black, Hugo

,

,

Blacks

1863 conscription statute and

–

Black units used as strikebreakers

bounty (bonus) system and

in combat

in CPS camps

on draft boards

–

enslaved

,

in former Confederate states

–

freed after military service

induction orders withheld from

in the military

–

,

,

–

in Union Army

World War I and

–

Blackstone, William

,

–

the Blast

–

Board of Inquiry

–

,

–

,

Booth, Charles

Bosky, Jill

Bostock v. Clayton County

–

Boston Draft Resistance Group

Boudin, Leonard

–

bounties/bounty (bonus) system

,

,

,

,

–

1863 conscription statute and

,

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

Canadian citizens and

enslaved men and

funding of

prohibited in 1917 conscription statutes

World War I and

in the Union (Civil War)

–

bounty jumpers, executions of

bounty jumps

–

Bowles v. United States

Bradley, Omar

Bragg, Braxton

Break with Conscription demonstrations

–

,

,

,

,

,

Breen v. Selective Service

–

,

Brethren

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

Brethren Service Committee (BSC)

,

,

General Brotherhood Board of the Church of the Brethren

meeting with FDR

NSBRO and

Bristol, Jim

Brokaw, Amos

Brokaw, Tom

brokers

,

Brooks, R. Boland

,

Brown, John

,

,

Brown, Joseph Emerson

Brown, Sevellen

–

Browne, William M.

Brown v. Board of Education

Buck, Pearl

Bureau of Investigation

,

Bureau of Land Reclamation

Bureau of Legal Advice (BLA)

–

,

Bureau of the Provost Marshal General

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

Burke, Edward R.

Burke-Wadsworth bill

–

alternative civilian service and

–

amendments to the statute

–

,

appeals boards in

bounties and

commutation fees and

constitutionality of

–

COs and

–

,

December 13, 1941, amendment to

December 20, 1941, amendment to

–

deferments

draft evasion and

–

draft refusal and

–

exemptions from military duty

,

expansions of age limit, number of draftees, and time served

Fathers’ Draft Bill and

November 13, 1942, amendment to

other provisions

–

as peacetime draft

,

–

Quakers and

–

requires employers to rehire draftees

substitution and

US Congress and

–

,

–

US Supreme Court and

Butler v. Perry

Cadbury, Henry

Cadwalader, John

–

Califano Joseph

California

,

,

antidraft activists in

Supreme Court of

“Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority,”

–

Campbell, John

,

Camp Cody (New Mexico)

Camp Custer (Michigan)

Camp Dodge (Iowa)

Camp Grant (Illinois)

Camp Lewis (Washington)

Camp Sherman (Ohio)

Camp Travis (Texas)

Camp Upton (New York)

Canada

flight to

,

,

,

War of 1812 and

–

,

Canadian citizens, bounty (bonus) system and

Capozzola, Christopher

,

Carper, Jean

,

,

Case, Harold

Catholic Left

–

Catholic Peace Fellowship

,

Catholics

,

,

–

.

specific organizations

Catholic War Veterans Association

Catholic Worker movement

,

Catonsville Nine

–

,

Cattell, Owen

,

Catton, Bruce

,

Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO)

,

,

–

,

Chafee, Zechariah

Chalmers, Mrs. Allan Knight

–

Chambers, John Whiteclay II

,

channeling

–

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

–

Chatfield, Charles

Chiarito, Americo

Chicago

,

Chicago Area Draft Resistance

Chilton, R. H.

Chisholm

Chomsky, Noam

Christian groups

.

peace churches

;

specific organizations

church agencies

.

specific organizations

Church of the Brethren

.

Brethren

citizen-soldiers

,

–

,

–

civil disobedience

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

–

.

specific activities and events

Civil Disobedience Pledge cards

,

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

,

civilian courts

–

,

civilian prisons, vs. military prisons

Civilian Public Service (CPS) camps

–

,

,

,

,

Camp 14

Camp 52

Camp 97

Camp 100

church-run

considered government agencies by US Treasury Department

as continuation of CCC

,

controversies regarding

–

,

COs and

–

,

–

,

–

government-run

lack of pay in

–

,

medical experiments performed on COs

–

morally compromised

protestors at

psychiatric hospital workers

–

Selective Service and

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

smoke jumpers

supposedly under civilian direction

–

,

US Congress and

,

in World War II

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

–

civilian registries

civil rights

.

civil rights movements

civil rights leaders

.

specific individuals

civil rights movements

,

–

,

Civil War

,

,

the Confederacy

–

(

Confederacy (Confederate States of America, CSA)

)

conscription antecedents

–

destruction of draft files during

,

–

draft refusers tried, convicted, and shot during

the Union

–

(

Union

)

Clark, Bronson

Clark, Charles

Clark, Grenville

,

Clark, Mark W.

Clark, Ramsey

–

,

–

,

,

–

Clark, Tom

,

class bias, substitution and

,

class discrimination

Clifford, J. Garry

Cobb, Howell

,

–

Coffin, Charles

Coffin, William Sloane, Jr.

–

,

,

Coke, Edward

Cold War

–

1948 congressional debate

–

1948 conscription statute

,

–

alternative civilian service during

–

COs during

–

draft resisters during

,

–

,

,

–

failure to register during

induction refusers during

public attitudes toward conscription during

Coldwell, Joseph

,

Collegiate Anti-Militarism League

–

Colored Orphans Asylum

commerce clause

–

Committee Against Jimcrow in Military Service and Training

–

,

,

.

League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation

Committee for Nonviolent Action (CVNA)

,

–

,

,

,

Communist Party

commutation

,

,

.

commutation fees

commutation fees

,

,

,

,

,

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

in Confederacy

,

COs and

–

,

,

funds raised to cover

–

,

–

Quakers and

,

,

–

,

,

substitution and

as tax on religious beliefs

Confederacy (Confederate States of America, CSA)

,

–

abolishes substitution

–

,

,

armed resistance in

–

,

,

,

arming of slaves to fight for

–

brokers in

certificates of exemption

commutation fees in

,

Congress of

Conscription Bureau of

,

–

,

–

,

,

conscription evasion in

–

conscription statutes

–

,

–

Constitution of

–

COs and

,

–

December 1963 revision of conscription statute in

–

desertion in

,

–

draft evasion in

,

draft refusers in

,

–

enrollment officers in

,

,

–

,

–

exemptions from military duty

,

–

,

,

expansion of draft in

failure of conscription in

–

,

,

–

first Confederate conscription statutes

–

general responses to Confederate conscription

–

government of

–

governors impeding conscription in

–

House of Representatives in

January 1964 revision of conscription statute

legal cases pertaining to conscription statutes

–

March 1865 Statute

–

Mennonites in

,

new conscription statutes, December 1863–February 1864

–

October 1862 amendments to conscription statute

–

official state exemptions

–

president of

,

provisions of conscription statute in

–

Quakers in

–

resistance to conscription in

–

,

,

Senate in

state supreme courts in

–

substitution in

,

–

,

,

,

Supreme Court of

–

,

suspension of habeas corpus in

,

“twenty-slave law” in

–

writ of habeas corpus in

,

–

,

–

Confederate army, deserters from

,

Conference on Social Action, Chicago, Illinois

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

,

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

,

,

,

Conkling, Roscoe S.

Connecticut

antidraft activists in

antidraft riots in

Danbury, Connecticut, federal prison strike

–

,

Supreme Court of

War of 1812 and

–

,

conscientious objection

–

.

conscientious objectors (COs)

constitutional right to

–

,

,

–

as matter of “legislative grace,”

–

Conscientious Objector

–

conscientious objectors (COs)

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

1863 conscription statute and

,

,

–

1917 conscription statute and

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

1940 conscription statute and

1948 congressional debate and

1948 conscription statute and

accused of being slackers

alternative civilian service and

–

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

antidraft activists and

attitudes toward

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

,

categories of

–

,

,

–

,

CCCO and

–

(

Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO)

)

civilian registries for

classification of

,

–

,

,

during Cold War

–

commutation fees and

–

,

,

in Confederacy

,

–

count of during Civil War: Union

–

court-martialed

,

CPS camps and

–

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

(

Civilian Public Service (CPS) camps

)

definitions of

,

–

,

,

–

,

Department of Justice and

,

,

,

–

draft boards and

–

,

,

,

,

draft resisters and

(

draft resisters

)

in England during World War II

Espionage Act of 1917 and

exemptions from military duty and

furloughing of

Furlough Law of March 16, 1918, and

–

growing numbers during Cold War and Korean War

imprisonment of

,

,

inconsistent treatment of

–

,

,

inducted

–

Madison’s proposed exemption for

meaningful work and

–

medical experiments performed on

–

,

mistreatment of

–

,

–

,

,

–

naturalization and

–

,

–

,

–

noncombatant duty and

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

nonreligious

,

NSBRO and

–

,

(

National Service Board for Religious Objectors (NSBRO)

)

organizations supporting

–

(

specific organizations

)

origins of beliefs and

–

peace churches and

–

political

precluded from practice of law in Illinois

–

provisions for

,

,

–

recognition by draft boards

rejection of CO status by Resistance

religious requirement and

,

–

required to pay fees

vs. resisters

–

risks of being

secular

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

selective objection and

,

,

Selective Service Act of 1948

Selective Service and

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

sentences reduced or commuted

sentencing of

,

–

,

,

as smoke jumpers

state statutes prohibiting or restricting hiring of

substitution and

taxonomies of

–

torture of

–

,

,

UMTSA and

–

,

–

in the Union (Civil War)

–

US Congress and

,

–

,

US Supreme Court and

,

in Vietnam War era

–

,

,

,

war effort and

working in psychiatric hospitals

–

working without pay

,

during World War I

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

during World War II

,

–

,

conscription

constitutionality of

–

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

in Europe

as involuntary servitude or slavery

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

opposition to

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

(

antidraft activists

;

antidraft sentiment

)

public attitudes toward

,

,

,

,

–

,

–

public attitudes toward during Cold War

unpopularity of

,

,

–

writ of habeas corpus and ( see writ of habeas corpus )

Conscription Bureau of the Confederacy

,

–

,

–

,

,

Conscription News

conscription officers . see enrollment officers

conscription statute of 1863 (Union)

–

,

,

–

,

–

amendments to

–

Blacks and

–

,

bounty (bonus) system and

,

commutation fees and

,

,

,

Congress and

constitutionality of

–

COs and

,

,

–

draft calls

,

enrollment

,

exemptions from military duty

–

,

,

,

failure of

,

–

February 1864 amendment

–

,

,

injustice of

,

,

–

July 1864 amendment

,

,

jurisdiction and

–

legal cases pertaining to

–

March 1865 amendment

–

problematic provisions of

–

,

–

registration

,

substitution and

,

,

,

two-stage process created by

,

,

,

–

conscription statute of 1917

–

antidraft protests and

–

civilian draft boards and

–

constitutionality of

,

,

–

COs and

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

district boards and

exemptions from military duty

legacies of

–

opposition to

–

registration requirement and

resisters to

,

War Department and

–

writ of habeas corpus and

–

conscription statute of 1940

COs and

resisters to

conscription statute of 1948

,

–

,

–

,

COs and

historic peace churches and

–

legal cases pertaining to

–

NCAC and

protests against

–

religious requirement and

resistance to

–

,

segregation of US military and

–

signed into law

,

,

conscription statute of 1950

–

civil rights amendments proposed to

legal cases pertaining to

–

opposition to

–

US Congress and

–

conscription statute of 1967

,

–

congressional debate over

legal cases pertaining to

–

US Congress and

–

conscription statute of 1971 US Congress and

conscription statutes

–

,

–

,

–

.

CSA conscription statutes

;

specific statutes

conspiracy, publishers charged with

–

Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

,

Constitution of 1789

Continental Army

,

,

Continental Congress

,

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

Cooper, Samuel S.

,

,

Cornell, Tom

court cases . see specific cases

court-martial, deserters and

Cox, Harvey

–

Cox v. Wood

Crocker, George William

Crowder, Enoch H.

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

Annual Report to the Secretary of War

,

,

channeling and

,

–

COs and

–

CSA Congress

–

,

abolishes substitution

–

,

,

CSA conscription statutes

–

,

–

December 1963 revision of conscription statute in

–

March 1865 Statute

–

meets with Quakers

suspension of habeas corpus by

,

CSA conscription statutes

–

,

–

December 1963 revision of conscription statute in

–

March 1865 Statute

–

Cuba, US refugees in

Dallas, Meredith

Dana, Samuel W.

Danbury, Connecticut, federal prison, strike at

–

,

Dancis, Bruce

–

,

Daniels, Josephus

Darrow, Denton

Davis, Jefferson

,

,

,

,

,

Day, Dorothy

Dearborn, Henry

DeBenedetti, Charles

–

Debs, Eugene V.

,

,

Debs v. United States

,

Declaration of Independence

Dedmon, Jesse O.

deferments

,

,

,

,

,

,

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

channeling and

draft dodgers and

–

Hershey revokes student deferments of antiwar protesters

not accepted by resisters

occupational

,

“pyramiding,”

–

Selective Service Act of 1948

–

student

,

,

,

,

,

,

Delaware

colonial era constitution of

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

draft refusal in

,

enrollment refusal in

,

funds raised to cover commutation fees

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

Dellinger, Dave

,

,

,

,

,

,

Dellinger, Patch

Department of Defense (DOD)

,

Department of Justice

,

,

APL and

Call to Resist members appear at

COs and

,

,

,

–

declines to defend Hershey’s punitive policy against antiwar demonstrators

–

declines to prosecute some cases

draft-related prosecutions and

new unit created to prosecute draft violators

NSBRO and

overwhelmed by cases

–

prosecution referrals to

,

,

,

in World War II

desegregation, of federal prisons

–

desertion

,

,

,

,

,

–

Detzer, Dorothy

Devlin, James

Dewey, John

Diamond, Samuel

Dick, Charles

–

Dietrich, Albert

DiGia, Ralph

,

,

,

district boards

Dixon, Luther S.

Doctors’ Draft (1950)

–

Dorf, Michael

Doty, Joel

Doty, Orin

Doty, Paul

Doty, Sid

Doty, William

Douglas, William O.

,

–

,

,

,

,

Dover, Michael

–

Downing, Charles

draft . see conscription

draft board raids

–

,

draft boards

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

.

draft board raids

antiwar demonstrations at

appeal of decisions

autonomy of

,

Blacks on

–

bombing of

COs and

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

denial of meritorious CO applications

,

–

,

destruction of cross-reference system during raids

–

draft files taken from

finality of decisions by

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

(

jurisdiction, issues of

)

Hershey’s memorandum on “Channeling” to

impeded by raids

–

inconsistent policies and practices of

–

,

,

Ku Klux Klan and

May 1917 conscription statute and

–

procedural and clerical errors by

,

–

quotas and

racial composition in former Confederate states

–

required to reopen cases when new information was submitted

,

Southern

–

unpopularity of

veterans on

–

in Vietnam War era

,

–

in World War II

,

writ of habeas corpus and

–

draft calls .

Order of Call

1951–63

,

congressional district allocations and

,

,

increase in

July 1948–August 1950

,

in the Union (Civil War)

–

,

Vietnam War era

,

draft card burnings

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

.

draft card turn-ins

large-scale

–

,

prosecutions for

draft cards, destruction of

.

draft card burnings

;

draft card turn-ins

draft card turn-ins

–

,

,

–

,

draft counseling

–

,

,

–

draft counselors

,

draft evaders

,

,

–

.

draft evasion

draft evasion

,

,

,

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

in Confederacy

,

–

,

quiet noncompliance

Vietnam War era

–

during World War I

–

draft files, destruction of

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

draft law . see conscription statutes

draft objectors, categories of

–

draft refusal .

draft resistance

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

in the Confederacy (Civil War)

vs. enrollment refusal

,

–

miscalculations of draft refusals

–

in the Union (Civil War)

–

,

–

,

draft refusers

,

,

,

–

,

.

draft refusal

;

draft resistance

armed bands of

(

armed resistance

)

calculation of

–

during Civil War

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

in the Confederacy

–

during Korean War

miscalculations of numbers of

–

in the Union (Civil War)

–

,

,

,

,

during Vietnam War era

during World War I

,

during World War II

draft registration . see registration

draft resistance

–

,

–

,

.

draft resisters

;

Resistance

armed

–

,

,

,

criminalization of

–

,

,

draft resisters

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

.

draft resistance

;

Resistance

armed

–

,

,

,

Black

CCCO and

–

,

during Cold War

,

–

,

,

–

vs. COs

–

vs. draft dodgers

–

imprisonment of

–

,

,

–

,

NSBRO and

–

prisoner protests by

–

prosecutions of

–

,

,

Puerto Rican

,

second prosecutions of

,

selective prosecution of

–

UMTSA and

–

veterans as

,

during World War II

–

,

Druecker v. Salomon

–

Du Bois, W.E.B.

Duffy, Nora

Duggan, Warren

,

Dunkards

,

,

Dunn, John T.

Dykstra, Clarence

,

–

Early, Frances

Eastland, James O.

Eaton, Bob

Eberhardt, David

Educational Testing Service

Eichel, Julius

–

,

,

,

–

Einstein, Albert

,

Ekirch, Arthur A., Jr.

Ellott, W. L.

Ellsberg, Daniel

Emancipation Proclamation

,

Emery, Art

Emi, Frank S.

–

Emlen, James

employers, required to rehire draftees

Engineer Corps, noncombatant duty in

enlistment bounties . see bounties/bounty (bonus) system

enrollment

–

,

–

enrollment officers

–

attacks on

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

during Civil War

,

,

,

–

,

–

resistance to

–

threats to

–

enrollment records, theft and destruction of

–

enrollment refusal

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

enrollment refusers

–

,

,

,

enrollment resistance

,

, 434

enslaved men

arming of to fight for the Confederacy

–

bounty (bonus) system and

freed after military service

in Union Army

enumerated powers doctrine

–

,

Episcopalians

Episcopal Pacifist Fellowship

Espionage Act of 1917

–

,

,

,

–

,

Estep v. United States

,

,

Evans, Charles

Evans, Harold

Fadem, Pam

Fair Play Committee

–

Falbo v. United States

,

–

,

fathers, classification of

,

Fathers’ Draft Bill

Faulkner, William

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Federal Council of Churches

Federalist Papers

no. 23

,

no. 31

no. 41

federal prisons, desegregation of

–

Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Ferber, Michael

,

,

,

,

Ferlane, John

First Amendment

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

First Dick Act

–

Firth, Edward

Fish and Wildlife Service

,

Fite, Gilbert C.

Fitzgerald v. Harris

Fitzpatrick, Edward

,

Flasker, Harold

Flynn, George

,

,

,

,

,

,

Foley, Michael

,

,

,

Ford, Gerald, Presidential Clemency Board

Forest, Jim

Forest, Linda

Forest Service

Forrestal, James

Fort Leavenworth (Kansas)

,

,

Fort Riley (Kansas)

Fort Sumter (South Carolina), attack on

,

,

Fort Upton (Long Island)

Fort Warren (Massachusetts)

Forward Hall

–

Fosdick, Harry Emerson

,

France, Friends Reconstruction Unit in

Franke v. Murray

Frankfurter, Felix

Freedom Rides

,

free exercise clause

–

,

–

.

First Amendment

;

Nelles, Walter

Freeman, Fletcher

Freeman, Russell

French, Paul Comly

,

,

,

,

–

,

Friends Committee on National Legislation

Friends Reconstruction Unit, in France

Friends War Problems Committee

Frohwerk, Jacob

–

Fry, James Barnet

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

Furlough Law

,

–

Gaitlin v. Walton

–

,

Gara, Larry

,

–

,

,

,

,

Gara, Lenna Mae

Gates, Thomas

Geary, James W.

,

,

–

Geddes, Maggie

,

Georgia

conscript department in

draft resistance in

exemptions from military duty in

racial composition of draft boards in

–

Supreme Court of

,

–

,

Gerber, Daniel

Gibson, Truman

Gilchrist, Joe

Gilchrist v. United States

Gillette v. United States

–

Girouard v. United States

–

,

–

Goldberg, Arthur

,

,

–

Goldman, Emma

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

Gonzales v. United States

Goodman, Louis

,

Goodman, Mitchell

–

Goodman, Paul

,

Gorsuch, Neil

–

Gottlieb, Sherry Gershon

Graham, William

Gray, Harold

Great Britain

army of

National Service (Armed Forces) Act in

–

,

World War I and

–

,

,

World War II and

Green Corn Rebellion, Oklahoma

–

,

,

Gregg, Richard

Griffith, John

Griswold, Erwin

–

,

Griswold, Roger

–

Gruening, Ernest

Gruening, Martha

Grunzig, Bruno

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

,

Gurney, John Chandler

,

Gutknecht v. United States

Habeas Corpus Act

.

writ of habeas corpus

Hagan, John

Hamilton, Alexander

,

,

,

Hamilton v. Regents of the University of California

Hampton, Wade

Harper, Robert G.

Harper’s Ferry

,

,

Harrington, Donald

,

,

Harris, David

,

,

,

Harris, Ira

Hatfield, Mark

Heart Mountain camp

–

Heller, Lennie

Helms, Jack

Hemelcke, Jack

Henderson v. United States

Hennacy, Ammon

,

,

Henri, Florette

Hershey, Lewis B.

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

1950 Conscription Statute and

–

appears before US Senate Armed Services Committee

biography of

channeling and

–

,

,

draft card burnings and

–

mess left by

NSBRO and

,

punitive reclassification of protesters by

,

rejoinder to article in Nation

–

retirement of

revokes student deferments of antiwar protesters

Hester, Hugh B.

Hickey, Donald R.

Hill, L. H.

Hiller, Theodore

Hilles, Samuel

Hinke, C. J.

Hiroshima, Japan, atomic bombing of

,

–

Hoagland, Issachar

Hofer, David

,

Hofer, Joseph

,

,

Hofer, Michael

,

,

Holmes, Oliver Wendell

–

,

Holmes v. United States

homosexuality

,

,

Hoover, J. Edgar

,

,

,

Hough, Emerson

Houser, George

,

,

,

,

,

Houston, Charles Hamilton

,

Hull, William

Hunt, Andrew

,

Hunter, Andrew

Hutchins, Robert

Hutterites

–

Idaho

,

Illinois

,

–

,

,

antidraft activists in

,

,

antidraft protests in

,

,

conscientious objectors in

constitution of

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

–

draft during Civil War

,

funds raised to cover commutation fees

preclusion of COs from practice of law in

–

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

slacker raids in

Indiana

,

–

antidraft vigilantes in

conscientious objectors in

Constitution of 1851

,

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

,

draft during Civil War

,

–

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

induction orders

,

,

–

,

.

induction refusers

induction physical, arranging to fail

induction refusers

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

.

draft resisters

induction(s)

1951–63

,

failure to appear for

,

,

–

intellectual standards for

July 1948–August 1950

punitive accelerations of

Selective Service and

Vietnam War era

,

,

voluntary vs. involuntary

In re Summers

International Workers of the World (IWW)

Iowa

,

conscientious objectors in

constitution of

difficulties of draft during Civil War

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

slacker raids in

state statutes prohibiting or restricting hiring of COs

Isely, Philip

Jackson, Robert H.

Jacob, Philip

Jakobson, Arno

,

Japanese

.

Japanese Americans

;

Nisei resisters

Japanese American Citizens League

Japanese Americans .

Nisei resisters

deployed with US Army during World War II

drafting of

–

internment of

–

,

,

–

,

–

,

Japanese internees . see Japanese Americans ; see Nisei resisters

Jaynes, Julian

Jews

,

,

,

Johnson, Edwin

,

Johnson, Irene

Johnson, Louis

Johnson, Lyndon B.

,

creates Marshall Commission

–

draft card burnings and

–

,

recommendations based on Marshall Commission

Johnson, Philip

Joint Army Navy Selective Service Committee

,

,

Jones, Rufus

Jones, Samuel

Jones, Thomas E.

Journey of Reconciliation

.

Freedom Rides

Joyce, W. A.

–

Judge Advocate General’s Department, Board of Inquiry

–

,

–

,

jurisdiction, issues of

,

–

,

Kagan, Elena

Kansas

antidraft activists in

–

provisions for COs in state constitution

state constitution of

Kaufman, Abe

Kauten, Matt

,

Kearns, Chris

Keim, Albert

Keith, Jeanette

Kelliher, Victor O.

Kellogg, Walter Guest

,

–

,

Kelsey, Philip

Kemp, Nicholas

Kennedy, David M.

Kennedy, T. Blake

Kentucky

,

,

conscientious objectors in

constitution of

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

,

provisions for COs in state constitution

Kepler, Roy

Keppel, F. P.

Kessler, Jeremy K.

,

,

King, Cyrus

King, Francis

King, Martin Luther, Jr.

,

–

Kirchwey, Freda

–

Klaasen, Johannes

Kloeb, Frank

Kneedler, Henry S.

–

Knox County, Ohio

Kohn, Stephen M.

Korean War

,

,

1948 statute and segregation in the military

–

1950 congressional debate and conscription statute

–

CCCO and

–

COs and

–

Doctors’ Draft (1950)

–

draft in operation

–

draft protests during

draft refusers during

legal cases pertaining to conscription statute

–

NCAC and

–

NSBRO and

–

Korematsu v. United States

Kos, John

–

Kosch, Lewis

–

Kramer, Louis

Kuhn, George

Ku Klux Klan (KKK), draft boards and

Kunkle, Louis

Kuromiya, Yosh

labor groups

.

specific groups

Labor Temple, demonstration at

Lai, Emile

Langer, William

,

Laughlin, Donald E.

Lauter, Paul

Lawson, Belford, Jr.

,

Lay, George

,

,

Leach, Jack Franklin

League for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience Against Military Segregation

–

,

,

Lee, Robert E.

,

Legal Service to Conscientious Objectors (LSCO)

Lepke, Louis

Levine, Peter

,

,

Lewis, Tom

–

Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, prison strike in

,

Lincoln, Abraham

,

1863 conscription statute and

–

,

amendments to conscription statute of 1863 and

draft calls issued by

,

Emancipation Proclamation and

Militia Act of 1862 and

Proclamation

–

,

Proclamation

60

proclamation seconding state militia into federal service

Quaker delegation and

signs Conscription Statute of 1863

,

signs Militia Act of 1862

–

suspension of habeas corpus by

,

Lonn, Ella

lotteries

,

,

–

,

1967 ban on

Nixon repeals ban on

Vietnam War era

,

–

during World War I

–

in World War II

–

Louis, Joe

Louisiana

,

,

Lovall, William

Lowrie, Walter H.

Luginbill, John

Lutherans

lynchings, antidraft riots and

Lynd, Staughton

,

Lynn, Wilfred

Lyttle, Bradford

Macdonald, Dwight

,

MacGruder, John B.

Mack, Julian W.

MacKall, William

Macy, Jesse

Madden, Hillary

Madison, James

–

,

–

,

,

Magna Carta

Maine

draft refusal in

,

enrollment refusal in

,

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

Supreme Court of

Man, Albon

,

Mancos (Colorado) CPS Camp

Manoukian, Armenag James

Manpower Registration Act

–

manumission, for enslaved men serving in Union Army

Marshall, John

,

Marshall, Thurgood

,

Marshall Commission

report of

–

US Congress and

Maryland

colonial era constitution of

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

–

draft boards in

Mason, Jeremiah

Massachusetts

antidraft activists in

,

colonial era constitution of

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

state militia of

–

Supreme Court of

War of 1812 and

–

,

Masterson, Peter

Mayer, Julius B.

–

Mayer, Milton

McCague, James

McCarty, Charles

McCarty, Eli

–

McClain, James

McClellan, George

McCulloch, H. E.

–

McCulloch v. Maryland

–

McFadden, Gilbert

McGoldrick, James

McGrath, Howard

McLean, Franklin

McNutt, Paul

–

,

McPherson, James M.

McReynolds, David

,

Meconis, Charles A.

,

–

Medical Corps

,

,

medical evaders

Melton, C. D.

–

Mengel, James

Mennonites

,

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

in Confederacy

,

meet with FDR

Mennonite Central Committee

,

,

–

,

,

NSBRO and

in Virginia

Mental Health Hygiene Program

Methodists

,

,

,

Methodist World Peace Commission

Mexican-American War of 1848

,

Michener, Robert

Michigan

antidraft activists in

,

,

antidraft publications in

,

Constitution of 1851

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

slacker raids in

Michigan Socialist

,

military courts

,

–

,

military prisons

–

,

.

specific prisons

Military Training Camps Association

,

Militia Act of 1792

Militia Act of 1795

,

,

,

Militia Act of 1862

–

,

,

Militia Act of 1903

–

Militia Act of 1908

militias . see state militias

Miller, David

Miller, Morris S.

Miller, Orie O.

Miller, W.

Milton, John

Minidoka camp

Minnesota

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

slacker raids in

,

Supreme Court of

Mississippi

conscript department in

exemptions from military duty in

racial composition of draft boards in

Missouri

antidraft activists in

,

draft refusal in

,

enrollment refusal in

slacker raids in

Mitchell, David

Mitchell, John N.

Mitchell v. United States

Mollin, Marian

,

–

Monroe, James

Monroe Doctrine

Moore, Albert Burton

,

,

,

–

Moore, George F.

Moore, Howard

,

,

–

Moravians

Mormon Church

–

Morrow County, Ohio

–

Morse, Wayne

Muller, Eric L.

,

Mumma, Richard

Murdock, Eugene C.

,

,

,

,

–

Murphy, William Francis

–

Muste, A. J.

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

Mygatt, Tracy

,

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

,

,

Naeve, Lowell

Nagasaki, Japan, atomic bombing of

,

–

Nation

–

National Advisory Commission on Selective Service (Marshall Commission)

–

,

.

Marshall Commission

National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB)

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

National Committee on Conscientious Objectors (NCCO)

–

National Congress of Parents and Teachers

National Council against Conscription (NCAC)

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

National Council Against Peacetime Conscription Now

National Council for Religious Objectors

–

National Council of Churches

National Defense Act of 1916

–

,

National Farmers Union

National Grange

,

National Guard

–

,

,

–

,

Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico

National Mental Health Foundation

National Park Service

national security training corps, proposal of

National Service (Armed Forces) Act, in Great Britain

–

,

National Service Board for Religious Objectors (NSBRO)

–

,

–

,

Appeals Section

Board of

,

CCCO and

–

Consultative Council

COs and

–

,

Directory of Civilian Public Service

Hershey and

,

historic peace churches and

job referral for COs in alternative civilian service

petitioned by CPS men for pay

Placement Division

resisters and

–

Selective Service and

,

–

,

,

–

,

UMTSA and

–

National Student Association

naturalization, COs and

–

,

–

,

–

Nazarenes

Nearing, Scott

,

,

Nelles, Walter

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

Nelson, Wally

,

,

New Deal

,

,

New England Committee for Nonviolent Action (CNVA)

,

,

,

.

Committee for Nonviolent Action (CVNA)

New Hampshire

enrollment refusal in

funds raised to cover commutation fees

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

state constitution of

New Jersey

–

,

antidraft activists in

–

antidraft riots in

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

,

racial composition of draft boards in

slacker raids in

,

New Jersey Council Against Conscription

,

New Left Notes

New Negro Alliance

New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery

New York

antidraft activists in

–

antidraft protests in

,

,

antidraft publications in

antidraft riots in

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

antiwar activists in

bonds issued to cover commutation fees in

–

draft during Civil War

draft lottery in

lynchings during antidraft riots

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

ratifying convention in

slacker raids in

state courts in

state militia of

New York Council of Churches

–

New York Eight

New York Resistance chapter

–

New York Workshop in Nonviolence

,

Nicholson, Vincent

Nickels, William F.

–

Niebuhr, Reinhold

Ninety-Second Division

Ninety-Third Division

Nisei resisters

–

in concentration camps

conviction and imprisonment of

–

drafting of

–

,

mass trial of

,

–

,

Nixon, Richard M.

Executive Order 11497

proposal to end draft during candidacy

–

,

repeals ban on Selective Service lottery

Nixon administration

–

,

No-Conscription League

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

noncombatant certificates

,

noncombatant duty

,

.

conscientious objectors (COs)

COs and

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

meaningful work and

–

Quakers and

–

noncombatant service, Wilson’s order defining

–

noncompliance, quiet

,

–

noncooperators

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

.

resisters

nonenrollment rates, in the Union (Civil War)

nonregistrants

,

,

–

,

.

draft resisters

prosecutions of

–

quiet

–

during World War II

–

,

–

North Carolina

,

–

antidraft activity in

armed resistance in

–

draft resistance in

exemptions from military duty in

Quakers in

,

,

–

ratifying convention in

state constitution of

Supreme Court of

–

,

,

,

,

Northern Baptists

NSBRO Reporter

,

,

nuclear weapons

–

Nugent, Robert

Nuremberg defense

Oakes, James

O’Brien, David

O’Brien, Henry

O’Connor, John

–

Oestereich v. Selective Service

–

,

Office of Selective Service Records

,

O’Hare, Kate Richards

,

,

O’Hare v. United States

,

Ohio

,

antidraft activists in

,

antidraft publications in

antidraft riots in

Constitution of 1802

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

–

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

slacker raids in

state militia of

Oklahoma

antidraft protests in

–

antidraft resistance in

–

draft resistance in

–

Green Corn Rebellion in

–

,

,

resistance to World War I draft in

Olmstead, Frank

Olmstead, Mildred

Opdyke, George

–

Order of Call

–

,

originalism

Otis, Harrison

overage draft violators

Owen, Chandler

Pacific Branch, Disciplinary Barracks, Alcatraz Island, the Hole at

–

pacifist organizations

–

.

specific organizations

pacifists

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

.

pacifist organizations

;

peace churches

religious

–

,

–

,

–

secular

Paris Peace Agreement

,

Parker, Eleanor

,

Patterson v. Colorado

peace activists

,

,

,

,

.

pacifists

;

pacifist organizations

US Congress and

–

World War II and

,

–

peace churches

–

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

.

Brethren

;

Mennonites

;

Quakers

1948 congressional debate and

1948 conscription statute and

–

COs and

–

NSBRO and

resistance and

–

service committees of

testimony against UMT

Peace Committee of New York Friends Meeting

Peacemaker

peace organizations

,

.

pacifist organizations

;

specific organizations

peacetime conscription

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

illegality arguments

skepticism of

–

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on

,

,

,

–

,

Pearson, D. C.

Pearson, Lawrence

Pearson, Richmond M.

,

,

Peck, Jim

,

,

,

,

,

Pennsylvania

,

,

,

,

,

antidraft activists in

conscientious objectors in

constitution of

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

,

,

draft during Civil War

,

,

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

slacker raids in

state constitution of

state courts in

Supreme Court of

–

Pentagon . see Department of Defense (DOD)

People’s Forum

Peter, Britt

,

Petersburg, Virginia, prison strike in

Peterson, Dutton

–

Peterson, H. C.

Phelan, James

Philadelphia Convention (1787)

,

Phillips, Charles

,

Phillips, John

Pickett, Clarence

Piel, Eleanor Jackson

Pikesville, Alabama

Pillow, Gideon J.

plantation owners, exempted from conscription in Confederacy

–

Polk, James

poll tax, barred in Selective Service Act of 1948

Post Office

,

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.

preinduction physical examinations

,

Presbyterians

,

Presidential Clemency Board

President’s Advisory Commission on Universal Training

–

,

Preston, John L.

–

,

Price, Paton

,

Pringle, Cyrus

,

prisons .

specific prisons

civilian

desegregation of

–

federal

–

military

–

,

segregation in

–

prison strikes

–

.

specific events

prosecutions

of antidraft activists

,

,

for counseling others to resist

,

–

Department of Justice and

,

,

,

,

for draft card burnings

of draft resisters

–

by fiscal year, Vietnam era

low conviction rate

for nonregistration

–

of resisters

–

,

,

second

,

selective

–

Vietnam War era

–

,

during World War I

–

provost marshals

,

–

,

,

–

attacks on

,

,

,

provost marshals general

–

,

–

,

A Quaker Action Group

Quaker Belt

Quaker Peace Testimony

–

Quakers

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

abolitionism and

,

antiwar sentiments and

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

commutation fees and

,

,

–

,

,

in Confederacy

–

meet with FDR

memorial presented to Congress

–

noncombatant duty and

–

in North Carolina

,

,

–

NSBRO and

US Congress and

,

War Department and

during World War II

Quaker Yearly Meetings

,

–

,

,

Quartermaster Corps

–

,

Questions on Civil Disobedience

racial discrimination, in Selective Service

.

racism

racism

antidraft riots and

Selective Service and

–

,

Raley, Bill

–

,

Randolph, A. Philip

,

,

–

,

,

,

–

Randolph, George W.

Raskin, Marcus

–

Recht, Charles

Reed, David

Reed, Joseph

Reeves, George

,

,

refugees, from 1917 conscription statute

Reginald, Percy

registration

,

,

,

arrests for not registering

opposition to

Selective Service Act of 1948 and

registration evasion

registration forms

COs and

printed before laws passed or enacted

,

,

registration rates, World War I draft and

–

registration refusal

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

Reinese, George

religion .

specific religions

COs and

–

,

,

–

,

,

religious discrimination

religious pacifists

–

,

–

religious requirement

1948 Conscription Statute and

COs and

definition of “religious training and belief,”

Reserve Officers’ Training Corp (ROTC)

reserves, enlistment after receiving induction orders

(

National Guard

)

Resistance

–

,

,

.

draft resisters

;

resistance

draft card burnings and

–

draft card turn-ins organized by

–

,

rejection of CO status

,

rejection of student deferment option

Vietnam War era

–

resistance

–

,

.

draft resisters

;

Resistance

peace churches and

–

prosecutions for counseling others to resist

Reuther, Victor

Reynolds, Grant

–

,

–

Rhode Island

,

draft refusers in

draft resistance in

,

,

General Assembly of

–

racial composition of draft boards in

ratification convention of

Richards, Edward

Richards, Ned

Richards, William

Rickert, Charles

Riley, John

Roberts, John

–

Roberts, Owen J.

Robinson, James Stewart

Roodenko, Igal

,

,

,

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

,

,

,

,

bans voluntary enlistment

–

,

calls National Guard into active service in the army

–

CPS camps and

,

Executive Order 9279

meets with historic peace churches

signs Burke-Wadsworth bill

,

signs conscription bill into law

,

War Manpower Commission and

–

Roosevelt (FDR) administration

Rosen, David

Rubenfeld, Jed

Rubin, Dena Shoshana

–

Rumsfeld, Donald

Rundal, George

Russell, Richard

Russo, Anthony

Rustin, Bayard

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

Rutenberg, Amy J.

,

–

Ryals, Jack Bryant

Ryan, Thomas

Sacher, John M.

Saltonstall, Leverett

Sandin, Max

Sandstone, Minnesota, prison strike in

Sayre, John Nevin

,

Scalia, Antonin

Schecter, Barnet

Schenck, Charles T.

–

,

Schenck v. United States

–

,

,

,

–

,

Seaver, David

Seaver, Paul

Second Amendment

Second Dick Act

Seddon, James

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

–

sedition, as criminal offense

Sedition Act of 1918

–

Seeger, Daniel

,

segregation

–

,

1948 conscription statute and

–

Korean War and

–

in prisons

–

Truman and

,

of US military

,

,

,

,

–

Selective Draft Law Cases (Arver)

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

selective objection

,

Selective Service

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

on 1863 conscription statute

1948 congressional debate and

–

as administrative agency

–

,

,

,

alternative civilian service and

–

APL and

appeals boards

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

–

attempts to hide shortfalls

ban on volunteers

,

bill reestablishing

–

calls to bar racial discrimination in

CCCO and

,

–

channeling and

,

–

classification systems

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

considered unnecessary

–

COs and

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

CPS camps and

–

,

,

–

,

,

–

decentralization of

,

finality of decisions by

–

,

,

–

Form

257,

illegal actions by

,

–

,

incompetent staff in

Japanese Americans and

Local Board Memorandum

297

Local Board Memorandum

285,

lowers intellectual standards for induction

NCAC and

,

–

NSBRO and

,

–

,

,

–

,

Office of Selective Service Records

Order of Call

–

,

overwhelmed by cases

–

,

philosophy of

–

Presidential Appeal Board

–

problems faced in Vietnam war era

–

proposed reconstitution of

re-created in Selective Service Act of 1948

regional appeals board

response to draft board raids

systemic racism and

–

US citizens of Japanese ancestry and

–

US Congress and

–

,

–

(

specific legislation

)

War Department and

Wilson administration and

,

work or fight order

–

during World War I

–

during World War II

–

,

,

–

,

–

writ of habeas corpus and

–

selective service (concept)

–

,

,

–

,

.

Selective Service

Selective Service (publication)

Selective Service Act of 1917

–

,

,

,

Selective Service Act of 1948

,

–

appeals boards and

civil rights amendments proposed to

,

COs and

deferments

–

draft boards and

exemptions from military duty

–

expiration of

as first peacetime draft in US history

Selective Service Appeal Board

US Congress and

,

“Utilization of Industry” and

–

,

Selective Service Act of 1950, passage of

Selective Training and Service Act

,

,

,

Shakers

Sharp, Gene

Shedd, William E. III

,

–

,

,

Sheffey, Daniel

Shorter, John

Shoup, David

Sibley, Mulford

Siebels, J. J.

Simmons v. United States

skedaddlers

,

skulkers

,

,

slacker raids

–

slackers

–

,

slavery

,

,

,

,

,

–

.

abolitionism

;

enslaved men

Sleeping Car Porters Union

–

Slicer, Samuel

–

Smith, Francis B.

–

Smith, Miner

Smith, Tommy

Snowden, Edward

Snyder, Texas

,

Socialist Party

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

Soil Conservation Service

South Carolina

,

–

,

South Dakota

Southern Baptist Convention

Sparkman, John

Spencer, Samuel R., Jr.

Spock, Benjamin

–

,

,

Spragg, Howard

Springs, H. B.

Stach, Alex

standing armies

,

in age of nuclear weapons

–

hostility toward

modes of procuring

skepticism of

–

,

,

,

Stanton, Edwin

,

,

,

,

,

state constitutions

–

.

under specific states

state militias

,

,

–

,

,

conscription and

–

,

federal government and

idealization of

–

seconded to federal service

,

,

,

,

–

War of 1812 and

–

,

St. Clair, James

–

Stennis, John

Stephens, Donald

Stephens, John

Stevens, John

Stevens, Thaddeus

Stewart, Potter

Stilson, Joseph

–

Stimson, Henry L.

,

,

Stoddard, Richard C.

Stone, Harlan Fiske

–

Stop the Draft Week

Story, Joseph

Strauss, William A.

,

,

,

Stringer, Levi M.

Strong, Caleb

–

Strong, William

student associations

.

specific organizations

student deferments

,

,

,

,

Hershey revokes student deferments of antiwar protesters

inequity of

phasing out of

voluntary relinquishment of

students, mandatory II-S classification for undergraduate

.

student deferments

Students for a Democratic Society

New Left Notes

substitutes

,

,

,

abolished in Confederacy

–

,

,

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

class bias and

,

commutation fees and

in Confederacy

,

–

,

,

,

conscientious objectors (COs) and

desertion by

prohibited in 1917 conscription statutes

Suffet, Steve

Sugar, Morris

Sukys, Joseph

–

Summers, Clyde

–

Sutherland, Bill

,

–

,

,

Sweeny, Dennis

,

,

Swomley, John, Jr.

,

,

Symes, John Foster

,

Talley, Manuel

Tarr, Curtis

–

,

,

,

Tatum, Georgia Lee

technical agencies

–

Templin, Lawrence

Templin, Ralph

Tennessee

,

Texas

,

–

,

,

antidraft activists in

,

antidraft riots in

armed resistance in

–

draft resistance in

slacker raids in

Supreme Court of

–

,

textualism

Thirteenth Amendment

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

Thomas, Evan

,

–

,

–

Thomas, Norman

,

,

,

,

Tillich, Paul

Tobey, Samuel

torture

–

,

,

Toussie v. United States

–

Tracy, James

training schools for delinquent youth

Treaty of Paris

Trueblood, Elton

Truman, Harry S.

,

address to Congress

,

Break with Conscription demonstrations and

Committee Against Jimcrow in Military Service and Training

–

Executive Order 9981

,

Korean War and

,

NCAC and

President’s Advisory Commission on Universal Training

–

,

,

segregation of US military and

–

,

,

–

Selective Service System and

signs Selective Service Act of 1948

,

,

,

signs Selective Service Act of 1950

signs stop-gap bill extending 1948 conscription law

UMT and

“Utilization of Industry” and

,

Tule Lake Relocation Center

,

“twenty-slave law,”

–

Twin Cities Resistance

–

Union

,

–

,

,

1863 conscription statute

–

,

–

,

–

amendments to 1863 conscription statute

–

antidraft activists

,

–

antidraft riots during

antidraft sentiment

–

bounties

–

conscription officers driven out of Rutland, Vermont

COs and

–

draft calls

–

,

draft refusal

–

,

enrollment refusal

–

legal cases pertaining to 1863 conscription statute

–

miscalculations of draft refusals during

–

nonenrollment rates during

opposition to the draft

–

war casualties

writ of habeas corpus and

–

Union Army

–

Union Eight

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Union Theological Seminary

,

–

Unitarians

United Church of Christ

United States, interventions by

United States v. Macintosh

–

,

,

United States v. Nugent

–

United States v. O’Brien

,

United States v. Sauler

United States v. Schwimmer

–

,

,

–

United States v. Seeger

–

,

,

–

universal military training (UMT)

–

,

1948 Congressional Debate and

–

NCAC and

,

opposition to

–

testimony against

–

Universal Military Training and Service Act (UMTSA)

Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors and

,

–

conscientious objectors (COs) and

–

,

–

National Council against Conscription (NCAC) and

National Council against Conscription and

,

–

National Service Board for Religious Objectors (NSBRO) and

–

resisters and

–

Vietnam War era and

US Army

National Guard and

–

size at beginning of Civil War

World War I and

,

,

–

World War II and

US-Canada extradition treaty

US Census

,

US Congress

–

,

,

–

.

specific legislation

1790 creation of professional standing army

1798 debate

1814 debate

1814 proposal and

1863 conscription statute and

–

,

–

1917 conscription statute and

–

1948 congressional debate

–

1950 congressional debate

–

1950 conscription statute and

–

1967 conscription statute and

–

,

–

1971 conscription statute and

administrative agencies and

–

authorizes FDR to call National Guard into service in the army

–

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

–

channeling and

–

,

,

COs and

,

–

,

CPS camps and

,

creation of Selective Service

–

Doctors’ Draft (1950) and

–

draft card burnings and

draft resistance and

extends Doctor’s Draft

extends UMTSA

failure to reform Selective Service in 1967

Fathers’ Draft Bill

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and

Hershey and

Madison and

Manpower Registration Act and

–

Marshall Commission and

Militia Act of 1792

Militia Act of 1795

,

Militia Act of 1862

–

Monroe Doctrine and

National Defense Act of 1916 and

–

NCAC and

,

–

Quakers and

,

ratification of Lincoln’s Proclamation

,

Sedition Act of 1918 and

segregation of US military and

,

Selective Service Act of 1917 and

–

Selective Service Act of 1948 and

,

,

Selective Service Act of 1950 and

selective service and

–

,

–

Selective Training and Service Act

,

tries to address litigation

tries to divest federal courts of jurisdiction in cases against Selective Service

–

UMT and

–

War of 1812 and

World War I draft and

,

,

–

World War II draft and

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

writ of habeas corpus and

–

US Constitution

,

–

,

,

,

–

article 1

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

article 1, section 8

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

article 1, section 9

bifurcation on military power of Congress

–

,

Bill of Rights

citing Confederate state rulings

commerce clause

–

COs and

,

the draft and

–

establishment clause

–

First Amendment

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

–

,

,

–

Fourteenth Amendment

,

Fourth Amendment

,

free exercise clause

–

,

,

–

originalism and

powers over military matters given to Congress

,

Preamble to

,

provisions for conscientious objectors in

Second Amendment

textualism and

Thirteenth Amendment

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

–

writ of habeas corpus and

(

writ of habeas corpus

)

US Department of Agriculture

US Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth

US Forest Service

,

,

US House of Representatives

,

,

.

US Congress

1814 debate and

1948 Congressional Debate and

–

Armed Services Committee

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

,

Committee on Military Affairs

–

,

,

–

House Military Affairs Committee

Manpower Registration Act and

–

Military Affairs Committee

,

,

Quaker delegation and

Webster’s speech before

–

,

,

US Marine Corps, ban on volunteers

US military .

specific branches

racial segregation of

–

segregation in

,

,

,

,

–

US Navy

,

US Public Health Service

US Secret Service

US Senate

.

US Congress

1948 Congressional Debate and

–

Armed Services Committee

,

,

,

Burke-Wadsworth bill and

–

Committee on Military Affairs

,

–

Military Affairs Committee

Quaker delegation and

segregation of US military and

US Supreme Court

,

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

.

specific cases

CCCO and

constitutionality of conscription and

convictions upheld by

COs and

,

,

,

enumerated powers and

Nixon administration and

–

“Utilization of Industry” and

US Treasury Department

“Utilization of Industry,” Selective Service Act of 1948 and

–

,

,

Vance, Zebulon Baird

,

–

Van Kirk, Walter

Van Rensselaer, Stephen

Vermont

conscription officers driven out of

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

provisions for conscientious objectors in state constitution

racial composition of draft boards in

state constitution of

veterans

on draft boards

–

as draft resisters

,

Selective Service Act of 1948

Veterans Administration hospitals

Vietnam War

,

,

–

,

1967 conscription statute

,

–

call to resist illegitimate authority

–

civil disobedience during

–

conscription statute

–

,

–

COs and

–

,

,

–

,

–

destruction of draft files during

–

distinction between COs and resisters and

–

draft boards during

,

–

,

–

draft calls during

,

draft card burnings during

,

,

,

(

draft card turn-ins

)

draft counseling and

draft resistance during

–

the end of the draft

–

evaders during

–

inductions during

legal cases pertaining to conscription statute

–

lotteries during

,

–

new prosecutions by fiscal year

Nixon and

–

preliminary legal skirmishes

–

prosecutions

–

secular COs and

Spock-Coffin indictment

–

UMTSA and

Virginia

,

antidraft protests in

colonial era constitution of

Mennonites in

ratifying convention in

Supreme Court of

,

voluntary enlistment

,

,

,

,

–

,

banning of

,

–

,

,

,

residency requirements and

Wade, Martin

Wadsworth, James W., Jr.

,

Walter, Francis

Walter, H. W.

,

Walters, Charles

Walton, Edward S.

War Department

,

.

Department of Defense (DOD)

Bureau of the Provost Marshal General

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

Circular No. 28

Circular Number

27

conscientious objectors and

COs and

,

,

–

,

–

Furlough Law of March 16, 1918, and

–

May 1917 conscription statute and

,

–

printing of registration forms before draft enacted

–

prohibits draft board members from resigning

Quakers and

required to honor promises to Black men regarding “pay and allowances,”

selective service and

Selective Service System and

,

–

World War I and

–

War Manpower Commission

–

War of 1812

–

,

,

Canada and

Congress and

conscription and

draft proposed for

state militias and

–

War of Independence

,

Warren, Wirt

,

,

War Resisters League (WRL)

,

,

–

,

,

–

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Washington (state)

–

,

,

Washington, George

Webster, Barbara

Webster, Daniel

–

,

,

,

Weinberger, Harry

–

Welch, Nathan L.

Wells, Hulet

Wells, Tom

–

Welsh v. United States

–

,

,

–

West, James

West Virginia

,

,

antidraft protests in

–

antidraft publications in

We the People

,

“We Won’t Go” statements

Wheeler, Royall T.

Whiskey Rebellion

White, Edward

–

White, Wallace

Whiting, William

Wichlei, Richard

–

Wickersham, George

Wilbur, Ray Lyman

,

Williams, David

Williams, John

Willis, Asa

Wilson, E. Raymond

–

Wilson, Henry

Wilson, Ray

Wilson, Robert

Wilson, Winslow

Wilson, Woodrow

,

,

,

,

announces first draft call

–

channeling and

,

COs and

–

,

federalizes National Guard

order defining noncombatant service

order extending CO recognition to secular pacifists

proclamation setting date for registration

–

,

–

signs May 1917 conscription statute

Wilson administration

ban on volunteers

policies of

–

pressured to grant amnesty to COs

–

Selective Service System and

,

work or fight order

–

Wipf, Jacob

,

Wisconsin

–

,

antidraft activists in

antidraft riots in

,

difficulties of enrollment during Civil War

–

draft refusal in

,

enrollment refusal in

funds raised to cover commutation fees

nonenrollment rates during Civil War

Supreme Court of

–

Witherspoon, Frances

,

Wittner, Lawrence

,

,

–

Wobblies

,

Wolff v. Selective Service

,

women, excluded from UMT

–

Women Against Daddy Warbucks

–

,

,

Women’s Draft Card Burning

–

Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom

,

,

,

Woodbury, Connecticut

Working Class Union

–

work or fight order

–

,

World War I

,

,

–

,

–

antidraft activists and

–

antidraft protests during

,

–

,

,

antidraft sentiment during

–

antiregistration organization during

arrests for not registering

Black combat units in

Black men and

–

bounty (bonus) ban

channeling during

–

conscription statute

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

–

,

,

,

–

,

,

,

COs and

–

,

–

,

–

,

draft and opposition to it

–

draft evasion during

–

draft opposition during

,

–

,

,

draft process during

–

draft prosecutions during

–

draft refusers during

,

England and

–

,

Espionage Act of 1917

–

legacies of

–

legal cases pertaining to conscription statute

,

–

number of men drafted by month

provost marshal general and

racial segregation of US military during

–

registration and opposition to it

–

registration rates and

–

Sedition Act of 1918

–

segregation of US military during

–

Selective Service System and

–

slacker raids

–

the statute

–

US Army and

War Department and

–

writ of habeas corpus and

,

–

World War II

,

–

AFSC and

alternative civilian service in

–

,

–

civilian public service in

–

,

,

–

conscription statute

,

,

,

–

,

–

,

COs and

,

,

–

,

CPS camps

–

,

distinction between COs and resisters and

–

draft boards in

,

the draft in operation

–

,

draft refusers during

draft resisters during

education requirements dropped during

–

end of draft

legal cases pertaining to conscription statute

,

–

lotteries in

–

nonregistrants during

–

number of men drafted in

–

,

peace activists and

,

–

Quakers during

resistance to draft

resisters

–

Selective Service during

–

,

,

–

,

–

total registrations in

–

,

US formal entrance into

–

writ of habeas corpus and

Worthy, Bill

,

–

Wright, Arthur

–

writ of habeas corpus

,

,

APL and

in the Confederacy

,

–

,

–

conscription and

–

draft boards and

–

jurisdiction and

–

May 1917 conscription statute and

–

Selective Service System and

–

suspension by Lincoln’s Proclamation

,

in the Union (Civil War)

–

US Congress and

–

US Constitution and

Vietnam War era and

World War I and

,

–

World War II and

WRL News

Wulf, Melvin

Wyoming

Yanyar, Adolph Fred

Young, Ellis

Young Men’s Anti-Militarism League

–

Zigler, M. R.

Zinn, Howard

Zitierungsangaben

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Conscription, Conscientious Objection, and Draft Resistance in American History

Reihe: Studies in Peace History, Band: 1

Cover Conscription, Conscientious Objection, and Draft Resistance in American History

ISBN:: 9789004546684

Verleger:: Brill

Print-Publikationsdatum:: 15 Sep 2023

Fachgebiete
- Geschichte
  - Rechtsgeschichte
- Internationales Recht
  - Allgemeines Internationales Recht

Front Matter

Back Matter

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