1 Tomb monument for Lorenzo Gerusino (â 1498): detail of the epitaph. Rome, S. Maria della Pace, chiostro (originally in Rome, S. Simeone Profeta). (Photo: author) 21
2 Tomb monument for Ludovico Grati (â 1531): epitaph. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 22
3 Tomb monument for Cardinal Francisco de Quiñones (â 1540): epitaph. Rome, S. Croce in Gerusalemme. (Photo: author) 24
4 Tomb monument for Giuliano Maffei da Volterra, archbishop of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) (â 1510). Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 27
5 Tomb monument for Johannes Didaci de Coca, bishop of Calahorra (â 1477). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 39
6 Tomb monument for Johannes Didaci de Coca, bishop of Calahorra (â 1477): effigy and fresco painting. Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 40
7 Tomb monument for Cardinal Luigi dâAragona (â 1519): epitaph. Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 42
8 Tomb monument for Giovanni Alberini (â 1473). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Image in the public domain) 43
9 Tomb monument for Cardinal Niccolò Caetani (â 1585): epitaph. Loreto, Basilica della Casa Santa. (Photo: author) 50
10 Tomb monument for Cardinal Ausias Despuig de Podio (â 1483). Rome, S. Sabina. (Image in the public domain) 55
11 Tomb monument for Cardinal Antoniotto Pallavicino (â 1507): epitaph. Rome, S. Maria del Popolo (originally in Rome, St Peterâs). (Photo: author) 56
12 Tomb monument for Giovanni Battista Milizi (â 1507): epitaph. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 57
13 Tomb monument for Diego Melendez de Valdes, bishop of Astorga and Zamora (â 1506). Rome, S. Maria in Monserrato, chiostro (originally in Rome, S. Giacomo deâ Spagnuoli). (Photo: author) 71
14 Cenotaph for Cardinal Tommaso Vio (â 1534). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva, façade. (Photo: author) 75
15 Cenotaph for Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg (â 1537). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva, façade. (Photo: author) 77
16 Tomb monument for Cardinal Bessarion (â 1472). Rome, SS. Apostoli, chiostro (originally inside the church). (Photo: author) 80
17 Tomb monument for Cardinal Alessandro Crivelli (â 1574). Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 82
18 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giorgio da Costa (â 1508). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo. (Image in the public domain) 84
19 Tomb slab for Alessandro Riario (future patriarch of Alexandria and cardinal) (â 1585): epitaph. Rome, SS. Apostoli. (Photo: author) 85
20 Tomb slab for Cardinal Bartolomé de la Cueva y Toledo (â 1562). Rome, S. Maria in Monserrato (originally in Rome, S. Giacomo degli Spagnoli). (Photo: author) 87
21 Tomb monument for Cardinal Fulvio della Corgna (or Cornea, â 1583). Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 88
22 Tomb for Cardinal Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni (â 1568). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo. (Photo: author) 90
23 Tomb monument for Cardinal Francesco Armellini (â 1527) and his father. Rome, S. Maria in Trastevere. (Photo: author) 91
24 Tomb monument for Cardinal Francesco Armellini (â 1527) and his father. Detail: tomb for Cardinal Francesco Armellini, S. Maria in Trastevere. (Photo: author) 92
25 Tomb monument for Cardinal Francesco Armellini (â 1527) and his father: epitaph for the cardinalâs father, Benvegnate Armellini. (Photo: author) 94
26 Tomb monument for Cardinal Francesco Armellini (â 1527) and his father: epitaph for Cardinal Armellini. (Photo: author) 94
27 Tomb monument for Cardinal Sisto Gara della Rovere (â 1517). Rome, S. Pietro in Vincoli. (Photo: author) 96
28 Tomb monument for Cardinal Silvio Passerini (â 1529) (and for Silvio Passerini, archbishop of Cosenza (â 1587) who, however, was buried in the cathedral of Cosenza). Rome, S. Lorenzo in Lucina. (Photo: author) 97
29 Tomb monument for Cardinal Pier Francesco Ferrero (â 1566). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (Photo: author) 98
30 Tomb monument for Cardinal Guido Ferrero (â 1585). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (Photo: author) 99
31 Tomb monument for Cardinal Branda Castiglione (â 1443). Castiglione Olona, Collegiata dei SS Stefano e Lorenzo. (Photo: Franco Canziani Fotografia â Museo della Collegiata di Castiglione Olona) 100
32 Tomb monument for Cardinal Niccolò Caetani (â 1585). Loreto, Basilica della Casa Santa. (Image in the public domain) 102
33 Tomb monument for Cardinal Pietro Foscari (â 1485). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo (no longer on its original location in this church). (Image in the public domain) 104
34 Tomb monument for Cardinal Alessandro Sforza (â 1581). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (RU Nijmegen, CKD) 105
35 Tomb monument for Cardinal Paolo Emilio Cesi (â 1537). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (Photo: author) 106
36 Tomb monument for Cardinal Federico Cesi (â 1565). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (Photo: author) 107
37 Tomb monument for Cardinal Antoniotto Pallavicino (â 1507). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo (originally in Rome, St Peterâs). (Image in the public domain) 112
38 Tomb monument for Giovanni Sacco, archbishop of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) (â 1505). Rome, S. Onofrio (Photo: author) 114
39 Tomb monument for Giovanni Sacco, archbishop of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) (â 1505): motto on casket. Rome, S. Onofrio. (Photo: author) 115
40 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giovanni Battista Savelli (â 1498). Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 116
41 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giovanni Battista Savelli (â 1498): epitaph. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 117
42 Raphaël, The Dream of Scipio. Oil on panel, c 1504. London, National Gallery. (Image in the public domain) 120
43 The Contest of Virtue and Pleasure. Woodcut illustration in Stultifera Navis (Jacob Locherâs Latin version of Sebastian Brandtâs Narrenschiff), Basel: Iohannes Bergman de Olpe: 1497, fol. 129v. (Image in the public domain) 121
44 Tomb monument for Lorenzo Mancini (â 1514), Rome, SS. Apostoli, chiostro (originally in the church). (Photo: author) 121
45 Tomb monument for Lorenzo Mancini in its original state. Drawing from the volume compiled by Costantino Gigli (c.1590â1666), now the Royal Library of Windsor (RCIN 970334, fol. 95r). (Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021) 122
46 Dismantled tomb monument for Burgundio Leolo (â 1501). Rome, S. Agostino (originally situated in the S. Monica Chapel of the same church). (Photo: author) 123
47 Tomb monument for Pietro Manzi from Vicenza (â 1504), bishop of Cesena. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 125
48 Tomb monument for Bernardino Elvino (â 1548), bishop of Anglona-Tursi. Rome, S.M. del Popolo (no longer on its original location in this church). (Photo: author) 126
49 Tomb monument for Cardinal Gian Girolamo Albani (â 1591). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo. (Image in the public domain) 128
50 Ricci Chapel. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Image in the public domain) 132
51 Del Monte Chapel. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Image in the public domain) 133
52 Ricci Chapel: entrance arch and cupola. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author.) 135
53 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giovanni Ricci (â 1574): left half of the epitaph. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 136
54 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giovanni Ricci (â 1574): right half of the epitaph. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 136
55 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giovanni Ricci (â 1574): statue of St Peter. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 138
56 Tomb monument for Cardinal Giovanni Ricci (â 1574): statue of St Paul. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 139
57 Ricci Chapel: altarpiece with The Baptism of Christ. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio (Photo: author) 140
58 Ricci Chapel: part of the banister with balusters and sculpted putti. Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 141
59 Ricci Chapel: Ricci coat of arms with a hedgehog (riccio). Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 142
60 Tomb monument for Pope Paul V (â 1621). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (Photo: author) 150
61 Tomb monuments for Popes Nicholas V (â 1455) (nr. E) and Paul II (â 1471) (nr. F) in their original state, placed against the southern outer wall of the old basilica of St Peterâs, Rome. Illustration from: Giovanni Ciampini, De sacris aedificiis a Constantino Magno constructis. Synopsis historica (Rome, Joannis Jacobi Komarek Bohemi: 1693), p. 57, tab. XVII. (Image in the public domain) 155
62 Tomb monument for Pope Nicholas V (â 1455) in its present state. Rome, sacre grotte vaticane (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Photo: author) 155
63 Tomb monument for Pope Calixtus III (â 1458), in its original state in the old basilica of St Peterâs, according to a drawing ascribed to Giacomo Grimaldi (1568â1623) in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. (From: Roser H., St. Peter in Rom im 15. Jahrhundert: Studien zu Architektur und skulpturaler Ausstattung, Römische Studien der Bibliotheca Hertziana 19 (Munich: 2005) 160, ill. 117) 157
64 Tomb monument for Pope Calixtus III (â 1458) in its present state. Rome, sacre grotte vaticane (originally in old the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Image in the public domain) 158
65 Tomb monument for Pope Pius II (â 1464) in its original state in the old basilica of St Peterâs, according to a drawing by Giovanni Antonio Dosio (1533â1611) (Berlin, bpk / Kupferstichkabinett, SMB) 159
66 Tomb monument for Pope Paul II (â 1471) in its original state in the old basilica of St Peterâs, according to a drawing by Giovanni Antonio Dosio (1533â1611) (Berlin, bpk / Kupferstichkabinett, SMB / Dietmar Katz) 160
67 Tomb monument for Pope Paul II (â 1471): relief showing The Resurrection of Christ. Rome, sacre grotte vaticane (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs) (RU Nijmegen, CKD) 161
68 Tomb monument for Pope Paul II (â 1471) in its present state. Rome, sacre grotte vaticane (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Image in the public domain) 161
69 Tomb monument for Pope Paul II (â 1471): relief showing The Last Judgment. Rome, sacre grotte vaticane (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs) (RU Nijmegen, CKD) 162
70 Tomb monument for Pope Eugenius IV (â 1447) in its present state. Rome, S. Salvatore in Lauro (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Photo: Diane Kuster/Willy Piron) 165
71 Tomb monument for Pope Sixtus IV (â 1484) in its present state. Rome, Treasury of St. Peterâs basilica (originally in the canonsâ choir chapel of the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Image in the public domain) 167
72 Altar and monument, including a tomb for Cardinal Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (future Pope Pius III, â 1503). Piccolomini Chapel, Siena, cathedral (S. Maria Assunta). (Image in the public domain) 170
73 Tomb slab for Cardinal Todeschini Piccolomini (future Pope Pius III, â 1503). Rome, sacre grotte vaticane (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs) (From: Röll J., âDas Grabmonument Papst Pius III,â in Poeschke (ed.), Praemium Virtutis. Grabmonumente und Begräbniszeremoniell im Zeichen des Humanismus, Symbolische Kommunikation und gesellschaftliche Wertesysteme 2 (Münster: 2002) 237, ill. 3) 173
74 Tomb monument for Pope Pius III (â 1503) in its present state. Rome, S. Andrea della Valle (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Photo: author) 176
75 Tomb monument for Pope Pius II (â 1464) in its present state. Rome, S. Andrea della Valle (originally in the old basilica of St Peterâs). (Image in the public domain) 177
76 Tomb monument for Pope Adrian VI (â 1523). Rome, S. Maria dellâAnima. (Photo: author) 184
77 Ambrogio Brambilla and Nicolaes van Aelst, Tomb monument for Pope Adrian VI. Engraving, 1591. (London, British Museum © Trustees of the British Museum) 185
78 Tomb monument for Pope Adrian VI (â 1523), detail: relief showing Pope Adrianâs Entry into Rome. Rome, S. Maria dellâAnima. (Photo: author) 187
79 Tomb monument for Cardinal van Enckenvoirt (â 1534) in its present state. Rome, S. Maria dellâAnima (originally in the choir of the church). (Photo: author) 190
80 Tomb monument for Duke Giuliano deâ Medici (â 1516). Medici Chapel, Florence, S. Lorenzo. (Photo: author) 194
81 Baccio Bandinelli, Design for a tomb monument for Pope Clement VII (â 1534). Drawing with pen and ink, with traces of stylus, c 1533. Providence Rhode Island, Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design. (Courtesy of the RISD Museum, Providence, RI) 196
82 Tomb monument for Johannes Didaci de Coca, bishop of Calahorra (â 1477): effigy and fresco painting. Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 198
83 Tomb monument in the Bardi di Vernio Chapel, c 1335. Florence, S. Croce. (Image in the public domain) 199
84 Tomb monument for Pope Leo X (â 1521). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: Bibliotheca Hertziana â Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rome) 206
85 Tomb monument for Pope Clement VII (â 1534). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: Bibliotheca Hertziana â Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte, Rome) 207
86 Tomb monument for Cardinal Ascanio Maria Sforza (â 1505). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo. (Image in the public domain) 208
87 Giorgio Vasari, Last Judgment. Oil on panel, c 1570. Bosco Marengo, S. Croce (originally situated on the high altar of the church). (Image in the public domain) 212
88 Monument for Pope Pius V (â 1572). Bosco Marengo, S. Croce (Image in the public domain) 213
89 Bartholomeus Spranger, Last Judgment. Oil on copper, c 1570. Turin, Galleria Sabauda (originally situated on the monument for Pope Pius V in the church of S. Croce, Bosco Marengo) (RU Nijmegen, CKD) 214
90 Fra Angelico, Last Judgment. Tempera on panel, c 1435â1440. Berlin, Gemäldegalerie der Staatliche Museen. (Image in the public domain) 215
91 Tomb monument for Pope Pius V (â 1572). Rome, S. Maria Maggiore. (Photo: author) 219
92 Tomb monument for Ludovica de Grassis (â 1589). Rome, S. Barbara dei Librari. (Photo: author) 225
93 Epitaph of the (lost) tomb monument for Vannozza Cattanei (â 1518). Rome, S. Marco, portico (originally in Rome, S. Maria del Popolo). (Photo: author) 230
94 Tomb monument for Maddalena de Castaldis (â 1541). Rome, S. Maria dellâOrto. (Photo: author) 235
95 Tomb monument for Pantasilea Griffa (â 1527) in its present state. Rome, S. Agostino (originally situated in the S. Monica Chapel of the same church). (Photo: author) 236
96 Tomb monument for Pietro Griffo (â 1516), bishop of Forlì, in its present state. Rome, S. Agostino. (Photo: author) 239
97 Tomb monument for Alfonsina deâ Medici Orsini (â 1520). Rome, S. Maria del Popolo. (Photo: author) 241
98 Tomb monument for Costanza Conti (â 1566). Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 246
99 Tomb monument for Costanza Mentebona Piccolomini (â 1477). Rome, Palazzo dellâAmministrazione dellâAvvocatura Generale dello Stato, chiostro (originally in Rome, S. Agostino). (Image in the public domain) 249
100 Tomb monument for Cardinal Jacopo Ammanati Mentebona (â 1479). Rome, Palazzo dellâAmministrazione dellâAvvocatura Generale dello Stato, chiostro (originally in Rome, S. Agostino). (Image in the public domain) 253
101 Tomb monument for Cardinal Jacopo Ammanati Mentebona (â 1479), detail: relief showing Christ at the End of Time Judging the Living and the Dead. Rome, Palazzo dellâAmministrazione dellâAvvocatura Generale dello Stato, chiostro (originally in Rome, S. Agostino). (Image in the public domain) 256
102 Tomb monument for Maddalena Orsini (â 1477). Rome S. Salvatore in Lauro, Salone dei Piceni (originally in the church of S. Salvatore in Lauro). (Photo: author) 259
103 Tomb monument for Raffaele della Rovere (â before 1477) in its present state. Rome, SS. Apostoli (originally in the same church, in the choir). (Image in the public domain) 263
104 Epitaph on the monument for Raffaele della Rovere (â before 1477) and Theodora Manerola (â before 1502) in its present state. Rome, SS. Apostoli (original location in the church is unknown). (Photo: author) 264
105 Cesi Chapel. Rome, S. Maria della Pace. (Photo: author) 266
106 Tomb monument for Angelo Cesi (â 1528). Rome, S. Maria della Pace. (Photo: author) 268
107 Tomb monument for Franceschina Cardoli (â 1518). Rome, S. Maria della Pace. (Photo: author) 269
108 Deum et ama et time. Emblem XLII in Hadrianus Junius, Emblemata (Antwerp, Christoph Plantin: 1565) p. 48. (Image in the public domain) 270
109 Tomb monument for Franceschina Cardoli (â 1518): effigy of Franceschina Cardoli. Rome, S. Maria della Pace. (Photo: author) 272
110 Tomb monument for Lesa (Elisabetta) Deti (â 1557). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 276
111 Tomb monument for Silvestro Aldobrandini (â 1558). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva (Photo: author) 277
112 Tomb monument for Lesa (Elisabetta) Deti (â 1557): effigy of Lesa Deti. Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 278
113 Tomb monument for Giovanni Agostino Vulgamini and three sons (â 1530 and earlier). Rome, Pantheon. (Photo: author) 284
114 Tomb monument for Pietro Beltramo (â 1543). Rome, S. Gregorio Magno, portico. (Photo: author) 285
115 Tomb monument for Valentino Tognini (â 1591). Rome, S. Pietro in Montorio. (Photo: author) 288
116 Tomb monument for Stefano Spada (â 1563) in its present state. Rome, S. Maria del Popolo (originally standing in the same church, against the entrance wall). (Photo: author) 290
117 Tomb monument for Ludovico Grati (â 1531). Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 292
118 Tomb monument for Ludovico Grati (â 1531): portrait bust of Ludovico Grati. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 293
119 Tomb monument for Giovanni Battista Milizi (â 1507). Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 299
120 Tomb monument for Giovanni Battista Milizi (â 1507): portrait bust of Giovanni Battista Milizi. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 300
121 Tomb monument for Lorenzo Gerusino (â 1498). Rome, S. Maria della Pace, chiostro (originally in Rome, S. Simeone Profeta). (Photo: author) 303
122 Tomb monument for Filippo della Valle (â 1494). Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 304
123 Tomb monument for Pedro Pintor sr. (â 1503) and his son Pedro Pintor jr. (â 1500). Rome, S. Onofrio (Photo: author) 310
124 Tomb monument for Fabio Barattuccio (â 1564) and his wife Violante Moles. Naples, S. Anna dei Lombardi (S. Maria di Monteoliveto). (Photo: author) 323
125 Tomb monument for Giovanni Battista Catinelio (â 1525) and his wife Iesmunda. Rome, S. Maria in Aracoeli. (Photo: author) 328
126 Tomb monument for Elisabetha Bursana (â 1537). Rome, S.Lorenzo in Damaso. (Photo: author) 335
127 Tomb monument for Pietro Paolo Mellini (â 1527) and his wife Brigida Mattei (â 1541), in its present state. Rome, St. John Lateran (originally on a different place in the same church). (Photo: author) 348
128 Tomb monument for Pietro Mellini (â 1483) in its present state. Rome, S. Maria del Popolo. (Photo: author) 348
129 Tomb monument for Stefano Satri (â 1483) and his wife Maddalena degli Arlotti, and their son Giovanni Battista (â before 1482). Rome, S. Omobono. (Image in the public domain) 352
130 Antique relief of a Roman couple with their son, dating from the Augustan period. Rome, Vatican Museum, Galleria Lapidaria. (Image in the public domain) 353
131 Tomb monument for Carola Cantacuzena de Flory (â 1508?) and her husband Hector Lengles, and their daughter Isabella (â 1508?). Rome, S. Maria sopra Minerva. (Photo: author) 355
132 Tomb monument for Francesco Blanchi (â 1582) and his wife Margarita Finocchia, and their descendants. Rome, S. Girolamo della Carità . (Photo: author) 358
133 Tomb monument for Francesco Blanchi (â 1582) and his wife Margarita Finocchia, and their descendants: cartouche and decorative features. Rome, S. Girolamo della Carità . (Photo: author) 360
134 Tomb monument for Stefano Pierleoni (â 1513?) and Lucrezia Rosi (originally in Rome, S. Nicola in Carcere). Drawing from the volume compiled by Costantino Gigli (c.1590â1666), now the Royal Library of Windsor (RCIN 970334, fol. 188r). (Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021) 362
135 Tomb monument for Paolo di Ricchezze Baroncini (â 1396) and his wife Angela (originally in Rome, S. Maria Nuova (S. Francesca Romana)). Drawing by Francesco Valesio (1670â1742), now in the Archivio Capitolino, Rome, cred. XIV, vol. 40, fol. 346r. (From: Garms J. â Juffinger R. â Ward-Perkins B. (eds.), Die mittelalterlichen Grabmäler in Rom und Latium vom 13. bis zum 15. Jahrhundert, vol. I. Die Grabplatten und Tafeln (Rome â Vienna: 1981) ill. 101) 364