Over the past half millennium, from circa 1450 until the last third or so of the twentieth century, much of the worldâs history has been influenced in great part by one general dynamic and complex historical process known as European expansion. Defined as the opening up, unfolding, or increasing the extent, number, volume, or scope of the space, size, or participants belonging to a certain people or group, location, or geographical region, Europeâs expansion initially emerged and emanated physically, intellectually, and politically from southern Europeâspecifically from the Iberian Peninsulaâduring the fifteenth century, expanding rapidly from that locus to include, first, all of Europeâs maritime and, later, most of its continental states and peoples. Most commonly associated with events described as the discovery of America and of a passage to the East Indies (Asia) by rounding the Cape of Good Hope (Africa) during the early modern and modern periods, European expansion and encounters with the rest of the world multiplied and morphed into several ancillary historical processes, including colonization, imperialism, capitalism, and globalization, encompassing themes, among others, relating to contacts and, to quote the EURO seriesâ original mission statement, âconnections and exchanges; peoples, ideas and products, especially through the medium of trading companies; the exchange of religions and traditions; the transfer of technologies; and the development of new forms of political, social and economic policy, as well as identity formation.â Because of its intrinsic importance, extensive research has been performed and much has been written about the entire period of European expansion.
With the first volume published in 2009, Brill launched the European Expansion and Indigenous Response book series at the initiative of well-known scholar and respected historian, Glenn J. Ames, who, prior to his untimely passing, was the founding editor and guided the first seven volumes of the series to publication. Being one of the early members of the seriesâ editorial board, I was then appointed as Series Editor. The seriesâ founding objectives are to focus on publications âthat understand and deal with the process of European expansion, interchange and connectivity in a global context in the early modern and modern periodâ and to âprovide a forum for a variety of types of scholarly work with a wider disciplinary approach that moves beyond the traditional isolated and nation bound historiographical emphases of this field, encouraging whenever possible non-European perspectivesâ¦that seek to understand this indigenous transformative process and period in autonomous as well as inter-related cultural, economic, social, and ideological terms.â
Despite, or perhaps because of, these new directions and stimulating sources of existing and emerging lines of dispute regarding the history of European expansion, I and the editorial board of the series will continue with the original objectives and mission statement of the series and vigorously â⦠seek out studies that employ diverse forms of analysis from all scholarly disciplines, including anthropology, archaeology, art history, history (including the history of science), linguistics, literature, music, philosophy, and religious studies.â In addition, we shall seek to stimulate, locate, incorporate, and publish the most important and exciting scholarship in the field.
Towards that purpose, I am pleased to introduce volume 40 of Brillâs EURO series entitled: Taxing Difference in Peru and New Spain (16thâ19th Century), authored by Dr. Sarah Albiez-Wieck. Combining comparable themes and longue durée approaches and components dealing with imperial fiscal and taxation policies, migration, and ethnicity/race in colonial settings, it is an original and important contribution to Spanish expansion and indigenous response in the Americas. It examines the link between taxation and ethno-racial categories not only from above and as formal policy but also from below as practice over the colonial period in Cajamarca and Michoacán, sites in two important regions in Peru and New Spain (Mexico), which were the two most important viceroyalties in the Spanish Empire in Latin America. By employing this approach and analysis, Albiez-Wieck reveals those policies and practices that were common across the Spanish Empire in the Americas and those that varied by
Previous scholarship established that fiscal categories changed with the Bourbon reforms and has explored how fiscal categories organized Spanish colonial society in Latin America. It is accepted that tribute and forced labor assignations created hierarchies. The question of how, why, and under which circumstances colonial inhabitants employed Spanâs colonial categories remains intriguing and worthy of investigation.
Books comparing Peru and Mexico are not common. âTaxing Differencesâ investigates the historical usage of fiscal categorization and engages in a comparative analysis of the contrast between the Spanish adscription of categories in contrast to the claims, negotiations, and challenges of petitioners. It is a work that should be of interest to historians and scholars of imperial expansion and colonial development in Latin America, taxation and fiscal systems, and the creation of social difference through race and ethnicity.
George Bryan Souza
University of Texas, San Antonio