Chinese Terms
| Caizheng Shuomingshu ( |
Finance Situation Manual in late Qing period. |
| CASS | Chinese Academy of Social Science. |
| CHGIS ( |
China Historical Geographic Information System, developed by Harvard and Fudan University. |
| Chuan Piao ( |
voucher receipt for the tax levying, normally two or three pieces for comparing. |
| Cun Liu ( |
taxes retained/stored in local governments for daily expense. |
| Daizheng ( |
tax levied by installment stages. |
| Daqing Huidian ( |
Code of Qing Dynasty, the top code for five reigns in Qing period. |
| Danlian Pihao ( |
single serial certificate encoded for tax levying. |
| Daqing Lichao Shilu ( |
Actual Veritable Record of Emperors of the Qing Dynasty, recorded the events occurred in each reign. |
| Daqing Yi Tong Zhi ( |
Great gazetteer of Qing Dynasty, recorded the locations, tributes and taxes for the provinces, prefectures and counties. |
| Diding ( |
land and labor. |
| Diyi Lishi Dang’anguan ( |
the First Historical Archives of China (FHAC). |
| E Zheng ( |
the regular supposed quota of a tax. |
| Fanshi Yin ( |
grain stipends for the clerks and servants in government. |
| Fengshi Yin ( |
personnel stipends for the clerks and servants in government. |
| Four columns Method (Sizhufa, |
Jiuguan (Beginning Balance, |
| Fu ( |
prefecture, an administrative level during Ming and Qing dynasties, normally higher than the counties and lower than the provinces. |
| Fushou ( |
additional collection. |
| Fuyi ( |
taxes and corvée. |
| Fuyiquanshu ( |
The Complete Accounting Book of Taxes and Labor Services. |
| Gaitu Guiliu ( |
literally “transforming chieftainships into district administration”. A reform in the system of officials appointment, bureaucratization of native officers, mainly implemented in southwest provinces. |
| Great Migration Wave to Sichuan (Huguang Tian Sichuan |
the Kangxi Emperor enacted orders to encourage the other provinces migrating to Sichuan province starting from 1690s to fill the “The population gap” since early Qing war. |
| Guanzhenshu ( |
books on admonition for officials, recorded the rules for officers behaving. |
| Guangchusi ( |
the Storage Office, a section under the Department of Internal Affairs. |
| Haoxian ( |
land-tax surcharge. |
| Huangce ( |
the Yellow Registers. |
| Hubu ( |
the Ministry of Revenue. |
| Hubu Zeli ( |
the regulations of the Treasure Ministry. |
| Jiaodai ( |
officers handover. |
| Jinshenlu ( |
the official assessment rolls published to the public, which contains the details of officials information, updated by season. |
| Jiufu ( |
old debt tax. |
| Juanhuan ( |
exemption from tax levy. |
| Juanmian ( |
to remit levies. |
| Kaocheng ( |
assessment for the officials according to the behavior or the completeness of the tax levying, policy of reward and punishment. |
| Dingliang ( |
labor-grain. |
| Dingtian ( |
labor-land. |
| Lianhuanpi ( |
endorsement in serial certificate encoded for tax levying. |
| Liubu ( |
the ministries of personnel, revenue, rites, war, punishments and works of the central government in Qing dynasty. |
| Mokan ( |
check, reexamine procedures for the tax numbers. |
| Mokansi ( |
supervisor or department of tax money-grain checking. |
| Muyou ( |
private assistants for the magistrate or governor, who have practical experience for the money-grain tax levying and legal issues. The advisors played a unique role in local government. |
| Neige Daku ( |
Archives of the Grand Secretariat for the central government. |
| Pihui ( |
Endorsement reply. |
| Qiangu ( |
money and grain. |
| Qianliangce ( |
the Money-grain Roll. |
| Qianliang Shumuce ( |
a register recording amounts of money and grain. |
| Qiyun ( |
taxes conveyed or delivered to the central government. |
| Sanfan Zhiluan ( |
Revolt of the Three Feudatories, also known as the Rebellion of Wu Sangui, was a rebellion in China lasting from 1673 to 1681 in the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) during the early Kangxi reign. |
| Shangmang ( |
first tax levying, normally from February to May of lunar calendar. |
| Shizheng ( |
the actual levied tax. |
| Tandingrudi ( |
merging the poll tax (labor tax) with land tax. |
| Xiamang ( |
second tax levying, normally from August to October of lunar calendar. |
| Xian ( |
county, the lowest provincial administrative district. |
| Xiebo ( |
inter-provincial assistance, mainly refers to money and grain. |
| Xingming ( |
legislation. |
| Xuzhice ( |
notice rolls for officer behavior. |
| Yanglianyin ( |
anti-corruption allowance. |
| Yiwan ( |
completion of tax levy. |
| Yishi Yinliangce ( |
lists of servants’ names and salaries. |
| Yitiaobianfa ( |
the Single Whip Law or the Single Whip Reform, was the fiscal law from the sixteenth century in Ming period. This law simplified the tax levy procedures – transfer the land and labor taxes from labor obligations or grain into a single silver payment to the county and prefectures. |
| Yizhiyoudan ( |
the land and labor tax ticket filled with actual levied tax. |
| Zaxiang ( |
sundry, miscellaneous tax. |
| Zhaoshua ( |
check the official certificate dispatch information. |
| Zhengshoubu ( |
levying accounting books. |
| Zhidan ( |
credentials contain the tax numbers. |
| Zhou ( |
an administrative district, normally included San Zhou ( |
| Zifeng Tougui ( |
tax-payers put the money into the tax-cabinet, a pattern for the tax levying. |
| Zouxiao ( |
submitting financial reports to the throne for approval. |
| Zouxiaoce ( |
a register attached to a financial report to the throne for approval. |
| Zouzhe ( |
memorial to the throne. |
