Index
Page numbers in bold refer to illustrations.
Abbas, Farhat
94
Abbas, Shameem Burney
147
al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAlī
44, 136, 139, 140, 147, 155
Hand of ʿAbbās
Abd Allāh ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ
20n39
ʿAbd al-Qādir, Amīr
86, 87, 88–89, 92, 94, 97, 143
Abkhazia, Republic of
100, 101
Abū Bakr
109, 115
Abū Ḥanīfah
20
Adam (prophet)
127–128, 131
Afghanistan
48, 48, 49, 68
Aga Khan Foundation
102–103, 103, 122
Aga Khan IV
102
agate
48, 150
ʿaqīq stones
ahl al-bayt (people of the house)
127, 135
ahl al-kisāʾ (people of the cloak) see panjtan
ʿĀʾishah
108, 116
Akyavas, Erol
161
Alameddine, Rabih
178
ʿalams (flagpoles)
in general
139
crafting of
139
khamsas on
141–142, 145
Hand of ʿAbbās
130, 140, 142–144
Hand of Fāṭima
143, 144, 146
sacred power of
142–143
in Shiʿism
140
Alcalá, Pedro de
76
alchemy
123
Algeria
khamsas in
of Chaoiuia people
54, 54–55
on coinage
98–99, 99
contemporary artists and
173–175, 175–177, 178, 179
with gemstones
54, 54–55
as military decorations
88–89, 89, 90
on military standards
86, 87, 88–90, 91–92, 92
as national symbol
97–99
on nationalist flags
92–94, 93, 95
on presidential seal
95–98, 97, 98
on stamps
99, 100
on state flag of ʿAbd al-Qādir
86, 87
khomissar in
52, 52
national flag of
96
Alhambra
13, 31, 72, 75, 76, 185
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
85, 105, 109, 110, 111, 122, 124n15, 127–128, 129, 136, 138
Dhū al-Faqar; Hand of ʿAlī; panjtan
Allah
Hand of Allah
names of
in general
13, 63
as inscriptions
23, 28, 28, 103, 103
Amir-Moezzi, M.A.
131
amulets (taʿwīdhs)
in Egypt
19–20
in Islam
18–19, 20–22
sealing of
24
secularization and
19
use of term
22
amulets/talismans
amulets/talismans
disc
49
khamsas as
in general
22–24
ancient
55, 56
anthopomorphic
29, 30
artistic value of
55
bilingual
27, 27
crescent moons on
44, 45, 46
doves on
37, 37
eagles on
40–42, 42
eye-in-hand motif on
31, 32, 46, 46, 159, 161, 164, 172, 172
fishes on
34–37, 35, 36, 58
gemstones on see gemstones
inscriptions on see inscriptions
layered
30, 30–31
Lilith on
43–44, 43
lizards on
38–39, 38
miḥrābs on
28, 28
proverbs on
71
salamanders on
38–39, 38, 43
shapes of the hand in
25
in Shiʿism
150, 152
snakes on
39–40, 39
swords on
43, 43
turtles on
40, 40
wheels on
32–34, 33
khomissar
52, 52
scriptural
17, 18–19, 20
figa amulets
Anasazi people
34
al-Andalūs
figa amulets in
77–78
khamsas in
in general
72
from Alhambra
31, 72, 75
ban on
73
on banners
77
bronze
74
on domestic/personal items
61, 62
with/from gemstones
75–76
Jewish
75
lūḥa shaped
31, 72, 75
as political propaganda
76
popularity of
73
research on
3–4
on soccarat
78
on tombstones
69
on walls
74, 75
aniconism
21–22, 121
animals, talismanic images of
23
specific animals
anthopomorphism
29, 30
ʿaqīq stones (carnelian or agate)
46, 47, 48
art see contemporary art
L’Art au Féminin (exhibition; Algiers; 2007)
178
ʿĀshūrāʾ
84, 126, 141, 143, 152
Astarte (goddess)
37
astrological timing
121, 123
astrology
125, 132–134
Atelier de Céramique Boumehdi
178
āyat al-kursī (Throne Verse)
26, 26
azeviche (jet)
75–76, 78, 150
Babylon
10
Badr, Battle of (624)
84
Baer, Eva
41
Baksi Museum (Bayburt)
161–162, 163
Baluch people
66–67, 68
Baluchistan
66–67, 68
Banner of Lorca (Pendón de Lorca)
77, 85
banners see flags; military standards
Barbatti, Bruno
12n11
basmalah
25–26, 26
bayt al-aḥẓān (House of Sorrows)
115
beads, eye shaped
15, 18, 19, 20–21
Belkahia, Farid
168–169, 169
Bellemare, Alexandre
89
Berber peoples
al-Andalūs and
72, 82
jewellery of
5, 183
lizard symbol in culture of
38–39
Chaouia people
Bergé, Paul
183–184
Bermúdez de Pedraza, Francisco de
3
blood
90
blue colours
48
blue eye beads
15
Book of Omens (Fālnāmeh)
136, 137
Bosnia
65
boteh patterns
67
Boumehdi, Mohamed
175, 175–177, 178
Bouvier family
182, 183
bowls
khamsas on
for healing
62–63, 64, 150–151
for incantations
151, 151
lusterware
13
brass
ʿalams of
141
healing bowls
64
khamsas of
on ʿalams
141
from Algeria
26
on healing bowls
64, 150
from Morocco
27, 27, 39
on oil lamp
60
from Palestine
28, 29, 45
from Syria
46
from Tunisia
36
Brazil
figa amulets in
79, 81, 82–83
penca/penca de balangandãs in
79–80, 80, 81
Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ)
125–126
British Museum (London)
162–163, 166, 174
bronze
55, 62, 149
Budge, Ernest A. Wallis
133
Burchardt, Titus
28
Cairo, design of
132–133
calligraphy
154
inscriptions
candlesticks
60
Cardinal Cisneros Basements
74, 75
carnelian
47, 150
ʿaqīq stones
carpets see prayer rugs/carpets
Cartwright-Jones, Catherine
90
Champault, Dominique
4
Chaouia people
54, 54–55
charms (tamīma/tamāʾim)
24
chests
61
Christians, of Najrān
115
circle of misfortune (dāʾirat al-sawʾ)
32
cloths
62
coinage
98–99, 99
collectors
157, 183–184
commercialization
187, 188, 189
contemporary art
calligraphy in
154
khamsas in
in general
153
in Algeria
173–175, 175–177, 178, 179
cultural identity and
153–155
exhibitions of
153, 157–159, 158, 161
in Iran
154, 155–161, 156, 158, 160
magical/occult symbolism and
154
in Morocco
168–173, 169, 170, 171, 172
in Palestine
162–168, 166, 167
in Turkey
154, 161–162, 162
copper/copper alloy
27, 27, 79, 138
coral
49, 54–55, 78
crescent moons
on coinage
98–99, 99
on khamsas
29, 29, 44, 45, 46
on military/national flags
92–94, 92, 93, 94, 96
on presidential seal
95, 97, 98
symbolism of
44, 46, 81
cryptocurrency
187, 189
cultural identity, contemporary art and
153–155
Daftari, Fereshteh
155, 157
dāʾirat al-burūj (zodiac)
33
dāʾirat al-sawʾ (circle of misfortune)
32
dar figas/fazer figas
78
decorations
khamsas as
in general
6–7
on ʿalams
130, 140, 141–142, 142–144, 143, 145–146
on cloths
62
on coinage
98–99, 99
on domestic/personal items
60–62, 61, 62
on doors
57, 57–59
on drinking fountains
155
on healing bowls
62–63, 64, 150–151
on illumination devices
60
on lūḥas
64–65, 65
on minarets
149
on pottery
60–62, 62
on prayer rugs/carpets
7, 66–67, 68
on stamps
99, 100
on stoles
135, 136
on tiles
175, 175–177
on tombstones
68–69, 69
on walls
74, 75
on wayside shrines
148
Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA)
94, 95
Detroit Institute of Arts
14
dhikrs (recitations)
13, 112
Dhū al-Faqar (sword of Imam ʿAlī)
85, 138, 140
disc amulets
49
door-knockers
57, 59
doors
54, 57–59
Douetté, Edmond
2, 12
doves
37, 37
drinking fountains
155
Duʿāʾ al-Nūr (Prayer of Light)
112–113
Duʿāʾ Tawassul
117
D’une main d’or et une d’argent (Koraïchi)
173
Dziekan, Marek M.
7
eagles
40–42, 42
Egypt
19–20, 28, 60, 119
Ehalbi, Fatima
172
El Attaoui, Karim
169–170, 170
El-Gharib, Khalid
6
Éloge de la Main (Focillon)
9
embroidery
62
engravers
150
inscriptions
epithets
of al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAlī
140
of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib
122
of Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ
116, 133–134
Ettinghausen, Richard
136
Eudel, Paul
5
Eve (ḥawwāʾ)
39
evil eye
animals and
17
belief in
15–19, 77
literature on
3–4, 77
panjtan and
129
protection against see figa amulets; khamsas; khomissar
symbol of
xii
women’s seclusion and
2
“The Evil Eye, Amulets, Recipes, Exorcisation [sic], etc.” (Rehatsek)
3
evil eye beads
15, 18, 19, 20–21
evil spirits, in women’s religion
19–20
excavations, by Fortuny
13, 14, 31, 72, 75, 185, 186
exhibitions
7, 153, 157–159, 158, 161, 180–182
Exorcism “The Zār” series (Shawa)
165
Exposition Universelle de Paris (1889)
153
eye-in-hand motif
in general
40
on khamsas
31, 32, 46, 46, 159, 161, 164, 172, 172
eyes see eye-in-hand motif
Falcones, Ildefonso
77
Fālnāmeh (Book of Omens)
136, 137
false figa
81
Fard, Zara Mandana
159, 160, 161
al-farqadān
133
fascinatio/fascinum
77
Fatima (exhibition; Dubai; 2010)
180–181
Fátima (Portuguese town)
117
Fāṭima Admonitions (literary genre)
111
Fātima Maʿsūmah
12
Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ
biography of
in general
104
at Battle of Badr
84
birth date of
107–108
birth of
105, 107, 107
charity of
113–114
children of
109
dates
118t
death of father
114–115, 116
Fadak sermon of
115
hardship experienced by
108, 111
legacy of
117
marriage of
109, 111
mother of
104–105
wedding of
109, 110
epithets of
116, 133–134
as intercessory figure
117, 129
khamsa associated with
4, 11–13, 103
Mary and
116–117, 131
as part of panjtan
117, 127, 152
stories about
105, 112–117
as Venus
132, 133–134
panjtan
Fatimid Caliphate
119
fatwas
xii, 19, 21
La fête tatoueée (Ehalbi)
172
figa amulets
in al-Andalūs
77–78
in Brazil
79, 81, 82–83
dispersal of
82–83
penca/penca de balangandãs
figa/mano fico
82
fishes
ʿalams with
140, 142
khamsas with
34–37, 35, 36, 58
symbolism of
34–35, 81–82
five (number)
in Islam
10, 13
in Judaism
10
khamsas and
9, 10, 11, 49–51, 50–51, 85
symbolism of
49–51
five [fingers] in your eye (khamsa fī ʿaynik)
69–70
five and Thursday (khamsa wa khamīs)
69–70
five people (panjtan) see panjtan
five pillars of Islam
10, 120
five-pointed stars see pentagrams
flagpoles (ʿalams) see ʿalams
flags
of Algeria
96
khamsas on
10, 86, 87, 92–94, 93, 95, 101
pentagrams on
94, 95, 96, 98
Focillon, Henri
9
Fodor, Alexander
7
Fontana, Maria Vittoria
3
food containers
60, 61
Fortuny, Mariano
31, 72, 75, 185, 186
Fortuny Vase
13, 14, 186
forty keys bowls
151
Foster, W.
90
foulet khamsas
49–51, 50–51
fountains, drinking
155
France
69
From Traditional to Contemporary: Cultural Memory in Modern Turkish Art (exhibition; Istanbul; 2010)
161
Front de Libération Nationale
94
Gabriel/ Jibraʾīl (Angel)
109, 114, 115, 127
gaze/gazing
4
Gbouri, Fatna
170–172, 171
gemstones
on khamsas/khamsas of in general
46, 47, 48–49, 48
from al-Andalūs
75–76
with coral and turquoise
54, 54–55
from India
143
Shiʿi
150
geomancy (raml)
123
gestures, khamsa phrases and
69–70
Ghāyat al-Ḥakīm
23
al-Ghazālī
77
gloves
188
goddesses
133–134
specific godesses
Goldenberg, André
5
gold/gold-washed
ʿalams of
143, 186
illuminations in
137, 138
khamsas of
47, 48, 48, 54, 55, 143
necklaces of
185
goldsmiths
5, 55, 73, 79, 181
Granada
72–73, 76, 77, 185
Grasshoff, Malika
184
Guénon, René
13
guls (medallions)
67
Hand (Inan)
161, 162
Hand of ʿAbbās
13, 31n4, 67, 120, 130, 135–136, 140, 142–144, 147, 152
Hand of ʿAlī
136, 137, 138, 138
Hand of Allah
15, 120, 136
Hand of Fāṭima
on ʿalams
144, 146
in contemporary art
154
exhibitions on
7, 157–159, 158, 180
feminine symbolism of
10, 132, 147, 180
first appearance of
112
khamsas as
4, 11–13, 103, 119, 147, 154, 181
in literature
178
khamsas
The Hand of Fatima (exhibition; Canberra 2005; Cape Town 2006)
7, 157–159, 180
“The Hand of Fatima: In Search of its Origins and Significance” (Suleman)
4
The Hand of Fortune: Khamsas from the Gross Family Collection and the Eretz Israel Museum Collection (exhibition; Tel Aviv 2002)
7, 180
Hand of Mary
10, 117, 147
khamsas
Hand of Miriam
147
hand symbol see khamsas
Hands of Fatima (Shawa)
162–163, 166, 186
Hanlon, Don
132–133, 134
harmal (Syrian rue)
17
Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī
109, 127
panjtan
healing bowls
62–63, 64, 150–151
Heber, J.
12
Hebrew Bible
42
henna
90
Herber. J.
3
hexagram see six-pointed stars
hijabs
180–181
Hildeburgh, W.L.
4
Hilton-Simpson, M. W.
70
Ḥirz Imām Jawād
17
Holthius, Gabriele
21
House of Sorrows (bayt al-aḥẓān)
115
Ḥurūfiyyah movement
154
Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī
109, 117, 126, 127, 155
panjtan
Iberian Peninsula see al-Andalūs
Ibn al-Abraṣ, ʿAbīd
40–41
Ibn Bādīs, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd
92
Ibn Kathīr
23
Ibn Miskawayh
32
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah
20
Ibn Saʿd
108n11
Iconografia dell’Ahl al Bayt. Immagini di arte persiana dal XII al XX secolo (Fontana)
3
Idrīs (prophet)
123
Idrisid Dynasty
119
ʿilm al-ḥurūf (science of the letters)
123
“Images of the Human Hand as Amulets in Spain” (Hildeburg)
4
Imams
122
specific Imams
Inan, Ergin
161
incantation bowls (kāse-ye jādūʾī)
151, 151
India
3, 140, 141, 143, 146
Indonesia
111
ink stamps
138
inscriptions
on khamsas
ahl al-bayt names
135
Allah
23, 28, 28, 103, 103
Ave Maria
73, 185
basmalah
25–26, 26
bilingual
27, 27
mabrūk
28–29, 29
panjtan names see panjtan names
prayers
26, 26
proverbs
71, 71
Qur’an texts
26, 26
Institut du Monde Arabe (Paris)
182
intercessions
by Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ
117, 129
by female decendants of the Prophet
12
by panjtan
129
International Federation of Sciences for Surgery of the Hand
102
Iran
ʿalams in
130, 140, 142–144, 145, 186
henna use in
90
khamsas in
contemporary artists and
154, 155–161, 156, 158, 160
on domestic/personal items
62
with gemstones
47
of gold
47
on healing bowls
63, 64
on incantation bowls
151
on minarets
149
with panjtan names
130, 136, 142–144, 145
pre-Islamic
10
research on
3
of silver
47
on stoles
135, 136
on wayside shrines
148
Iraq
47, 63, 126
Ishtar (goddess)
10
Islam
aniconism in
21–22, 121
belief in evil eye in
15–16
five in
10, 13
five pillars of
10, 120
khamsa in
11–13, 14, 15
occultism in
xii–xiii, 21
scriptural amulets in
17, 18–19, 20
Shiʿism; Sunnism
Ismaʿilism
33, 122, 125–126, 132
Istanbul Museum of Modern Art
161
jade
150
Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq
111, 123, 127–128, 129, 136
jafr (science of letters)
123
Jalāl Āl-e Aḥmad
19
jasper
150
jet (azeviche)
75–76, 78, 150
Jewish khamsas
75, 181–182
Jibraʾīl/Gabriel (Angel)
109, 114, 115, 127
jinn (non-human spirits)
16, 39, 122, 125
Jiwa, Shainool
133
Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal
78
Jonah (prophet)
35
Jordan Museum (Amman)
182
Journal of Hand Surgery
102
Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
3
Juana de Aústria, Princess of Portugal
78
Judaism
eagle in
42
evil eye in
15, 16
five in
10
six-pointed star in
155
Kaabi-Linke, Nadia
180–181
Kakaiyya Kurds
129n32
Karbala, Battle of (680)
121, 126, 135, 139, 140n55
Karbala stones (turbahs)
67
Kemnitz, Eva-Marie von
v, xxviii
biography of
xv–xix
on personal connection to the khamsa
xxix–xxx
taking over from
xii–xiii
works of
xx–xxvii
Khadījah bint Khuwaylid
104–105, 108
Khalili Collection
23, 138, 143, 186
Khamsa (Niẓāmī)
106
KHAMSA: Amulets of North Africa (exhibition; Haverford; 2014)
181
khamsa fī ʿaynik (five [fingers] in your eye)
69–70
khamsa wa khamīs (five and Thursday)
69–70
khamsas (hand symbols)
in general
xii–xiii, 8
academic research on see research on khamsa
as amulets/talismans see amulets/talismans
collectors of
157, 183–184
commercialization of
187, 188, 189
in contemporary art see contemporary art
with crossed fingers
82
as decorations see decorations
dispersal of
82–83
feminine symbolism of
10, 132, 147, 180
five and
9, 10, 11, 49–51, 50–51, 85
flow of divine grace and
13, 15
Hand of Fāṭima as
4, 11–13, 103, 119, 147, 154, 181
inscriptions on see inscriptions
in Islam
11–13, 14, 15
Shiʿism; Sunnism
in literature
178
male symbolism of
147
marketing use of
102–103, 103, 122
meaning of word
9
museum pieces
184–186
with panjtan names see panjtan names
pentagrams and
44, 45, 46
politics and see politics
in popular idioms/gestures
69–71
regional variations
46
specific countries; specific metals
Khawli, Abdallah
61
“Khaybar: The Conquering Palm of ʿAlī”
136, 137, 138, 186
Khenchelaoui, Zaïm
97, 132, 134
Khiḍr (green man)
35
Khmissa (El Attaoui)
170
Khmissa Award
102
khomissar
52, 52
Knight, Michael Muhammad
xii–xiii
Koçan, Hüsamettin
161–162, 163
kohl containers
61
Koraïchi, Rachid
173–175, 173–174
Kurdistan
48
Kuwait
7, 38
lanterns
60
lapis lazuli
46, 138, 186
layered khamsas
30, 30–31
Lazreq, Marnia
97
Lefébure, Eugène
12
Lettre aux Français (ʿAbd al-Qādir)
88–89
Libya
37, 58
light, as source of life/knowledge
60
Lilith (daemonic figure)
43–44, 43
literature
178
Living Khamsa: die Hand zum Glück (exhibition; Schwabisch Gmünd; 2005)
7, 180
lizards
38–39, 38
logos
of Aga Khan Foundation
102–103, 103, 122
of International Federation of Sciences for Surgery of the Hand
102
of Khmissa Award
102
Louvre Museum (Paris)
31, 72, 75, 153, 185
lūḥas (slates)
khamsas in shape of
in general
53
from al-Andalūs
31, 72, 75
from Morocco
28, 53–54
khamsas on
64–65, 65
Maalej, Zouheir
88
Madagascar
149
Maghrib
5, 6, 25–26, 26, 182
Magic in Islam (Knight)
xii–xiii
magical-medicinal bowls see healing bowls
magic/occult
contemporary artists and
165
in Islam
xii–xiii, 21, 122–126
symbolism
154
use in medicine
63
use of term
120
Magie. Anges et demons dans la tradition juive (exhibition; Paris 2015)
5
Magie et Religion dans l’Afrique du Nord (Douetté)
2
Mahdi (designer)
102, 102
La Main de Fatma (exhibition; Paris: 2003/2004)
5, 180
Les maîtres du temps (Koraïchi)
174
Makilam (Grasshoff, Malika)
184
male authority
133, 147
Malek, Necib
100
malevolence
15–17
evil eye
Mali
52
La Mano de Fatima (Falcones)
77
mano fico/figa
82
al-Maqrīzī
132–133
Mariano Fortuny Collection see Fortuny, Mariano
La mariée (Gbouri)
171, 172
Marjorelle Museum (Marrakesh)
184
marketing
102–103, 103, 122
Mary, mother of Jesus
105, 116–117, 131
Massé, Henri
3
Matrot, A.
84
Mauritania
52
Mecca
108
medallions (guls)
67
medicine, use of magic in
63
healing bowls
Medina
108
Mèrode, Léonore de
8
Mesopotamia
9–10
metaphysics 21,
122–126
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
130, 144, 145, 153, 186
miḥrābs
28, 28, 66, 67
military decorations
88–89, 89, 90
military standards
khamsas on
84, 85, 86, 87, 88–90, 91–92, 92
ʿalams; flags
minarets
149
miʿrāj (Muḥammad’s night ascension)
105, 106
misfortune
17–18, 32
Moon
132, 133
crescent moons
Morisco population
73, 76, 77
Morocco
Idrisid Dynasty in
119
khamsas in
anthopomorphic
29
bilingual
27, 27
contemporary artists and
168–173, 169, 170, 171, 172
on domestic/personal items
61
on doors
57, 58–59
doves on
37, 37
eagles on
41–42, 42
eyes on
32
fish on
35
foulet khamsas
50, 50–51
on illumination devices
60
layered
30–31
Lilith on
43–44, 43
lizards on
38
lūḥa shaped
28, 53–54
on lūḥas
65, 66
miḥrāb on
28
research on
5
salamanders on
38, 43
snakes on
39
swords on
43
turtles on
40
wheels on
33
khomissar from
52, 52
Mortillet, Adrien de
153, 186
Moses (prophet)
35
Mostefai, Ch.
94
mubāhalah (pray-off)
115
Muḥammad, Prophet
death of
114–115
on evil eye
16
female descendants of
12
hand print of
21
night ascension of
105, 106
open hand symbol and
10, 85
panjtan of see panjtan
as part of panjtan
127
pray-off with Christians
115
in Twelver Shiʿism
122
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir
86
Muḥarram
84, 126, 140
Musée d’Art et d’Histoire du Judaisme (Paris)
181–182
Musée d’Art Moderne d’Alger (Algiers)
178
Musée de l’Homme (Paris)
4
Musée Marechal Franchet d’Espérey (Algiers)
88
Musée National des Antiquités (Algiers)
88, 89
Museu Carlos Costa Pinto (Bahia)
79–80, 80
museums
overview of interesting khamsas in
184–186
specific museums
Nād-e ʿAlī (prayer)
143
Naẓār (ed. Akkach)
4
necklaces
of Fāṭima
113–114
with khamsas
48, 185
negros, Islamicated (malés)
79
newspaper holders
102, 102
NFT market
187, 189
Niger
52, 52
The Night of Destiny (Shawa)
167
Nomanbhoy, Sakina
15, 144
North Africa
khamsas in
in general
9, 13, 119
exhibitions on
181
on lūḥas
65
prevalence of
119
research on
2–3
Tanit cult in
9
Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia
La notion de khamsa dans la tradition arabo-musulmane (Mèrode)
8
Nunsantara
111
Nūr al-Dīn ibn Zangī
62
occultism see magic/occult
oil lamps
60
Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation (Westermarck)
2, 70
paganism
1, 125
shirk
Painter, Dagmar
34, 182
Palestine
Fatimid influence in
119
khamsas in
contemporary artists and
162–168, 166, 167
crescent moons on
45
eye-in-hand motif on
46
with inscriptions
28–29, 29
necklaces of
48
Palestine Centre (Washington, DC)
182
panjtan (the five people)
in general
10, 13, 126, 152
Adam and
128
astrological symbolism and
132–134
evil eye and
129
Fāṭima as part of
117, 127, 152
frame story of
127
as intercessory figures
129
number five and
10
open hand symbolizing
85
persons who are part of
127
Prophetic light and
129, 131
in Shiʿism
127–129, 131–133
panjtan names
khamsas with
in general
135
on ʿalams
140, 141, 142–144, 145–146
as ink stamp
138, 138
in manuscripts
136, 137, 138
on stoles
135, 136
Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan
78
Path of Roses (Koraïchi)
174
Pedro de Alcalá
76
penca/penca de balangandãs
79–80, 80, 81
Pendón de Lorca (Banner of Lorca)
77, 85
pentagrams (five-pointed stars)
Cairo’s design in form of
132
charms in form of
78
on flags
94, 95, 96, 98
on khamsas
44, 45, 46
on presidential seal
95
symbolism of
9, 10, 132
six-pointed stars
people of the cloak (ahl al-kisāʾ) see panjtan
people of the house (ahl al-bayt)
127, 135
Persia see Iran
politics
khamsas and
on flags
86, 87, 92–94, 93, 95, 101
as military decorations
88–89, 89, 90
on presidential seals
95–98, 97, 98
in public buildings
76
popular idioms
69–71
Portugal
57, 117
al-Andalūs
pottery
60–62, 62
Power and Protection: Islamic Art and the Supernatural (exhibition; Oxford 2016-2017)
xii
prayer for travel (daʿwat al-safar)
26, 26
Prayer of Light (Duʿāʾ al-Nūr)
112–113
prayer rugs/carpets
7, 66–67, 68, 186
prayers
26, 26, 112–113, 117, 143
pray-off (mubāhalah)
115
presidential seals
95–98, 97, 98
Probst-Biraben, J.-H.
3, 84
property disputes
115
Prophetic light
129, 131
proverbs
71
Qur’an
on evil eye
15–16
story about Khiḍr in
35
Qur’an verses
2:37
127
2:255
26
3:151
92
3:173
28, 28
12:67
16
24:35
60
61:13
86, 143, 144
68:51
16
76:5–22
113
wearing of see scriptural amulets
Rabaté, Marie Rosé
5
Rahmani, Farida
178, 179
raml (geomancy)
123
Reaching Across the World: The Hand of Fatima. Hand Iconography in Islamic and Other Cultures (exhibition; Washington, DC 2016)
182
recitations (dhikrs)
13, 112
red colours
48, 90
re-enactments
121
Rehatsek, Edward
3
reincarnation
122
research on khamsa
early modern
1–2, 3–4
in exhibition and museum catalogues
5, 7
linguistic considerations on
8
modern
2–3, 4–8
reasons for neglect of
1
in studies on jewellery
5–6
in studies on metalwork
7
reverse writing
137, 138
Ritual and Belief in Morocco (Westermarck)
2
rituals, talismans and
23–24
Romans
77
rosaries (tasbīḥs)
112–113
rota fortunae (wheel of fortune)
34
Rouach, David
5
Rouholamin, Hassan
107
Saint Laurent, Yves
183–184
Sakīna (Sukayna)
147
Salafism
18
Salamanca
78
salamanders
38–39, 38, 43
Ṣalāt Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ
117
Saqqā-khāneh movement
155
scarcity, of ancient khamsas
55
Schimmel, Annemarie
13, 15
science of the letters (ʿilm al-ḥurūf)
123
scriptural amulets (taʿwīdh)
17, 18–19, 20
Selmane, Fatiha
99
Setif revolt (1945)
93
sex symbolism
12n11
Shah Alam, Mughal Emperor
142
shamsa symbol
32
Shawa, Leila
162–168, 166, 167
Shiʿism
ʿalams in
140
amulets/talismans in
20, 120–121
aniconism in
121
evil eye beads and
20–21
evil eye in
16, 17–18
Fāṭima in
107–108, 111, 116, 117
khamsas in
in general
20, 103, 119, 152
al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAlī and
139
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and
138, 138
as amulets/talismans
150, 152
in Book of Omens
136, 137, 138
on bowls
151
symbolism of
120, 147
male authority in
133, 147
martyrdom of Ḥusayn in
126
metaphysics and occultism in
122–126
panjtan in
127–129, 131–133
rosaries in
112
sects in
122
shirk in
124–125
Ismaʿilism; Sufism
shirk (polytheism)
18, 122, 124–125
shrines, wayside
148
Shulhane Aroukh (Karo)
42
Sidarus, Adel
xxviii
sign of Solomon (sino Saimão)
78
Silva, Simone Vicente da
80
silver/silver alloy
ʿalams of
130, 141, 142–144, 145–146, 186
disk amulets
49
figa amulets of
78
foulet khamsas of
50, 50–51
khamsas of
from Algeria
54, 54–55
from al-Andalūs
31, 72, 75
from Iran
47, 145
from Kurdistan
48
as military medal
89
from Morocco
26, 27, 27–28, 29, 30–31, 32, 39, 43
from Mortillet Collection
186
from Palestine
48
from Tunisia
45, 185
khomissar of
52, 52
lūḥas of
28, 53–54
penca/penca de balangandãs of
79–81, 80, 81
silversmiths
5, 43, 55, 73, 79, 181
Simsovic, Elyakim
42
sino Saimão (sign of Solomon)
78
Sīstānī, Ayatollah
124n18
six-pointed stars
29, 29, 93, 155
pentagrams
slates see lūḥas
snakes (ḥayya)
39–40, 39
solar symbols
32
Solomon
29, 78, 122–123
Spain
57, 73
al-Andalūs
Sphinxes and Harpies in Medieval Islamic Art (Baer)
41
The Spirituality of Shiʿi Islam (Amir-Moezzi)
131
stamps
99, 100
stoles
135, 136
Sudan
69
Sufism
32
Suleman, Fahmida
4, 12–13, 119, 129
Sun
132, 133
Sunnism
amulets/talismans in
18, 120–121
aniconism in
121
evil eye in
17
Fāṭima in
107–108, 111, 116
khamsas in
10, 150, 152
superstition
1, 15, 19, 189
Swarovski crystals
188
Swatch
187
swords
of Imam ʿAlī
85, 138, 140
on khamsas
43, 43
symbolism
astrological
132–134
of colours
48
of crescent moons
44, 46, 81
of doves
37
of eagles
41–42
feminine
10, 132, 147, 180
of fish
34–35
magic/occult
154
male
147
of number five
49–51
of pentagram
9, 10, 132
on prayer rugs
66–68
sex
12n11
of six-pointed stars
29, 155
of snakes
39–40
of turtles
40
of wheels
32
syncretism, religious
68, 82
Syria
46, 62, 119
Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ʿAllāmah Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn
124
talismans (ṭilasms)
definition of
22, 24
formal occult
22–23
with images of animals
23
rituals surrounding
23–24
secularization and
19
in Shiʿism and Sunnism
120–121
use of term
22
amulets/talismans
Tanit (goddess)
9, 11, 29, 30, 37
Tareq Rajab Musuem (Kuwait City)
7
Target corporation
187
Tasbīḥ Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ (recitation)
12, 112
tasbīḥs (rosaries)
112–113
taʿwīdh (scriptural amulets)
17, 18–19, 20
Thau, Jean-Louis
5, 183
Throne Verse (āyat al-kursī)
26, 26
Tifinagh (Tuareg Berber language)
27
tiles
175, 175–177
Tirailleurs Algériens
90, 91–92
Toledo
74, 75
tombstones
68–69, 69
Tuareg people
52, 52
Tunisia
khamsas in
contemporary art and
180–181
crescent moons on
45
doves on
37, 37
fish on
35, 35, 36, 37
Tanit stele from
11
turbahs (Karbala stones)
67
Turkey
fatwas in
xii, 19
forced secularization in
19
khamsas in
contemporary artists and
154, 161–162, 162
on healing bowls
63
with inscriptions
28
layered
30
with panjtan names
138, 138
turquoise stones
17, 46, 47, 55, 55
turtles
40, 40
Twelver Shiʿism
aniconism in
121
metaphysics and occultism in
122, 123, 125–126, 152
panjtan in
127, 133
prayers in
117
Uḥud, Battle of (625)
143
ūlū al-ʿaẓm prophets
10
Umm Kulthum bint ʿAli
109
Venus (goddess)
10, 132, 133–134
Verbrugge, A.R.
4
Villena, Enrique de
77
vipers (afʿā)
39
Wahhābism
18
wall decorations
74, 75
wayside shrines
148
weavers
66, 67, 133–134
Westermarck, Edward
2, 9n2, 12, 70
wheels
32–34, 33
Willy Lindwer Collection
43, 43, 44
Wiswas (Rahmani)
179
women
seclusion of, evil eye and
2
superstition and
1
specific women
wood
khamsas from
25–26, 26, 81
lūḥas
65–66, 65
sculptures of
170, 170
writing boards see lūḥas
Ya Hafeth, Ya Ameen (exhibition; Amman 2016)
182
Zahoor-ul-Akhlaq
102, 103
Zanotti, Ursula
184
zār spirit ceremonies
165
Zariv, Farideh
157–159, 158
Zaydi Shiʿism
122
Zaynab bint ʿAli
12, 109, 147
Zeilabi, Negar
21
Zenderoudi, Charles Hossein
155, 156, 157
Ziyārat Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ
117
Zizi, Hafida
172–173, 172
zodiac (dāʾirat al-burūj)
33