Index
Note: f indicates figure; n indicates note; t indicates table
ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīm Īshān
202
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
213
ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd
212–213
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
Abbott’s accounts of
150–151, 158
baraka of
154, 158, 162, 170
Christian materials gifted to
158–159
Conolly’s accounts of
159–160
death of
169–171
healing power of
162
Login’s accounts of
158–159
political influence of
161–169, 175
Shakespear’s accounts of
159
sons of
155n24, 165n58, 166–167, 168, 171–174
spiritual lineage of
150–152
Thomson’s accounts of
160–161
Wolff’s accounts of
153–158, 163–165
ʿAbduh, Muḥammad
263, 295
Abaz-Bakchi Sheikh
212
Abbott, James
150–151, 152, 158, 173
Abdullaev, Shamsuddin
294
Abdul Wahab Mirza
155n24
Abdumannob-avliyo
237–238
Abdurahman-ob
230–232, 234–239
Abraham
84
Abu Hanifa (Abūḣanifa)
90, 100–116, 131
adab
34
al-Ādāʾī, Īsh-Muḥammad b. Ṭūq-Muḥammad
212
Adam
81
ʿādat
245–246, 249, 257–262
Adḥam Īshān
202
Ādīna Īshān
186
Āfāq-Khwāja
324n56
Afghan Boundary Commission
172
al-Afghānī, Jamāl al-Dīn
263, 295
afterlife
85–92
Āgahī, Muḥammad Riżā
149–150, 152, 154n19, 155n24, 163–170, 172, 187, 190–191, 192n49, 193, 201
Aiel Baqyty (television program)
120n1
aitys
121
Akaev, Abū Sufyān
288, 292–293
Akhatay-maghzŭm
221
Akhmetov, Ibragim
248n24
Akushinskii, Ali-Hajji
294
Al-Aqsa mosque
83
Al-Azhar University
72, 107
ʿAlid shrine
157n34
Allāh, Mirza Junayd
151
Allāh Qulī Khān
149, 161, 162, 203
Allahyar, Sufi
80
Ämirkhan, Fatikh
76
Amīrkhān, Ḥusayn b.
212
Amman Message (Risālat Ammān)
2
angels
76–82, 94
al-Anṣalṭī, Sakhrat Allah
295
Aqmulla, Miftakhetdin
81
aqyns
121, 128
Arafat mosque
123
Arendt, Hannah
113
Ashurmat-shaykh
236
Asyl Arna
123, 132.
Talim TV (Asyl Arna)
ʿAṭā-Allāh Īshān
202
Ata zholȉ movement
47
atheism
25–26n17, 30n24, 54–55, 59–61, 280
authority, religious
alternative figures of
308–310
“Crisis of Authority”
2–3
decentralization of
1–2
governing regimes and
7–8
historical processes of
6–7
historicizing question of
3, 8–9, 330
roles and functions of
240
sources of
4
through kinship
237
understandings of
1, 9n
al-Ayāgūzī, Muḥammad-Ṣādiq b. Ismāʿīl
214–215, 218
al-ʿAymakī, ʿAbd al-Raḥīm
289
Ayyūb Shaykh
211
Azazil
81
al-Azhar
289
Äziz Äulet
209, 214, 220, 223–225
Bagauddin, Muḥammad
298
al-Bāginī, Shuʿayb
281, 286, 290
Baighabul, Ardaq
123–124, 127–128
Baiqosharov, Berden
121
Bakharam (Tängĭrbergenŭlï)
213
Bakhtin, M.M.
112
Baku
279
Bālī, Waḥīd ʿAbd al-Salām
79
Balzhan
215, 218
Baqïrghanï, Sulayman
80
baraka
73, 154, 158, 162, 170
Barak-Khan madrasa
289
al-Barangavī, Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn b. Naṣr al-Dīn
270n125
al-Barangawī, Aḥmad
225
Baraq-töre
216
barzakh
73, 87
Bashlarov, Sayf Allah-Qadi
288, 293
Bayān al-ḥaqāʾiq (periodical)
286, 288, 292
Bayānī, Muḥammad Yusūf
190–193, 201
Bayghara-biy
213, 214, 215
Bäyrämova, Fäwziyä
74–76, 93–94
on the afterlife
85, 89–90, 91–92
on jinn
81–82
on Prophet Muhammad’s miracles
21, 24n15, 30, 42, 44, 83
Bibighaysha
218
Bican, Ahmet
80
Bigiev, Musa
88
Biktirlī Īshān
187n30
biys’ court
249–250, 253, 256, 257–262, 271
Boboxonov, Eshon
330
Boboxonov, Shamsuddin
306n10, 323–326, 329–330
Boboxonov, Ziyouddin
319n47
CARC. see Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC)
Caucasus
277–278.
Daghestan
Central Asia. specific countries
alternative authority figures in
308–310
the “Islamic Sphere” in
328–331
Islamization among nomadic peoples of
19
religiosity in, ways of
42
SADUM in
303–305
Chaghatāy-oghlï, ʿAzīz Khwāja
196
Charkhī, Yaʿqūb; Charkhī, I͡aqubi
108
Christianity
forced conversion to
90
jinn in
78
in Tatarstan
74, 82, 85, 93–94
comportment, customs of
34
conflict, religious
56–57, 93–94
Conolly, Arthur
150–151, 152, 156, 159–160
Council for Religious Cults (SDRK/SDR)
279–280, 283, 296–297
Council for the Affairs of Religious Cults (CARC)
304, 306–307, 310, 312
Daghestan
educational reform in
287–288, 289–290, 296
Islam, return of to
278–280, 299
Islamic legal reform in
287–292
military-popular administration system
281–282
Soviet Islamic elite in
294–297
Sufism and Russian rule in
280–282
Dahbidī, Mūsā Khān
214
Dāmullā Artūq Īshān
204
death rituals
90–91, 317nn38–39.
afterlife
Deregezi, ʿAbbās Qulī Khan
169
Dianasybekov, Tokash
256
Dibirov, Muḥammad-Qadi
288
Dīn va maʿīshat (periodical)
266
Dishigarin, Chukei
256
Dīwān, Jumʿa Niyāz
191
dress, customs of
34
DUMSK (Dukhovnoe upravlenie musul’man Severnogo Kavkaza)
279, 283–286, 294–297, 298–299
al-Durgilī, Nadhīr
290
economic life
religion and
43, 202–204, 231–234, 305
Tazabek’s success
131–136, 133f–135f
education
about Abūḣanifa in schools
102n6
reformists
287–288, 289–290, 296, 305
religious
46
in Tajikistan
109n
Élikay, Sulṭān
194–197
Erali (Īr-ʿAlī)
232–234, 236, 237, 239
Erkezhan
219
eschatology
85–92
Eseyŭlï, Süleyman-ishan
222–223
Eszhan, Murat
132
Euro-Islam
74–75
Eve
79
extremist agendas
27–28
Fäkhretdin, Rizaetdin
76, 80, 87, 88
familial relations, as religious
35, 46
fatwās
“Crisis of Authority,” effects of on
2
pattalar records regarding
311–327
Qarash’s
250, 262–270
SADUM’s
306–307, 311–313
Soviet, against Sufism
282–286, 296–298
Fazlïev, Jälil
90
feminism, Namys TV argument against
139–140.
women
Ferghana Museum of Local Lore
235
Ferghana Valley
229–230, 314–315, 324–325, 329–330
Firdaws al-iqbāl (Mūnis)
189–190
“Friendship of the Faiths” rhetoric
56, 57
“Friendship of the Peoples” rhetoric
56, 57
fundamentalism
misinterpretations of
27–28
scripturalism
310
Wahhabism
72–73, 293, 295, 308
Gekkiev, Maḥmūd-ḥājjī
294, 297–298
genealogical traditions
46
Ghalävetdin, Idris
72, 74, 88–89, 92, 93
Ghalikeev, Ghabdullah
263
ghayb
71, 73, 74–75
Ghïlmani, S.
259n62
Ghumarov, Mukhammadsharif
264
Ginanjar, Ary
141
Golden Horde, Islamization in
19
Great Caucasus War
277, 281
The Great Imom’s Life Environment and the World of his Thoughts (Raḣmon)
101
Grover, Captain
157
al-Gubdānī, Ghazanav
290
Gulshan-i saʿādat (Laffasī)
180
hadith literature
on jinn
77–79
nāfila in
265
in pattalar queries
321, 323–326
piety movement’s use of
121
on the Prophet’s miracles
84
Qarash’s use of
267
Tazabek’s use of
126–127, 128
hagiographical narratives
44–45, 112, 223–225.
saints
hajj
83, 87, 90, 91–92, 262n77
badal hajj
262n77, 265, 267–270
pattalar records regarding
321–323
Ḣalimov, Gulmurod
115
Hamadānī, Sayyid ʿAlī; Ḣamadonī, Mir Saĭid Alii
108
Ḥanafī (Ḣanafī) jurisprudence
10, 73–74, 100, 102n6, 107, 108n, 110
in Kazakhstan
267–269
Tazabek’s praise of
122n8
young mullahs and
307–308, 315
al-Harakānī, ʿAbd al-Rashīd
289, 293, 294, 295
healing practices
46, 79–80
The Heritage of the Great Imom and the Dialogue of Civilizations (Raḣmon)
101
Ḣiloli Aḣmar mosque
104
Ḥusayn
212
Iakupov, Valiulla
74, 75, 80, 87, 90, 93
Iblis
78–81
Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb, Muḥammad
72, 74, 88, 295
Ibn Kathīr
81
Ibn Taymiyya, Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad
78, 81, 83, 94
Ibrakhim, Malik
74–75, 93
on the afterlife
85–88, 89, 92
on jinn
76–80
on Prophet Muhammad’s miracles
82–84
Ibronov, Ḣojī Mirzo
104–106, 109, 111, 113, 114, 116
Ignat’ev, A.P.
258n60
ijtihād
247, 250, 268, 270, 287–292, 298
Iman (newspaper)
75
International Islamic University
104
Ioldyz Madrasa
72, 74, 88
Isfandiyār Khān
181
īshāns
authority of
183–185, 194
as conflict mediators
180–183, 187–194
distinctions of
189
Kazakh khoja lineages
209–210
as madrasah founders
186–187
and material patronage
198–204
political influence of
187–189
title meaning
183–185
Islam
as acting on Soviet society
54–56
authority in, sources of
4
discourse under Russian rule, notion of
247–249
“moral” vs. “social” misleading bifurcation
40–41
vs. nationalism
24n15
parsing of into misleading binary oppositions
35–39
“real” vs. “folk”
36–37, 44
“right” vs. “wrong”
277–278, 280
Russian as “language of”
47
Soviet rule, effects of on
228
“Islamic Sphere”
328–331
Islamic University of Imom Termizī
109n
Islamic University of Medina
72
Islamization
among nomadic peoples
19
Bäyrämova’s topographical
91–92
and communal identity
25–26
Islām Ṣūfī, see Ṣūfī Islām
Ivan the Terrible
90
Izimbai, Anuar
123–124, 126, 127, 128, 136
Jadids and Jadidism
21–22, 80, 132, 247, 250, 263–264, 287n24, 295
Jaʿfar as-Ṣādiq
212
Jamāl al-Dīn
213–214, 220
Jamāl al-Dīn-ḥājjī (Kumyk)
288, 291
Jarīdat Dāghistān (newspaper)
289
al-Jawāb al-ṣaḥīḥ li’l-akh al-muṣliḥ (al-Uḥlī)
294–296
Jesus
78, 84, 89
jihād, against Russia
277
jinn
76–82, 94
Judaism, jinn in
78
Jumʿa Īshān
155n24, 172–174
Junayd Khān
180–181
al-Jungūtī, Yūsuf
290
Jununī, Mavlavī
99–100
Kaaba of Mecca
83
kafirs
88–89, 94
Kaiaev, ʿAli
288–292, 295
Kamal-maghzŭm
218–219, 220, 221
Kāmyāb, Sayyid Ḥāmid Tūra
186–187
Karabudagov, Tatam
296
Karimov, Islam
57n
Kazakhstan
ancestor veneration in
246n8
Aqtaban shŭbïrïndï
213
Ata zholȉ movement
47
biys’ court
249–250, 253, 256, 257–262, 271
genealogical treatises from
208–209
Inner Horde, OSMA’s influence in
262–270
khojas’ authority in
209–210, 224–225
Ministry for Religious Affairs
137
Muftiyat
120, 122, 123, 138
Muslimness in, transformation of
245–249
Namys TV conspiracies
139–140
oath-taking in
261n70
OSMA’s authority in
245–256
piety movement in
121–122, 122n8
pīr-murīd relationship in
210, 215, 219, 224–225
Qarash’s fatwās
262–270
religiosity in, “epic”
57n
religious ecumenism as a marker of legitimacy
57
Russian Empire, integration into
245–246
Shāh-i Aḥmad al-Ṣabāwī, lineage of
209–225
shaykh/shikh title in
211
Sïban-Nayman accounts
212–213
Sozaq uprising
221
state-sanctioned Islam in
57
Tazabek as an authority in
120–141
terrorism fears in
137–138
Kereybay
216
Khakimov, Rafael
74
Khaled, Amr
141
Khālidī, Qurbān-ʿAlī
215
Khalifa Altai Charitable Fund
121–122
Khalīfa Walidān Ishān
200
Khān Īshān
180–181
Khasen-maghzŭm
218, 220
Khiva
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān’s relationship with authorities of
162–169
campaigns against Sarïq Turkmens
165–169
conquest of Merv
169–171
governor of, murdered by Sarïq Turkmens
149, 156, 163
imprisonment of Sulṭān Élikay and family in
195–197
īshān access to authority in
189
īshān conflict mediation in
189–194
Qaraqalpaq insurrection against
188–189
Qazaq conflict
194–197
Qonghrat dynasty
180–181, 186, 194–195
Turkmens uprising against
201–202
al-Khiyābānī, Jalāl al-Dīn
214
Khiżr
322n51
khoja lineages, authority of
46, 209–210, 224
Kholmat-shaykh
236
Khrushchev, Nikita
314
Khudaibergenov, Abai
257
Khudāy-berdi-oghlï, Dāmullā Allāh-yār Makhdūm
184n12, 186, 200–202
Khwāja Aḥmad Īshān
187–188, 191
Khwāja Shaykh
211
Khwāja-Éli
198–199
Khwārazm
īshān conflict mediation in
189–194
Özbék-Yāf
202–204
Qonghrat dynasty
180–181, 186, 194–195
Sufism in
184–186
Khwārazm taʿrīfi
184n12
al-Kikūnī, Sharaf al-Dīn
295
kinship structures
46
Koshchegulov, Shaimardan
258n60
Kudrevetskii, D.V.
260n65
Kulmametov, Mukhammed
252–253
Kurbanov, Muḥammad-ḥājjī
285–286, 288, 296
Kyrgyzstan
religious ecumenism as a marker of legitimacy in
57
terrorism fears in
137
labor
sacralization of
43
Tazabek’s references to
128
Laffasī, Ḥasan-Murad
180–182
legal practices
ʿādat
245–246, 249, 257–262
biys’ court
249–250, 253, 256, 257–262, 271
hybrid
249, 259–262, 271–272
ijtihād
247, 250, 268, 270, 287–292, 298
reformists
287–292
sharīʿa
245–271, 328–331
taqlīd
247, 250, 268, 270, 288–292
Lenin, Vladimir
60
The Life of Imom Abūḣanifa (Ḣusenpur)
110
Login, John
158–159, 172
Lord of the Rings (Tolkien)
74
The Luminary of Instruction (film)
103n7
Lumsden, Peter
172
Magomedov, Fakhr al-Dīn
294
Mahmūdiyya
288
Maḥmūd Jalīl al-Dīn Oghlï
266
mahr
253–254
Maitland, Captain
167n69
Majalla ḥukkām sharīʿa (Qarash)
268
Makhdūm, Muḥammad Bāqī
200
Mamïrbek
218–219
al-Manār (periodical)
289
al-Mansur
111
Mansur, Abdulaziz
311–312
Mansurov, Mukhammad Amin
252–253
Märjani, Shihabetdin
92, 270n125
Mary (Virgin)
78
Mashrab, Bābā-Raḥīm
324n56
Masoud, Moez
141
Māturīdīs
269n122
Mavraev, Muḥammad-Mirza
288
Mazar-i-Sharif
157n34
mazars
229–232, 234–239
“Meaningful Issues” (television program)
120, 123–126, 127–128, 131, 136, 137–138
mevlud
72
Mi’raj
84
Mir-i Arab madrasa
72–73, 289, 297, 298
Mīrzā-ʿĀlim
234
Mirzoev, Sakhrat Allah
296
modernity
and “Crisis of Authority”
2–3
Jadidist narrative
21–22
and nationalism
25
and religion, constricted understandings of
38
Soviet
28–29
morality
Abūḣanifa and
102–103
religion as discourse on
39–41
al-Muʿāẕī, ʿAbdullāh
214, 225
Mubarov, Daryn
122n8
Muflikhunov, Nurulla
72–73
Muftiyat
120, 122, 123, 138
Muhammad (Prophet)
as exorcist
79
as intercessor
88
on jinn
77
miracles of
82–85
Yakhin’s biographies of
83
Muhammad, Aqa
174
Muḥammad Amīn Bek
166
Muḥammad Amīn Khān
165–169, 171, 189, 195, 200
Muḥammad Karīm Īshān
201–204
Muḥammad Niyāz Bīy
201–202
Muḥammad Raḥīm Khān I
186, 190, 198–199
Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ Īshān
180
Muḥammad Sharīf Īshān
187, 200
Muhammad Sodiq Muhammad Yusuf
312, 314–315, 327n63
Muḥammad Ṭāhīr Īshān
198n73
Muhammad Zeman Khan
151
al-Muhūkhī, Masʿūd
289, 290, 291, 294, 295
Muinakov, Temirlan
256
Mŭkhametshaykh
223
Mŭkhay-maghzŭm
221
Mūnis, Shīr Muḥammad
190
Murād Mirza
168
Murzaliev, Chorman
254–255
Murzalin, Baial
257
Murzalin, Dzhanaly
257
Müsäpĭrbek
215
Muslim identity. religiosity
comportment and
34
and Soviet citizenship
38–39, 60
Muʿtazilites
269n122, 270n125
nāfila
265
Namys TV
139–140
Nārinjānī, ʿAbdullāh
199
nationalism
Islam vs.
24–26
as the key outcome of the Soviet era
57
linguistic
25n17
Nawan Ḥażrat
257n53, 258n60, 261n73, 271–272
Naẓar, Ata
165
Naẓar, Mullā Dawlat
190
Nazarbaev, Nursultan
136, 138
Ninety One (band)
140
Niyāz Bék
190
Niyāz Muḥammad
155n23, 161, 163, 165n58
Niẓām al-Mulk
155
nomadic peoples, Islamization among
19
North Caucasus
278, 281.
Daghestan
Northern Afghanistan (Yate)
173
Nukh Päyghambär köymäse (Bäyrämova)
91
Nur.kz internet portal
140
Nurmagomedov, Muḥammad G.
289
Nūr Muḥammad Īshān
187n30
occultism
86, 93
Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly (OMSA)
fatwā petition to
262–270
Kazakhs, jurisdiction over
249, 250–256
Muslimness, role of in shaping Kazakhs
245–250
OMSA. see Orenburg Mohammedan Spiritual Assembly (OMSA)
Ospanov, Didar
122n8
Pahlavān Maḥmud shrine
165
pattalar records
hadith references in
321, 323–326
hajj, queries on
321–323
pilgrimage, queries on
316, 318–320, 321–323
prayer, queries on
320–321
rituals, queries on
317–318, 320
SADUM collection of
311–315, 328–331
shrine culture, queries on
316, 318–320, 324–326
women, queries by
318–320, 321–322
Perovskii, Vasilii
195
pilgrimage
hajj
83, 87, 90, 91–92, 262n77, 321–323
to mazars
229–231, 234–235, 238–239
pattalar records regarding
316, 318–320, 321–323
prohibitions against in Daghestan
283, 286
by proxy (badal hajj)
262n77, 265, 267–270
to sacred shrines
91–92
“The Politics of Depopulation” (Namys TV)
139–140
prayer
to cure jinn possession
79
to the dead, as forbidden
88
pattalar records regarding
320–321
and purity
34
Prophetic authority, access to in Tatarstan
71–76, 93–94
Protestant Reformation
28n
purity, prayer and
34, 40, 51
al-Qahī, Ḥasan Ḥilmī
293, 295
Qaliev, Serik
121
qalïng
253–255
Qapkaev, Ghinayatullah
268–270
Qarabura-äuliye
221
Qaraqalpaq clans
187–189
Qaraqazï
216
Qarash, Ghŭmar
250, 262–270
Qāsim-oghlï, Ér Muḥammad. see Élikay, Sulṭān
al-Qaṭrat min biḥār al-ḥaqāʾiq (al-Muʿāẕī)
214
Qayum-shaykh
236
Qazaq (periodical)
268
Qazaqs, Khivan conflict with
194–197
al-Qïzïlyārī, Sirāj al-Dīn b. Sayfullāh
253
Qol Sharif mosque
80
Qonaev (Kunaev), Dinmukhamed
121
Qonghrat dynasty
180–181, 186, 190, 194–195, 198–204
Qori, Abdulhokim
323–326, 329–330
Qori, Umar-Khon
327n63
Qoshchi, Orus
192
Qozhakhmet
221
Qŭnanbayŭlï, Abay
216–217
Qur’an
on jinn
77–78
on men, duties of
124
piety movement’s use of
121
on Satan
78
Tazabek’s use of
126–128, 130–131, 136
Qurbān Naẓar Īshān
202–203
Qŭrmanŭlï, Maral-ishan
222
Quṭb, Sayyid
77
Qutluq Khwāja Īshān
187
Qutluq Murād Khān
190–191, 201
al-Rabghuzi, Nasir al-Din
80
Raḥmān Berdī
155n24, 165n58, 166–167, 168, 172–174
Raḣmon, Ėmomalī
100–101, 106, 110–111, 114, 115
Räsüli, Zäynulla
81
Red Terror
305
reformists
critiques of Sufism
292–294
Daghestani
287–292
Jadidists
21–22, 80, 132, 247, 250, 263–264, 287n24, 295
Salafists
28–29, 42, 72, 122n8, 123, 138, 264n87, 298
Soviet Islamic elite and
294–297
religion
as belief, flaws with emphasizing
48–51
critical engagement with, resistance to
47–48
defined in binary opposition to other phenomena
37–38, 49–50
and economic life
43, 202–204, 231–234, 305
modes of discourse on
51–53
as morality discourse
39–41
post-Soviet heightened role of
58
Western understandings of
48–50
religiosity
decline in, Sovietological arguments for
29–30
governing regimes and
7–8
the “Islamic Sphere”
328–331
manifestations of
34–35
neglect of manifestations of in the Soviet era
5, 41–47
parsing of into misleading binary oppositions
35–39
SADUM’s vision of
309n17
surveys of
31–35
Religious Administration of Central Asian Muslims (SADUM)
222–223
Riḍā, Rashīd
77, 289, 295
Risāla-yi khalvat-i ṣūfīhā
184n12, 198
rituals. pilgrimage
communally-enacted
45–46
death
90–91, 317nn38–39
pattalar records regarding
317–318, 320
sayil
316n35
Riyāż al-dhākirīn (Khudāy-berdi-oghlï)
184n12, 186, 187, 200–202
Riyāżī
172
Riżāʾ ad-Dīn b. Fakhr ad-Dīn
214, 270n125
Rockefeller family
139–140
Ruh-nama (Türkmenbashi)
57
Rumī, Mavlavī
99–100, 116
Russian Islamic University
90, 92
Saʿdī, Shīrāzī, Musharrif al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Muṣliḥ ibn ʿAbdullah
326n60
Sadïq-maghzŭm
221–222
Sadïr
264
sadr
317n38
SADUM. see Spiritual Board of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM)
Safar-maghzŭm
218, 219, 221
Safin, Rashat
74
Saghïndïqŭlï, Beyseqan
216
Saidov, Muḥammad-Saiid
289, 292
saints. shrine culture
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān
149–171
Abūḣanifa
100–116
dogs as
217
Khiżr
322n51
Shaykhan Qari-Ata
223
Salafism
fostered by Soviet ideology
28–29, 298
and Jadidism
264n87
misinterpretations of
28n
promotion of, Saudi
72
Tazabek’s association with
122n8, 123, 138
as a version of religiosity
42
Salar, Naib
174
Salor Turkmens
166, 171
al-Samarqandī, Muḥammad-Ṣiddīq
214
Samatov, Ghabdelkhak
76
Samed
214–215
Samoilovich, A.N.
151, 169
Saparŭlï, Sakhibzada
222
Sardār, Muḥammad Qurbān
180–181
Sargina, Chalsa
254–255
Sarïq Turkmens
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, influence of among
149–171, 175
holy men, role of among
149–150, 158, 175
Khivan campaigns against
165–169
Merv, conquest of
169–171
murder of Khivan governor by
149, 156, 163
Sokhti sub-division of
173
Talkhatan-baba complex
154–156, 173
Tekes and
151, 166–167, 171–172, 174
Wolff’s accounts of
156–157
Satan
78–79
Saudi Arabia, Wahhabi promotion in Russia by
72
sawab
87–88
sayil
316n35
Sayyid Muḥammad Khān
203
Sayyid Muḥammad Raḥim Khān
186
Sayyid Muḥammad Töre
201–202
sayyids
211–212, 222
Sayyid Tursūn Khwāja Īshān
190
scripturalism
310
SDRK/SDR. see Council for Religious Cults (SDRK/SDR)
secularization
3, 29–30, 240–241
Senbay-sopï
223
Shagaviev, Damir Said
92
shahāda
31–32, 89
Shāh-i Aḥmad al-Ṣabāwī
ancestors of
210–213, 211t, 213t
biography of
214–218
death and burial of
218
descendants of, in the Soviet Era
220–223
miracles of
215–217
mosque of
222
murīds, training of by
216–217
sons of
218–220
Shäker-maghzŭm
218, 220, 221
Shakerov, Ghabdiakhmet Abuyusŭpŭlï
222
Shakespear, Richard
152, 159, 160
Shamil
277, 281
Shämsetdinov, Rusham
84
Sharbatī Shaykh
212
sharīʿa
vs. ʿādat
245–246, 257–262
appeals to
246–247
biys’ court, use of by
259n62
colonial transformation of
249–250, 258, 271
marriage contract cases, application of in
249–256
pattalar records regarding
311–327
Qarash’s fatwās and
262–270
role of within the “Islamic Sphere”
328–331
Shärip
218
Shäripzhamal
215, 218
Shaykhan Qari-Ata
223
shaykhs
authority of
228–229, 240–241
as caretakers of mazars
229–231, 235–236, 238–239
fatwās against
284–286, 297
Ferghana Valley, title meaning in
229–230
gender roles, transformation of
228, 240
Kazakhstan, title meaning in
211–212
in post-Soviet times
238–239
in pre-Soviet times
231–234
Siberia, title meaning in
211–212
in the Soviet period
234–238
Sufi debates about
292–293
Shokirov, Yusufxon
306n10
Shokirxo’jayev, Olimxon To’ra
306n10, 310, 319n47
Shoqantayŭlï, Arqarbay
220
shrine culture
44–45, 47, 58, 91–92, 286.
mazars
pattalar records regarding
316, 318–320, 324–326
Shura (periodical)
263, 268
Siberia, shaykh/shikh title in
211–212
al-Sibirī, ʿAbd al-Majīd
214
silsila affiliations
214, 225
Sirhindī, Aḥmad
214
Smanov, Abdughappar
122–123
Smanov, Abdusattar
122
Soviet citizenship, Muslim identity and
38–39, 60
Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the North Caucasus
279, 294, 297
Spiritual Administrations
279
Spiritual Board of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM)
challenges to authority of
306–311
establishment of
303–305
fatwās of
306–307, 311–313
pattalar record examples
316–327
pattalar records
311–315, 328–331
terminology employed by
304n5
spiritualism
77, 86, 93
Stalin, Joseph
223
Stoddart, Charles
156
Stories from the Times of the Great Imom (Ḣamroḣ & Naqqosh)
110
Ṣūfī Islām
150–152
Sufis and Sufism
anti-Sufism, radical
297–298
binary transformations of
36
brotherhoods
282–283
communal affiliations
185
critiques of
292–294
fatwās against, Soviet
282–286, 296–298
jihād and
277
Khālidi
293, 294
in Khwārazm
184–186, 202–204
Mahmūdi
292, 294
misinterpretations of
20–21, 26
Naqshbandī
108, 175, 213, 277, 293, 294
pīr-murīd relationship
210, 215, 219, 224–225
Qarash’s criticism of
263n84
Qonghrat dynasty and
198–204
as religious authorities
150n4
Russian rule and
280–282
Shādhili
282, 293, 294
Soviet Islamic elite and
294–297
ʿulamāʾ binary
185
Wahhabism, defenses against
293, 295
Sukhbat (television program)
120n1
Sukhotin, N.I.
260–261
“survivals,” religious
20, 45, 51
syncretism, metaphorical models of
51–53
al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr
78
Ṭāhīr Khwāja Īshān
198–199
Tajikistan
Abūḣanifa’s legacy in
100–116
Ḣojī Mirzo’s societal critiques
104–106
personal piety in
115
religious education in
109n
shaykhs in
229–241
sociocultural dynamics in, changing
227–228
state-sanctioned Islam in
57
“Year of the Great Imom”
106–112, 114
Takhawi, Zöfär
85, 89
Talasov, Nauryzbai
257–258, 260–261
Talim TV (Asyl Arna)
120, 122, 123, 133–136, 138
Talkhatan-baba complex
154–156, 173
Tängĭrbergenŭlï, Ärip
212–213
taqlīd
247, 250, 268, 270, 288–292
tarkhān grants
199n75, 199n77, 200, 203
Tashkent
279, 289, 303
Tastanov, Husain
257
Tatars
genealogies of Shāh-i Aḥmad al-Ṣabāwī
210–213, 211t
“savage customs” accusations against Kazakhs
249, 256
Tatarstan
afterlife beliefs and practices in
85–92
Euro-Islam in
74–75
Islamic revival in
72, 93–94
jinn beliefs and practices in
76–82
Kriashens in
74, 82, 93–94
Prophetic authority, access to in
71–76, 93–94
Soviet experience
71
teachings on Prophet Muhammad’s miracles in
82–85
Wahhabi influences in
72–73
Ṭayyib Īshān
198–199
Tazabek, Mukhamedzhan
as an aqyn
121, 128
as an authority, effects of acceptance as
138, 141
as close to the government of Kazakhstan
136–138
early years
121–123
as an interpreter of expert opinion
126–127
as a man of the people
127–131, 129f–130f
“Meaningful Issues” appearance
120, 123–126, 127–128, 131, 136, 137–138
media appearances
120
popularity of
120
scandals
120, 123
social media
120, 126–127, 126f, 128–130, 129f–130f, 131–132, 133f–134f, 136
as an upper-class knowledge worker
131–136, 133f–135f
Teke Turkmens
151, 166–167, 171–172, 174, 189
terrorism
Kazakhstan’s response to
137
threat-assessment scholarship
26–27
Thanāʾī, Bābā Jān
186, 198–199
Thomson, William Taylor
152, 160–161
Tileukhan, Bekbolat
121
Todd, Major
150
Tolkien, J.R.R.
74
Töre, Zarlïq
190
Töre Murād Ṣūfī
198–199
Troitskii, A.I.
257–258, 260–261
Tulgon-shaykh
228, 230, 233, 236, 237, 239
Tuqay, Ghabdulla
76
Turajonzoda, Nuriddin
104
Türkmenbashi
57
Turkmenistan, religiosity in, “epic”
57
Turkmens. Sarïq Turkmens
Chowdur
187, 190–193
īshān conflict mediation among
187–194
Khiva uprising by
201–202
Salor
166, 171
Teke
151, 166–167, 171–172, 174, 189
Yemreli
190
Yomut
181, 187, 189, 190–193, 201
al-Uḥlī, ʿAbd al-Ḥafīẓ-ḥājjī
294–296
al-Uḥlī, Muḥammad ʿUmarī
289, 295
ʿulamāʾ
2–3, 246, 248, 249, 256, 266, 304–305, 310, 313–315
Umar-shaykh
236
Urgench, siege of
180–182
USSR
atheism in
25–26n17, 30n24, 54–55, 59–61, 280
discussions about Islam in
279
as an ecumenical empire
56–57
Islam as acting on Soviet society
54–56
Muslim identity and Soviet citizenship in, compatibility of
38–39, 60
religious diversity in
58–59
as a “religious space”
327–328
shaykhs in
234–238
Uzbekistan
pattalar records
311–327
religiosity in, “epic”
57n
SADUM, challenges to authority of in
306–311, 330–331
SADUM, establishment of in
303–305
state-sanctioned Islam in
57
Vāqiʿāt-i Islāmī (Junayd Allāh)
151
The Virtues of the Great Imom
110
vKontakte (vK)
123, 139
Voroshilov, Kliment
223
Wahhabis and Wahhabism
defenses against, by Daghestani Sufis
293, 295
promotion of, Saudi
72
in Tatarstan
72–73
young mullahs labeled as
308, 314–315, 324–325, 327
Wakīl, ʿAważ Muḥammad
192, 193
Wakīl, Khwāja Niyāz
192–193
Wali-maghzŭm
218
Wolff, Joseph
152–158, 163, 164, 172–173
women
headscarves, fatwā against wearing by
306
and jinn possession
79, 88
as listeners of Ḣojī Mirzo Ibronov’s sermons
104n9
mullahs
309–310, 313, 319, 324–325, 330
pattalar queries by
318–320, 321–322
as reason for shrine pilgrimage fatwā
286
as shaykhs
237
Yakhin, Färit
74–76, 94
on the afterlife
87, 89–90
on jinn
80–81
on Prophet Muhammad’s miracles
82–83, 84
Yalqïn (magazine)
85
Yaqubjon
232, 239
Yasawi, Khoja Ahmad
80, 317n38, 319n44
al-Yaʿsūbī, Muḥammad
293
Yate, Arthur C.
174
Yate, Charles E.
173–174
Yetmishbay
236
young mullahs
307–308, 310, 314–315, 324–325, 327
Yūllïq Shaykh
211–212
Yunïsov, Ramil
80
Yusuf of Talkhatan
153
Zaripov, Suleyman
92
Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn,
212
Zeynolla
217
Zhanköbek people
215–216
Zhaqay
215
Zharqïnbay
215–216
Zholdybaiuly, Qairat
138
Zhollïqozha-maghzŭm
218, 221
Zhüdeu
218–219
Zhumaliev, Baiet
264