activism see fisherfolk associations
,
see Indigenous
,
see Land Matrix
,
see Oakland Institute
,
see OXFAM
,
see resistance
.
Afghanistan 15
agriculture 6 , 7 , 8 , 34 , 42 , 69 –70 , 114 , 168 –174 , 342 , 352 , 353 , 357 , 362 –368
genetic modification in 7 , 18 , 51 , 77 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 108 , 130 , 132 –134 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 151 –152 , 163n67 , 164 , 170 , 173 , 319 , 320 , 360
imported inputs for 7 , 8 , 44 , 65 –69 , 70 , 76 , 95 , 99 , 127 , 128 , 130 , 132 –133 , 137 –141 , 146 , 164 , 168 , 170 , 171
prioritizing export crops in 8 , 9 , 11 , 28 , 41 , 70 , 71 , 96 , 99 , 122 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 131 , 137 , 158 , 160 , 168 , 171 –175 , 204 , 207 , 237 , 375
smallholder 7 –8 , 51 , 77 , 116 , 340 –341 , 342 , 345 –346 , 347n40 , 350 , 358 , 359 –360 , 362 –367 , 368 , 373 , 373n , 375 , 383
traditional 11 , 12 , 78 , 92 , 98 , 99 , 118 , 129 , 132 , 132n , 133 , 138 , 142 , 152 , 169 , 171 , 172 , 174 –175 , 204 , 325 , 325n24 cereals
,
contract farming
,
farms
,
flex crops
,
food-feed-fuel competition
,
fossil fuels
,
land grabbing
,
meat
,
nonfood uses
,
seed
,
soy
,
subsidies
,
World Bank
,
world food system
.
aquaculture 32 , 40 , 41 , 41n8 , 43 , 55 , 75 –77
and hunger 41 , 41n , 43 , 55 , 84 , 88 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 126 –127 , 144 , 152 , 153 , 181 , 201 , 204 –207 , 241 , 257 –258
ecological impacts of 16 , 20 , 23 , 76 , 90 , 116 , 118 –121 , 152 –153 , 164 , 181 , 187 , 200 , 201 –202 , 207 , 221 –222 , 223 , 228 , 241 , 259 , 308 , 319 , 330
export orientation of 10 , 11 , 16 –17 , 20 , 28 , 32 , 41 , 43 , 74 , 75 –79 , 90 , 102 , 106 –107 , 109 , 110 –111 , 112 –113 , 115 , 136 , 182 , 183 –186 , 188 –189 , 204 –205 , 206 , 222 , 243 –222 , 351
feed 9 , 66 –69 , 71 , 74 , 76 , 84 , 88 , 98 –99 , 102 , 105 –106 , 110 , 111 –112 , 119 , 128 –130 , 138n27 , 139 –140 , 144 , 151 , 152 , 152n52 , 153 –154 , 154n55 , 158 , 161 , 172 , 174 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 187 , 192 , 204 , 205 , 209 , 224 , 237 , 238 , 241 , 267 , 376
international funding of 103
Bangladesh 2 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 39 , 41n , 43 , 45 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 –64 , 66 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 83 , 85 , 88 , 305 –307 , 308 , 310 –312 , 315 , 320 , 322 , 326 , 332 , 339 , 340 , 346 , 353 –355 , 365 , 366 , 374 –378 , 380
Cambodia 2 , 17 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 67 , 80 , 306 , 310 , 315 , 317 –318 , 320 , 326 , 329 , 332 , 335 , 337 –339 , 340 , 343 –345 , 345n37 , 347 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 367 , 368n , 369 , 370 , 371 , 374 –375 , 377 , 378 –379 , 380
cereals
consumption of 4 , 40 , 44 , 62 –65 , 83 , 86 , 88 , 125 –126 , 128 –129 , 134 , 139 –140 , 142 , 144 –147 , 148 , 169 , 174 , 203 , 233 , 238 , 257 , 258 –259 , 260 –261 , 267 –268 , 270 , 287 , 288 , 293 , 294 , 358
China 1 , 3 , 15 , 19n , 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 –40 , 43 , 44 , 45n , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 –54 , 58 –64 , 66 –68 , 69 , 70n , 71 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 80 , 83 –86 , 88 , 89 , 89n , 91 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 114 , 115 , 118 , 134 , 138 , 139 , 153 , 156 , 163n , 183 , 184 , 194 , 207 , 305 , 306 , 307 , 308 –315 , 317 , 322 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 330 –335 , 337 , 338 , 342 ,343 –344 , 345 , 349 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 355n , 358 , 364 , 365 , 367 , 369 , 370 , 371 , 374 –375 , 376 , 377 –379 Hong Kong
,
Taiwan
.
commodity chain 11 , 17 , 25 –26 , 26 –27 , 28 , 29 , 75 , 83 , 111 , 122 , 166 , 184 , 187 –189 , 209 , 212 –215 , 219 –220 , 228 , 233 –234 , 235 , 250 –251 , 252 , 260 , 301 –302
dried fish 193n
dried sea cucumber 193n
seaweed 193n
smoked oysters 193n COVID-19, drug trafficking
,
externalized costs
,
household subsidies
,
middlemen
,
monopoly
,
monopsony
,
oligopoly
,
trade
,
unequal exchange
.
consumption of fish
consumption of food
Asian 41 , 44 , 66 , 68 –69 , 71 , 71 –73 , 75 –76 , 86 , 95 , 126 , 152 –153 , 158 , 173 –174 , 204 –205 , 266 , 355 , 358 –359
impacts of exports on 75 , 95 , 127 –136 , 149 –150 , 152 , 160 , 162 –163 , 164 , 169 , 171 –172 , 181 –186 , 203 , 234
iron shortfalls in 9 –10 , 27 –28 , 31 , 32 –33 , 34 , 39 –40 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 52 –59 , 60 –62 , 63 –65 , 68 –69 , 75 –77 , 84 , 125 , 126 –127
protein shortfalls in 9 , 15 , 27 –28 , 31 –33 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 46 –47 , 52 –65 , 66 –69 , 71 , 74n , 77 , 84 ,125 , 126 –127 , 128 , 135 , 135n20 , 136 , 143 –143 , 144 –145 , 146 , 148 , 152 , 153 –154 , 164 , 165 , 215 , 257 –258 , 270 , 275 , 292 , 294 breastfeeding
,
cereals
,
children
,
fishery
,
food
,
food-feed-fuel competition
,
Global Hunger Index
,
household
,
hunger
,
imperialism
,
inequality
,
meat
,
nonfood uses
,
nutritional
,
prices
,
soy
,
women
,
world food system
.
dark value drains see Clelland
,
see commodity chains
,
see prices
,
see unequal exchange
.
debt 7 , 15 , 28 , 41 –42 , 57 , 77 , 90 –93 , 96 –97 , 103 , 105 , 106 , 116 , 123 , 155 , 159 –160 , 166 , 219 , 315 , 320 , 331 , 334 , 337 , 355 –356
debt bondage 11 , 20 ,25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 105 , 132 , 134 –135 , 168 , 182 , 190 , 191 –192 , 193 , 195 , 197 , 198 , 203 , 207 , 209 , 211 , 214 –215 , 216 , 220 , 223 , 226 , 232 –233 , 239 , 240 , 243 , 244 , 245 –246 , 251 , 257 , 258 , 264 , 270 , 280 , 283 , 287 , 289 , 290 , 291 , 293 , 294 , 300 , 301 –302 , 304 , 350 , 351 , 358 , 370 , 373 –382 , 383n17 , 384 , 385 –386 , 388 –389
depeasantization 7 , 10 –12 , 17 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 41 , 77 –79 , 129 , 164 , 166 , 171 , 175 , 178 –180 , 209 , 211 , 216 , 219 –231 , 303 , 304 , 345 , 362 –363 , 382 , 386 , 387
drug trafficking 278
ecological
activism 334
degradation 5 , 10 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 41 , 48 , 57 , 76 , 77 , 79 –83 , 90 , 91 , 109 , 112 , 115 –122 , 162 –164 , 166 , 169 –170 , 175 , 184 , 199 –203 , 208 , 211 , 214 , 220 –221 , 222 –223 , 242 , 243 , 252 , 258 , 272 , 287 , 293 , 304 –305 , 331 , 314
resource depletion 7 , 80 –81 , 100 , 116 , 117 –118 , 135 , 142 , 180 , 199 , 201 –202 , 205 , 218 , 221 , 229 , 262 , 288 , 302
ethnic differences see hunger
,
see Indigenous
,
see inequality
.
feed see aquaculture
,
see food-feed-fuel competition
.
feminist analyses of fishers 23 –25 Aguilar
,
Eviota
,
Illo
,
Israel-Sobritchea
,
Lindio-McGovern
,
Mabunay
,
Pineda-Ofreneo
,
Polo
.
fishponds see aquaculture
food
Asian production of 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 25 , 30 , 32 , 33 –35 , 36 , 43 –44 , 71 , 78 , 80 , 82 –83 , 101 , 116 , 125 , 132 , 138 , 139 , 158 , 168 , 187 , 258 , 322 , 342 –343 , 350 , 353 , 357
insecurity 5 , 6 , 10 , 19 –20 , 24 , 28 , 31 , 34 –40 , 41 , 43 , 70 , 79 , 83 , 126 –127 , 134 , 136 , 184 , 161 –165 , 166 , 174 , 203 –207 , 208 , 219 , 304 , 329 , 350 , 352 –359
wastage 19 , 19n , 27 , 31 , 37 –40 , 44 –45 , 87 –89 , 154 consumption
,
extractive enclave
,
Food and Agriculture Organization
,
nonfood uses
. Food and Agriculture Organization
1 , 8 , 12 , 14 , 40 –41 , 60 , 69 , 74 , 109 , 139 –140 , 150 , 159 , 304 , 330 , 356 –357
views of peasant fishers 361
food-feed-fuel competition 9 , 19 , 45 , 65 –69 , 71 , 73 –74 ,76 –77 , 84 , 88n , 98 , 99 , 102 , 105 –107 , 108 , 110 , 111 –112 , 119 , 126 , 128 , 129 –130 , 138n27 , 139 , 140 , 140n31 , 144 , 151 –154 , 152n52 , 154n55 , 158 , 161 , 168 , 172 , 174 , 183 , 185 , 187 , 192 , 204 , 205 –206 , 209 , 224 , 237 , 238 , 241 , 267 , 275 , 330 , 343 , 344 , 363 , 376 .biofuels
.
global food system see world food system
.
genetic modification see agriculture
,
see aquaculture
,
see seed
.
household
mixed livelihood 334
hunger
among ethnic minorities 86
during pregnancy 21 , 35 –36 , 39 , 40 , 125 , 165 , 247 , 249 , 252 , 254 ,255 , 256 , 262 , 266 , 269 , 290 , 293 , 294 , 295 , 358 , 388
impacts of exporting on 49 , 75 , 95 , 127 –136 , 149 –150 , 152 , 160 , 162 –163 , 164 , 169 , 171 –172 , 181 –186 , 203 , 234
world 1 , 6 , 31 , 45 , 48 , 49 , 350 aquaculture
,
biofuels
,
breastfeeding
,
children
,
climate change
,
consumption of fish
,
consumption of food
,
COVID-19
,
depeasantization
,
food-feed-fuel competition
,
food insecurity
,
food wastage
,
Global Hunger Index
,
inequality
,
malnutrition
,
nonfood uses
,
unequal exchange
,
women
,
World Food Summit
,
world food system
.
India 1 –2 , 9 , 26 , 32 –33 , 34 , 37 , 39 , 41n , 42 –43 , 44 , 45 –46 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 63 –64 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 –72 , 75 , 83 , 84 –85 , 88 , 138 , 160 , 163n , 206 , 305 –315 , 317 , 320 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 329 , 330 , 333 , 339 , 342 , 343n34 , 345 , 346 , 348 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 359 , 364 , 365 , 367 , 369 –378 , 380 , 381 –382 , 382n14 , 383
Indigenous
ecotourism 337
Indonesia 2 , 33 ,34 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 41n , 43 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 58 , 60 –67 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 83 , 85 , 88 , 106 , 115 , 156 , 194 , 305 , 306 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 312 , 314 315 , 317 , 320 , 321 , 326 , 330 , 334 , 339 , 341 , 342n , 343 , 345 , 345n , 349 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 367 , 368n , 369 , 371 , 374 , 375 , 376 , 377 , 378 , 379
inequality
Japan 3 , 14n15 , 35 , 36 –37 , 38 , 39 , 39n , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 51 , 53 , 54 –55 , 55n , 58 –64 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 77 , 80 , 83 , 85 , 88 , 91 , 93 , 101 , 103 , 103n , 105 , 106 , 107 , 110 , 115 –116 , 118 , 120 , 130n9 , 133 , 134 , 142 –143 , 183 , 189 , 193n , 201 , 206 –207 , 215 , 224 , 226 , 227 , 232 , 306 , 308 –309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 313 , 325 , 331 , 346 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 355n1 , 363 –364 , 365 –366 , 367 , 368n , 369 , 372n , 374 , 376 , 377 –378 , 386n
Kyoto Protocol 311
labor
informal sector 25 , 123 , 155 , 186 , 216 , 220 , 244 , 246 , 248 , 250 , 262 , 266 , 269 , 275 –278 , 279 , 282 , 284 , 289 , 308 , 357 , 363 , 370 , 371 , 383 , 384 , 387
nomadism 372
trafficking 207
land
ghost acres 80
land grabbing
Malaysia 2 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 42 –43 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 58 , 59 , 60 –61 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 83 , 85 , 88 , 97 , 115 , 125 –126 , 134 , 194 , 306 , 309 , 310 , 312 , 314 , 315 , 317 , 323 , 325n24 , 326 , 331 , 334 , 342 , 344 , 345 , 345n , 353 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 366 , 367 , 369 , 374 , 375 , 376 , 377 –379
malnutrition 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 27 , 31 , 33 , 39 , 48 , 55 , 57 , 75 , 94 –95 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 146 , 154 –155 , 165 , 205n49 , 211 , 215 , 225 , 252 , 256 , 258 , 292 , 294 , 295 , 350 , 351 , 375 , 388
meat
men
alcohol use among 299
Mindanao 16 –17 , 93 , 99 , 101 , 104 , 109 –115 , 117 , 133 , 136 , 156 , 166 –167 , 168 , 171 , 172 , 181 , 183 –188 , 200 , 205n49 , 206 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 227 , 231 , 241 , 247 , 257 , 278 , 294 , 299 , 336 , 345 .Aurora
,
Kapatagan
,
Lanao del Norte
,
Misamis Occidental
,
Ozamis
,
Panguil Bay
,
Tambulig
,
Tangub City
,
Zamboanga del Sur
.
Mongolia 15
Monopoly 75 , 79 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 97n9 , 104 , 105 , 128 , 138 , 188 , 196 –198 , 227 , 228 , 234 , 345 , 383 , 385 .Donald Clelland
.
Nonfoods and food security 6 , 9 , 19 , 27 , 36 –38 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 71 –75 , 84 , 124 , 126 , 127 , 128 –129 , 135 , 137 , 139 –140 , 151 –154 , 158 , 160 , 161 , 164 , 166 –167 , 172 –173 , 188 , 204 –207 , 258 , 351 –352 , 355 , 368 land grabbing
.
Pakistan 2 , 33 , 37 ,39 –40 , 41n , 43 , 45 –46 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 85 , 88 , 306 , 307 , 308 , 310 , 312 , 315 , 320 , 326 , 335 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 367 , 369 , 370 , 374 –375 , 376 , 378 , 380 –381
Panguil Bay, Philippines 16 –17 , 18 , 20 , 21 –22 , 23 , 166 –208 Aurora
,
Kapatagan
,
Lanao del Norte
,
Misamis Occidental
,
Ozamis
,
Tambulig
,
Tangub City
,
Zamboanga del Sur
.
peasant
Philippine scholars see Aguilar
,
see Constantio
,
see Eviota
,
see Illo
,
see Israel-Sobritchea
,
see Lindio-McGovern
,
see Mabunay
,
see Pineda-Ofreneo
,
see Polo
.
Philippines
class inequality 93 , 94 , 109 , 122 , 126 –127 , 150 –151 , 154 –157 , 175 –176 , 189 –190 , 198 –199 , 222 , 223 , 225 , 230 , 233 , 255n43
ecological degradation 90 , 91 , 100 , 109 , 112 , 115 –122 , 135 , 142 , 162 –164 , 166 , 169 –170 , 175 , 180 , 184 , 199 –203 , 205 , 208 , 211 , 214 , 218 , 220 –221 , 222 –223 , 229 , 242 , 243 , 252 , 258 , 262 , 272 , 287 , 288 , 293 , 302
food shortfalls 125 , 126 –127 , 125 , 126 –127 , 128 , 135 , 135n20 , 136 , 143 –143 , 144 –145 , 146 , 148 , 152 , 153 –154 , 164 , 165 , 215 , 257 –258 , 270 , 275 , 292 , 294
population growth see hunger
,
see deruralization
,
see peri-urbanization
,
see urbanization
.
prices
Asian food 8 , 28 –29 , 32 , 45 –46 , 51 , 63 –64 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 89 , 92 , 126 , 130 , 134n14 , 135 , 136 , 142 –143 , 144 , 145 , 153 , 157 , 170 , 205 , 256 –257 , 258 , 270 –271 , 352 , 357 , 373
racial differences see Indigenous
,
see inequality
.
research
resistance
rice see cereals
.
seaweed 17 , 18 , 20 , 72 –73 , 74 , 75 , 77 , 106 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 114 –115 , 118 , 120 , 151 , 159 , 181 , 193n , 202 , 203 , 206 , 207 , 212 , 213 , 229 , 230 –231 , 242 , 243 , 246 , 268 –270 , 270 –271 , 277 , 278 , 289
seed
sharecropping
shrimp farming see aquaculture
.
social movements see resistance
.
South Korea 3 , 14n15 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 –40 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 53 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 69 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 80 , 82n , 83 , 85 , 88 , 91 , 121 , 224 , 226 , 306 , 308 –309 , 310 , 311 , 312 , 323 , 325n24 , 330 , 336 , 342 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 355n1 , 365 , 367 , 369 , 370 , 374 , 376 , 377 , 378 , 379
Special Economic Zone see land grabbing
.
Sri Lanka 2 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 –40 , 41n , 42 –43 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 58 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 66 , 68 , 71 , 72 , 85 , 88 , 306 , 310 , 315 , 320 , 325n24 , 327 , 337 , 339 , 340 , 341 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 366 , 367 , 369 , 370 , 374 , 375 , 377 , 378
Taiwan 3 , 14 , 15 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 66 , 67 , 80 , 82n , 103 , 103n , 201 , 224 , 226 , 306 , 310 , 338 , 354 , 355 , 355n , 369 , 374 , 376 , 377 , 378 , 379 , 380
Thailand 2 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 –40 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 58 –62 , 63 –64 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 85 , 88 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 112 , 125 –126 , 138 , 156 , 306 , 310 , 313 , 315 , 317 , 320 , 323 , 327 , 330 , 331 , 332 , 334 , 335 , 337 , 338 , 342 , 344 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 365 , 366 , 367 , 369 , 374 –375 , 376 , 377 , 378 , 379 , 380
tourism see land grabbing
.
unequal exchange
United Nations 13 –14 , 25n , 51 , 165 , 319 , 325 , 325n24 , 341 , 346 , 348 , 349 , 352 , 356 , 368 , 370 , 371 , 372
High Level Panel on Food Security and Nutrition 352
views of peasant farmers 368
wastage see food
.
wheat see cereals
.
women 260 –302
World Bank 12 , 15 , 17 , 42 , 75 –76 , 77 , 86 , 92 , 93 , 103 , 105 , 130 , 134 , 134n , 157 , 171n , 172 , 177 , 202 , 227 , 319 , 323 , 323n , 324 , 325 , 325n24 , 329 , 355 , 382n16
views of peasant fishers 361
world food system 6 –9 , 11 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 48 , 54 , 77 –79 , 83 , 90 , 146 , 166 , 187 , 198 –199 , 207 –208 , 232 , 303 , 304 , 319 , 343 , 350 , 351 , 356 , 357 , 358 , 359 , 360 –361 , 363 , 373 , 380 , 382 , 388 , 389