Cover illustration: compilation containing the following items:
- âAl-Idrisiâs World Map, https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000547t/f14.item.r=arabe%202221 Bibliothèque nationale de France. Last accessed April 12, 2022.
- âCavalry of Northern Wei, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cavalry_of_Northern_Wei_05.jpg Flickr user Gary Todd, CC0. Last accessed May 11, 2022.
- âCavalryman on armoured horse, China, Northern Wei dynasty, c. 500-534, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cavalryman_on_armoured_horse,_China,_Northern_Wei_dynasty,_c._500-534,_earthenware_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC04074.JPG Daderot, CC0. Last accessed May 11, 2022.
- âEmperor Justinian I., detail of a contemporary portrait mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpg Photo taken by Petar MiloÅ¡eviÄ. Last accessed April 12, 2022.
- âFan Ye, Hou Han Shu å¾æ¼¢æ¸ (5th century âHistory of the Later Han Dynastyâ, published in Song Gaozhongâs reign era Shaoxing, 1131-1162), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:å¾æ¼¢æ¸ï¼å®ç´¹èï¼.jpg. Last accessed May 11, 2022.
- âHan coin, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hancoin1large.jpg; User Randy Benzie. Last accessed April 12, 2022.
- âKingâs throne, Aachen Cathedral, © https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg Photo taken by Berthold Werner. Last accessed April 12, 2022.
- âPersepolis, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gate_of_All_Nations,_Persepolis.jpg; Photo taken by Alborzagros. Last accessed April 12, 2022.
- âPilastri Acritani in front of the South portal of San Marco basilica in Venice, which originally belonged to the St. Polyeuktos church in Constantinople (6th c.), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Marc_Pilastri_Acritani_1.jpg?uselang=de; Spoliast. Last accessed May 11, 2022.
- âTigranes II, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tigran_Mets.jpg, Unknown author. Last accessed April 12, 2022.
| 1.1 | The late Roman Empire, c. 400 CE (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 53 |
| 1.2 | The post-Roman world, c. 500 CE (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 54 |
| 4.1 | The Carolingian world, c. 800 CE (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 139 |
| 5.1 | South Scandinavia in the Early Middle Ages (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 183 |
| Early medieval Venice and the Italian Romania (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 199 | |
| 7.1 | Earlier medieval Byzantium and its surrounding powers (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 221 |
| 8.1 | Map of kingdoms, selected places and important routes in the South Caucasus in the late antique and early medieval period (from: Preiser-Kapeller, âComplex processes of migrationâ) | 264 |
| 8.2 | Number of larger building projects in the Lake Van region (historical South Armenia) and charcoal index for core samples from sediments in Lake Van (Turkey) as proxies for human activity, sixth to fifteenth century AD (from: Preiser-Kapeller, âA collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean?â) | 278 |
| 9.1 | Medieval Anatolia (Map © Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 290 |
| 10.1 | The Abbasid Empire and its neighbours (Map, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 319 |
| 11.1 | The province of FÄrs (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 331 |
| 12.1 | The Huai frontier, basemap East Asia topographic map © Ksiom, CC BY-SA 3.0 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:East_Asia_topographic_map.png, via Wikimedia Commons; labelling © Andrew Chittick | 356 |
| 12.2 | Diagrams showing Toba Wei conceptions of cardinal directions © Andrew Chittick | 364 |
| 13.1 | China during the Southern Song dynasty, from: China - Southern Song Dynasty - cs.svg: User: Mozzan, derivative work: Kanguole, CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-en.svg (last accessed February 17, 2022) | 382 |
| 14.1 | Medieval East Asia (Map © Erik Goosmann, Mappa Mundi Cartography, 2021) | 400 |