Index
Abāqā, Il-Khan
48
ʿAbbas I, Shah
109, 145–146
ʿAbbās III, late Safavid
160, 162
Abbasid (Hashemite ) Revolution
12, 18, 24, 27–28
ʿAbd al-Karim Samʿāni
30
ʿAbdallāh al-ʿAzzām
205
ʿAbdallāh Ansāri, Khwāja
30, 130
‘Abdallāh b. Mas‘ud
2
ʿAbdi Beg
93–94, 97, 107
Abrishamchi, Mehdi
193–194
Abu ʿAbdallāh al-Shiʿi
98
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi al-Qurayshi
204, 206–208
Abu Bakr b. Mirānshāh
22
Abu Bakr b. Saʿd b. Zangi, atabeg
40–41
Abu’l-Fayz Khan
160
Abu’l-Fazl Bayhaqi
12–13
Abu’l-Hasan Kharaqāni
30
Abu’l-Khayr/Shaybāni dynasty
115
Abu’l-Sharaf Jorbāzqāni
19
Abu’l-Soʿud (Ebu’s-suʿud) al-ʿEmādi
120, 122–125
Abu Mansur Tusi
26
Abu Mashʿar
17
Abu Moslem Khorāsāni
28, 100–101, 203
Abu Moslem Nāma
91
Abu Musʿab al-Suri
205
Abu Rayhān Biruni
26
Abu Saʿid, Il-Khan
50
advice to kings
12, 37–41, 51
al-ʿAdliyya al-sulaymāniyya
124
Afghan interregnum (1722–1729)
140, 144–158
Afghans
142
Abdāli
147, 152–5, 159
Ghelzai
146–48, 152–4, 159
Afghanistan
127–138, 148–159, 205
Conversion to Islam
127
Āfrids
133, 135
Afshār dynasty
162
Afzal al-Din Kermāni
18–19, 142
Afshār dynasty
162
Ahad-dād Rawshani
136
Ahmad b. Fahd al-Hilli
67
Ahmad Ahsā’i, Shaykh
170
Ahmad Jāmi, Shaykh
130
Ahmad Khan/Shah Abdāli (Dorrāni)
162
Ahmad Lor
58–60
Ahmadinejad, Mahmud
185, 189
Ahmed, Ottoman prince
98, 103, 105, 119
Akbar, Mughal
112, 135–136
Akhi Ahmed Shah
49
akhi brotherhoods
42, 52.
fotowwat
Akhi Evrān
52
Akhi Mohammad Divāna
49
Akhi Muʿazzam Sharaf al-Din
52
Akhi Yaʿqub
52
Akhlāq-e ʿAlā’i
119
Akhlāq-e Jalāli
83–85
Akhlāti, Sayyed Hosayn
58–59, 62, 72, 76
ʿAlāʾ al-Dawla Zu’l-Qadr
102
ʿAlāʾ al-Din Kayqobād
36, 49
ʿAlāʾim al-zohur (The signs of manifestation)
180–181
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal
195
Aleppo
64–65
ʿAli Shir Navāʾi
99
ʿAli al-Aʿlā, Horufi leader
54–58, 60, 65
as God’s deputy
57
ʿAli al-Karaki, Shaykh
101, 120
ʿAli Pasha
105
ʿAli-Qoli Khan Shāmlu
155
Almohad revolution
10n24, 29, 137, 204n14
Alvand Mirzā, Āq Qoyunlu
99
Amānallāh Khan Afghan
150–512
Amasya
96, 98
Amir al-mu’minin
121, 125
Amir ʿAli Dāmghāni
53
Amir Mo’ayyad
52
Amir Nurallāh
58
Anatolia
36, 39–40, 42, 46–52, 86–89, 95–105
conversion to Islam
42, 47, 148
Ankara, akhi “republic” of
44, 52
Battle of
61
Antalya
98
Apocalyptic traditions
revival of the southern Arabian
204–06
Zoroastrian
205
Apocalypticism
1–2, 5
and occult sciences
61–66
and politics
4, 81, 188–196
and transfer of sovereignty
12
realized apocalypticism
33
of DAESH
203–208.
Mahdism, messianism, millennialism
Āq Qoyunlu
45, 82–84
Āqā Mohammad Khan Qājār
140, 163–164
Āqsarāʾi
49–50
Arab revolutions of 2011
10, 98
Arafat, Yasser
186
Ardabil
88–96, 153
Arghun, Il-Khan
21, 49
Armenians
149–151, in Jolf
Asrār al-khilāfa (Secrets of the caliphate)
122
ʿasabiyya (group solidarity)
6, 137, 202, 204
atabegs
18–19
ʿAttār, Farid al-Din
33, 39, 130
Aubin, Jean
86, 106–107
awliyāʾ Allāh (friends of God)
31, 39, 58, 69–71, 77, 124, 131
ʿayyārān
30, 41–44
ʿAyn al-Qozāt Hamadāni
30, 130
Azali Babis
179–180
Azerbaijan
59–60, 82, 99–100, 105, 116, 128
ʿAziz b. Ardashir Astarābādi Baghdādi
20
bāb (gate)
170
Bābā Eshāq, called Bābā Rasul Allāh
48
Bābā Qodrati, Hajj Mohammad
155–156
Bābā Shāhqoli (Șahkulu)
103–106, 108
Bābāʾi rebellion
48, 51, 88
Babi movement
171–175
its urban social base
174
its uprisings in Badasht
173
Nayriz
173, 181
Zanjan
173–174
Bābor, Zahir al-Din Mohammad, Mughal
111–113, 127
Badāyeʿ al-waqāyeʿ (Marvelous events)
113
Badr militia, Iraqi Shiʿite
207
Baghdad
40, 82, 100, 107, 174, 202, 207
Bahādur khan
115
Bahādur Shah
128
Bahā’ullāh, Mirzā Hosayn ʿAli Nuri
174
Bahai religion
174
bakht (fortune)
16, 21–22
Bakhtiyāris
146
Balkh
29, 39, 99
Baluchis
144, 147–148, 154, 159
Banu al-Asfar (the Blond People)
81, 87
Barquq, Mamluk Sultan
59, 72
Bāyandor. see Āq Qoyunlu
Bāyazid Ansāri/Rawshani
127–134, 159
his Mahdihood
132, 134
Bāyazid Bastāmi
29–30, 131
Baybars, Malek al-Zaher (Mamluk Sultan)
17, 48
Bāyezid I, Yıldırım, Ottoman Sultan
44
Bāyezid II, Ottoman Sultan
23, 86, 98, 102, 108, 116–117, 119–121
Baysonghor Mirzā
76–78
Bedreddin Mahmud, Kadi[oğlu] of Samawna
53, 59, 61–66, 79–81, 86–87
his millennial uprising
64–66
its connection with the Horufi movement
65–66, 68
its social basis
64, 66
Beheshti, Sayyed Mohammad Hosayni
192
Berbers
98, 133, 137
Bestāmi, ʿAbd al-Rahmān
62–63, 79–81, 131
Bidābādi, Āqā Mohammad
187
Brack, Jonathan
48
Brethren of Purity (ekhwān al-safāʾ), Cairene
58–59, 63
British East India Company
154–155
Browne, Edward G.
180
Bukhara
115–116, 160
Bürkülje Mustafā
66
Bursa
52, 79–80, 104
Bustān
40
Cairo
58–59, 62–63, 65
Caldwell, Malcolm
196
Caliphate
119
Abbasid
119, 123
of God (khelāfat Allāh)
82–85
of the Prophet
121–123
the ruler as God’s Deputy
37, 74, 83, 93, 117
as the Deputy of the Merciful (khalifat al-Rahmān)
83–85, 113–122
Cambodian (Red Khmer) Revolution
184, 196
Castro, Fidel
185
Chaldiran, Battle of
105, 109
Charisma of the Mahdi
9, 105
its routinization
9–10, 105–109, 183–184, 199–200
Chinggisid restoration in the Uzbek empire
115–116
Chinggis Khan
12, 20–22, 33–34, 44–45, 159–161
his imperial principle
61, 115–116
the Yasa of
4, 78, 161
Chiliasm. see millennialism
Chishti Sufi order
127, 130
Chobān, Amir
49
Chamran, Mustafa
184–186
Chamran, Mehdi
185
Cohn, Norman
6
clerical monarchy
199–201
Collapse of the Safavid empire, a revolution in world history
140, 165–166
as proto-modern Persianate revolutio regni
140–144
as Tocquevillian
165
and the Khaldunian model
159, 165–166
and foreign armed intervention
151–153, 161–162
its causes
140–148
its process
140
power struggle, in Isfahan
149–155
in Kerman
148–149, 154, 157–158
in Mashhad
141, 147, 154–156
in Qazvin
150–151
in Sistan
154–158
in Yazd
154, 157–158
on the Persian Gulf littoral
156–158
Condorcet
141
confessional ambiguity, age of
34–42, 53
disestablishment of Islam
34–36
rivalry between the Sufi shaykhs and the ʿolamā’
35–36
Constantinople (Byzantium), conquest of
45, 63, 80–81, 87, 205
constitutional politics. see revolution, process of
Constitutional Revolution of
1906–1911, 178–182, 197
as prelude to the advent of the Mahdi
179–181
Corps of the Guards of the Islamic Revolution
186, 200
counter-elite (dispossessed notables) as revolutionary leaders
62, 64, 67, 104–05, 120–21, 187, 199
counter-revolution
8
Sunni
111–126
exiles of Safavid revolution as its proponents
112–125
as preemptive reaction to apocalyptic Mahdism
8–10, 71–85, 117
and fatwās against the Qezelbāsh
114, 119–120
and orthodox (Sunni) reform
82–85
counter-millennial sovereignty
10
The Cry of the Owl (sayhat al-bum) on the Events of Rum
63
Cuban Revolution
184–185
DAESH
185, 201–208
comparison with the IRI
206–207
its anathemization of the nation-state
206–207
its counter-Shiʿite doomsday apocalypticism
206, 208
Neo-Khaldunian pattern
202–204
online recruitment
201–202, 208
rejection of Islamic ideology for prophetic methodology
206
Dabiq
203–204
Dastur al-moluk
153
Dawr tribe
133
Dawlat (turn in power)
6, 11–24, 41, 142
as the state
6, 17, 153–154, 160–161
Dajjāl (Antichrist)
57, 192
Daniel, Book of
11, 14, 81, 168
Dāneshmand-nāma
47
Davvāni, Jalāl al-Din Mohammad
82–85, 119
darvish
30, 41, 43
dervishes as political leaders
52–53.
Sufism, antinomian
Deccan, the
31, 45, 102, 111, 129
Dede ʿOmar Rawshani
131
Delhi
160, 162
Delhi Sultanate
17, 19, 31, 127
Didār-e Farrahi va fotuhāt-e akhir al-zamān (The divine encounter and the revelations
of the end of time)
196
Diyarbekir (Diyār Bakr)
96, 99–100, 102
Dorr-e maknun
80
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
154–157
Ebrāhim-e Adham
29–30
Ebrāhim-Soltān, Timurid
74
Edris Bedlisi
23, 83–84, 105, 116–122
Empires, Turko-Mongolian-Persianate
10, 44–45, 61
Āq Qoyunlu
23, 82–84, 89–90, 98–102
Il-Khanid
20–21, 47–52
its disintegration
47, 52–53
Mongol
20, 33–34
Mughal (Timurids of India)
111–112
of Nāder Shah
139, 158–166
Ottoman
61–66
Safavid
89, 106–109
End of Time (ākhir al-zamān)
ix, 1–2, 63, 67–71, 74, 81, 94, 132, 181, 186, 193, 196, 203–208
the Mahdi of
51, 73, 121, 128, 169, 186, 191
malāhem (tribulations) of
63
the revolution (enqelāb) of
191–192
English (Puritan) Revolution
168–169
enqelāb (revolution)
11–24, 141. 144, 158, 163, 191
Entezār, mazhab-e eʿterāz (Expectation, the religion of protest)
191
Epic of Kings (Shāhnāma)
26, 43
Erāqi, Fakhr al-Din
40
Erzinjān
92, 96–99
Esmāʿil the Safavid, Shah
10, 23, 90–109, 159
his divinity
90–92
his poetry as Khatā’i
91–92
his policy of “Shiʿism in one country,”
108–109
Eskandar Mirzā b. ʿOmar Shaykh
58, 61, 72–77
adherence to Horufis
72–73
Eskandarnāma
51
Estevā-nāma
60
European revolutions of 1848
3, 10, 98, 168–169, 175
fanāi’ fil-shaykh (self-annihilation in the master)
132
Fanon, Franz
184, 191
Fardid, Ahmad
194–196
farr (royal charisma)
41
Fatimid Revolution
9–10n24, 29, 170
Fath-ʿAli Khan Dāghestāni
144, 148, 151, 155
Fath-ʿAli Khan Qājār
163–164
Fath-ʿAli Shah (Bābā Khan)
164–165
fatrat
13, 21, 144
Fazlallāh Astarābādi (Horufi)
53–61
Fazlallāh Ruzbehān Khonji Esfahāni
84, 114–115
Fletcher, Joseph
45
fotowwat (chivalry, youth organizations)
30, 35, 41–44, 52–53
French Revolution of 1789
2–3, 7, 24, 141, 165, 167, 183
Freud, Sigmund
11
Gelunābād, Battle of
141, 149
Georgian troops, Safavid
146, 148–149
Germiyān
49–51
Geykhātu, Il-Khan
49–50
ghaybat (occultation of the Hidden Imam)
8–9, 28, 95, 188–191
ghazā (holy raid)
42, 47, 127
Ghazāli, Shaykh Ahmad
30
Ghāzān Khan
20–21, 42
ghāzi (holy warrior)
52, 65, 88
Ghaznin
135–136
Ghiyās al-Din Jamshid Kāshi
73
Ghiyās al-Din Mohammad
58–60
Ghojdovān, Battle of 1512
107–109, 114–115
gholāms (Safavid royal slaves)
145, 147, 150
gholoww (Shiʿite extremism)
86–89
Gilanentz, Petros
141
Gog and Magog
63, 81, 119
Golestān
40–41
Gombroon (Bandar ʿAbbās)
154, 156–158
Gorgin Khan (Shahnavāz) Khan
147
Guerrilla armed struggle (foco)
185–186
Iranian guerrilla organizations
Fedā’yān-e Khalq (Marxist)
185
Mojāhedin-e Khalq-e Mosalmān (Islamist)
185, 193
Peykār (Maoist)
185
Red Shiʿism
185
Guevara, Che
184–185
Gujarat
128–129
Habib al-siyar
94
hādi (righteous guide)
131, 134
Hadiqat al-Haqiqa wa shariʿat al-tariqa
31
Hāfez of Shiraz
16
Hājji Bayrām Vali
52
Hājji Bektāsh
52
Hājji Bektāsh Ilbeg
64
Hājji Sorkha, Horufi leader
59, 61
Halabi, Shaykh Mahmud
188
Hamdallāh Mostawfi
12
Hamza Bāli Effendi’s uprising
131–132
Hasan II b. Mohammad b. Bozorg-Omid
32
Hasan Khalifa Tekelu
103
Hasan Pahlavān
54
Hasan Sabbāh
29, 32
Hashemi-Rafsanjani, Hojjat al-Islam, later President
199
Hasht Behesht
117
Haydar, Safavid Shaykh
88–90, 127
Haydari crown (tāj)
89–90, 95
Hazāra
134–136
Heidegger, Martin
194–195
hejrat
132
Herat
30, 68, 100–101, 111, 113–115, 147–148, 155, 161
Hizbullah in Lebanon
186
Ho Chi Minh
184
Hodgson, Marshall
26–27, 30–31
Hojjatiyya Society
188–189
Homāyun, Mughal
111–112, 127–129
Hong Xiuquan
172, 175–78
as brother of Jesus and Heavenly King
176–79
Horufi movement
53–61, 72, 86
doctrine
54–57, 60
persecution of
57–59
uprisings
59–61, 66
urban social background of members
60–61
Horufiyya
80.
Horufi movement
Hosām al-Din Bedlisi
83
Hosayn. see Shiʿite theodicy of martyrdom
Hosayniyya Ershad
191–192
Hülegü, the first Il-Khan
34
Ibn Abi Tāher Tayfur
18, 142
Ibn al-ʿArabi, Shaykh Muhyi al-Din
40, 65, 83
Ibn Bibi
13
Ibn Khaldun, ʿAbd al-Rahmān
xxx, 6
Ibrāhim Pasha
122, 124
Ilāh-dād Rawshani
136
Isfahan
54, 58–61, 75, 107, 145, 148–158, 165
Afghan siege of
140–141, 149–150
Imam of the Age. see Lord of Time
Imamate
28–29, 42
Shiʿite theory of
204
its revolutionary modification into “continuous Imamate”
192
Sunni polemics against it
125
Integrative Revolution
13–14, 18, 74
Aristotelian-Paretan
14n26, 24–26
Khaldunian
14, 28–30, 174, 202–208
Irakli (Hercules), king of Georgia
162
Iran, emergence as a nation-state
142, 144, 161–165
its incorporation into the Westphalian international system
152, 162–165
Iran-Iraq War
185, 187–189, 202
Irān-zamin (the land of Iran)
34, 142, 144, 161
Iraq
67, 82, 99–100, 170, 172, 188–189, 201–208
Islām Shah Sur
129, 136
Islamicate civilization
2–5, 27, 29, 31
its dual tribal/urban social structure
6, 165
Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)
185–189, 192, 195–199, 201, 206
as clerical monarchy
189, 199–201
Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran
6–7, 178, 183–200
as a revolution in Shiʿism
198–199
its export
188
Islamic State of the Caliphate/Iraq and Syria. see DAESH
Jacobinism
4, 6, 167–168
Ja‘far, Safavid Shaykh
87–88
Jaʿfar b. Abi Tālib
79
Ja‘far b. Muhammad al-Sādiq
190–191, 212
jafr (science of divination)
12, 63, 77
Jahāngir Khan Sur-e Isrāfil
179–180
Jahān Pahlavān, atabeg
19
Jahānshāh Qara Qoyunlu
59, 82, 87
Jalāl al-Din Mohammad Khwārazmshāh
13
Jalāl al-Din Rawshani (Jalāla)
133–137
Jalāl al-Din Rumi, Mawlānā
39–40, 48
Jāmeʿ al-tavārikh
21
Jāmeʿ-e soltāni
73
Jamkarān
189
Jamāl al-Din Ay Aba
19
Javānmard-e Qassāb, Abu’l-ʿAbbās Ahmad
43
Javānmardi. see fotowwat
Jāvdān-nāma
54, 56
jihād
128, 133–136, 193
global jihad
201–208
Jonayd, Safavid Shaykh
65, 86–90, 103, 127
Juri, Shaykh Hasan
53
Juriyya dervish order
53
Kabul, Timurid kingdom of
127, 133–137
Kadizāda Musā Čelebi (Rumi)
62, 65
Kāmrān Mirzā
127
kairotic time
3–4
Kalimat al-ʿOlyāʾ, daughter of Fazallāh Horufi
59
Kanz al-Jawāher
121
Karbala
55, 97
Kalāt
161–162
Karim Khan Zand, vakil al-raʿāyā (representative of the subjects)
162–63
Kaysāniyya
89
Kāzem Rashti, Sayyed
170, 172–173
Kemāl Pāshāzāda (Ibn Kamal)
119–124
Keyhān
196
Khādem Beg Khalifa
107
Khalil tribe
133, 135
khāneqāh (Sufi convent)
42, 52, 62, 64, 67, 73, 87, 104, 128
Khārijites (secessionists)
120
of Oman
142, 144
Khalwati Sufi order
130–132
Khāmane’i, Sayyed ʿAli
188
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollāh
186–189, 196–200, 206
as the forerunner of the revolution of the Mahdi
187–188
his acclamation as the Imam
187
routinization of his charisma
199–200
Khorasan
12, 18, 24, 127–132, 140–141, 147–148, 154–157, 161–162, 172–173, 203, 207–208
and the emergence of Persianate Sufism
28–33
Buddhism in
29
its Mazdaean-Manichaean heritage
29–30, 130–131
its conversion to Islam
28
khoruj (uprising)
75, 93, 97
Khwāja/Soltān ʿAli Siāhpush
87
Khwāja Azod al-Din
58
Khwāja Eshāq b. Ārāmshāh Khottalāni
66–67
Khwāju of Kerman
15–17, 142
Khwānd-Amir
94, 100, 110–111
Khwarazm
48, 53, 160–161
Kingship, Persianate
22, 27, 34, 50, 105, 108, 143, 153
as caliphate
37, 74
legitimacy of
14
justice as first principle
13, 31, 40–41
and religion
18–19, 74
and Sufism
32, 36–39, 78–80, 118
“unification of dervishhood and kingship”
89, 101, 117
its institutionalization in the Safavid revolution
109–110
Greek input,
83
king of Islam (pādshāh-e eslām)
36, 42, 45, 50, 78–79, 117
prophets and kings
80
recast as caliphate
117–122
kitāb-e qawānin-e ʿorfiyya-ye ʿothmāniyya
98
Kobravi, Sufi order
36, 39, 67–70
Kojaji, Amir Shams al-Din Zakariyā
100, 106
Konya
48–51
Khwāndiyya Sufi order
101–102
Kurds
146, 149, 159
Lāhijān
95–96, 106
the Sufis of
106–107
Lenin, V.I.
184
Lezghis
141, 144, 151, 153
Lord of the Conjunction (sāheb-qerān)
17, 20–21, 51, 54, 74–75, 81, 91, 121
coupled with the Mahdi
20
Lord of Time (sāhib al-zamān)
39, 54, 68, 83, 91, 96, 115, 173, 187
Lors
146
Lotf-ʿAli Khan Dāghestāni
144
Lotf-ʿAli Khan Zand
163–164
Lutfi Pasha
124–125
Mahdaviyya (Mahdavi movement)
128–129, 136
Mahdi, the (rightly-guided)
1–2, 50–51, 53, 64, 66–67, 104, 188
the mystical
69–71
as Muhammad redivivus
2, 70
as Adam and the Word of God
56
as the myth of revolution
xxx
as the Perfect Guide
69–71
Mahdi’s army
52, 94–95, 180n22, 201–203
Mahdi’s deputy
94
his general deputies
169–170
Mahdi Ibn Tumart
9–10n24, 98, 133, 137
Mahdism
1
apocalyptic
1–2
as charismatic messianic leadership
9, 183–184.
Shiʿite millennial beliefs, Qa’im-Mahdi
Mahdist Sufi movements
5, 10–11, 127–138
their Shiʿite millennial inflection
53, 55
Mahmud, Ghelzai Afghan
142, 147–148
as governor of Qandahar
148–149
his rule in Isfahan
149–152, 158
Mahram-nāma
57, 59
Malek Mahmud Sistāni
154–156
Malekshāh (Seljuq king)
14
Man Singh
135
Mannheim, Karl
3
Mao
184
Marino Sanudo
92
Martin, Henry
172
Marmuzāt
39
Martha (Halima Begum)
88–89
Maʿruf-e Khattāt
58
Marv, Battle of
108, 113
Marx, Karl
2–3, 167, 169, 192
Marxism-Leninism
ix, 2–3, 183, 192
Masʿud Saʿd Salmān
17
Māshā’allāh
17
Mashkur, Mohammad Javad
59
Mazdaean religion
11, 24, 76–77, 97
Mazdakites
77–78, 84
McCants, William
203
Mecca
53, 87–88, 116, 121, 170
seizure of the Kaʿba in 1979
205–206
Medina
88, 93, 121
Mehmān-nāma-ye Bokhārā
114
Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan
61, 64, 66, 79–80
Mehmed II, the Conqueror
42, 45, 80–81, 98
Meisami, Julie
13
Menhāj-e Serāj Juzjāni
19
Mer’āt al-jamāl (Mirror of beauty)
118
Mersād al-ʿebād men al-mabda ʾ ela’l-maʿād
36, 39
al-Mesbāh fi’l-tasavvuf
39
messianism
1–2, 89
apocalyptic
1–2, 9, 63, 68, 76–78, 80, 169–174, 201
Horufi
57–59
occultist
72–77, 80–81
Shiʿite
44, 45
as charismatic leadership
11, 86, 88–94, 100–101, 106–119, 248
and the Islamic Revolution in Iran
189–200
and modern myth of revolution
2
“realized”
2, 4, 9, 12, 81, 194
Marxism-Leninism as
2–3, 183, 192.
Mahdism
Michele Membré
94
millennialism
1–2, 8–9, 93, 168–169
its containment
8–10, 105–109, 201–203
Buddhist
3–4
in early modern Germany
3
medieval Christian
4, 81n32
of the Fifth Monarchy Men
168
Russian Orthodox
3–4, 179
Sufi in the Indian subcontinent
127–129
Shiʿite millennial beliefs
Mir Sayyed Sharif Jorjāni
73
Mir Wais b. Shah ʿAlam
147
Mirānshāh b. Timur
55, 57
mirrors for princes. see advice to kings
Mirzā Mehdi Khan Astarābādi
160–161
Mirzā Mohammad Hakim
127, 133–136
Mirzā Rafiʿā Ansāri
153
Moʿezz al-Din Ghuri
31
Moghan assembly
160
Mohammad ʿAli Bārforushi, Molla
172
Mohammad ʿAli Zanjāni, Akhund
173–174
Mohammad Hasan Khān Eʿtemād al-Saltana
24
Mohammad Khan Baluch
154, 156
Mohammad Mohsen Mostawfi
141, 144, 149
Mohammad Reza Shah
198
Mohammad Sādiq al-Sadr, Ayatollah
202
Mohammad-Amin Āqā Mashhadi
155
Mohammad-Taqi Āqā Mashhadi
155
Mohammadzai
133–135
Mohmand
133, 135
Moin, Afzar
111
Moʿin al-Din Parvāna
39, 48
mojadded (Sunni renewer)
78, 82, 114
mojtahed
164, 181–182
Mokāfāt-nāma
141–144
Mokhtār’s uprising in Kufa
2, 28n9
Mollābāshi (royalchaplain)
148, 159–160
Monāzara-ye bazm o razm
76–77
Möngke Qāʾān
20, 34
Mongol revolution
33–34
morshed-e kāmel (the Perfect Guide)
68, 71, 110, 112
monshi (chancery secretary)
83, 85, 116, 119
Montehā
81
Moshir al-Dawla Pirniā
181
mostazʿafin (the disinherited) as the wretched of the earth
190–92
Motahhari, Mortaza
194
motivation of revolutionary action
1–2, 11
by millennial beliefs
1–2, 86–98, 105, 169–182
by the modern myth of revolution
1–3, 167–169, 178
substitution of the former by the latter
169, 178–180, 196
combination of the two in the myth of the Islamic Revolution
183–186, 192–194
Muhsin al-Fadli
207
multiple sovereignty
148–158
Muqtadā al-Sadr
201–203
Murād I, Ottoman Sultan
52
Murād II, Ottoman Sultan
62, 79–81
Musā al-Kāzem
67
Musā Čelebi (Ottoman)
63–65, 72
Mustafā, “the false”
62, 65
Muzaffar II of Gujarat
128
myth of revolution
1
millennial
1–4, 167–169, 179–181
modern
2–4, 167–169, 178, 183
as the new Islam
3
as the Revolution
184
as the Third World revolution
184–186, 191
myth of the Islamic Revolution
184, 191–194, 197
Nafasat al-masdur
78
Najaf
159
Najm al-Din Kobrā, Shaykh
36
Najm al-Din Tashi
50
Najm al-Din Rāzi
36–39, 48, 51
Najm al-Din Zargar Rashti
107
Nanjing
175–178
Nasavi, Shehāb al-Din Mohammad
13
Nāder Shah Afshār
139, 154–166
Napoleon
164–165, 186
Nasāyeh-e Shāhrokhi
78–79
Nāser al-Din Shah
24
al-Nāser li-Din Allāh, Abbasid caliph
35
Nasr, Sayyed Hossein
194
Nāzem al-Eslām Kermāni
179–182
Nazm al-soluk fi mosammarāt al-moluk
80
Nesimi, ʿEmād al-Din
55, 66, 91
Nezām al-Molk Tusi
14–15
Nezāri Ismaʿilism
32–33
its transformation into a Sufi order
33, 46, 101–102
nodba prayer
191
Nur-ʿAli Khalifa Rumlu
23
nur-e Mohammadi (the light of Mohammad)
130–131
Nurbakhsh, Sayyed Mohammad
67–71, 83, 86, 131
his final conception of Mahdiheood
69–71
social background of his followers
67–68
ʿObayd Allāh Ahrār, Khwāja
115
ʿObayd Allāh Khan, Uzbek
111, 113–115
occult sciences
72–73, 76–78, 80
occultation. see ghaybat
Ögödei Qāʾān
20
Olugh Beg, Timurid
58, 73
Orkhān
52
Ovays, Jalayerid Soltān
22, 54–55
Pahlavi dynasty
197–198
Pakhtun region
129
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
185–186
Pashtu
133–134
Pashtun tribes
129, 133–137
patrimonialism, nomadic
44, 112, 122, 162
patrimonial monarchy
9, 162, 165, 181
Persianate Islam
27, 29–31
formation of
28–42, 46
Persianate polity
29, 31
Perso-Russian wars
164
Peter the Great
151
Petraeus, General David
203–204
Pir Jamāl Ardestāni
131
Pir-e rawshan. see Bāyazid Ansāri
political ethic, Persianate
40–41, 49–50, 80, 83–85
and Aristotelian political science
6, 40, 83
theory of imperial autocracy
75, 78–79, 117–119.
advice to kings
Persianate world, the
10–11, 26–27
its intellectual elite
58–59, 63–64
the Persian language in the emergence of
27–42
Pol Pot
196–197
political astrology
15, 17–18
Pollock, Sheldon
27
Popper, Karl
196
Prophecy
8–10
and the End of Time
9, 72, 88–89, 95–96
ex eventu
225, 253, 267
Muhammad’s
101–105
prophets
9, 34, 74, 90–93, 110
the gentile prophet (al-nabiyy al-ummi)
74, 90, 100.
political religion
3–6
power structure. see structure of domination
al-Qaeda in Iraq
203
Qahtāni Mahdi
205
Qā’im, the (riser, redresser)
2, 169, 171–174, 205
Qa’im of the Resurrection
32, 171–173
Qa’im-Mahdi
2, 9, 28, 32
Qājār, tribe
90, 98, 159, 163
dynasty
159, 169, 174–175
patrimonial state
164–165
Qandahar
129, 147–150
Qanun-e Homāyuni
111
Qānun-e shāhanshāhi
117–118
qānun-nāma
82
Qarāmān (Karaman)
48–49, 79, 96
Qahtāni
205
Qalandar Esmāʿil
153
Qara Qoyunlu
45, 53, 55, 57, 59, 66, 82, 87
Qara Yusof
55
Qaragöz Pasha
102, 104
Qāyeni, Shāhrokh’s Shaykh al-Islam
78
Qāzi ʿIsā Sāvaji
84
Qāzizāda-ye Rumi
58, 73
Qazvin
68, 101, 140, 147, 150–151, 158
Qazvini, Mohammad
24
Qelich Arslān
17
Qezelbāsh/Kizilbash (red heads)
48, 89, 106
confederation of Turkmen tribes
97–98, 100
clans of
Afshār
96, 154
Ayqutoghlu
90, 96
Bāybortly
98
Khenselu
98
Ostājlu
96, 98, 106–107
Qājār
90, 98
Qāramānlu
90, 98, 100
Qarajadāghlu
96, 98
Rumlu
96
Shāmlu
90, 96, 98, 106–107
Tekelu
96–98
Varsaq
96
and Zu’l-Qadr
96, 100
Qezelbāsh cavalry
145–146, 150, 152
Qiyāmat-nāma
57
Qohestān
67
Qollar-āqāsi
145, 150
Qorqud, Ottoman prince
98, 102–103
qotb (axis mundi)
131
Qotb al-Din Aybek
17
Qubilai Qāʾān
34
Qumran War Scroll
205
Qurchi-bāshi
145, 150, 156
Rashid al-Din Fazlallāh
20–21
Rashid al-Din Maybodi
30
Rashid Khan Rawshani
136
Rasht
107, 119, 153, 163, 182, 184
Rationalization. see Charisma of the Mahdi, its routinization
Rawshani movement
129–138
Rayy
68
Raziya, Delhi Sultan
19
Reaction. see counter-revolution
Resālat al-Hodā
69–70
Resurrection (qiyāmat)
32–33, 57, 91, 170, 179–180, 193, 195
revolutio regni
xx, 19, 23–24
revolution
1–10
apocalyptic motivation of
1–4
causes of
5, 7, 13–14, 99–100, 106–107, 143–144
reversal of the causal order
169, 178–180
conceptions of, Marxist-Leninist
2–3
Persianate conception of
11–25, 28, 139–144
consequences of
5, 7–8, 86, 109–110, 139
export of
102–107, 139–140, 159
Mahdist
86–109, 127–133-38
periodization of
86, 106–109
process of revolution
as constitutional politics
9, 106–09
revolutionary power struggle
9, 86, 98–107
its opportunity structure revolution and counter-revolution
5, 9–10, 64
revolution and liminality
2–4
structural models of
5, 7, 13
Aristotelian-Paretan (counter-elites’) Integrative Revolution
5–6
Constitutive Revolution
5
Khaldunian (from peripheries of empires)
5–7, 86, 95–98, 127, 133–38, 159, 165–66, 174
Tocquevillian (centralization of power)
7, 109, 139–40, 165
modified
5–7, 197
teleology of
institutionalization of value-ideas
7
Third World revolution 190–192. Abbasid (Hashemite ) Revolution; Arab revolutions; Cambodian Revolution; Cuban Revolution; Constitutional Revolution; English (Puritan) Revolution; European revolutions of 1848; Islamic Revolution; Mahdist movements; Mongol revolution; Safavid revolution, Sasanian Revolution
Revolutionism. see modern myth of revolution
Reza Shah
197–198
Rostam Beg, Āq Qoyunlu
89
Robertson, Roland
201
Rum. see Anatolia
Rumelia
53, 61–66, 72, 86
Rumlu, Hasan
23, 99
Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917
179
al-sāʿa (the Hour of Apocalypse)
12, 63, 71, 76, 80, 203
Sabzavar
52–53, 156
Saʿd b. Abu Bakr, atabeg
40
Saʿd al-Din Hammuya
39, 65
Saʿdallāh Khan Abdāli
147
Saddam Hussein
201–202
Saʿdi of Shiraz, Shaykh Mosleh al-Din
15–16, 40–41, 142
Sadr al-Din Musā Safavi
87
Sadr al-Din Qonavi
40
Sadr City
202
Sā’en al-Din Torka
58, 72–78
Safvat al-safā
95
Safi al-Din Ardabili
87, 95
Safi Mirzā, Safavid
156–157
Safavid revolution
11, 86–109, 137–138
Safavid Sufi order
87–95
in Anatolia
65, 98, 103–05, 120–21
its kalifas (representatives)
88–92, 97, 103–107
Sāheb Fakhr al-Din
49
sahwa (tribal awakening)
203–204
Saints, Sufi. see awliyāʾ Allāh
Samak-e ʿayyār
43–44
Samarqand
47, 58, 62, 73, 113, 127, 129
Samanids
27, 29, 31
Sanāʾi, Majdud b. Ādam
30–32
Sarbedār movement (“republic”)
52–53
Sarkisyanz, Manuel
3–4
Sasanian Revolution
112
Sayyed Ahmad Khan, Safavid
154, 157–158
Sayyed ʿAli Mohammad, the bāb
170–175
as the Mahdi and the Qa’im of the Resurrection
171–173
Christian and Horufi influences
172
Sayyed Amir Eshāq
59
Sayyed Mohammad b. Fallāh, the “Radiant” (Moshaʿshaʿ)
131
Sayyed Mohammad Gisu-darāz
130
Sayyed Mohammad Jaunpuri
127–128
his Mahdihood
128
Sayyed Khundmir, Mahdavi leader
128
Science of letters (ʿilm al-horuf)
54, 65, 72, 79–80
science of the saints
80.
occult sciences
Seal of the Saints (khātam al-awliyāʾ)
39, 69, 78, 129
Seal of the Prophets (khātam al-nabiyyin)
69
Second Coming of Jesus
55, 57
Selim I, Ottoman Sultan
45, 103, 105, 119–121
Selim-nāma
121
Seljuqs
xxx, 14
of Kerman
18–19
of Rum
xxx, 13, 17, 36–40
Seljuqshāh Begum
83–84
The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam
184
Shāh Neʿmatollāh Vali
73
Shāh Qāsem Nurbakhsh
71
Shāh Qāsem Tabrizi
121
Shāh Shojāʿ, Mozaffarid
55
Shah Shojāʿ of Kerman
43
shāhanshāh (king of kings)
43, 91, 101, 142, 160–161
Shāhrokh, Timurid
44, 57–59, 67–68, 74–79, 84
Shams al-Din Lāhiji
107
Shaqq al-qamar
77
Sharaf al-Din Mahmud Daylami
84, 106
Sharaf al-Din ʿAli Yazdi
58, 72–75
Shariʿati, ʿAli
189–194
Shaybāni Khan Uzbek, Mohammad
108, 113–114
Shaykh ʿOmar Rawshani
133–136
Shehanshāh, Ottoman prince
104
Sher Shah Sur
127–129
Shervān
88, 96
Shervānshāh
55, 99
Sihanouk, Norodom
198
Shiʿa: Extremist (ghulāt)
86–88
Imami (Twelver)
8–9, 28, 46, 93, 125, 169
in India
111–112
in Iraq
202, 205–206
Akhbāri
170, 174
Shaykhi
170
Ismāʿili
28–29, 32, 61, 67, 101–102, 132, 170.
Nezāri Ismaʿilism
Shiʿism
establishment by Esmāʿil the Safavid
100–101
as the Jaʿfari rite (madhhab) under Nāder
159–160
Shiʿite hierocracy
164, 169–170, 187
as “general deputies” of the Hidden Imam
169–170, 191–192, 199
its anti-millennial clericalism
181–182, 201–203
challenges to its authority, by the Babis
171–175, 178–181
by the constitutionalists
181–182
by the modernizing state
181–182, 197–198
its independence from the state
198–199
Shiʿite millennial beliefs
1–2, 82
and mobilization for ghazā
47–49
and oppositional mobilization against Turko-Mongolian domination
53–71
and preemptive royal appropriation
50–51, 64, 71, 81n32, 113–115, 120, 125. See also counter-revolution
and Sufism
47–48, 66–70
in the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran
183, 186–191, 196
their Sunni appropriation by DAESH
201, 203–205
Shiʿite theodicy of martyrdom
48, 55, 57–60, 97, 144
Shiʿitization
28, 35
of Sufi Mahdist movements
47–48, 52, 55, 66–70
and the veneration of ʿAli
47, 52
sipāhis
64, 102–104
Siyāsat-nāma
14
social stratification into estates
10, 42–46
their segregation
44
Turkish military
ruling (ʿaskeri)
10, 44–45
nomadic tribesmen
47–51, 84–85
Persian/Tajik civilian
urban notables
52, 60–61
clerical (ʿolamāʾ)
7, 18, 57, 132, 170
Sufi shaykhs
30, 35
craftsmen
155.
see also fotowwat
subjects (raʿiyyat)
10, 40–44, 161, 207
Society of God Worshippers in Guangxi
175–176
Sohravardi, Shaykh Abu Hasf ʿOmar
35–36, 42
Sohravardi, Shehāb al-Din Yahyā
30
Soltān Ahmed, Āq Qoyunlu
84–85
Soltān-ʿAli Safavi
90
Soltān-Ashraf Afghan
150–151
as Ashraf Shah
152–55
Soltān-Ebrāhim Safavi
90, 96
Soltān-Ebrāhim, the Shaykh-Shah
87
Soltān-Hosayn Bayqarā
99
Soltān-Hosayn, Safavid Shah
140–152
as Mollā Hosayn
146
Soltān-Khalil, Āq Qoyunlu
83–84
Soltān-Mohammad, Safavid
156–157
Soltān-Mohammad b. Baysonghor
75
Soltān-Morād, Āq Qoyunlu
99–102
Soltān-Murād, Ottoman prince
119
Soltān-e jemri (the “beggar Sultan”)
49
Soleymān, Safavid Shah
145, 157
soluk (spiritual wayfaring)
33, 38, 51, 79–80
Soluk al-moluk
114–115
Sorush
187
sovereignty (saltanat)
163–164
counter-millennial
10
Āq Quyunlu
82–85
Mughal
111–112
Ottoman
10, 79–82, 116–122
Timurid
72–79
Safavid
109–110, 169
Uzbek
10, 112–116
Qur’anic verses on transfer of
12, 18, 37–38, 76, 109, 164.
Lord of the Conjunction
soyurghāl
84
Spengler, Oswald
195
state, the. see structure of domination
structure of domination
74–75, 169–170
breakdown of (state-breakdown)
7, 139–148, 165
fragility of
142–143
Mahdistic
5
state-hierocracy duality in Qājār Iran
181–184
Sufism, Persianate
5, 28–30, 89
antinomian (dervishes)
52
Abdāl of Rum
43, 88
Haydaris
43
Malāmatis (Melamis)
43, 131–32, 136
Qalandars
43, 53, 89
ascetic
39, 41
formation of
29–42
as inner-worldly mysticism
37, 39–40, 46
the Janus face of
71
suppression of
101–102, 144
synergy with Shiʿism
35, 39, 66–70, 110, 114.
Mahdist Sufi movements
Sufi shaykhs
30, 35–39
Suleymān the Lawgiver, Ottoman Sultan
10, 45, 119–126
as champion of Sunni orthodoxy
122–123
as the Mahdi
121
as Roman Caesar
122
sultanate (saltanat)
83
soltān (ruler) as the shadow of God
83
Sunni Islam
42, 78, 82, 101, 113–114, 119, 122
Sur-e Isrāfil
179–180
Syria
17, 55, 60, 96–97, 103, 117, 121, 203–208
tabarrāʾis
100–101
Tabriz
54–55, 59, 65–66, 84–85, 88–89, 96–100, 105, 111, 113, 116–117, 150–153
Tadhkerat al-moluk
145
Tahmāsb, Shah
94, 101, 109, 122, 124
Tahmāsp II (Tahmāsb Mirzā)
150–151, 154–158, 160, 163
Tahmāsb-qoli (Nāder)
154–156, 158, 161
Taiping Revolution
172, 175–178
Taiping tien-kuo (Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Peace)
172, 176
as realized messianism
178
its asceticism
177
women in its social background
176–177
Tāj al-Din Yazdi
22–23
Tālesh
90, 95–96, 151
Tamhidāt
130
Tārikh-e Afzal
18
Tegüder (Ahmad), Il-Khan
21
Tehran
147–148, 154–155, 186, 207
the University of
194
Tekke-eli
65, 97, 103
The History of the Late Revolutions of Persia
139
theocracy. see clerical monarchy
timār
64, 96, 102–104
Timur (Tamerlane)
21, 44–45, 61, 74–75, 160
Timurtāsh
50–51, 62
Tirāh
133–135
Tocqueville, Alexis de
3, 7, 167
Togrel II, Seljuq Sultan
19
Toynbee, Arnold
26–27
Treaties, of Constantinople in
1723, 152
of Finkenstein in 1807
Golestan in 1812 and Turkamanchai in 1828
164
Transoxiana
28, 31, 33, 37, 48, 113–114
Turkmen, of Anatolia
48–51, 64, 88, 96
of Iran
84–85, 89
under Nāder
154, 159, 165
Turko-Mongolian domination
44–45
millennial popular challenges to
52–61, 68, 86
Turluk Hu Kemāl
66
uj (Byzantine frontier)
47–49, 88–89
frontier millennialism
48–52
Üljeitü (Mohammad Khodā-banda)
21, 42
Ulus Chaghatay
44
Ulus Hülegü
34
Ulus Jochi (the Golden Horde)
34
Usama bin Laden
205
Uzbeks
147, 159
Uzun Hasan Āq Qoyunlu
82–84, 88–90, 99
Vāez Kāshefi, Molla Hosayn
113
Vāsefi, Mawlānā Zayn al-Din Mahmud
113–115
velāyat (friendship of God)
69, 110
as Sufi sainthood
69, 131
the age of
54, 69
its Shiʿite conception
109–110
velāyat-e faqih (mandate of the jurist)
187, 189, 199
its institutionalization as Leadership (rahbari) of the IRI
198–99
Voegelin, Eric
3
Waziristan
129, 134–137
Westoxification (gharbzadegi)
195
world renunciation (tark-e donyā)
29, 37, 39, 112, 127, 132
Xiao Chaogui
175–177
Yahyā Dawlat-ābādi
179
Yahyā Subh-e Azal, Mirzā
174–175, 179
Yang Xiuqing
176–178
Yaʿqub, Āq Qoyunlu
23, 84–85, 99, 116
Yār Ahmad Khuzāni
107
Yazicizāda Ahmed Bijān
12, 79–81, 89
Yusof ʿĀdelshāh of Bijāpur
111
Yusufzais
133–135
Zafarnāma (Book of Victory)
74–75
Zahir al-Din Bābor, Timurid prince
23
Zarqāwi, Abu Musā
203, 205
Zarrinkub, ʿAbdol-Hosayn
54, 69
Zarrin-Tāj Baraghāni, the Qurratal-ʿAyn
171–174
zohur (manifestation)
50, 56–57, 93, 96, 170, 174, 179–181, 186, 192
Zoroastrians
148–150