0.1 Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640), Daniel Nijs, 1612–13. Oil on panel, 65.4 × 48.3 cm (25 ¾ × 19 in.). Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio 6
0.2 Titian (1490–1576), Pietro Aretino, ca. 1537. Oil on canvas, 101.9 × 85.7 cm (40 1/8 × 33 ¾ in.). The Frick Collection, New York 13
0.3 Andrea del Sarto (1486–1530), The Sacrifice of Isaac, 1527. Oil on panel, 213 × 84 cm (84 × 63 in.). Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden 20
0.4 Caravaggio (1571–1610), The Cardsharps, 1594. Oil on canvas, 94.2 × 37 cm (37 × 51.5 in.). Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth 24
0.5 Pietro da Cortona (1596–1669), Allegory of Divine Providence 1633–39. Fresco. Palazzo Barberini, Rome 25
0.6 Nicolas Regnier (1591–1667), Self Portrait, ca. 1620–1625. Oil on canvas, 111 × 138 cm (43 11/16 × 54 5/16 in.). Fogg Art Museum Cambridge, MA 27
1.1 Domenico Ghirlandaio (1448–1494), St Jerome in his Study, 1480. Fresco, 184 × 119 cm (72 × 47 in.). Church of Ognissanti, Florence, Getty Images 36
1.2 Tazza Farnese, c.200–150 BC, sardonyx agate, 20 cm wide. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo: Archivio dell’arte/Luciano Pedicini 37
2.1 Antonello da Messina (ca. 1430–1479), Saint Jerome in His Study, ca. 1475. Oil on panel 45.7 × 36.2 cm (18 × 14.3 in.). National Gallery, London 52
2.2 Antonio Minelli (ca. 1465– ca. 1529), Mercury, 1527. Marble inlaid with bronze, 77.5 × 26.5 × 44 cm (30.5 × 10.4 × 17.3 in.). Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Photo courtesy of Victoria and Albert Museum, London 56
2.3 Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1465–ca. 1526), Miracle of the Cross at the Rialto Bridge, ca. 1494–96. Tempera and oil on canvas, 371 × 392 cm (146 × 154 in.). Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice. Photo by Matteo De Fina, courtesy of Save Venice 57
2.4 Jacopo de’ Barbari (ca. 1460/70–ca. 1516), View of Venice, 1500. Woodcut, 132.72 × 277.5 cm (52.25 × 109.25 in.). Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis. Photo courtesy of Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) 59
2.5 Vittore Carpaccio (ca. 1465–ca. 1526), Vision of Saint Augustine, ca. 1502–3. Tempera on canvas, 141 × 210 cm (56 × 83 in.). Scuola San Giorgio degli Schiavoni, Venice. Photo by Matteo De Fina, courtesy of Save Venice 61
2.6 Lorenzo Lotto (ca. 1480–1556), Ecclesiastic in His Study, 1520s. Pen and brown ink, brown wash, over black chalk, 164 × 197 mm (6.5 × 7.8 in.). British Museum, London. © The Trustees of the British Museum 62
2.7 Façade of Palazzo Pasqualini, now Zaguri, Campo San Maurizio, Venice. Photo by Didier Descouens 65
3.1 Domenico Puligo (1492–1527), Portrait of a Woman with a Music Book (Barbara Salutati), ca. 1523–25. Oil on panel, 100 × 80.5 cm (39.4 × 31.7 in.). Private collection 83
3.2 Giacomo Franco (1550–1620), Masked Revelers in Venice during Carnival. Engraving from Habiti d’uomini e donne Venetiane con la processione…, 1610, 251 × 157 mm Museo Correr, Venice. Photo: Art Resource, New York 87
3.3 Lucas van Leyden (1494–1533), The Dentist, 1523. Engraving, 117 × 75 mm (4 5/8 × 2 15/16 in.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Elisha Whittelsey Collection, Elisha Whittelsey Fund, 1960. Photo: Metropolitan Museum of Art,
3.4 Jan van Scorel (1495–1562), Mary Magdalene, ca. 1530. Oil on panel, 66.3 × 76 cm (26 × 30 in.). Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 91
3.5 Jacopo Palma il Vecchio (1480–1528), Venus in a Landscape, Oil on canvas, ca. 1520, 77.5 × 152.7 cm The Courtauld, London (Samuel Courtauld Trust) 92
3.6 Sebastiano del Piombo (1485–1547), Portrait of a Man in Armor, ca. 1512. Oil on canvas, 87.7 × 66.7 cm (34 ½ × 26 ¼ in.). Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, CT, The Ella Gallup Sumner and Mary Catlin Sumner Collection Fund 93
4.1 Ground plan of the Church of Santa Maria della Misericordia, Bologna. Photo © the author 102
4.2 Felicini-Ringhieri chapel, 1490–1517, Church of Santa Maria della Misericordia, Bologna, frontal view. Photo © the author 103
4.3 Francesco Raibolini (known as Francia, ca. 1447–1517), Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saint John the Baptist, Saint Augustine, Saint Monica, Saint Proculus, Saint Francis, Saint Sebastian, the Donor and An Angel [main panel], ca. 1490, oil on panel, 186.5 × 159 cm, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, Bologna; Imago Pietatis [cimasa], 1490, oil on wood, 83 × 63 cm, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, Bologna; Stigmatization of Saint Francis [predella left panel], 1490, oil on wood, 29.4 × 55.5 cm, Alana Collection, Newark (Delaware); Nativity of Christ [predella central panel], 1490, oil on wood, 32 × 55 cm, Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow; Baptism of Christ [predella right panel], 1490, oil on wood, 32.5 × 55.5 cm, Museu Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon. Reconstruction © the author 105
4.4 Francesco Raibolini (known as Francia, ca. 1447–1517), Adoration of the Child with Saint Joseph, Saint Francis, Saint Augustine, the Donors [central panel], 1498–99, oil on panel, 209.3 × 190 cm, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, Bologna; Lorenzo Costa, The Risen Christ between Saint Gabriel the Archangel and the Virgin Annunciate [cimasa], 1498–1499, oil on wood, respectively 105 × 55 cm, 56 × 35 cm, 56 × 35 cm, high altar, Church of Santa Maria della Misericordia, Bologna; Lorenzo Costa, Adoration of the Magi [predella], 1499, oil on panel, 75 × 181.3 cm, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan. Reconstruction. Photo © the author 107
4.5 Gozzadini chapel, 1512–1516, Church of Santa Maria della Misericordia, Bologna, frontal view. Photo © the author 110
4.6 Bartolomeo Ramenghi (known as Bagnacavallo Senior, 1484–1542), Design for an altarpiece, early 1520s, ink and gouache on brown paper, 370 × 240 mm Gabinetto dei Disegni e delle Stampe delle Gallerie degli Uffizi, Florence 114
5.1 Giancristoforo Romano (ca. 1465–1512), Medal of Isabella d’Este. Gold, cast, with an enameled and jeweled frame, 69 mm Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Münzkabinett. Inv. No. 6.8.33bis 123
5.2 Andrea Mantegna (1431–1506), Pallas Drives the Vices from the Garden of Virtue, 1499–1502. Tempera on canvas, 160 × 192 cm (63 × 77 in.). Musée du Louvre, Paris, département des peintures, inv. no. 371 127
5.3 Antonio Allegri da Correggio (1489–1534), Allegory of Virtue, 1531. Oil on canvas, 149 × 88 cm (58.6 × 34.6 in.). Musée du Louvre, Paris, département des arts graphiques, inv. No. 5926 129
5.4 Roman, Imperial Period. Sleeping Cupid. 2nd century CE White marble, length, 69 cm, Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi, inv. no. 1914, n. 392 (usually referred to as the prototype for Michaelangelo’s lost Sleeping Cupid) 133
5.5 Pier Jacopo Alari-Bonacolsi, called Antico (1460–1528), Hercules and Antaeus, ca. 1500. Bronze with inlaid silver eyes, cast, H. 39.1 cm (15.3 in.) with base, 40.7 cm. (16 in.). Victoria and Albert Museum, London, inv. no. A. 37-1956 135
5.6 Roman, Imperial Period. Faustina the Elder (ca. 100–140 CE). White marble, overall height, 68 cm (26.8 in.); height of head, 25 cm (9.8 in.). ca. 140 CE Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, inv. no. 6749. © Comune di Mantova, Musei Civici, in deposito presso Palazzo Ducale di Mantova 137
5.7 Roman, Imperial Period, Lekythos, ca. 198 CE Five-layered Sardonyx, H. 15.3 cm (6 in.). Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig 138
6.1 Filippino Lippi (1457–1504), Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510), and Raffaellino del Garbo (1466–1527), Studies mounted on a page of Vasari’s Libro de’ Disegni, after 1524. 56.7 × 45.7 cm (22 15/16 × 18 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, inv. 1991.190.1 144
6.2 Francesco Francia, (1450–1517), Judith Handing the Head of Holofernes to Her Maid, ca. 1500–1508. Brown ink over traces of red chalk, with brown and green wash and white opaque watercolor, on parchment, 359 × 259 mm (14 1/8 × 10 3/8 in.). Morgan Library & Museum, New York, inv. I, 94 146
6.3 Bartolomeo Montagna (1450–1523), Drunkenness of Noah, ca. 1482–83. Pen and brown ink, blue and purple wash, over black chalk, on parchment, 228 × 357 mm (9 × 14 in.). Morgan Library & Museum, New York, inv. I, 95 147
6.4 Spinello Aretino (1350–1410), Miracles of Thomas Becket Read to Pope Alexander III, ca. 1407–8. Pen and brown ink, 282 × 361 mm (11 1/8 × 14 3/16 in.). Morgan Library & Museum, New York, inv. I, 1a 148
6.5 Guercino (1591–1666), Endymion, ca. 1630–35. Pen and brown ink and wash, 212 × 248 mm (8 3/8 × 9 ¾ in.). The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, inv. 68.171 152
6.6 Federico Barocci, (1535–1612), Study of a Male Nude for the Martyrdom of St. Vitalis, 1583. Charcoal and white chalk, squared in red chalk, on brown paper, 340 × 250 mm (13.3 × 98.4 in.). Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Urbino, inv. 1990 DIS 39 156
7.1 Anonymous, after Titian (1490–1576), Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence, probably 1570–1650. Chiesa di San Paolo Maggiore, Naples. Photo: Author 166
7.2 Luca Ciamberlano (1580–1641), after Agostino Carracci (1557–1602), Studies of legs, from the Scuola perfetta per imparare a disegnare, circa 1610–1620. Etching and engraving, 16 × 10.5 cm (6.3 × 4.1 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Gift of Arthur and Charlotte Vershbow. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 170
7.3 Interior, Galleria Colonna, Rome, with view of Dawn and Venus and Amor by Michele Tosini (1503–1577). Photo: Author 172
7.4 Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), Bacchus. Marble, h. 203 cm (80 in.). Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence. Photo by Attilio 174
7.5 Annibale (1560–1609), Agostino (1557–1602), and Ludovico Carracci. (1555–1619), detail: Jason Frieze, 1584. Fresco. Palazzo Fava, Bologna. Photo: Author 176
7.6 Salvator Rosa, (1615–1673), Alexander in the Studio of Apelles, c.1662. Etching and drypoint, 45.5 × 27.5 cm (17 15/16 × 10 13/16 in.). National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Alisa Mellon Bruce Fund. Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington 178
8.1 Annibale (1560–1609) or Agostino (1557–1602) Carracci, Diana and Callisto in a Landscape, ca. 1599. Duke of Sutherland Collection, Mertoun-St. Boswell’s, Scotland 191
8.2 Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi; 1571–1610), Lute Player, c.1596 Oil on canvas 94 × 119 cm (37 × 47 in). The State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Inv. no. GE-45. Photograph © The State Hermitage Museum. Photo by Pavel Demidov 195
8.3 Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi; 1571–1610), Lute Player. ca. 1596. Oil on canvas 96 × 121 cm (38 × 48 in.). Ex-Badminton House Gloucestershire 196
8.4 Bartolomeo Cavarozzi, (Italian, 1587–1625), The Supper at Emmaus, ca. 1612–1615. Oil on canvas; 139.7 × 194.9 cm (55 × 76 ¾ in.). J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, 72.PA.11 201
8.5 Carlo Saraceni (1579–1620), Saint Anne, Elizabeth and the Christ Child with an Angel, ca. 1608–1610. Private collection 202
8.6 Antiveduto Gramatica (1571–1626), The Judgment of Solomon, ca. 1612–1614. Koelliker Collection, Milan 203
9.1 Valentin de Boulogne (1591–1632), David, 1626–27. Oil on canvas, cm 136 × 103 (53.5 × 40.6 in.). Private collection, California 213
9.2 Valentin de Boulogne (1591–1632), The Judgement of Salomon, ca. 1629. Oil on canvas, 174 × 213 cm (68.5 × 83.8 in.). Galleria Nazionale di Arte Antica, Rome. (c) Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica, Roma (MiC)—Bibliotheca Hertziana, Istituto Max Planck per la storia dell’arte/Enrico Fontolan 214
9.3 Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), King Midas and Bacchus, ca. 1624. Oil on panel, 98.5 × 135 cm (38.7 × 53.15 in.). Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich. © Scalarchives 217
9.4 Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), Mars and Venus, ca. 1630. Oil on canvas, 154.9 × 213.7 cm (61 × 84 1/8 in.). Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Augustus Hemenway Fund and Arthur William Wheelwright Fund, 40.89. © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 218
9.5 Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), The Agony in the Garden, ca. 1627/28. Oil on copper, 65.6 × 48.1 cm (24 × 18.9 in.). Private collection 219
9.6 Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), The Agony in the Garden, ca. 1627/28. Oil on copper, cm 60 × 47 cm (23.6 × 18.5). Private collection © photo courtesy of the J. Paul Getty Museum 220
10.1 Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680), Baldacchino, 1624–33. Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome 231
10.2 Pietro da Cortona (1596–1669), The Triumph of Bacchus, ca. 1625. Oil on canvas, 56.69 × 81.49 in. Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome 236
10.3 Valentin de Boulogne (1591–1632), Portrait of Raffaello Menicucci, ca. 1627–28. Oil on canvas, 31 ¾ × 25 7/8 in. Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indianapolis 237
10.4 Giovanni Lanfranco (1582–1647), Compositional Study for the Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew. Red chalk on ivory white paper, 13.46 × 9.84 in. Christ Church Picture Gallery, Oxford 239
10.5 Giovanni Lanfranco (1582–1647), Assumption of the Virgin, 1625–27. Fresco, Cupola of San Andrea della Valle, Rome 241