Appendix Glossary
This glossary contains the lexical material present in the Dadanitic inscriptions that make up the corpus of the current study. It also includes all toponyms and theonyms included in the corpus. Only the personal names that have been interpreted as lexical items in the OCIANA database have been included. The entries are lexeme based, rather than root based, to facilitate searching of ambiguous forms. Each entry does include a field with the root of the word. Whenever a lexeme is found in several derived forms, the base form (usually the most commonly occurring form) will be the entry form, with the derived forms listed inside the lemma. When only a derived form is available, this will be listed. For example, only the plural form ʾfqw âthey dedicatedâ is attested and, therefore, it has its own lexical entry, while both pl. ʾáºllw and sing. ʾáºll âto perform the áºll ceremonyâ are attested, therefore, ʾáºllw can be found under the singular form ʾáºll. Variant spellings of the same form can also be found under the same entry. The translation of each example is marked with * to indicate it is my interpretation of the inscription. Those marked with ** follow the translation offered in OCIANA. Whenever the translation is based on another source it will be cited using regular in-text citation.
A lemma can have a note added to it, which includes comparative notes and additional discussion and references when necessary. The linguistic comparisons in these notes are not meant to claim linguistic affiliation (see §â¯1.6.3 for comments on the linguistic affiliation of Dadanitic). Some semantic shifts clearly form linguistic isoglosses, such as the shift of the meaning of the root HLK âto goâ > âto dieâ for Arabic, or the shift of the root Ê¿BD âto serveâ > âto makeâ for NWS languages. However, such lexical items can easily spread through contact as well, as we can see in the Dadanitic usage of Ê¿bd, and fÊ¿l for the verb âto makeâ (see glossary, below). Given the clear contact between Dadanitic, and both Aramaic and South Arabian writing culture, there will be regular comparisons to the use of certain roots in NWS and ASA varieties, not based on a supposed direct linguistic affiliation, but because of cultural contact between these writing traditions.
Alphabetic Order
ʾ â Ê¿Â â b â d â á¸Â â á¸Â â f â g â Ä¡Â â h â ḫ â ḥ â k â l â m â n â q â r â s (for s1) â s2 â ṣ â t â ṯ â á¹Â â w â y â z â áº
Structure of the Entries
pos, verbal stem, pgn. Gloss. Root. Example sentence followed by (sigla/ line no.) âtranslation of the exampleâ. Variant: form in boldface. example sentence (sigla/ line no.) âtranslation of exampleâ. derived forms: form in boldface. example sentence (sigla/line no.) âtranslation of exampleâ. note: etymological comments and discussion when necessary. Certainty: note about how certain the proposed translation is. Frequency: no. of attestations of each attested form. Typology: different text genres in which the word occurs. Usage: example of highly frequent or idiomatic usage; translation.
âµ
ʾ
ʾʿly adjective, elative. highest, upper. Etym: Ê¿lw. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h / mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hnʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{n} / h-gbl / hn-ʾs{f}l (JSLih 072/ 4â7) âthey took the place and this seat, all of it, from the assembly place of the upper border until the sanctuary of the lower border (Lundberg 2015, 135)â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
ʾb noun. pasture. Etym: ʾbb. ʾny // ys¹g [/] ʾb-hm / w {m}Ê¿n-h[m] // w {m}fr-h{m} / b-ms²hl (U 026/3â5) âthat their pasture may be beautified and their abode and their cultivated land at ms²hl**â. note: Compare CAr. ʾabb âherbage, whether fresh or dry or, pasture or herbage which beasts feed uponâ (Lane, 3c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory, legal.
ʾbt noun. Q. Etym: Q. ----//{n} / ʾly / ʾbt / d---- (AH 218) â⦠on behalf of families/herbage â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. bayt âhouse, familyâ or ʾabb âherbage, whether fresh or dry or, pasture or herbage which beasts feed uponâ (Lane, 3c). Certainty:: uncertain, broken context. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: Q.
ʾdq verb, c, 3m.s. to offer. Etym: wdq. ʾd{q} / h-//{áº}{l}l / l-á¸Ä¡//{b}{t} (AH 087/ 2â4) âhe offered the áºll to á¸Å«Ä¡Äbat so favor him**â. ʾdq / l-l//h / {h}-á¹£lmn (JSLih 061/ 3â4) âhe offered to Lh the two statues/the statuette**â. 3pl.:: ʾdqw. ʾdqw / w qr//bw / h-á¹£lm / h-nḥs / l-//á¸Ä¡bt (Al-Ḫuraybah 09/ 3â5) âthey dedicated and offered the bronze statue to á¸Ä¡bt*â. note: Compare CAr. wadaqa âto approachâ (LisÄn). A similar semantic connection exists in CAr. D-stem form qarraba âhe presented it, or offered it to themâ (Lane 2505b) from qaraba âto become nearâ (Lane 2504b) and Aram. ʾty âto comeâ and hyty âto bringâ (CAL, 4-10-2017). See also hdq and hwdq. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ʾdq: 6; ʾdqw: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾá¸h complementizer. if; when. Etym: á¸V. ----h / bn / PN / ʾá¸h / ḥrb-hm ----// (JSLih 055/ 2) â⦠son of PN if/when he waged war on them â¦**â. wsqt // Ê¿mm ʾá¸h // nwl / Ê¿l mg//-h (JSLih 069) â??? ??? when he offered on behalf of his expulsion/grain*â. note: Compare e.g. Ug. ʾd /ʾidÄ/Ä/ âwhen, as soon asâ (Tropper 2000, 796), CAr. iá¸Ä âif, whenâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: legal; Q.
ʾá¸m noun pl.?. wheat? Etym: ná¸m. ddn / hṯbt / mṯb / w hwá¸Ê¾t / ʾá¸m / l-á¸Ä¡bt / mrʾ//-h (Al-Ḫuraybah 12) âDadan dedicated the throne and offered the wheat(?) to á¸Ä¡bt * her lord**â. note: al-SaÊ¿Ä«d proposed to translate ʾá¸m as âpresentsâ (al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 2013â2014, 293â295). Compare CAr. naá¸m ârich wheatâ (Steingass, 1126b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾfkl noun. priest. Etym: ʾpkl. PN // ʾfkl / w//d / w bn-h // PN / w P//N (JSLih 049/ 1â5) âPN priest of Wadd and his son PN and PN**â. ----y PN / PN / ʾfkl / hktby ---- (JSLih 055/ 1) â⦠PN PN* priest of h-ktby â¦**â. PN {ʾ}fkl l{t} (JSLih 277) âPN priest of Lt**â. feminine:: ʾfklt. ʾgw / h-áºll / á¸h / l-á¸Ä¡bt // Ê¿l----mÊ¿ / hn-ʾfklt / b-bnʾl (U 038/ 2â3) âhe dedicated* this áºll for á¸Ä¡bt ⦠the priestess at Bnʾl*â. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt // mn / mh / trqh / mrʾt // l-bhny / hn-ʾfklt // Ḡ(JSLih 064) âbÊ¿lsmn protected the village from what [spell] the woman of the palm tree, the priestess, cast on it á¸* (see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the interpretation of ʾḥrm and trq)â. note: Compare Palm. and Nab. ʾpkl âa high religious officialâ (CAL, 16-2-2018); Sab. ʾfkl âpriest in conquered Nashanâ (Beeston et al 1982, 2). The term is thought to come from Sumerian apkallu through Akkadian (Kaufman 1974, 34). ʾfkl also seems to occur as a personal name: certainly in JSLih 383, probably also in JaL 012; 024; AH 065.1; al-Ḫuraybah 15. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ʾfkl: 8; ʾfklt: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; narrative; graffiti; construction.
ʾfqw verb, c, 3m.pl. to dedicate. Etym: nfq. ---- // ʾfqw / f-rá¸-hm / w ---- (JSLih 054/ 4) â⦠they dedicated so favor them andâ¦*â. note: Compare Sab. nfq âto demandâ (Beeston 1982. 92); Nab., JAr.Palm. npq âto leave, to go forthâ, hifÊ¿il âto sendâ, OffAram. wtpq ʾḥá¹b Ê¿mr âand that A. may bring one Ê¿omer â¦â (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 742). OCIANA translates ʾfq as âthey exercised the administrative powersâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾfy verb, c, 3m.s. to pay, grant, fulfill an obligation. Etym: wfy/nfy. ʾfy // h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-khl (U 031/ 2â3) âhe fulfilled* the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl**â. 3s.f.:: ʾft. PN / bnt // PN / ʾft / h-áº//ll / á¸h / l-á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl (U 005/ 2â4) âshe fullfilled* this áºll-ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl**â. du.:: ʾfyh. ʾbÊ¿l / á¸l / ʾfyh / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 026/ 1â2) âthe lords of á¸l fulfilled* the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. 3pl.:: ʾfyw. ʾfyw / [áº][l][l] h-nq // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 037/ 4â5) âthey fulfilled [the áºll] of the nq for á¸Ä¡bt*â. note: Compare Sab. hwfy âto pay, grant, fulfill obligatons, render s.o. his dueâ (Biella: 138) and CAr. ʾawfÄâ âto accomplish (a vow)â (Hava, 876b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ʾfy: 5; ʾft: 2; ʾfyh: 1; ʾfyw: 1. Typology:: áºll.
ʾgw noun. dedication. Etym: ngw or gyw. PN / w-sá¹-h / sá¹//Ê¿n PN // ʾgw-h / {áº}nfss // w-ḥggw / á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 075/ 1â5) âPN and he dedicated it, a portion for PN his dedication ???* and they performed the pilgrimage to á¸Ä¡bt at Khl**â. note: Either from gyw âto goâ as a causative âto bringâ or from ngw (suggested by Drewes 1985, 172). compare Sab. âto announceâ (see Macdonald 2014, 154, in connection to ngy in Saf.). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾgw verb, c, 3m.s. to dedicate. Etym: ngw or gyw. ʾgw [h-]áºl//l [l-]á¸Ä¡b[t] (U 049/ 3â4) âhe dedicated* [the] áºll to á¸Ä¡b[t]**â. ʾgw b-k//hl / l-á¸Ä¡bt(AH 113/ 2â3) âhe dedicated* at Khl to á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾgy. ʾgy / Ê¿s²rt / mnh{h} / {ʾ}{y}dn // {w} má¹£hn (JSLih 177/ 1â2) âhe dedicated ten minah ??? and ???*â. 3s.f.:: ʾgt. ʾgt // l-á¸Ä¡b{t} / {h-}áºll (U 126/ 1â2) âshe dedicated to* á¸Ä¡bt the áºll**â. 3pl.:: ʾgww. ʾgww / h-áºll / [l-][á¸]Ä¡//bt (U 088/ 2â3) âthey dedicated the áºll to á¸Ä¡btâ. note: Either from gyw âto goâ as a causative âto bringâ or from ngw (suggested by Drewes 1985, 172): compare Sab. ngw âto announceâ (
ʾġnmw verb, c, 3m.pl. to present, dedicate (spoils?) Etym: Ä¡nm. ----rb / ḥggw / w//----r / w ʾġnmw / l//---- (AH 221/ 3â4) â⦠they performed the pilgrimage ⦠and they presented (as booty?) â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. Ä¡annamtu-hu âI gave him spoil, or a free and disinterested giftâ (Lane, 2301a); Sab. Ä¡nm âto give booty (deity)â (Beeston et al 1982, 54). Certainty:: semantic domain is certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾhl noun. family. Etym: ʾhl. ---- / bn // PN / á¸-ʾh{l}---- // ʾáºll / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 060/ 1â4) â⦠son of PN of the lineage of** ⦠OR of the lineage of ʾhl* performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Kinship is usually indicated with only the particle Ḡdirectly followed by the family name in Dadanitic, therefore ʾhl may actually be the family name. Compare the Saf. term ʾhl which seems to have a more restricted meaning âfamilyâ than ʾl. Macdonald and Nehmé point out the original Semitic meaning of ʾhl as âtentâ. In Saf. this original meaning may have remained in the sense of referring to the close family group one shares a tent with (Macdonald and Nehmé, 2015). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: lineage; áºll.
ʾḫ noun. brother. Etym: ʾḫ. PN / w ʾḫ-h / P//N / bnw / PN // PN / ʾáºlw / h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 064/ 1â3) âPN and his brother PN PN sons of PN PN performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt**â. pl.:: ʾḫw (construct form). PN / w PN / bnw // ná¹r / ʾḫá¸w / h-qb//r / á¸h / hm / w ʾḫw-hm (JSLih 079/ 1â3) âPN and PN sons of PN took possession of this tomb, them and their** brothers*â. note: See ʾḫt for the feminine Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ʾḫ: 2; ʾḫw: 1. Typology:: lineage.
ʾḫrt noun. posterity, descendants. Etym: ʾḫr. f r{á¸}-h w ʾḫrt -h (U 058/ 6) âso favor him and his posterity**â. f {r}Ḡ{-h} // w sÊ¿d-h / w ʾḫrt-h (AH 100/ 6â7) âso favor her and aid her and her posterity**â. note: Compare Nab. ʾḥr âposterityâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 116. Typology:: dedicatory; blessing formula. Usage: f-rá¸-h w-ʾḫrt-h w-sʾd-h; so favor him and his posterity and aid him.
ʾḫt noun. sister. Etym: ʾḫ. w-ʾrá¹á¹ / ʾḫ-h // w ʾḫt-h / b-mh / Ê¿ntw (JSLih 077/ 7â8) âand he made his brother and sister ??? with what they ??? â¦*â. ----Ê¿----ʾl / bn / PN ----// ʾḫt-h / ʾrqww / h---- (AH 204/ 1â2) â⦠son of PN ⦠his sister they sent up {the} â¦*â. note: see ʾḫ for âbrotherâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: lineage.
ʾḫḠverb. to take; take possession of st. Etym: ʾḫá¸. PN / ʾḫḠ// h-á¹£fḥt á¸t (JSLih 066) âPN took possession of this cliff face*â. w-ʾḫḠ/ h-mṯbrn (JSLih 045/ 3) âand he took the two grave chambers**/fields*â. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg (JSLih 077/ 2â3) âthey set up the funerary monument for PN son of PN** which was placed upon them as a lawsuit*â. 3pl.:: ʾḫá¸w. ʾḫá¸w / h-qb//r / á¸h (JSLih 079/ 2â3) âthey took possession of this tomb**â. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 072/ 4â5) âthey took the place and this seat, all of it**â. PN // bn PN / ʾḫḠ// hl-btt (JaL 021 f) âPN son of PN took possession of this section*â. note: Compare CAr. ʾaḫaá¸a âhe took, he took with his hand, he took hold ofâ (Lane, 28b). The funerary inscriptions do not mark an existing grave, but might be laying claim to a certain part of the rockface for the cunstruction of a tomb at a later time, comparable to Nab. inscriptions laying claim to a tomb or a site of a future tomb (Nehmé 2015, 105). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ʾḫá¸: 10; ḫá¸w: 2. Typology:: funerary; legal; graffiti.
ʾḥdy numeral, m. one. Etym: ʾḥd. PN / PN // tqá¹ / snt / ʾḥdy // b-rʾy / á¸Ê¾bsmwy (Nasif 1988: 96, pl. CXLIV) âPN PN wrote [in] year one during the** rising of the asterism of á¸Ê¾bsmwy*â. Variant: ʾḥd (bound form). ----bndw / ʾḥd-hm / bslÊ¿t----// (JaL 001/ 5) â⦠one of them** with coins â¦*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ʾḥdy: 8; ʾḥd: 1. Typology:: dating formula. Usage: ʾḥd-hm; one of them.
ʾḥrm verb, c, 3m.s. to protect. Etym: ḥrm. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt // mn / mh / trqh / mrʾt // l-bhny / hn-ʾfklt // á¸(JSLih 064) âbÊ¿lsmn protected the village from what [spell] the woman of the palm tree, the priestess cast on it á¸* (see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the interpretation of ʾḥrm and trq)â. note: Compare CAr. ḥarama âhe was, or became sacred, inviolableâ (Lane, 553). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
ʾkbr adjective, elative. biggest. Etym: kbr. [----]//----h / bn / PN // ----/ h-mqdr / hn-ʾkbr //---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 26â36, no. 3/ 1â2) â⦠PN son of PN ⦠the the biggest cultic structure â¦*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary; dedicatory?.
ʾl noun. family, tribe, clan. Etym: ʾl. PN // á¸-ʾl // TrN (JSLih 226) âPN of the family of TrN*â. PN / PN // PN / ʾl / TrN (JSLih 127) âPN PN PN* of the family of TrN**â. PN / bn / PN // bn / PN / bn / PN // á¸Ê¾l / TrN // sḥ / s²f-h (JSLih 071/ 1â4) âPN son of PN son of PN son of PN of the family of TrN his grain were abundant**â. PN / bn / PN // w PN / Ḡʾl / TrN // ʾáºllw / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 047/ 1â3) âPN son of PN and PN of the family of TrN performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Based on the attestations in the Dadanitic corpus it is impossible to say how large a social group ʾl could refer to, but compare the Saf. use of ʾl which can range from a family or tribe to a whole nation (e.g. ʾl rm referring to the Romans) (Nehmé and Macdonald, 2015). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: lineage; graffiti; narrative; áºll. Usage: Ḡʾl TrN; of the lineage of TrN.
ʾlhn noun. sanctuary, divine place. Etym: lh. ----PN / bn PN // fÊ¿l / h-bt / w h-//ʾlhn / f-sÊ¿d//---- (AH 247) â⦠PN son of PN made the temple and the sanctuary(?)* so aid â¦**â. note: Compare the theonym ʾlh e.g., in Saf. (Al-Jallad 2015, 299). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾlmÊ¿ noun/pn?, elative. brightest. Etym: lmÊ¿. PN hn-ʾlmÊ¿// PN hn-ʾlmÊ¿ (Qaá¹£r al-á¹¢ÄniÊ¿ 6) âPN the brightest PN the brightest*â. note: It is not clear whether hnʾlmÊ¿ is title here or a personal name. Compare CAr. lmÊ¿ âto shine very brightly, to flashâ. OCIANA translates ʾlmÊ¿ as âthe sagaciousâ following CAr. ʾalmaÊ¿ âsharp mindedâ (Hava 1915, 689). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ʾm noun. mother. Etym: ʾmm. PN / w-PN / bnt / P//N / w-ʾm-hm (AH 081/ 1â2) âPN and PN daughter of PN and their mother PN**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 7. Typology:: dedicatory; áºll; genealogy.
ʾmt noun. maid servant. Etym: ʾm. ---- Ḡʾl TrN ʾdq---- s---- // l-á¸Ä¡bt ʾmt-{h}my PN // b{n}t PN (AH 222/1â3) â⦠of the family of TrN dedicated* ⦠to á¸Ä¡bt their maidservant PN daughter of PN**â. note: Compare Sab. ʾmt âbondwoman, female vassalâ (Beeston et al 1982, 5); OffAram. ʾmh âmaid servantâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾn complementizer. that. Etym: ʾn. [----]//hm ---- [á¸]//Ä¡bt / ʾ{n} / yk{n}----// l-h / {w}ld (AH 203/ 1â4) â⦠á¸Ä¡bt that there may be a son ⦠to him**â. note: Compare CAr. ʾan yafÊ¿ala âthat he may doâ (Al-Jallad 2018, 24) Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory; legal.
ʾn pronoun, 1c.s. I. Etym: ʾn. l-PN / ḥbb // w-ʾn / PN / bn / PN (JSLih 347) âfor PN PN and I am PN son of PNâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: graffiti; dedicatory?.
ʾn particle. that. Etym: ʾn. ----//---- {m}n / srq / f-ʾn / yá¹£br / b-m-h / sr[q]---- // ----{d}n / thá¸-h / kll-h / f-ḥṯm ----- (Al-Ḫuraybah 17/ 4â5) â⦠who stole(?) and if he is caught with what he {stole} ⦠⦠if all of it broke (the stolen things) then beat him(?) â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. fa-ʾinna to introduce the apodosis of a conditional clause. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory; legal.
ʾny presentative. that. ʾny // ysrg [/] ʾb-hm / w {m}Ê¿n-h[m] // w-{m}fr-h{m} / b-ms²hl (U 026) âthat their pasture may be beautified and their abode and their cultivated land at Ms²hl**â. note: Compare Ug. hny, Heb. hinneh and CAr. ʾinna. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory; legal.
ʾqd verb, c, 3m.s. to make, to dedicate. Etym: wqd. ---- Ḡʾl TrN ʾdq---- s----// l-á¸Ä¡bt ʾmt -{h}my Ê¿yá¸h // b{n}t ʾmthnʿṯt ---- h----t // ym ʾqd h-m---- l-ḫrg (AH 222/ 1â4) â⦠of the family of TrN he dedicated ⦠to á¸Ä¡bt their maid servant PN daughter of PN ⦠he made the ⦠for ḫrg**â. note: Compare CAr. wdq âto approachâ (LisÄn). A similar semantic connection exists in the CAr. D-stem form qarraba âhe presented it, or offered it to themâ (Lane 2505b) from qaraba âto become nearâ (Lane 2504b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾqd noun. produce, dedication. Etym: wqd?. ----{ḥ}y / ʾqd / h- rÊ¿ / f//---- (AH 239/ 3â4) â⦠the dedication of the sheep so â¦*â. ----m / ym / stḥbl / ʾqd / h- rÊ¿ (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 4) â⦠[the] day he pledged the produce/dedication of the sheep**â. note: Compare CAr. wdq âto approachâ (LisÄn). A similar semantic connection exists in the CAr. D-stem form qarraba âhe presented it, or offered it to themâ (Lane 2505b) from qaraba âto become nearâ (Lane 2504b). Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory. Certainty:: uncertain.
ʾrbÊ¿ numeral. four. Etym: rbÊ¿. s //----[n][t] Ê¿s²rn / w-ʾrbÊ¿ / 24 // ---- [t][l]ymy/ bn / hnʾs / m{l}[k] //---- l[ḥ][y][n] (AH 226/ 4â7) âyear twenty-four 24 ⦠Tlmy son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 5. Typology:: dating formula.
ʾrbÊ¿n numeral. forty. Etym: rbÊ¿. {Ä¡}rsw / b- bdr / [w] b- bnʾl / m//ʾt / w ʾrbÊ¿n / w ḫms / nḫl (U 023/ 4â5) âthey planted at Bdr and at Bnʾl hundred forty-five palm trees**â. ⦠snt / ʾr{b}//Ê¿n / w ṯtn / b-rʾ//y / á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n / tlm/y / bn / hnʾs / ml//k / lḥyn (al-Ḫuraybah 10) â⦠{them} year forty-two** during the rising of the asterism á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n*, Tlmy son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 7. Typology:: dating formula; áºll.
ʾrbÊ¿w noun. sanctuary. Etym: rbÊ¿. bnyw / hn-ʾrb//Ê¿w (U 008/ 3â4) âthey built the sanctuary**â. note: Compare Sab. rbÊ¿ âresidence/residentsâ (Beeston et al 1982, 113); CAr. rabÊ¿ âa place of alighting or abode of people or a company of menâ (Lane, 1016â1017). ʾrbÊ¿w may be compared to Nab. ʾrbÊ¿n, which Nehmé suggests to be derived from the root RBÊ¿ âfourâ and which she interprets as âsquare buildingâ (Nehmé 2003, 25). In the Nab. context these buildings were also the object of dedications mentioned in inscriptions. More recently the possibly related form rbÊ¿yʾ was discovered in a Nab. inscription from the Moab plateau (al-Salameen and Shdaifat 2017, 3â4). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: construction.
ʾrf active participle, 3m.s. limited; fenced? Etym: ʾrf. ---- / bn / P//N / mṯbr / ʾrf (JSLih 317) â⦠son of PN a fenced field/delimited grave chamber*â. note: Compare CAr. ʾarafa âhe set or put limits or boundariesâ (Lane, 49c). OCIANA translates ʾrf as a verb â⦠son of PN limited the grave chamberâ but this does not work syntactically as noted in the commentary section. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ʾrḫ noun. matter, (judicial) case. Etym: ʾrḫ. ----l-hm / w-{s²}hdt / w h-ʾrḫ //---- (JSLih 052/ 7) â⦠and witness and the case â¦*â. note: Compare Sab. ʾrḫ âaffair, matter, undertakingâ and âjudicial caseâ (Beeston et al 1982, 7). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal.
ʾrqww verb, c, 3c.pl. to make ascend; to dedicate. Etym: rqw. ----Ê¿----ʾl / bn / zdl{h} ---- // ʾḫt-h / ʾrqww / h---- // bt / hmḠ/ ná¸r / á¸Ä¡[b][t] ---- (AH 204/ 1â3) â⦠son of PN ⦠his sister** they sent up {the} â¦* according what was vowed to á¸Ä¡bt â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. raqÄ âhe ascendedâ (Lane 1140a). To make ascend may refer to a burnt offering or an offering of incense in this context. Compare to the possible ritual use of dedicating incense also possibly CAr. raqÄ-hu âhe charmed him, put a spell on himâ (see also trq (JSLih 064) in Dadanitic). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾrṯ noun?. legacy; inheritance. Etym: wrṯ. PN / bn / PN // ʾrṯ-h hlqn (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 106) âPN son of PN [for] his legacy the support/help*â. note: Compare CAr. ʾirṯ (from wirṯ) âinheritanceâ (Lane 2934b). Translated as a noun âhis memoryâ in OCIANA Hlqn does not occur as a PN at all in OCIANA however. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ʾsd noun. lion. Etym: ʾsd. PN fÊ¿l ʾl-//ʾsd (Jabal al-KhraymÄt No. 4) âPN made the lion (Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez 2017, 226)â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ʾṣdq verb, c, 3m.s. to fulfill a duty. Etym: á¹£dq. PN / ʾṣd{q} / // f-rá¸-h / h-lh / w-sÊ¿d-h (JSLih 008) âPN fulfilled his duty* so favor him** Hlh* and aid him**â. note: Compare Sab. há¹£dq âto fulfill a duty, obligation, to maintain in proper order, to duly bestow s.t. on s.o., to justify s.o.â (Beeston et al 1982, 141). Note that in MMin. á¹£dq occurs with the meaning âto claim proprietal rightsâ (M 358). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ʾṣdqn noun, elative, pl. rightful heirs. Etym: á¹£dq. [----]//---- h-/ʾṣdqn b---- // w b / á¸mr / á¸Ä¡bt ----//----h / h-bt / á¸h ----(Müller, D.H. 1889: 68, no. 16) â⦠the rightful heirs ⦠á¸Ä¡bt ⦠this temple â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. ʾaá¹£daq âmore and most true and veraciousâ (Lane, 1668c) in this conext as the truest heirs, descendants. Compare ʾṣdqh âlegitimate heirâ in Nab. funerary texts (Nehmé 2015, 103). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: Q.
ʾṯʿ verb, c, 3m.s. protect. Etym: yṯʿ. PN / bn / PN / h-á¹£//nÊ¿ / á¸-TrN / ʾṯʿ // PN / b-ḥqwy / k//fr (JSLih 075/ 1â4) âPN son of PN the artisan of the lineage of TrN** protected PN* on two sides of [the] tomb**â. note: Compare Heb. yÅ¡Ê¿ âto helpâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 476). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary?.
ʾṯb verb. to reward so. Etym: ṯwb. f rá¸-hm // w ʾṯb-hm (U 079 bis/ 6â7) âso favor them and reward them**â. f-rá¸-h // w ʾ[ḫ]rt-h / w ʾṯ[b]-h / {w} [s]{Ê¿}[d]-h (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 008/ 3â4) âso favor her and her posterity and reward her and aid her**â. note: compare Sab. yṯwbn âreward, recompense (a worshipper by a deity)â (Beeston et al, 151). In JSLih 077 OCIANA reads ʾtb-hm, but on the photograph it is visible that there is a horizontal line coming donw from the X. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 36. Typology:: áºll; blessing formula. Usage: f-rá¸-h w-ʾṯb-h; so favor him and reward him.
ʾṯt noun. wife. Etym: ʾnṯ. PN / bn P//N / w-ʾṯt-h // PN / bn//t / PN / ʾgw // w ʾáºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 115/ 1â5) âPN son of PN and his wife PN daughter of PN dedicated* and performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. PN----nt / bn / ʾft / s//lḥ / á¸Ä¡bt / w-bn-h / PN // ʾ / w ʾṯt-h / P//N / {Ä¡}rs¹w / b-bdr / [w]b-bnʾl / m//ʾt / w ʾrbÊ¿n / w ḫms / nḫl (U 023/ 1â5) âPN son of PN priest of á¸Ä¡bt and his son PN and his wife PN planted at Bdr and at Bnʾl hundred and forty-five palm trees**â. note: Compare e.g. Sab. ʾnṯt and ʾṯt âwoman, female, wifeâ (Sabaweb, accessed 15-07-2021). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 5. Typology:: dedicatory; legal; genealogy.
ʾw complementizer. or. Etym: ʾw. [----]//----n----//---hm / l-bn-h / ʾw / bnt ----// (JaL 001/ 2) â⦠{them} for his son or daughter â¦**â. //----h-srqt / yá¹b / h-srq / ʾw / y ----//----bh (Al-Ḫuraybah 17/ 6) â⦠the theft/stolen goods acquit the thief or â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. ʾaw âorâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory, legal.
ʾydn q. Q. Etym: Q. PN / PN / ʾgy / Ê¿s²rt / mnh{h} / {ʾ}{y}dn (JSLih 177/ 1) âPN PN dedicated ten minah {as support}?*â. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory. note: Compare possibly to CAr. ʾiyÄd âanything by which a person or a thing is strengthenedâ (Lane, 136c).
ʾáºll verb, c, 3m.s. to perform the áºll. Etym: áºll. ʾáºll / h-áºll // {b-}khl / l-á¸Ä¡//bt (U 058/ 2â4) âhe performed the áºll ceremony at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾáºl. ʾáºl // bÊ¿d / ml-h / b-// bdr / l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 080/ 2â4) âhe performed the áºll on behalf of his property at Bdr for á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾá¹ll. [ʾ]á¹ll // h-á¹ll ---- b-khl // l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 009.1/ 1â3) âhe performed the á¹ll ceremony ⦠at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾá¹l. ʾá¹l l-á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl (U 125/2â3) âhe performed the á¹ll for á¸Ä¡bt*â. 3s.f.:: ʾáºllt. ʾáºllt l-//á¸Ä¡bt b-{k}hl (U 056/2â3) âshe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at khl**â. Variant: ʾáºlt. ʾáºlt / l-á¸//Ä¡bt (AH 165/ 3â4) âshe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾá¹llt. ʾá¹llt / b-khl (AH 163/ 2) âshe performed the á¹ll at khl*â. Variant: ʾá¹lt. ʾá¹lt // l-á¸Ä¡bt / bÊ¿//d / ml-h / b-tqmm (U 048/ 2â4) âshe performed the á¹ll for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of her property at Tqmm**â. du.:: ʾáºllh. áºllh / l-á¸Ä¡bt / h-áºll / b-h-má¹£//d/(AH 199/ 1â5) âthey both performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt** at the sanctuary (Lundberg 2015: 136)â. Variant: ʾáºlh. PN / bn / PN / w //PN / slḥt // á¸Ä¡bt / ʾáºlh / h-áºl//l / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 019/ 1â5) âPN son of PN and PN priestess of á¸Ä¡bt both performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt**â. 3pl.:: ʾáºllw. ʾáºlw / h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 064/ 3) âthey performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt**â. ʾáº//llw / áºll / h-nq / l-//á¸Ä¡bt (AH 001/ 3â5) âthey performed the áºll of the nq* for á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾáºlw. ʾáºlw / h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt (Nasif 1988: 99, pl. CLVIII/2) âthey performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾá¹lw. ʾá¹lw / á¹l[l] h-nq // b-khl (AH 032/ 2â3) âthey performed the á¹ll of the nq* at Khl*â. note: For a discussion of the proposed translations of ʾáºll h-áºll so far see (Scagliarini 2002, 573â575). Recently, a new interpretation of the form háºl from same root in Sabaic has been suggested, which links it to the act of writing, rather than shade (
Ê¿
Ê¿bd verb, g, 3m.s. to make. Etym: Ê¿bd. PN / bn / ʾws / h-á¹£nÊ¿ / Ê¿bd / l-mrʾ-h (Al-Ḫuraybah 12/ 3) âPN son of PN the artisan made [it] for his lord**â. PN / bn / PN / h-á¹£nÊ¿ // Ê¿bd / l-mrʾ-h (JSLih 035/ 1â2) âPN son of PN the artisan made [it] for his lord*â. note: Compare Aram. Ê¿bd âto make, act, doâ (CAL, 13-2-2018; Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 810). Or possibly to be compared to CAr. Ê¿abada AllÄh âhe served, worshipped Godâ. Note that OCIANA translates JSLih 053 as âhe served for his lordâ (accessed 15-07-2021). Each translation is syntactically slightly awkward as the verb would typically be expected to take a direct object which would be ommitted completely in case of a translation that follows the typical NWS meaning of the root âto makeâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 810). If we opt for a translation âto serveâ there is an unexpected oblique object. However, an exact parallel to this construction can be found in Dadanitic with the verb fÊ¿l âto do to makeâ (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 2011.1), where we also have fÊ¿l directly followed by the preposition l- + theonym. It is unclear at the moment if and how the different forms of âto makeâ in Dadanitic relate to linguistic or dialectal diversity at the oasis. Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedication.
Ê¿bd pn. PN. Etym: Ê¿bd. PN / bn / P//N / h-á¹£nÊ¿ / PN // PN / h-á¹£wÄ¡ (Al-Ḫuraybah 05) âPN son of PN the artisan**, PN PN the smith*â. note: This word is translated as a noun âslaveâ in OCIANA, but it may be interterpreted as a personal name, as it seems that not all personal names in a genealogy were seperated by bn âson ofâ in Dadanitic. See for example: á¸bn/Ê¿mr/bn/mrd//ʾgw/h-áºll/á¸h (U 038) âPN PN son of PN dedicated this áºllâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 9. Typology:: genealogy.
Ê¿db noun. name of a time period. Etym: Ê¿db. f rá¸-h / w ʾḫr//t-h / Ê¿db / snt // Ê¿s²rn / tlmy / [mlk / l]//ḥyn (AH 064/ 6â9) âso favor her and her posterity** [during] Ê¿db* year twenty of Tlmy king of Lḥyn**â. note: This may be considered an ellipsed form of the b-rʾy formula, with only the asterism or period mentioned. Unfortuantely there is no attestation of Ê¿db with rʾy or á¹Ê¿n so far. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dating formula.
Ê¿dky preposition. until. Etym: Ê¿d+ky. ʾḫá¸w / h- mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h / mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hnʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{n} / h-gbl / hnʾs{l}l (JSLih 072/ 4â7) âthey took the place and this seat, all of it, from the assembly place of the upper border until the sanctuary of the lower border (Lundberg 2015, 135)â. note: See Lundberg (2015, 135) for a discussion of the preposition Ê¿dky. For a discussion on the significance of Ê¿dky for the classification of Dadanitic see Al-Jallad (2018, 23). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal; narrative.
Ê¿kb verb, g, 3m.s. to remain. Etym: Ê¿kb. PN/ // á¹rq / h-{n}qn / w-Ê¿kb / (AHÂ 287) âPN hammered the two nq and PN OR and he remained*â. note: Ê¿kb is attested as a personal name (JaLÂ 052c), which it may be here as well. If it is a verb, compare CAr. Ê¿akaba âto remain standing, to stand stillâ; Aram. âto hold back, to hestitate, to delayâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: very uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
Ê¿ly preposition. on behalf of; on. Etym: Ê¿ly. w-b-mmʾ / Ê¿//ly / mg-h / mn / h-ḫls (JSLih 070/ 4â6) âand by the oath against his expulsion/grain from the loan*â. l-PN // bn /PN / hn-//qbr / á¸h / {ḥ}{m} // Ê¿ly / ymn // w Ê¿ly / s²m[l] // mn / ṯrqr (JSLih 081) âfor PN son of PN [is] this grave {ḥm} from the south and from the north** from ṯrqr(?)*â. PN // tqá¹ // Ê¿ly // qrt (JSLih 182) âPN wrote* on a boulder** OR PN wrote on behalf of PN*â. ʾáºlt /h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿ly / á¸-kn l-h / b-bd[r] (U 087/ 3â4) âshe performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of** that which was hers* at Bdr**â. Variant: Ê¿l. PN / ʾáºl//l / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt // Ê¿l / á¸-kn / l-hm // b-bdr (U 073/ 1â5) âPN performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of** that which was theirs* at Bdr**â. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg (JSLih 077/ 2â3) âthey set up the funerary monument for PN son of PN** which was placed upon them as a lawsuit*â. PN // PN / bny / b//rʾ / h-mṯbr / Ê¿//l-h / hʾ (JSLih 078) âPN PN built the facade of the grave chamber and it is his* on behalf of that which was his at [toponym]â. note: see Lundberg (2015, 125â127) for a discussion of the preposition Ê¿ly and its bi-form Ê¿l. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: Ê¿ly: 25; Ê¿l: 12. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory; funerary; graffiti. Usage: Ê¿ly á¸-kn l-h b-TN, Ê¿ly m-kn l-h b-TN; on behalf of what was his at [toponym].
Ê¿nk noun. door? Etym: Ê¿nk. ----// w /h-mqdr / w hn-Ê¿nk /---- (JSLih 054/ 3) â⦠the cultic structure and the door? â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿ank âthe larger part of anythingâ and Ê¿ink âdoorâ (Steingass, 732b). This would work well with the intepretation of mqdr as an architectural structure as well (see mqdr). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
Ê¿ntw verb, g, 3c.pl. to commit a sin, a crime. Etym: Ê¿nt. w-ʾrá¹á¹ / ʾḫ-h // w ʾḫt-h / b-mh / Ê¿ntw / b-rá¹£s / bn----//(JSLih 077/ 7â8) âand he ?? his brother and his sister according to what crime they committed ?? â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿nt âhe committed a sin, a crime, or an act of disobedience deserving punishmentâ (Lane, 2168c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal?.
Ê¿qb noun. offspring, descendants. Etym: Ê¿qb. {f} rá¸-hm / w s//Ê¿d-hm / w Ê¿qb-hm (U 026/ 2â3) âso favor them and aid them and their descendants**â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿Äqibah âoffspringâ (Lane, 2153 b), and the parallel Dadanitic expression: f rá¸-hm w sÊ¿d-hm w ʾḫrt-hm âso favor them and aid them and their posterityâ Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll; blessing.
Ê¿rḠnoun. land. Etym: Ê¿rá¸. ʾáºll / h-áºll / á¸//h / b-khl / bÊ¿d / h-Ê¿rḠ// w-á¸-kn / l-h / b-bdr / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 046/ 2â4) âhe performed this áºll ceremony at Khl on behalf of** the land* and that which was his at Bdr for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿arḠâa part, region, quarter or tractâ and âthe low ground or land of, or partaining to, either side of these [the side of a valley]â (Lane, 2007â2008). OCIANA translates Ê¿rḠas âthe valleyâ, but since the dedication seems to be made on behalf of personal property a claim to the valley in general seems unlikely. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
Ê¿rr active participle, m.s. mistreater, dishonorer. Etym: Ê¿rr. f-Ê¿rr // á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿r//r / h-sfr / á¸h (JaL 161a/ 4â6) âso may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the one who mistreats this inscription**â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿arrar-hu and Ê¿arrara-hu âhe disgraced or dishonored himâ and âhe wronged him, or treated him unjustly or injuriouslyâ (Lane, 1990a). See Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez (2008, 31â43) for a discussion of the verb Ê¿rr and its interpretation. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 12. Typology:: dedicatory. Usage: f-Ê¿rr//á¸Ä¡bt/Ê¿r//r/h-sfr/á¸h; so may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the one who mistreats this inscription.
Ê¿rr verb, d, 3m.s.. to mistreat, dishonor, disgrace. Etym: Ê¿rr. f-Ê¿rr // á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿r//r / h-sfr / á¸h (JaL 161a/ 4â6) âso may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the one who mistreats this inscription**â. mn yÊ¿rr Ê¿rr á¸Ä¡bt Ê¿á¹{ḥ}{l}r (JSTham 251.3) âwhoever mistreats [it] may á¸Ä¡bt disgrace [him] Ê¿á¹á¸¥lr*â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿arrar-hu and Ê¿arrara-hu âhe disgraced or dishonored himâ and âhe wronged him, or treated him unjustly or injuriouslyâ (Lane, 1990a). See Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez (2008, 31â43) for a discussion of the verb Ê¿rr and its interpretation. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 13. Typology:: dedicatory; graffiti. Usage: f-Ê¿rr // á¸Ä¡bt / ʿr//r / h-sfr / á¸h; so may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the one who mistreats this inscription.
Ê¿s²r numeral. ten. Etym: Ê¿s²r. [sn]{t} / Ê¿s²r / w tsÊ¿ / b-rʾy / hrÊ¿ / tlmy / hnʾs (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 5) âyear nineteen** during the rising of the asterism hrÊ¿* Tlmy Hnʾs**â. ʾáºlt // l-á¸Ä¡[b]t / b-kh//l / stt / Ê¿s²r / m//n / snt / mt / Ê¿l//h (AH 064/ 2â6) âshe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl sixteen [times]** according to the custom of the land [placed] upon her*â. feminine:: Ê¿s²rt. PN / PN / ʾgy / Ê¿s²rt / mnh{h} / {ʾ}{y}dn (JSLih 177/ 1) âPN PN dedicated ten minah ??? and ???*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: Ê¿s²r: 7; Ê¿s²rt: 1. Typology:: dating formula; dedication.
Ê¿s²r noun. companion; kinsman. Etym: Ê¿s²r. ʾn / mÊ¿t // Ê¿s²r {PN/TrN} (Ǧabal Iṯlib 06) âI am PN companion/kinsman of PN/TrN*â. feminine:: Ê¿s²rt. ----PN / w hn-Ê¿s²rt / Ê¿s²rt / ʾ---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 1) â⦠PN and the community, community(?) â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿aÅ¡Ä«r âan associate, a relation, a friendâ and Ê¿aÅ¡Ä«rah âa manâs kinsfolk, or the smallest subdivision of a tribeâ (Lane, 2053a). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: Ê¿s²r: 1; Ê¿s²rt: 1. Typology:: dating formula; graffiti.
Ê¿s²rn numeral. twenty. Etym: Ê¿s²r. w l-á¸Ä¡bt /----//bl / yn / mʾt / w Ê¿s²rn / sd---- (JSLih 077/ 4â5) âand for á¸Ä¡bt â¦** wine* hundred twenty â¦**â. snt//Ê¿s²rn/tlmy/[m][l][k][/][lâ]//ḥyn (AH 064/ 7â9) âyear twenty of Tlmy [king] of LiḥyÄn**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 11. Typology:: dating formula; dedication.
BÂ â b
bÊ¿d preposition. on behalf of. Etym: b + Ê¿d. ʾft h-áºll á¸h l-á¸Ä¡bt b-khl bÊ¿d ml-h (U 005/ 2â5) âshe fulfilled this áºll-ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of her property**â. ʾáºllt l-//á¸Ä¡bt b-{k}hl bÊ¿d //{d}ṯʾ -h (U 056/ 2â4) âshe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of her crops of the season of the later rains**â. ʾáºll / h-áºll // {b-}khl / l-á¸Ä¡//bt / bÊ¿d / {n}ḫl-h // w-dṯʾ-h b-bdr (U 058/ 2â5) âhe performed the áºll ceremony at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his palm trees and his crops of the season of the later rains at Bdr**â. note: For a complete discussion of the preposition bÊ¿d see Lundberg (2015, 127â128). Based on its meaning this preposition seems to be a compound of bi- and Ê¿ad (Al-Jallad 2015, 147). Compare Saf. bÊ¿d âon behalf ofâ (e.g., WH 599 náºr bÊ¿d-h-msrt âhe stood guard on behalf of the troopâ). The consonantally identical bÊ¿d (compare CAr. baÊ¿d âafterâ) never occurs in Dadanitic (Lundberg 2015, n. 9). See ḫlf for the preposition with the meaning âfollowing, afterâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 122. Typology:: dedication; áºll.
bÊ¿l noun. leader, husband. Etym: bÊ¿l. PN / bnt / PN / slḥt / w//d / w-PN / bÊ¿l-h / á¸-TrN/ (AH 199/ 1â2) âPN daughter of PN priestess of Wd and PN, her husband of the lineage of TrN**â. PN / w-PN â¨/â© bÊ¿l // á¸-TrN (JSLih 167) âPN and PN leader of the lineage of TrN*â. pl.:: ʾbÊ¿l. ʾbÊ¿l / á¸l / ʾfyh / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 026/ 1â2) âthe lords of á¸l fulfilled the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Compare e.g., Aram. bÊ¿el âhusbandâ (CAL, 16-2-2018); Sab. bÊ¿l (Beeston et al. 25). In AH 199 bÊ¿l is translated in OCIANA as âlordâ. There are inscriptions of people also mentioning their servants (ʾmt, qyn) but these inscriptions are usually left by the âmastersâ and not by the servants themselves. There are however, many examples of people dedicating texts with family members (their children, their parents) which makes a translation âhusbandâ more likely. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: bÊ¿l: 2; ʾbÊ¿l: 1. Typology:: áºll; narrative.
bdr toponym. bdr. Etym: bdr. ʾáºll / // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-khl // b Ê¿d / ʾnḫl-h // w ʾdṯʾ-h / b-bdr (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 071/ 2â5) âhe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of his palm trees and his seasonal crops* at Bdr so favor him and his descendants**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 15â16) for a a discussion of the place name and its distribution in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 51. Typology:: áºll.
bhny noun. type of palm tree. Etym: bn. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt // mn / mh / trqh / mrʾt // l-bhny / hn-ʾfklt (JSLih 064) âBÊ¿lsmn protected the village from what [spell] the woman of the palm tree, the priestess, cast on it á¸* (see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the interpretation of ʾḥrm and trq)â. note: Compare CAr. bhn âspecific kind of palm treeâ (Biberstein-Kazimirski 1860, 174). It might be compared to Min. bhny âsonsâ e.g. M.151, M185, M200 (available on DASI) If this reading is correct, this would be the only example where Minaic clearly influenced Dadanitic, instead of the other way around. The commonly used construct plural of bn in Dadanitic is bnw (see bn). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: unique text.
blḥ toponym. blḥ. Etym: blḥ. ʾgw / h-áºl//l / b-khl / Ê¿l{y} // ml-h [/] b-b{d}[r] // w b-blḥ (U 071/ 2â5) âhe dedicated the áºll at Khl on behalf of his property at Bdr and at Blḥ**â. ʾáº//ll / l-á¸Ä¡b[t] // b-khl / bÊ¿[d] // ----l-h / b-blḥ (U 072/ 3â6) âhe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf {his} ⦠at Blḥ**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 15â16) for a a discussion of the place name and its distribution in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: áºll.
bn noun. son. Etym: bn. PN // bn / PN (U 114) âPN son of PN **â. du.:: bnh. Ḡ/ PN / w-PN / bnh / PN // ʾáºlw / h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt (Nasif 1988: 99, pl. CLVIII/ 1â2) âḠPN and PN sons (du.) of PN performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt **â. du.:: bny (construct). PN / w-PN // bny / má¹r / bnyw // l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 200/ 1â3) âPN and PN sons (du.) of PN built for á¸Ä¡bt **â. pl.:: bnw (construct). PN / w-PN / bnw // PN / ʾḫá¸w / h-qb//r / á¸h (JSLih 079/ 1â3) âPN and PN sons of PN took possession of this tomb **â. note: See Macdonald and Nehmé (2015) for a discussion of the term bny, ʾl and ʾhl in the Saf. and Nab. inscriptions. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: bn: 666; bnh: 1; bny: 2; bnw: 4. Typology:: genealogy.
bnʾl toponym. bnʾl. Etym: Q. ʾáºll / háºll / b-khl / l-á¸Ä¡bt / bÊ¿d / náºl-h / b-bnʾl / w-tqmm (U 025/ 1â4) âhe performed the áºll ceremony at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his palm trees at Bnʾl and Tqmm**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 17) for a a discussion of the place name and its distribution in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 10. Typology:: áºll.
bnt noun. daughter. Etym: bn. PN // bnt / PN // á¸-TrN // ʾáºllt / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 068/ 1â4) âPN daughter of PN of the lineage of TrN performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt **â. pl.:: bnt. PN / w PN / bnt / P//N / w ʾm-hm / PN (AH 081/ 1â2) âPN and PN daughters of PN and their mother PN **â. Variant: bt. PN / bt PN (JaL 008 c) âPN daughter of PN**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: bnt (sg.): 69; bnt (pl.): 2; bt (sg): 2. Typology:: genealogy.
bny verb, g, 3m.s. build. Etym: bny. PN / bn / PN / PN / bny / h-//kfr / l-h / w-l-wrṯ-h / h-kfr/ á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 045/ 1â2) âPN son of PN PN built** the* tomb for him and his posterity, the whole of this tomb**â. PN / bn / PN / ʾfkl / hl---- // bn{y} / h-bn{y}n / á¸h / l-ʾlh (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 15â26, no. 2/ 1â2) âPN son of PN priest of hl ⦠built this building for** ʾlh*â. 3s.f.:: bnt (fem.). PN ---- // PN / bnt / l-á¸Ä¡bt // mqm (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 043) âPN ⦠PN built for á¸Ä¡bt an abode **â. 3pl.:: bnyw. PN / w PN // bny / PN / bnyw // l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 200/ 1â3) âPN and PN sons of PN built for á¸Ä¡bt **â. PN / bn / PN / P//N / w-PN / á¸//TrN / bnyw / hn-ʾrb//Ê¿w (U 008/ 1â4) âPN son of PN PN and PN of the lineage of TrN built the sanctuary **â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: bny: 4; bnt: 1; bnyw: 4. Typology:: construction; funerary.
bnyn noun. building. Etym: bny. PN / bn / PN / ʾfkl / hl----// bn{y} / h-bn{y}n / á¸h / l-ʾlh (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 15â26, no. 2/ 1â2) âPN son of PN priest of hl ⦠built this building** for ʾlh*â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. bunyÄn âbuildingâ (Lane, 261b); Sab. bnyt and bnwt âbuildingâ (Beeston et. al, 29); Aram. benyÄn âbuldingâ (CAL, 10-5-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: construction.
brʾ noun. facade, outside. Etym: brʾ. PN // PN / bny / b//rʾ / h-mṯbr / ʿ//l-h / hʾ (JSLih 078) âPN PN built the facade of the grave chamber and it is his * (This interpretation was made during a reading session at the LeiCenSAA with Hekmat Dirbas, Ahmad Al-Jallad and Johan Lundberg)â. note: Compare OffAram. brʾ âoutsideâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: construction.
brʾt noun. health. Etym: brʾ. [----]// wʾ----// brʾ//t-h / w//hÊ¿{d} // h-á¹£l//[m] (JSLih 057) â⦠his health (?) ⦠the statue ⦠*â. note: Compare Aram. brÄ âhealthy, firmâ (CAL, 16-2-2018); Heb. bariʾa âto become free of an illness; recoverâ (HALOT, 1414) Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory?.
brḥ verb, q, 3m.s. Q. Etym: brḥ. qrb / h- á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-h-brḥt // brḥ / bt á¸-Ê¿ly h- s²ʾn//t / mÊ¿ gbl / ddn / h-{s²}{ʾ}[n] (JSLih 041/ 2â5) âhe offered the statue to á¸Ä¡bt, with the honour [with which] the illustrious** temple of á¸Ê¿ly* is honoured in company with the {illustrious} lord of Ddn**â. note: Compare Syr. brḥ (D-stem) âto make clear, shinyâ (CAL, 16-2-2018) for the meaning in the OCIANA translation. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedication.
brḥt noun. Q. Etym: brḥ. qrb / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-h-brḥt // brḥ / bt á¸-Ê¿ly h- s²ʾn//t / mÊ¿ gbl / ddn / h- {s²}{ʾ}[n] (JSLih 041/ 2â5) âhe offered the statue to á¸Ä¡bt, with the honour [with which] the illustrious** temple of á¸Ê¿ly* is honoured in company with the {illustrious} lord of Ddn **â. note: Syr. brḥ (D-stem) âto make clear, shinyâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedication.
bt noun. daughter. Etym: bnt. note: See bnt
bt noun. temple. Etym: byt. ----[b]ny / h-bt / {l-}á¸Ä¡bt (JaL 006/ 1) âhe built the temple for á¸Ä¡bt**â. ----//b-h-bt / á¸h (JSLih 042/ 3) â⦠at this temple*â. wl / ḥmm / b-bt-h á¹£{l}m (JSLih 077/6â7) âand verily he offered at his temple a statueâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 12. Typology:: dedication, construction.
btÊ¿ personal name. PN. Etym: btÊ¿. PN / btÊ¿ (JSLih 209) âPN PN*â. Pâ¨/â©N / w-bnt-{h} / w-qnt-hm / btÊ¿ (JSLih 282) âPN and his daughter and their female servant PN*â. PN btÊ¿ (Jacobs & Macdonald 2009: 372â373) âPN PN*â. note: In OCIANA, this word is translated as âmay he be resoluteâ, based on CAr. âbÄtÄ«Ê¿â âstrongâ and the modern Bedouin usage bÄtÅ«Ê¿ âa resolute hero, a brave rider who does not shrink from a fightâ and bitaÊ¿ âto go about oneâs business in a resolute mannerâ (see Macdonald in Jacobs and Macdonald, 2009; 373). This translation is problematic, especially in JSLih 282. In Dadanitic, verbs regularly mark the difference between singular and plural in agreement with the subject. The article also lists JSLih 015 as an attestation of the verb btÊ¿, but this inscription only seems to contain the letters btÊ¿, making it even more likely that this is a personal name. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: graffiti.
btt noun. section? Etym: btt. PN // bn PN / ʾḫḠ// hl-btt (JaL 021 f) âPN son of PN took this section*â. note: Compare CAr. battata-hu and batta-hu âhe cut it off, severed itâ; within Dadanitic ʾáºá¸ is usually used to indicate taking possession of a piece of rockface (to cut a tomb) or a grave (chamber): JSLih 045 ʾáºá¸ h-mṯbrn âhe took possession of the two grave chambersâ; JSLih 066 ʾáºá¸ h-á¹£fḥt á¸h âhe took possession of this rockfaceâ JSLih 079 ʾáºá¸w h-qbr á¸h âthey took possession of this graveâ Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti; funerary?.
bṯr toponym. bṯr. Etym: bṯr. háºll / h-áº//ll // b-bṯ//r / bÊ¿d / n{ḫ}l-h w //dṯʾ-h / b-á¸Ê¿mn (U 079bis/ 2â5) âHe performed the áºll ceremony at Bṯr on behalf of his palm trees and his crops of the season of the later rains at á¸Ê¿mn**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 15) for a a discussion of the place name and its distribution in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
byt verb, d, 3m.s. to spend the night OR PN. Etym: byt. PN // PN // w byt (AH 291) âPN PN and he spent the night** OR and PN*â. ----PN / w-PN // byt / b-lwh / á¸lá¸(Graf AbÅ« al-á¸ibÄÊ¿ 1) â⦠PN and PN he spent the night at lwh á¸lá¸** OR and PN were at Lwḥ á¸lá¸*â. note: Compare CAr. bÄta âto pass or spend the night; to stay overnightâ. It is unusual that in Graf AbÅ« al-á¸ibÄÊ¿ 1 byt is not in the plural, to agree with the two dedicants, which probably indicates that it should be interpreted as a PN. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: graffiti.
DÂ â d
dÊ¿t noun. advisor. Etym: wdÊ¿. PN / b[n] PN kbr // h-dÊ¿t / s²ʿt / hná¹£ / w rb-h//m / PN / bn / PN / kb//ry / s²ʿt / hná¹£ (JSLih 072/ 1â4) âPN son of PN kabir of the council* of the party of Hná¹£ and their lord PN son of PN the two kabirs of the party of Hná¹£**â. note: Jaussen and Savignac (1909â1922 vol. II, 429â430) translate dÊ¿t as âadvisorâ based on the root ydÊ¿ âto knowâ in NWS. Since the text mentions a leader of dÊ¿t however, it seems more reasonable to translate it as referring to a group of people. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
dm adverb?. forever. Etym: dym. PN {á¸-}TrN // ʾḫḠh-mqbr {á¸}[h] w dm (JSLih 306) âPN of the lineage of TrN took possession of this tomb for ever*â. note: compare CAr. dÄma âto persist, to continuteâ (Lane, 935c) and dÄʾim âcontinuing, lasting, remaining, everlastingâ (Lane, 937c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary.
drt noun. enclosed area. Etym: dwr. ʾáºll / h-áºl//l / ná¸r / bÊ¿d / h-dr//t (U 003/ 2â4) âHe performed the áºll ceremony** vowed on behalf of the fields*â. ---- h-drt / b-mṯb//[r]---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 26â36, no. 3/ 3â4) note: OCIANA proposes to translate drt as âproductive lowlandsâ in U 003 based on âArabic dÄrah âa wide tract of land among the mountains, reckoned among productive lowlandsââ¯â (Lane 1863â1893: 931c) and as âchamberâ in Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 26â36, no. 3 âon the basis of Arabic dÄrah, meaning âany space that is surrounded or confined by a thingâ (Lane 931c)â. I would propose to use âthe enclosed areaâ as a more general meaning to fit both inscriptions, based on the same root. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; funerary/construction.
dṯʾ noun. crops of the season of the later rains. Etym: dṯʾ. PN / slḥ / á¸Ä¡//bt / ʾáºll / Ê¿ly // {d}ṯʾ{-h} / w nḫl //[-h] (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 132/ 1â4) âPN priest of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll on behalf of his crops of the season of the later rains and his palm trees**â. Variant: á¸á¹¯Ê¾. ---- / h-áºll // Ê¿ly [/]á¸á¹¯Ê¾-h[/]w nḫ//l-h (AH 107/ 2â4) â⦠the áºll ceremony on behalf of his crops of the season of the later rains and his palm trees**â. pl.:: ʾdṯʾ. ʾáºll / // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-khl // bÊ¿d / ʾnḫl-h // w ʾdṯʾ-h / b-bdr (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 071/ 2â5) âhe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of his palm trees and his crops of the season of the later rains at Bdr**â. note: The OCIANA translation of this word follows Macdonaldâs (1992) interpretation of this word as âseason of the later rainsâ (Macdonald 1992, 3). This is based on the meaning of dfʾ/dṯʾ in the Arabic lexica and on evidence from the content of the Saf. inscriptions that mention dṯʾ (Macdonald 1992, 3). He also mentions dṯʾ attested in Sab. and Min. inscriptions (see Beeston 1956, 10â13), where it refers to âthe season of the northeast monsoon (November to April)â, but cautions that the two cannot be simply equated, since the climate in the south of the Peninsula was clearly very different from that in what is now Jordan ad the North of Saudi Arabia (Macdonald 1992, 2). á¸á¹¯Ê¾ was probably a mistake by the author of the inscription. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: dṯʾ: 32; á¸á¹¯Ê¾: 1; ʾdṯʾ: 2. Typology:: áºll.
á¸Â â á¸
Ḡrelative, m.s. that, which, of. Etym: á¸V. PN / w PN / w PN ----//Ê¿ / á¸-TrN / w ʾm-hm / PN / bn[t] ---- (AH 197/ 1â2) âPN and PN and PN ⦠of the lineage of TrN and their mother PN daughter of â¦**â. ʾáºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt / ṯl//ṯt / ʾáºlt / Ê¿ly / {á¸-}kn // {l}-h / b-bdr (U 050/ 2â4) âhe performed three áºll ceremonies for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of that which was his at Bdr**â. á¸Â / s²b{á¹}Ḡ(AH 147) âs²b{á¹}**â. feminine:: á¸t. PN / á¸t / TrN / ʾgt // l-á¸Ä¡b{t} / {h-}áºll (U 126/ 1â2) âPN of the lineage of TrN** dedicated* for á¸Ä¡bt the áºll**â.
note: There are several inscriptions with either a Ḡboth at the beginning and the end of the inscription, and some with only a Ḡat the end of the inscription, possibly as a reference to á¸Ä¡bt (Macdonald 2008, 200). Note that there are several inscriptions in which a womanâs name is followed by Ḡto indicate lineage (e.g. U 006; 068; 112) (Macdonald, pc.) in these cases Ḡshould probably be interpreted as a reference to the lineage of the father. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: á¸: 117; á¸t: 1. Typology:: lineage; dedication; introductory particle. Usage: PN bn PN ḠTrN, Ê¿ly Ḡkn l-h; PN son of PN of the lineage of TrN, on behalf of what was his.
á¸Ê¾dn toponym. Q. ʾgt // l-á¸Ä¡b{t} / {h-}áºll / Ê¿ly / n{ḫ}/l-h / b-bdr / [w] b-á¸Ê¾dn (U 126/ 1â3) âshe dedicated* to á¸Ä¡bt the áºll on behalf of her palm trees at Bdr [and] at á¸Ê¾dn**â. ʾáºll / h-áºll / á¸//h / l-á¸Ä¡bt / bÊ¿d // dṯʾ-h / b-á¸Ê¾dn/ (AH 066) âhe performed this áºll for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his** seasonal crops* at á¸Ê¾dn**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 18) for a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: áºll.
á¸Ê¾á¸n toponym. Q. ʾáºlt // h-áºlt / b-khl / l-á¸Ä¡//bt / bÊ¿d / ṯbrt-h /{ b-}//á¸Ê¾á¸n (U 013/ 2â5) âshe performed the {áºll ceremony*/áºll ceremonies**} at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of her grain at á¸Ê¾á¸n**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 18â19) for a a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
á¸Ê¿mn toponym. Q. háºll / h-áº//ll // b-bṯ//r / bÊ¿d / n{ḫ}l-h w //dṯʾ-h / b-á¸Ê¿mn // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 079bis/ 2â6) âhe performed the áºll ceremony at Bṯr on behalf of his palm trees and his crops of the season of the later rains at á¸Ê¿mn**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 19â20) for a a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 23. Typology:: áºll.
á¸bẠq. Q. sn[t] / ṯlṯn / w ḫm//s 35 / b-rʾy / [m]nÊ¿y / lá¸n / b//n / hnʾs / mlk / lḥyn / PN / b//[n] ---- h-á¹£nÊ¿ / w-PN / bn //---- sÊ¿bá¹á¹ / h-sfr / á¸bḫ //[----] (JSLih 082/ 4â9) âyear thirty-five 35 during** the rising of the asterism MnÊ¿y*, Lá¸n son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn PN** ⦠the artisan and PN son of** ⦠PN the writer ??? â¦*â. snt / ʾḥdy / b-rʾy / á¸Ê¾s{l}Ê¿n/ t//{l}my / bn / lá¸n / mlk / lḥyn / Ḡbḫ (Müller, D.H. 1889: 63â64, no. 8/ 3â4) âyear one during** the rising of the asterism á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n*, Tlmy son of Lá¸n king of Li hyÄn** ???*â. note: The root does not seem to exist. Caskel proposed to interpet it as an abbreviation á¸ukir bi-ḫayr calqued on Nab. dkÄ«r b-á¹Äb âmay he be remembered wellâ (Caskel 1954, 76). This seems unlikely given the recent developments in our understanding of the history of the inscriptions (see Rohmer and Charloux 2015). OCIANA proposes to interpret it as an indication of a lineage Ḡbḫ âhe of bḫ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dating formula.
á¸h demonstrative. this. Etym: á¸V. PN / PN / bn / PN // ʾgw / h-áºll / á¸h / l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 038/ 2) âhe organized* this áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. ʾḫá¸w / h-qb//r / á¸h (JSLih 079/ 2â3) âthey took possession of this tomb**â. f Ê¿rr / á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿rr / ʾ-sfr / á¸h (JSLih 276) âso may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the one who mistreats this inscription**â. PN ktb-h / b-á¸h (JSLih 279) âmrh wrote this here**â. hdq // h-á¹£lm // [á¸]h // [l-á¸]{Ä¡}//bt (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1419/1999: 4â24, no. 1, side 1â2/ 5â9) âhe offered this statue to á¸Ä¡bt**â. feminine:: á¸t. PN / ʾḫḠ// h-á¹£fḥt á¸t (JSLih 066) âPN took possession of this cliff face**â. l-PN / w PN / w-bnt-h / h-á¹rt // á¸t / wl / wrṯ-hm (JSLih 313) âfor PN and PN and his daughter [is] this mountain* and verily [it is] their inheritance**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: á¸h: 31; á¸t: 3. Typology:: funerary; dedicatory; curse; graffiti. Usage: h-áºll á¸h, b-á¸h (JSLih 279); this áºll (most likely referring to the inscription itself), here.
á¸á¹¯Ê¿Ê¿l toponym. Q. ʾáºllw / h-áºll / b-khl // bÊ¿d / ṯbrt-hmy / b-á¸//ṯʿʿl (U 069/ 3â5) âthey performed the áºll at Khl on behalf of both their grain at á¸á¹¯Ê¿Ê¿l**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 19) for a a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 6. Typology:: áºll.
FÂ â f
f- complementizer. and, and so. Etym: f. f Ê¿//rr á¸Ä¡bt Ê¿rr h-sfr (AH 222/ 6â7) âand may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor** the one who mistreats the inscription*â. ḥggn // f smÊ¿ / l-h{m} (JSLih 006/ 4â5) âthey are pilgrims* so may he (the deity) listen to them**â. f r{á¸}-h w ʾḫrt-h (U 058/ 6) âso favor him and his posterity**â. f rá¸-hm // w ʾṯb-hm (U 079 bis/ 6â7) âso favor them and reward them**â. note: Compare CAr. fa- âso, andâ. See Sima (1999: 110â114) for a discussion of f- in the inscriptions from al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 261. Typology:: blessing formula after dedicaton; curse. Usage: f rá¸-h w ʾḫrt-h; so favor him and his posterity.
fÊ¿l verb, g, 3m.s. do, make. Etym: fÊ¿l. háºll / h-áºll // w fÊ¿l / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt (U 039/ 3â5) âhe performed the áºll ceremony and made the statue for á¸Ä¡bt**â. PN / mlk ddn / fÊ¿l // l-á¹á¸¥ln (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 2011.1) âPN king of Dadan made [it] for á¹á¸¥ln**â. fÊ¿l / h-bt (AH 247/ 2) âhe made the temple*â. PN fÊ¿l ʾl-//ʾsd (Jabal al-KhraymÄt No. 4) âPN made the lion (Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez 2017, 226)â. 3s.f.:: fÊ¿lt. PN / fÊ¿lt // h-áºll (AH 088/ 1â2) âPN made the áºll*â. 3pl.:: fÊ¿lw. w //fÊ¿l//w / mÊ¿ // ʾb-h//m / h-g//{l}----t//---- (Al-Ḫuraybah 11) âand they made with their father the â¦**â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. faÊ¿ala âto do, makeâ. Within Dadanitic, ʾbd seems to have been used with the same meaning. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: fÊ¿l: 9; fÊ¿lt: 1; fÊ¿lw: 1. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory; graffiti; construction.
fḥt noun. governor. Etym: fḥt. ----rm / PN / fḥt / ddn (AH 305/ 2) â⦠PN governor of Dadan**â. b-ʾym / PN / bn // PN / w PN / fḥt / ddn / b-rʾ[y] ---- (JSLih 349/ 1â2) note: fḥt is interpreted as coming from Assyrian pīḫatu from the title bÄl pīḫati âgovernorâ or âminor provincial official in Babyloniaâ (CAD, Vol. 12, 367) via Aramaic (Winnett 1937, 49â51 and Winnett and Reed 1970, 115â117). See Rohmer (forthcoming) for a complete discussion and overview of the use of this word for the dating of the Dadanitic incsriptions. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: graffiti?.
frs noun. horseman. Etym: frs. PN / h-frs (AHÂ 137) âPN the horseman**â. note: Compare Aram. parrÄÅ¡ âhorsemanâ (CAL, 30-4-2018); CAr. fÄris âcavalierâ (Lane, 2423c). Also once as a personal name (JSLih 374). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: graffiti.
GÂ â g
gbl noun. border. Etym: gbl. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h / mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hn-ʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{n} / h-gbl / hn-ʾs{f}l (JSLih 072/ 4â7) âThey took the place and this seat, all of it, from the assembly place of the upper border up to the sanctuary of the lower border (Lundberg 2015, 135)â. note: Compare Old.Aram. gbwl âborder, territory surrounded by a borderâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Most occurrences are in broken context. It is unclear whether gbl means the same thing in each inscription. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory; narrative.
gbl noun. lord. Etym: gbl. qrb / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-h-brḥt // brḥ / bt á¸-Ê¿ly h- s²ʾn//t / mÊ¿ gbl / ddn / h-{s²}{ʾ}[n] (JSLih 041/ 2â5) âthey offered the statue to á¸Ä¡bt, with the honour [with which] the illustrious house of the lineage of Ê¿ly is honoured in company with the {illustrious} lord of Ddn**â. note: JSLih 041 is translated as âthe lord of Dadanâ compare e.g. CAr. jabal âthe lord, or chief of a people or company of menâ (Lane, 379a). This interpretation may be correct in JSLih 041. Note also Palm. gbl âpeople, collectivityâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Gblddn occurs once as a personal name (JSLih 278). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory; narrative.
gbn noun. place of prayer. Etym: gbn. ----PN / bn PN // fÊ¿l / h-bt / w h-//ʾlhn / f sÊ¿d//---- {b-}h-gbn (AH 247) â⦠PN son of PN made the temple and the sanctuary(?) so aid ⦠at the place of prayer (?)**â. note: Compare CAr. gabbÄnah âa place of prayer; a burial ground; elevated land, land that produces much herbageâ (Lane, 377a). In this place in the inscription one would expect a dating formula rather than information about a location. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
gdw noun; pl. granted/gifted property. Etym: gdw. ʾáºllt / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt / bÊ¿//d / gdw l-h / b-t[q]//mm (U 070/ 2â5) âPN daughter of PN performed the áºll ceremony on behalf of the property that was given to her* at Tqmm**â.
note: OCIANA suggests reading the letters as gr Ê¿wl-h with the translation âa partner, or sharer in immovable property, such as land and housesâ (Lane 1863â1893: 483c). However, the phrase shows up in a slot that usually indicates a specific crop, which is followed by the name of the field where it was grown (tqmm is known with this meaning in other inscriptions). I would propose to read the letters as gdwlh and parse them as gdw l-h, reading what was previously read as two seperate letters r and Ê¿ as one d. Compare Sab. gdy âto make a grant of landâ (Beeston et al. 1982, 49). It may be interpreted as a bound plural âgranted propertyâ. This would then make this an equivalent of the phrase bÊ¿d ml-h b-X âon behalf of his/her property at Xâ and bÊ¿d á¸-kn l-h b-X âon behalf of what was his at Xâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
Ä Â â Ä¡
Ä¡lm noun. boy. Etym: Ä¡lm. hw//dqw / h-Ä¡//lm / PN / h-//[m]ṯlt / l-//á¸Ä¡bt // f rá¸y-h//m---- (JSLih 049/ 5â11) âthey offered the boy* PN as a substitute to á¸Ä¡bt so may he favor them â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. Ä¡ulÄm âa young man, youth, boy, or male childâ (Lane, 2331c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
Ä¡rsw verb, g, 3m.pl. to plant. Etym: Ä¡rs. {Ä¡}rsw / b-bdr / [w] b-bnʾl / m//ʾt / w ʾrbÊ¿n / w ḫms / nḫl(U 023/ 4â5) âthey planted at Bdr and at Bnʾl hundred and forty-five palm trees**â. note: Compare CAr. Ä¡arasa-hu âhe planted it, or fixed it in the ground namely a treeâ (Lane, 2247a). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory; agriculture.
HÂ â h
h- definite article. the. Etym: hn. note: See hn- for the definite article h- and variant forms
hʾ pronoun. he; it. Etym: hʾ. PN / PN / PN / hʾ / ná¹£b /----//h/[l-]Ê¿trÄ¡th / qbl / ʾns/---- (AH 288/ 1â2) âPN PN PN he set up the cult stone ⦠[for] Atargatis in the presence of PN â¦**â. PN // PN / bny / b//rʾ / h-mṯbr / f //l-h / hʾ (JSLih 078) âPN PN built the facade of the grave chamber and it is his*â. note: For the anaphoric use of hʾ see Hidalgo-Chacón Diéz (2017, 67). OCIANA reads Ê¿l-h hʾ at the end of JSLih 078. The letter they read as Ê¿ is clearly open at the bottom however and should probably be read as f instead. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory; funerary.
hdq verb, c, 3m.s. offer. Etym: wdq. P//N / bn / P//N // hdq // h-á¹£lm // [á¸]h // [l]-[á¸]{Ä¡}//bt (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1419/1999: 4â24, no. 1, side 1â2/ 1â9) âPN son of PN offered this statue to á¸Ä¡bt**â. 3s.f.:: hdqt. {s²}---- [b]//nt / PN // hdqt / h-//á¹£lmn // l-hnʾkt//b (JSLih 062/ 1â6) â⦠daughter of PN offered the two statues* to Hnʾktb**â. note: Compare CAr. wdq âto approachâ (LisÄn). A similar semantic connection exists in CAr. D-stem form qarraba âhe presented it, or offered it to themâ (Lane 2505b) from qaraba âto become nearâ (Lane 2504b) and Aram. ʾty âto comeâ and hyty âto bringâ (CAL, 4-10-2017). See also hwdq and ʾdq. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: hdq: 1; hdqt: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
há¸h demonstrative. this; that. Etym: h + á¸. [----] // ḥyw ---- h-{á¹£}lmn / há¸h//{n} / ná¸r / (JSLih 082/ 1â2) â⦠PN ⦠these two statues he vowed**â. Variant: há¸. {h}Ḡ// l-á¸//Ä¡bt / f //rá¸y-h // w ----//[----] (Müller, D.H. 1889: 69, no. 17) âthis [is] for á¸Ä¡bt so may he favor him and ⦠**â. note: Compare CAr. haá¸Ä âthisâ (m.s.). The more common form of the demonstrative is dáº. JSLih 082 is usually read as há¸hn and interpreted as a dual demonstrative. This is the only example of such a form however, and the stone on which the inscriptions was carved is damaged. For há¸: the reading of this part of the inscription is uncertain. Compare CAr. haá¸Ä âthisâ (m.s.). Certainty:: reading of JSLih 082 is uncertain. Frequency:: há¸h: 2; há¸: 1. Typology:: dedication.
hÄ¡nyw verb, c, 3m.pl. to offer; lit. to make prosperous. Etym: Ä¡ny. ḥggw / h-nq / w-hÄ¡nyw / b-bt-hm / l- ---- (AH 197/ 5) âthey performed the pilgrimage** of the Nq and made an offering at their temple for â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. ʾaÄ¡nÄhu Ê¿an kaá¸Ê¾Ä âhe caused him to be in no need, or free from want, of such a thingâ or âto enrichâ (Lane, 2302c) and Ä¡anÄ âhe was or became free from want; in a state oor condition of having no wantsâ (Lane 2301c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
hlh theonym. hlh. Etym: lh. PN / ʾṣd{q} / // f-rá¸-h / hlh / w sÊ¿d-h (JSLih 008) âPN fulfilled his duty so favor him, Hlh and aid him*â. PN / bn / PN / ʾfkl / h-l{h} (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 15â26, no. 2/ 1) âPN son of PN priest of {Hlh}â. note: Compare to the theonym ʾlh, probably allÄh, also attested in Saf. inscriptions (Al-Jallad 2015, 299). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
hmḠrelative. according to that which. Etym: Q. PN / bn / PN / ʾgw / h-áºll / b-{m}á¹£//d / hmḠ/ tr{k}---- (AH 202/ 1â2) âPN son of PN dedicated the áºll** at [the] sanctuary* in accordance with what** he left/relinquished â¦*â. ----Ê¿----ʾl / bn / PN---- // ʾḫt-h / ʾrqww / h----//bt / hmḠ/ ná¸r / á¸Ä¡[b][t] ---- (AH 204/ 1â3) â⦠son of PN ⦠his sister they sent up {the}* ⦠according to what was vowed to á¸Ä¡bt â¦**â. ʾáºllw / h-áºll / b-//h-má¹£d / l-á¸Ä¡bt / hmḠ/ ná¸r / hn[ʾ]//s (AH 244/ 3â5) âthey performed the áºll ceremony at the sanctuary* for á¸Ä¡bt according to what Hnʾs vowed**â. note: compound with the relative á¸. It may be compared to Ugaritic hnd (suggested by Ahmad Al-Jallad in his 2015 talk âmore reflections on the linguistic map of Ancient Arabiaâ in Helsinki. Slides are available on academia.edu.), which has been suggested to be a compound of the particles */han + na + á¸Å«/ âthisâ (Pardee 2011, 464). Sima (1999, 115) proposed to parse it as deictic element h- + particle -m- + relative -á¸. Jaussen and Savignac (1909, 436â437) compare hmḠto CAr. hamma allaá¸Ä« âthis intention, designâ and the CAr. construction ḥasba mÄ âaccording toâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 7. Typology:: dedication. Usage: hmḠná¸r; according to what he vowed.
hmá¸hb toponym. hmá¸hb. Etym: Q. ʾáºllw [/] l-á¸Ä¡//[b][t] [/] bÊ¿d / dṯʾ-h / b-hm//á¸hb (U 075/ 2â4) âthey performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of their crops of the season of the later rains* at Hmá¸hb**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 23) for a a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
hn- definite article. the. Etym: hn. PN/ / hn-ʾfkl (JaL 010a) âPN the priest**â. l-PN // bn / PN / hn-//qbr / á¸h (JSLih 081/ 1â3) âfor PN son of PN [is] this grave**â. ----krn / w hn-Ê¿s²rt / Ê¿s²rt / ʾ----// (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 1) â⦠PN and the community community(?)**â. Variant: h-. ʾáºll h-áºll (U 054/ 2) âHe performed the áºll ceremony**â. Variant: hl-. PN bn PN ʾáºá¸ hl-btt (JaL 021f) âPN son of PN took this section (of the rock?)*â. Variant: ʾ-. ʾáºlt / l-//á¸Ä¡bt / ʾ-áºll // á¸h (AH 119/ 2â4) âshe performed this áºll ceremony**â. ʾgw ʾáºll l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 138/ 2â3) âhe dedicated the áºll ceremony to á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: ʾl-. PN fÊ¿l ʾl-//ʾsd (Jabal al-KhraymÄt No. 4) âPN made the lion (Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez 2018, 226)â. note: See Chapter 6 §â¯2.3 for a discussion of the variation and phonological conditioning of h-/hn- alternation. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: hn-: 12; h-: 281; hl-: 1; ʾ-: 6; ʾl-: 1. Typology:: occurs in all types of inscriptions. Usage: h-áºll; the áºll ceremony.
hny verb, g, 3m.s. to benefit. Etym: hny. PN / PN // ʾáºll h-áºll // hny / hn-ʾ//ḫrt (U 040.1) âPN PN performed the áºll ceremony may he benefit* the descendants**â. note: Compare e.g. Heb. hny âto benefitâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 289). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
hnyt q. Q. l-PN / bn // PN / h-qbr // á¸h / w h-n{yt} (JSLih 312) âthis grave and the ??? belong to PN son of PN*â. note: OCIANA comments mention that there would not be space between the t and the n for a y at the end of the inscription, even though Jaussen and Savignac (1909â1912, 515) restored nyt. They consider the vertical line in the rock that would be the shaft of the y to be damage on the rock. Formally it could be a blessing âmay she saveâ similar to the use of hny in U 040.1. Such blessings are usually preceded by the conjunction f-, however, in Dadanitic formulae. It would also be unclear who the feminine deity would be who is asked for protection. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary.
hṯbt verb, c, 3f.s. Etym: wṯb. to dedicate. ddn / hṯbt / mṯb / w hwá¸Ê¾t / ʾá¸m / l-á¸Ä¡bt / mrʾ//-h (Al-Ḫuraybah 12/ 1â2) âDadan dedicated the throne and offered the wheat(?) to á¸Ä¡bt her lord*â. note: Sab. hwṯbt (n.) âlaying foundationsâ (Beeston et al. 1982, 165). Compare Aram. ytb âto sit, to dwell, to stay, remainâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
hwdq verb, cd, 3m.s. offered. Etym: wdq. w-hwdq / l-h / h-mḥry (AH 288/ 3) âand he offered to him the incense burner* ⦠to Ḥgr**â. hw//dq / h-//{á¹£}lm (Al-Ḫuraybah 13/ 6â8) âhe offered the statue**â. ---//h-á¹£yÄ¡ / h//wdq / h-m//ṯlt / l-á¸//Ä¡bt (Al-Ḫuraybah 14/ 2â5) â⦠the smith offered the substitute to á¸Ä¡bt**â. 3pl.:: hwdqw. hw//dqw / h-Ä¡//lm / PN / h-//[m]ṯlt / l-//á¸Ä¡bt (JSLih 049/ 5â9) âthey offered the boy PN as a substitute to á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: compare CAr. wdq âto approachâ (LisÄn). A similar semantic connection exists in CAr. D-stem form qarraba âhe presented it, or offered it to themâ (Lane 2505b) from qaraba âto become nearâ (Lane 2504b), and Aram. ʾty âto comeâ and hyty âto bringâ (CAL, 4-10-2017). See also hdq and ʾdq. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: hwdq: 3; hwdqw: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
hwá¸Ê¾t verb, cd, 3f.s. to offer, to fulfill an obligation. Etym: wá¸Ê¾. ddn / hṯbt / mṯb / w hwá¸Ê¾t / ʾá¸m / l-á¸Ä¡bt / mrʾ//-h (Al-Ḫuraybah 12/ 1â2) âDadan dedicated the throne and offered the wheat(?) to á¸Ä¡bt her lord*â. note: Compare Sab. wá¸Ê¾ âto come out; to acquit oneself of an obligationâ and uncertainly in one inscription in the C-stem âto be proclaimed (an outlaw)â; Geʾez ʾawá¸Éʾa âto bring out, bring forth, spendâ (Leslau, 605). Certainty:: general semantic domain is certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
háºll verb, c, 3m.s. to perform the áºll ritual. Etym: áºll. PN // háºll / l-á¸Ä¡//bt / f rá¸y-h (U 116) âPN performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt so may he favor him**â. 3pl.:: háºllw. háºllw / áºll / h-//nq / l-á¸Ä¡[b]t / f rá¸-hm (AH 011/ 2â3) âthey performed the áºll ceremony of the Nq* for á¸Ä¡bt so favor them**â. Variant: á¹ll. 3s.f.:: há¹llt. PN / bnt //---- há¹llt // ---- // ---- [á¸][Ä¡]//bt ---- //[----] (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 088) âPN daughter of ⦠performed the á¹ll ⦠{á¸Ä¡bt}**â. note: The more common form of the verb is ʾáºll. While it is clear that his is a ritual for the local deity á¸Ä¡bt, it is unclear what the ritual entailed exactly, although inscriptions metioning h-áºll á¸h âthis áºllâ suggest that the inscription itself was considered âthe áºllâ or part of it. The primary meaning of the root áºll is âshade, coverâ but it is unclear how this relates exactly to the ritual at the moment. See Scagliarini (2002, 573â575) for a discussion of the translations of áºll, offered so far. Certainty:: semantic domain is certain. Frequency:: háºll: 8; háºllw: 1; há¹llt: 1;. Typology:: áºll. Usage: háºll h-áºll l-á¸Ä¡bt; he performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt.
Ḫ â ḫ
ḫld adverb. forever. Etym: ḫld. áºls / PN bn // PN / áºld (JSLih 070/ 1â2) âPN son of PN was released for ever*â. ḫls PN / b{n} // PN / ḫld (JSLih 068/ 1â2) âPN son of PN was released for ever*â. note: Compare CAr. áºalada âhe remained, stayedâ (Lane, 783c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: legal; funerary?.
ḫlf preposition. following, after. Etym: ḫlf. snt / Ê¿s²r//n / w tsÊ¿ / Ê¿s²r / ʾym//ḫlf / fá¸g (JSLih 070/ 2â4) âyear 19, 10 days after fá¸g**â. snt / Ê¿s²r / w ṯlṯ / 13 / ymn / ḫlf / á¹Ê¿n / á¸//----l{Ê¿}{b}/[t]lmy / bn / [l]á¸{n} / ml{k} / {l}{ḥ}yn (AH 197/ 8â9) âyear thirteen 13 two days after** the setting(?) of the asterism â¦, Tlmy son of Lá¸n king of LiḥyÄn*â. note: Compare CAr. ḫalafa âhe came after, followed, succeededâ (Lane, 792a). See Lundberg (2015: 131) for a complete discussion of this preposition in Dadanitic. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dating formula.
ḫls q. Q. Etym: ḫls. ḫls PN / b{n} // PN / ḫld / {s}//nt / Ê¿s²rn / tmn{y} // ṯlt / ʾym / qbl // rʾy / slḥn (JSLih 068) âPN son of PN was released for ever year twenty-{eight}, three days before the rising of the asterism slḥn*â. ḫls / PN / bn / // PN / ḫld / snt / Ê¿s²r//n / w tsÊ¿ / Ê¿s²r / ʾym // ḫlf / fá¸g (JSLih 070/ 1â4) âPN son of PN was released forever* in the year 19, 10 days after fá¸g**â. note: Both inscriptions are found in relation to tombs cut out in the rock face. Possibly compare Aram. ḥlÅ¡ âto strip, to remove (oneâs garment)â (CAL, 23-1-2019). Both the etymological and semantic relation are unsure however. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: legal/funerary?.
ḫlym noun. sincere; pure. Etym: ḫlm. PN PN PN // h-ḫlym (U 096) âPN PN PN the sincere**â. note: Fllowing AbÅ« l-Hasanâs intrepretation âsincere, pureâ (AbÅ« l-Hasan 1997, 346â347). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ḫms numeral, m. five. Etym: ḫms. snt / ḫms // s²{h}r / {b}n / hnʾs (AH 013/ 8â9) âyear five of S²hr son of Hnʾs**â. {Ä¡}rsw / b-bdr / [w] b-bnʾl / m//ʾt / w ʾrbÊ¿n / w ḫms / nḫl (U 023/ 4â5) âthey planted at Bdr and at Bnʾl hundred and forty-five palm trees**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 8. Typology:: dating formula; áºll.
ḫrf noun. crops of the season of the first rains. Etym: ḫrf. ʾáºll / b-khl // Ê¿ly / m-kn / l-h / b-á¸//ṯʿʿl / mn / dṯʾ / w ḫrf (U 059/ 2â4) âhe performed the áºll at Khl on behalf of what was his at á¸á¹¯Ê¿Ê¿l of the crops of the season of the later rains and the crops of the season of the first rains**â. háºll // [l-]á¸Ä¡bt / b-khl // b[Ê¿]d / ḫrf-h / b-bd[r] (U 041/ 2â4) âhe performed the áºll [for] á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of his crops of the season of the first rains at Bdr**â. note: compare dṯʾ âseasonal crops of the later rainsâ which are much more common in the áºll inscriptions. Macdonald notes that ḫrf does not occur as a name for a season âeither in Saf. or in modern bedouin usageâ, and points to the sedentary use of ḫrf as autumn (Macdonald 1992, 3â4). Since, in the dry desert climate these would be the first rains after the dry period, and therefore a very welcome event, Macdonald proposes to translate it as signifying âthe first rainsâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: áºll.
ḫrg noun. lawsuit. Etym: ḫrg. wdyw / nfs / mr / bn / ḥwt / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg (JSLih 077/ 2â3) âthey placed the funerary monument for PN son of PN** which was placed upon them as a lawsuit*â. note: Compare Sab. ḫrg âto bring a lawsuit against so.â (Beeston et al 1982, 62). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal.
ḫrg theonym. ḫrg. Etym: ḫrg. ḥggw / h----// l-ḫrg (AH 217/ 3â4) âthey performed the pilgrimage ⦠for ḫrg**â. ḥggw / h-nq / w hÄ¡nyw / b-bt-hm / l- ----//tn / l-ḫrg / w ʾáºlw / b-h-má¹£d / áºll / h-[nq] // l-á¸Ä¡bt{b} (AH 197/ 5â7) âthey performed the pilgrimage** of the nq and offered at their temple to â¦* to ḫrg and they performed the áºll ceremony** of the nq at the sanctuary for á¸Ä¡bt*â. note: Based on context. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory.
ḫtn noun. male relative by marriage. Etym: ḫtn. PN / bnt / PN // w {ḫ}tn-h / PN / ʾáºllw[/] l-á¸Ä¡//[bt] (U 075/ 1â3) âPN daughter of PN and her relative law PN performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Compare CAr. ḫatan âdaughterâs husbandâ (Lane, 704a); Aram. ḥtn (D-stem) âto become a son in law; to ally by marriageâ (CAL, 14-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
ḫṠverb, g, 3m.s. to inscribe; to write. Etym: ḫá¹á¹. PN // ḫṠ/ PN // snt / hs (JSLih 181) âPN inscribed [for?] PN year Hs**â. note: See ḫá¹á¹ for the D-stem. Compare CAr. ḫaá¹á¹a âhe made a line, a markâ (Lane, 759b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ḫá¹á¹ verb, d, 3m.s. to cut; to carve. Etym: ḫá¹á¹. PN ḫá¹á¹ Ê¿dm Ê¿dm (Nasif 1988: 92, pl. CXXXII) âPN carved Ê¿dm Ê¿dm*â. note: See ḫṠfor the G-stem. Compare CAr. ḫaá¹á¹a âhe made a line, a markâ (Lane, 759b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
Ḥ â ḥ
ḥfr personal name. PN. Etym: ḥfr. Ê¿lwt/ ḥfr / hrs (JSTham 427) âPN PN PN*â. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti. note: Translated as a verb âhe engravedâ in OCIANA, it does not occur as a PN in the Dadanitic corpus, but ḥfrt os attested in Saf. as a personal name (Is.R 116). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
ḥgg verb, d, 3m.s. to make a pilgrimage. Etym: ḥgg. ḥgg / l-á¸Ä¡b//t / b-h-má¹£d / w --- (AH 198/ 4â5) âhe performed the pilgrimage for á¸Ä¡bt** at the sanctuary* and â¦**â. 3s.f.:: ḥggt. ----t / PN / bn / PN /ḠTr//N / ḥggt / á¸Ä¡bt / f rá¸-h//m / w ʾḫrt-hm / w sÊ¿d-hm (AHUD 1/ 2â3) â⦠PN son of PN of the lineage of TrN performed the pilgrimage to á¸Ä¡bt so favor them and their posterity and aid them**â. 3pl.:: ḥggw. ḥggw / á¸Ä¡//[b][t][/] (Rabeler 001/ 3â4) âthey performed the pilgrimage to {á¸Ä¡bt}**â.
note: Compare CAr. ḥajja âhe performed the pilgrimage to the House [of God at Mekkeh]â (Lane, 513)). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ḥgg: 1; ḥggt: 1; ḥggw: 9. Typology:: dedicatory.
ḥggn participle, m.pl. being a pilgrim/making a pilgrimage. Etym: ḥgg. PN / w PN w PN // w PN / w PN // w PN / w P//N / ḥggn // f smÊ¿ / l-h{m} (JSLih 006) âPN and PN and PN and PN and PN and PN and PN are pilgrims/performing a pilgrimage* so may he (the deity) listen to them**â. note: Compare CAr. ḥajja âhe performed the pilgrimage to the House [of God at Mekkeh]â (Lane, 513)). See ḥgg for the more commonn verbal form. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
ḥgt noun. pilgrimage. Etym: ḥgg. ---- / ḥgt / {b}-khl / Ê¿l-hm (AH 206/ 1) â⦠pilgrimage at Khl on behalf of them**â. ----bt / ḥgt / h-má¹£d (AH 219) â⦠the pilgrimage of the sanctuary*â. note: Compare CAr. ḥajja âhe performed the pilgrimage to the House [of God at Mekkeh]â (Lane, 513). See ḥgg for the more common verbal form. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory.
ḥmm noun. decreed offering. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg / w h-dṯʾ / ldy / d//ṯʾ / ḥmm / b-á¸Ê¾fÊ¿ (JSLih 077/ 2â4) âthey set up the funerary monument of PN son of PN** [according to] what was placed upon them them as a lawsuit, and the crops of the season of the first rains with the decreed offering of the crops of the season of the later rains at á¸Ê¾fÊ¿*â. note: CAr. ḥumma la-hu kaá¸Ä âhe decreed or appointed for him, such a thingâ (Lane, 635c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory, legal?.
ḥqwy noun, du, cs. two sides. Etym: ḥqw. PN / bn / PN / h-á¹£//nÊ¿ / á¸-TrN / ʾṯʿ / P//N / b-ḥqwy / k//fr (JSLih 075/ 1â3) âPN son of PN the artisan of the lineage of TrN** protected* PN on two sides of [the] tomb**â. wl / ḥmm / b-bt-h á¹£{l}m / wl / slmn // b- ḥq[w]y / kfr / ḥmm (JSLih 077/ 1â7) âand verily he offered at his temple a statue and he has offered two peace offerings (?) on the walls of (a?) cave/tomb* (J. Lundberg (pc.) proposed to interpret this section as a chiastic structure)â. note: Compare CAr. ḥaqw âwaist; flankâ also of a mountain (Lane: 613c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: funerary.
ḥrb verb, q, 3m.s. he waged war (on so.) Etym: ḥrb. ----h / bn / PN / ʾá¸h / ḥrb-hm ---- (JSLih 055/ 2) âson of PN when he waged war on them â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. ḥÄraba-hu âhe waged, or contended in, war with him, warred, or battled with himâ (Lane, 510b); Sab. ḥrb âto wage war on so.â (Beeston et al. 1982, 690). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
KÂ â k
kbr noun. kabir, leader. Etym: kbr. PN / b[n] PN kbr // h-dÊ¿t / s²ʿt / hná¹£ / w rb-h//m / PN / bn / PN / kb//ry / s²ʿt / hná¹£ (JSLih 072/ 1â4) âPN son of PN kabir of the council* of the party of Hná¹£ and their lord PN son of PN the two kabirs of the party of Hná¹£**â. dual:: kbry. PN / b[n] PN kbr // h-dÊ¿t / s²ʿt / hná¹£ / w rb-h//m / PN / bn / PN / kb//ry / s²ʿt / hná¹£ (JSLih 072/ 1â4) âPN son of PN kabir of the council* of the party of Hná¹£ and their lord PN son of PN the two kabirs of the party of Hná¹£**â. note: Compare CAr. kabÄ«r âlord or chiefâ (Lane, 2586c); Sab. âchief administrative officer of a âtribeââ¯â (Beeston et al 1982, 76). Min. kbr âkabÄ«r, chiefâ e.g., RES 2742. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: kbr: 1; kbry: 1. Typology:: narrative.
kfr noun. tomb. Etym: kfr. PN / bn / PN / h-á¹£//nÊ¿ / á¸-TrN / ʾṯʿ / P//N / b-ḥqwy / k//fr (JSLih 075/ 1â4) âPN son of PN the artisan of the lineage of TrN represented PN on two sides of [the] tomb **â. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN (JSLih 077/ 1â2) âThey set up the funerary monument for PN son of PN**â. f-Ê¿rr / h----//Ê¿ {/} mn / Ê¿rr / h-kfr / á¸h (Müller, D.H. 1889: 78, no. 29/ 1â2) âso may he dishonor ⦠the one who mistreats this tomb*â. PN / bn / PN / PN / bny / h-//kfr / l-h / w l-wrṯ-h / h-kfr / á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 045/ 1â2) âPN son of PN PN built the tomb for him and his descendants, all of it**â. note: CAr. kafara âhe veiled, concealed, hid or covered the thingâ (Lane, 2620b) and kafr âearth or dustâ âbecause it covers what is beneath itâ and from that also âa grave or sepulchreâ (Lane, 2621b). Compare JSLih 257 âqfrâ, which is also translated as âtombâ in OCIANA. The content of JSLih 045 makes it likely that the structure mentioned it is a funerary cave, but no physical context is visible. JSLih 075 does not seem to be connected to any tombs in the rockface; neither does JSLih 077; no context is visible for Müller, D.H. 1889: 78, no. 29. The form kprʾ is commonly found in Nabataean inscriptions with the meaning âgraveâ. Healey suggested that the term entered Nabataean through âLihyaniteâ (Healey 1993, 69). For a discussion of the term in Nabataean inscriptions and its attestations in other Semitic languages see Abdelaziz and Rababeh (2008, 178). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: funerary.
khf noun. cave, tomb. Etym: khf. l-mḫhr / h-khf (Umm Daraǧ 60) âThe cave* belongs to mḫr**â. khf / l-PN/b-Ê¿ly (JSLih 124) âcave* of PN at Ê¿ly**â. khf / PN / bn PN / mlk / ddn / w ṯrw / nÊ¿m / b-h / nÊ¿rgd (JSLih 138) âcave(tomb) of PN son of PN king of Dadan**â. note: Compare CAr. kahf âcave, shelterâ (LisÄn). In Umm Daraǧ 60 khf occurs on an overhanging rockface with a sheltered place beneath it. OCIANA translates khf as cave tomb, but it is unclear whether this is where the dead were left, or whether someone simply claimed the spot for himself for other purposes during life. The other inscriptions lack context on the available copies or photographs. None of them seems to be obviously associated with an actual tomb. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 7. Typology:: funerary?; royal funerary.
khl toponym. khl. Etym: khl. PN / slḥt / á¸Ä¡bt / ʾáºllt // h-áºll / b-khl / bÊ¿d / nḫl-h / b-bnʾl (AH 012/ 1â2) âPN priestess of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll ceremony at Khl on behalf of her palm trees at Bnʾl**â. note: Maria del Carmen Hidalgo-Chacon Diez has clearly shown that all attestations of the place Khl occur at al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb (2014: 20â22), suggesting that it was the ancient name for this site, which was one of the two sites at which the áºll inscriptions are found. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 78. Typology:: áºll. Usage: ʾáºll h-áºll b-khl l-á¸Ä¡bt, ʾáºll h-áºll l-á¸Ä¡bt b-khl; he performed the áºll ceremony at khl, he performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt at khl.
khlw verb, g, 3m.pl. to be successful; to prosper. Etym: khl. PN / w PN // w PN / w PN // khlw (AHÂ 153) âPN and PN and PN and PN have prospered**â. note: Compare Sab. khl âto be succesfulâ (Beeston et al 1982, 77); OffAram. âto be ableâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
kll quantitative. all, each, everything. Etym: kll. l-s²ʿt/ // Ê¿lʾl / kÊ¿//mn h-mqÊ¿d k//ll-h (JaL 161a/ 1â4) âto the party of Ê¿lʾlkÊ¿mn the seat, all of it**â. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h / mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hnʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{n} / h-gbl / hnʾsf{l} (JSLih 072: 4â7) âthey took the place and the seat, all of it, from the assembly place of the upper border until the sanctuary of the lower border (Lundberg 2015, 135)â. f-rá¸-h // w sÊ¿d-h / w ʾḫrt-h // kll-h (U 010/ 3â5) âSo favor him and aid him and his posterity, all of it**â. note: Compare CAr. kull âtotality, entirety, everyone, each one, whole, entire, allâ (Lane, 978a); Saf. kll âall, each, everythingâ (Al-Jallad 2015, 89). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 7. Typology:: legal, dedicatory(?).
kn verb, c, 3m.s. to be. Etym: kwn. ʾáº//ll / l-á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl / bÊ¿d // á¸-kn / l-h / b-y//r (U 108/ 2â6) âhe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of what was his at Yr**â. PN / slḥ // á¸{Ä¡}bt / ʾáºll / b-khl // Ê¿ly / m-kn / l-h / b-á¸//ṯ Ê¿Ê¿l / mn / dṯʾ / w ḫrf (U 059/ 1â4) âPN priest of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll at Khl on behalf of what was his at á¸á¹¯Ê¿Ê¿l of the crops of the season of the later rains and the crops of the season of the first rains**â. PN / bn // PN / sl//ḥ / á¸Ä¡b//t / ʾáºll / b//Ê¿d / ml / kn / [l-]//h / b-bdr / l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 120/ 1â6) âPN son of PN priest of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll on behalf of property that was his at Bdr for á¸Ä¡bt**â. prefixing conjugation:: ykn. [----]//hm ---- [á¸]//Ä¡bt / ʾ{n} / yk{n}---- // l-h /{w}ld (AH 203/ 1â3) â⦠á¸Ä¡bt that there may be a son {for him}*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: kn: 25; ykn: 1. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory. Usage: bÊ¿d á¸kn l-h; on behalf of that which was his.
ktb verb, g, 3m.s. to write. Etym: ktb. PN ktb-h / b-á¸h (JSLih 279) âPN wrote it here**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
LÂ â l
l- preposition. for, to. Etym: l. ʾáº//ll / l-á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl / bÊ¿d // á¸-kn / l-h / b-y//r (U 108/ 2â6) âHe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of what was his at Yr**â. l-PN / h-khf (Nasif 1988: 94, pl. CXL/a) âfor PN the cave/tombâ. l-PN (Eut 681â682) âfor/by PN*â. note: The use of the lam auctoris is common in most types of ANA inscriptions (Taymanitic; Thamudic B, C, D; Saf. and some Hismaic inscriptions (Macdonald 2008, 209â210)). However, in Dadanitic it is rare. While in most of the other corpora the lam auctoris is left untranslated (Macdonald 2006, 294â295), Nasif 1988: 94, pl. CXL/a shows that in the case of Dadanitic there are several clear examples in which the initial l- indicates possession. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 352. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory; funerary; graffiti. Usage: ʾáºll h-áºll l-á¸Ä¡bt, bÊ¿d á¸-kn l-h; he performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt, on behalf of that which was his.
ldy preposition. with. Etym: l + yd. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg / w h-dṯʾ / ldy / d//ṯʾ / ḥmm / b-á¸Ê¾fÊ¿ (JSLih 077: 1â4) âThey set up the funerary monument for PN son of PN [according to] what had been placed upon them as a lawsuit and the seasonal crops with the decreed offering of the seasonal crops at á¸Ê¾fÊ¿*â. note: See Lundberg (2015, 135) for a discussion of the preposition ldy. Compare CAr. ladÄ âwith, by, atâ (LisÄn). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory; funerary; graffiti.
lh theonym. Lh. Etym: lh. l-lh/ PN PN ʾ//gw / á¸Ê¿mn (AH 134) âfor Lh PN PN dedicated á¸Ê¿mn*â. ʾdq / l-l//h / {h}-á¹£lmn // {f} rá¸y-h / w //{s}Ê¿d-h (JSLih 061/ 3â6) âHe offered to Lh the two statues so may he favor him and aid him**â. note: Name of a deity, probably allÄh or lÄh, also attested in Saf. inscriptions (Al-Jallad 2015, 299). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
lqn noun. support. Etym: lqn. PN / bn / PN // ʾrṯ-h h-lqn (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 106) âPN son of PN [for] his legacy the support/help*â. note: Compare CAr. liqn âsupport, helpâ (Hava, 685b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
lwh noun. sandy depression. Etym: lwy. PN / w PN // byt / b-lwh / á¸lḠ(Graf AbÅ« al-á¸ibÄÊ¿ 1) â⦠PN and PN he spent the night at** [the] sandy depression á¸lá¸* OR and PN were at [the] sandy depression á¸lá¸*â. note: Compare CAr. liwÄ âbande des sables qui fait un détour; détour, coude (des sables ou dâune vallée)â. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
MÂ â m
mʾt numeral. hundred. Etym: mʾt. {Ä¡}rsw / b-bdr / [w] b-bnʾl / m//ʾt / w ʾrbÊ¿n / w ḫms / nḫl (U 023/ 4â5) âThey planted at Bdr and at Bnʾl hundred and forty-five palm trees**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory.
mÊ¿ preposition. with. Etym: mÊ¿. fÊ¿l//w / mÊ¿ // ʾb-h//m / h-g//{l}----t (Al-Ḫuraybah 11/ 1â6) âthey made with their father the â¦**â. qrb / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-h-brḥt // brḥ / bt á¸-Ê¿ly h-s²ʾn//t / mÊ¿ gbl / ddn / h-{s²}{ʾ}[n] (JSLih 041) âHe offered the statue to á¸Ä¡bt, with the honour [with which] the illustrious house of the lineage of Ê¿ly is honoured in company with the {illustrious} lord of Ddn**â. note: compare CAr. maÊ¿ âwithâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory; legal?.
mÊ¿d noun. sanctuary, dwelling, abode. Etym: Ê¿wn. mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hn-ʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{d} / h-gbl / hn-ʾs{f}l (JSLih 072/ 5â7) âfrom the sanctuary of the upper border up to the assembly place of the lower border (based on Lundberg 2015, 135)â. note: following the comparison made in Lundberg (2015) who compares mÊ¿d to Heb. mwÊ¿d âmeeting placeâ (HALOT, 557â558) from the root yÊ¿d. He also references the CAr. form mawÊ¿id âa covenant, compactâ and miÊ¿Äd âa time and a place of promise, ⦠and of appointmentâ (Lane, 2953a) from the cognate root wÊ¿d (Lundberg 2015 nt. 37) Certainty:: not completely certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: narrative; dedicatory.
mÊ¿n noun. sanctuary, dwelling, abode. Etym: Ê¿wn. mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hn-ʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{d} / h-gbl / hn-ʾs{f}l (JSLih 072/ 5â7) âfrom the sanctuary of the upper border up to the assembly place of the lower border (based on Lundberg 2015, 135)â. ʾny // ysrg [/]ʾb -hm / w {m}Ê¿n-h[m] // w {m}fr-h{m} / b-ms²hl (U 026/ 3â5) âSee now that their pasture may be beautified and their abode and their cultivated land at Ms²hl**â. note: following the comparison made in Lundberg (2015): âHeb. mÊ¿wn which occurs in the Dead Sea Scrolls with the meaning âabodeâ or as a reference to the temple or a dwelling place (TWQ II, 728â730). There is also an Akkadian noun mÄʾunnu with the meaning âdwellingâ which, according to von Soden, is derived from Canaanite mÄÊ¿Ån (AHW II, 637). In addition to this, there is an example of mÊ¿wn meaning âtempleâ in Punic (DNWSI, 668) and compare Aram. mÊ¿wn (CAL, 16-2-2018).â (Lundberg 2015 nt. 37) Certainty:: not completely certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: narrative; dedicatory.
mfr noun. cultivated land. Etym: mfr. [/]ʾny // ysrg [/] ʾb-hm / w {m}Ê¿n-h[m] // w {m}fr-h{m} / b-ms²hl (U 026/ 3â5) âsee now that their pasture may be beautified and their {abode} and their {cultivated} land at Ms²hl**â. note: see Stein (2007, 34) and Robin (1992). mfr occurs in Sab. Haram. 8 (DASI), where it is translated as âagricultural landâ (Kultur Land). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
mg noun. Q. Etym: mgg. áºls / PN bn // PN / áºld / snt / Ê¿s²r//n / wtsÊ¿ / Ê¿s²rʾym // áºlf / fá¸g / w-b-mmʾ / Ê¿//ly / mg-h / mn / h-ḫls (JSLih 070/ 1â5) âPN son of PN was released for ever, in the year 19, 10 days after fá¸g and by the oath against his expulsion/grain from the loan*â. wsqt // Ê¿mm ʾá¸h // nwl / Ê¿l mg//-h (JSLih 069) â??? ??? when he offered on behalf of his expulsion/grain*â. note: Compare CAr. majja âhe cast it forth, or ejected itâ (mostly in relation to things coming out of the mouth) (Lane, 2689a). Note also CAr. majj âa kind of grain resembling the lentil, but more roundâ (Lane 2689b) which may fit the context of JSLih 069 better. JSLih 070 and JSLih 069 are on the same rockface. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: legal?; dedicatory?.
mgdl noun. tower, sanctuary. Etym: gdl. h-qymh / mgdl / á¸Ä¡bt / (Müller, D.H. 1889: 63â64, no. 8) âthe caretakers of the tower of á¸Å«Ä¡Äbat*â. note: Compare Moab. mgdl âtowerâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 592), Aram. mgdl âtowerâ (CAL, 08-01-2021). The French-Saudi survey of spring 2020 discovered another building/dedicatory inscription with the similar phrase qymy mgdl á¸Ä¡bt to describe the dedicants at the beginning of the text. mgdl is attested once in a Minaic inscription from Dadan (M 315 = JSMin 010) Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory, construction.
mgmrt noun. incense burner. Etym: gmr. PN / bn // PN // ʾdq / h-m//gmrt / l-//á¸Ä¡bt (Private collection 2) âPN son of PN offered the incense burner to á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Compare CAr. gamrah âa live or burning coal; a piece of smokeless burning fireâ (Lane, 453b) and migmarah âa vessel for fumigation, a vessel in which live coals are put with incenseâ (Lane, 454 ab). The inscription is incised on an incense burner or altar, confirming the interpretation. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
mh relative/interrogative. what. Etym: mh. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt // mn / mh / trqh / mrʾt // l-bhny / hn-ʾfklt // Ḡ(JSLih 064) âbÊ¿lsmn protected the village from what [spell] the woman of the palm tree, the priestess cast on it* (see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the translation of ʾḥrm, trq and bhny)â. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg (JSLih 077/ 2â3) âThey placed the funerary monument for PN son of PN which was placed upon them as a lawsuit* (translation was made during a reading session at LeiCenSAA)â. Variant: m-. ʾáºll / {h-}[áº]ll // Ê¿l-m-kn / l-h / l-á¸Ä¡b[t] // b-bdr / (AH 125/ 3â5) âhe performed the áºll ceremony on behalf of what was his for á¸Ä¡bt at Bdr**â. note: Compare CAr. mÄ, mahmÄ âwhat, whateverâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: mh: 2; m: 3. Typology:: narrative; legal. Usage: m-kn / l-h; what was his.
mhgt toponym. Q. Etym: Q. ʾáºll // h-áºll / b-khl [/] bÊ¿d / ml-h // b-mh{g}t / l-á¸Ä¡bt / (U 089/ 1â3) âhe performed the áºll at Khl on behalf of his property at Mhgt for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 22â23) for a a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
mḥrw noun. incense burner. Etym: ḥrw. fÊ¿l / h-mḥr{w} // l-á¸Ä¡bt (Al-Ḫuraybah 06/ 2â3) âHe made the incense burner* for á¸Ä¡bt**â. qr//bw / h-//mḥrw // l-á¸Ä¡//bt (AH 209/ 4â8) âThey dedicated the incense burner to á¸Ä¡bt**â. Variant: mḥry. w-hwdq / l-h / h-mḥry ---- (AH 288/ 3) âhe offered to him the incense burner â¦*â.
note: See Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez (2017) for a discussion of the word mḥr [sic], which she translates as âmḥr rituals (incense offerings)â interpreting mḥrw as a plural form from the root mḥr (Hidalgo-Chacón DÃez 2017, 60). Compare Aram. mḥrn âincense altarâ on an Imperial Aramaic incense altar in the TaymÄʾ museum (TM.IA.017), first published in al-Theeb (1414/1993, 43â44). Possibly compare CAr. ḥrr âit was or became hot, the fire burned up and became fierce or hotâ (Lane, 538a). Possibly reanalized as a final weak root. The last word of the second line in Al-Ḫuraybah 06 was read as mḥg. However, when is is compared to the ry sequence in the personal name earlier in the line, it seems that letters with a circular base were written inside the hook of the r. This also explains why the top of what would have been the g is not closed. The inscription is carved on what may have been an altar of some sort, further supporting the interpretation. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: mḥrw: 2; mḥry: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
mkn noun. place. Etym: kwn. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 072/ 4â7) âthey took the place and this seat, all of it**â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. makÄn; Sab. mknt âagricultiral estateâ (Beeston et al 1982, 80). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
mks²d personal name?. ks²d. PN // bn PN // h-mtÊ¿ // ná¹r / b-tlb / mks²d (JSLih 007) âPN son of PN the protector guarded at Tbl Mks²d**â. note: The meaning is very uncertain. Most inscriptions with the verb ná¹r are followed by a place name or a personal name functioning as a direct object. It may be that btlb mks²d is simply a personal name, even though mks²d does not occur as such in other Dadanitic inscriptions. Possibly compare CAr. kas²ad âwho toils for his familyâ (Steingass: 886). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: guarding.
ml noun. property. Etym: mwl. ʾáºll / bÊ¿d / ml / kn / [l-]h / b-bdr / l-á¸Ä¡bt (AH 120/ 4â6) âHe performed the áºll on behalf of property that was his at Bdr for á¸Ä¡bt**â. ʾgw [/] h-hb / b-khl // bÊ¿d / ml-h / b-á¸Ê¿mn (AH 140/ 2â3) âHe dedicated* the veneration at Khl on behalf of his property at á¸Ê¿mn**â. note: compare CAr. mÄl âpropertyâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 25. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory.
mlk noun. king. Etym: mlk. snt / Ê¿s²rn / w ṯtn ---- sbÊ¿ / ʾym / qb//l / rʾy / á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n / hnʾs / bn / tlmy / m//lk / lḥyn (AH 244/ 6â8) âyear twenty-two ⦠seven days before** the rising of the asterism á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n*, Hnʾs son of Tlmy king of LiḥyÄn**â. PN / qnh / h-mlk (AH 304) âPN maid servant of the king**â. khf / PN / bn PN / mlk / ddn (JSLih 138) âcave(tomb) of PN son of PN king of Dadan**â. PN / mlk ddn / fÊ¿l // l-á¹á¸¥ln (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 2011.1) âPN king of Dadan made [it] for á¹á¸¥ln**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 28. Typology:: dating formula; graffiti; funerary; dedicatory. Usage: snt X b-rʾy Y PN bn PN mlk lḥyn, snt X PN bn PN mlk lḥyn; year X during the rising of the asterism Y, PN son of PN king of LiḥyÄn, year X of PN son of PN king of LiḥyÄn.
mmʾ noun. oath, agreement. Etym: wmʾ. w-b-mmʾ / Ê¿//ly / mg-h / mn / h-ḫls (JSLih 070/ 4â5) âand by the oath against his expulsion/grain from the loan*â. note: Compare Aram. mawmaʾ âoathâ from the root ymʾ (CAL, 30-4-2018); CAr. muwÄmaʾt âto agree with, to come to an agreementâ (Steingass, 1233b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal.
mn relative pronoun. who, whoever. Etym: mn. f mn yÊ¿rrh // yÊ¿rh nÊ¿m //á¸Ä¡bt // w-á¹á¸¥ln (AH 289) âand may whoever mistreats it be stripped of property, á¸Ä¡bt and á¹á¸¥ln (Al-Jallad pc.)â f-Ê¿rr / h----//Ê¿{/} mn / Ê¿rr / h-kfr / á¸h (Müller, D.H. 1889: 78, no. 29/ 1â2) âso may he dishonor ⦠the one who mistreats this tomb**â. ---- // mn / srqt / ʾym---- // ----{m}n / srq / f ʾn / yá¹£br / b-mh / sr[q]---- (Al-Ḫuraybah 17/ 3â4) â⦠who stole(?) and if he is caught with what he {stole} â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. man âwho, whoeverâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: curse; legal.
mn preposition. from, of. Etym: mn. ʾáºll / b-khl // Ê¿ly / m-kn / l-h / b-á¸//ṯʿʿl / mn / dṯʾ / w-ḫrf (U 059/ 2â4) âhe performed the áºll at Khl on behalf of what was his at á¸á¹¯Ê¿Ê¿l of the crops of the season of the later rains and the crops of the season of the first rains**â. ʾáºlt // l-á¸Ä¡[b]t / b-kh//l / stt / Ê¿s²r / m//n / snt / mt / Ê¿l-//h (AH 064/ 2â6) âShe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl sixteen [times] according to the custom of the land [placed] upon her*â. w-b-mmʾ / Ê¿//ly / mg-h / mn / h-ḫls (JSLih 070/ 4â5) âand by the oath against his expulsion/grain from the loan*â. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h / mn / mÊ¿//n / h-gbl / hn-ʾʿly / Ê¿dky // mÊ¿{n} / h-gbl / hn-ʾs{f}l (JSLih 072/ 4â7) âThey took the place and this seat, all of it, from the assembly place of the upper border until the sanctuary of the lower border (Lundberg 2015, 135)â. note: see Lundberg (2015, 133â134) for a discussion of the preposition mn. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 13. Typology:: áºll; genealogy?; funerary/legal; narrative.
mnhh noun, pl. minah, coins. Etym: mny. ʾgy / Ê¿s²rt / mnh{h} / {ʾ}{y}dn // {w} má¹£hn Ê¿---- (JSLih 177/ 1â2) âHe dedicated ten minah ??? and ??? (Al-Jallad pc.)â note: OCIANA reads mnhl. Compare JBA, Qumran, mnʾ âminah (weight)â (CAL, 7-2-2018) Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
mqÊ¿d noun. seat, throne. Etym: qÊ¿d. ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 072/ 4â5) âthey took the place and this seat all of it (Lundberg 2015, 135)â. l-s²ʿt / // Ê¿lʾl / kÊ¿//mn h-mqÊ¿d k//ll-h (JaL 161 a/ 1â4) âthe whole seat belongs to the party of Ê¿lʾl KÊ¿mn**â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. qaÊ¿ada âhe sat downâ (Lane, 1544c); Possibly comparable in function to the ritual couches mentioned in Nab. inscriptions as rbÊ¿t (Nehmé 2003, 24â25). Certainty:: not completely certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: narrative, legal?.
mqbr noun. tomb. Etym: qbr. PN {á¸-}TrN // ʾḫḠh-mqbr {á¸}[h] w dm (JSLih 306) âPN of the lineage of TrN took possession of this tomb for ever**â. note: Compare CAr. maqbar âburial place, place of gravesâ (Lane 2480c); Sab. mqbr âtomb, burial placeâ (Beeston et al 1982, 103). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary. Etym: qbr.
mqdr noun. cultic structure, part of a religious building. Etym: qdr. ---- // w /h-mqdr / w hn-Ê¿nk /---- // ʾfqw (JSLih 054/ 3â4) â⦠the cultic structure and the door? they dedicated*â. ---- / h-mqdr / hn-ʾkbr // ---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 26â36, no. 3/ 2) â⦠the the biggest cultic structure â¦*â. note: Compare Sabaic ʾqdr, Sabaweb includes an uncertain meaning of ʾqdr, from the root qdr as âunspecified part of a buildingâ, based on its occurrence in broken context in CIH 633 bis/1.â2. (accessed 14-07-2021). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; funerary; construction.
mqm noun. place, abode. Etym: qwm. bnt / l-á¸Ä¡bt // mqm / ʾ{áº}lt / b-bdr (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 043/ 2â3) âShe built for á¸Ä¡bt an abode [and] she performed the áºll at Bdr** (OR the place of the áºll)*â. ---- / h-mqm ---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 15â26, no. 2/ 5) â⦠the place â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. qÄma âto rise and stand upright, to be erected, to standâ (Steingass, 864a); Heb. qÅm âto riseâ (HALOT, 8302); Palm mqmw âstead, placeâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; construction.
mrʾ noun. lord. Etym: mrʾ. ddn / hṯbt / mṯb / w hwá¸Ê¾t / ʾá¸m / l-á¸Ä¡bt / mrʾ//-h (Al-Ḫuraybah 12/ 1â2) âDadan dedicated the throne and offered the wheat(?) to á¸Ä¡bt her lord*â. PN / bn / PN / h-á¹£nÊ¿//Ê¿bd / l-mrʾ-h (JSLih 035/ 1â2) âPN son of PN the artisan made [it] for his lord*â. note: Compare e.g. Sab. mrʾ âlord/lady, overlord, suzerain, social superiorâ (Beesten et al. 1982, 87); CAr. marʾ âman, human beingâ (Lane, 2702c); Aram. mrʾ âlord/ fem. ladyâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 682â684). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory.
mrʾt noun, f. woman. Etym: mrʾ. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt // mn / mh / trqh / mrʾt // l-bhny / hn-ʾfklt // Ḡ(JSLih 064) âbÊ¿lsmn protected the village from what [spell] the woman of the palm tree, the priestess cast on it á¸* (see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the interpretation of ʾḥrm, trq and bhny)â. note: Compare e.g. Sab. mrʾ âlord/lady, overlord, suzerain, social superiorâ (Beeston et al. 1982, 87); CAr. marʾ âman, human beingâ (Lane, 2702c); Aram. mrʾ âlord/ fem. ladyâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 682â684). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
mrbḠnoun. meadow. Etym: rbá¸. ʾáºll l-á¸Ä¡bt bÊ¿d mrbá¸-h b-á¸Ê¿mn (AH 073/ 2â4) âhe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his field(?) at á¸Ê¿mn**â. note: Compare Sab. mrbḠâgrazing groundâ (Beeston et al 1982, 114). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
mt noun. land, town. Etym: mwt. ʾáºlt // l-á¸Ä¡[b]t / b-kh//l / stt / Ê¿s²r / m//n / snt / mt / Ê¿l-//h (AH 064/ 2â6) âShe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl sixteen [times]** according to the custom of the land [placed] upon her*â. note: Compare OldAram. and OffAram. mt âland, town (as political entity)â (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 707). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll; legal?.
mtÊ¿ acive participle, 3m.s. protector. Etym: mtÊ¿. PN // bn PN // h-mtÊ¿ // ná¹r / b-tlb / mks²d (JSLih 007) âPN son of PN the protector guarded at Tbl Mks²d**â. feminine:: mtÊ¿t. PN / bnt // PN / h-mtÊ¿t (JSLih 076) âPN daughter of PN the protector**â.
note: Compare e.g. Sab. hmtÊ¿ âto save, deliver, make thriveâ, mtÊ¿t âdeliveranceâ (Beeston et al 1982, 88); or CAr. mataÊ¿a âto enjoyâ and mutaÊ¿ âto be strong, to be generousâ (Steingass, 949). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: mtÊ¿: 1; mtÊ¿t: 1. Typology:: guarding.
ms²hr noun. name of an asterism. Etym: s²hr. b-á¹Ê¿n / ms²hr / ʾd---- (JSLih 059/ 2) âduring the setting of the asterism ms²hr â¦*â. note: b-á¹Ê¿n seems to indicate the opposite of b-rʾy. Therefore ms²hr is probably an indication of the date, most likely based on a local star calendar. See Kootstra (2020) for a full discussion of the dating formula in Dadanitic. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dating formula.
ms²h{l/r} toponym (or asterism?). Q. ʾny // ysrg [/] ʾb-hm / w {m}Ê¿n-h[m] // w {m}fr-h{m} / b-ms²hl (U 026: 3â5) âthat their pasture may be beautified and their abode and their cultivated land at Ms²hl** (OR during (the visibility of) the asterism Ms²hr)*â. note: May be compared to ms²hr, which seems to be the name of a month or asterism. It is not entirely clear from the photograph whether the hook at the top of the l is damage or intentional. See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 19â20) for a a discussion of ms²hl as a place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
má¹£d noun. sanctuary. Etym: á¹£dd. ḥgg / l-á¸Ä¡b//t / b-h-má¹£d (AH 198/ 4â5) âhe performed the pilgrimage for á¸Ä¡bt** at the sanctuary (Lundberg 2015: 136)â. ʾáºllw / h-áºll / b-//h-má¹£d (AH 244/3â4) âthey performed the áºll ceremony** at the sanctuary (Lundberg 2015: 136)â. ʾgw / h-áºll / b-{m}á¹£//d / hmḠ/ tr{k}----(AH 202/ 1â2) âhe dedicated the áºll** at [the] sanctuary (Lundberg 2015: 136) in accordance with what he left/relinquished â¦*â. note: Má¹£d from á¹£adda âto protectâ. Compare Aram. má¹£d âfortressâ (CAL, 16-2-2018) maá¹£ad âthe sanctuaryâ Hebrew mÉá¹£Ådâh âmountain strongholdâ (HALOT, 5538). 14 of the 15 the inscriptions that refer to activity at a/the má¹£d are found at Umm Daraj, one was found at al-ḫuraybah, the ancient settlement. má¹£d seems to be in completmentary distribution with Khl, which only occurs at al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb (see Maria del Carmen Hidalgo-Chacon Diez 2014: 20â22). Note that the remains of a temple have been found at Umm Daraj (AbÅ« l-Ḥasan, 2001: 97â99), which may have been the sanctuary the inscriptions refer to, as suggested by AbÅ« l-Hasan AbÅ« l-Ḥasan (2002, 36â37). The fact that má¹£d seems to occur 3 times without the definite article (AH 202; AH 219 and AH 207) seems to suggest that it was such a well-known place that it almost came to function as a toponym. The first word in Müller, D.H. 1889: 66, no. 10 is read as h-á¹£md âthe Lordâ in OCIANA but the photograph shows it says má¹£d instead (accessed 14-07-2021). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 21. Typology:: dedicatory; áºll. Usage: ḥgg b-h-má¹£d; he performed the pilgrimage at the sanctuary.
mṯb noun. throne; seat. Etym: wṯb. ddn / hṯbt / mṯb / w hwá¸Ê¾t / ʾá¸m / l-á¸Ä¡bt / mrʾ//-h (Al-Ḫuraybah 12/ 1â2) âDadan dedicated the throne and offered the wheat(?) to á¸Ä¡bt her lord*â. ----tlh / b-mṯb / b-{á¹}Ê¿n / á¹£d / á¸---- (JSLih 055/ 3) â⦠at throne(?) during the setting of the asterism á¹£d â¦*â. note: Compare Aram. ytb âto sit, to dwell, to stay, remainâ and mittÅḠâseatâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Sab. mwṯb âthroneâ (Sabaweb, accessed 14-07-2021). The âseatâ may have been comparable in function to the ritual couches mentioned in Nab. inscriptions rbÊ¿t (Nehmé 2003, 24â25). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; legal?.
mṯbr noun. field, grave. Etym: ṯbr. l-PN / bn / PN / h-mṯbr (JSLih 012) âfor PN son of PN is the grave**/field*â. PN // PN / bny / b//rʾ / h-mṯbr /Ê¿//l-h / hʾ (JSLih 078) âPN PN built the facade of the grave chamber** and it is his*â. l-PN / h-mṯbr // w h-mṯbr / Ê¿ly / h-qrt (JSLih 366) âthe grave**/field* is for PN and the grave**/field* is above the village*â. l-PN / bn / PN // ʾ-mṯbr (Ǧabal Iṯlib 07) âthe grave**/field* is for PN son of PNâ. dual:: mṯbrn. w-ʾḫḠ/ h-mṯbrn (JSLih 045/3) âand he took the two grave chambers**/fields*â. note: ṯbr in CAr. means âto confine, hold backâ tuṯbÅ«r âgoing astray, destructionâ, possibly a field or chamber, from the sense of a defined or restricted area. Dadanitic-internally it may be related to ṯbrt âgrainâ and indicate an agricultural field. Note that none of the inscriptions is clearly linked to a grave or tomb. The inscriptions that seem to lay a claim on a mṯbr (l-PN h-mṯbr and ʾḫḠh-mṯbr) may be compared to the Nab. practice of leaving an inscription to lay claim to a tomb or a part of a rockface for a future tomb (Nehmé 2015, 1: texte: 105). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: mṯbr: 8; mṯbrn: 1. Typology:: legal?; funerary?.
mṯl verb, g, 3m.s. to copy. Etym: mṯl. PN PN bn PN tqá¹ w mṯl (JSLih 339) âPN PN son of PN inscribed and copied*â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. miṯl (noun) âa like, a match, a resemblance, an equivalentâ (Lane (Supplement) 3017c). Possibly referring to the copying of legal inscriptions to be kept at a central place, comparable to the Nab. practice (Nehmé 2015, 100). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
mṯlt noun. substitute. Etym: mṯl. PN // ʾfkl / w//d / w-bn-h // PN / w P//N / hw//dqw / h-Ä¡//lm / PN / h-//[m]ṯlt / l-//á¸Ä¡bt (JSLih 049/ 1â9) âPN priest of Wadd and his two sons PN and PN offered** the boy* PN as the substitute to á¸Ä¡bt**â. ---- // h-á¹£yÄ¡ / h//wdq / h-m//ṯlt / l-á¸//Ä¡bt (Al-Ḫuraybah 14/ 1â4) â⦠the smith dedicated the substitute to á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Compare Sab. mṯl âsimilar in status to someoneâ (Beeston at al 1982, 88); CAr. mṯl âa like, a similar thing, a match, a fellowâ (Lane (Supplement) 3017c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
má¹r personal name. má¹r. Etym: má¹r. PN / w PN w // PN w PN w PN //w PN / ḥwyn má¹r // b-{á¸}wh / ymn (Graf AbÅ« al-á¸ibÄÊ¿ 2) âPN and PN and PN and PN and PN and PN PN PN [were] at {á¸wh} for two days*â. note: OCIANA translates má¹r as ârain watered fieldâ. This does not seem to follow the content of the rest of the inscription. Note that má¹r is attested in Dadanitic as a PN (AH 200). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
NÂ â n
nÊ¿m noun. livestock; property; grace. Etym: nÊ¿m. ʾáºlt / ʾ-áºl//l / l-á¸Ä¡bt // bÊ¿d / nÊ¿m-h / b-//bnʾl (AH 074/ 2â5) âShe performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of her property/livestock at Bnʾl*â. khf / PN / bn PN / mlk / ddn / w-ṯrw / nÊ¿m / b-h / nÊ¿rgd (JSLih 138) âcave(tomb) of PN son of PN king of Dadan and may he become abundant in property/divine grace by means of him, NaÊ¿rgadd*â. f-mn yÊ¿rrh // yÊ¿rh nÊ¿m // á¸Ä¡bt // w-á¹á¸¥ln (AH 289) âand may whoever mistreats it be stripped of property/grace, á¸Ä¡bt and á¹á¸¥ln (Al-Jallad pc.)âpl.:: ʾnÊ¿m. ʾgy / Ê¿s²rt / mnh{h} / {ʾ}{y}dn // {w} má¹£hn Ê¿---- Ê¿ly / {m}zny / b-ʾrbÊ¿n {/} slÊ¿t----- mn / ʾnÊ¿{m} // fkw{y} (JSLih 177/ 1â3) âHe dedicated ten Minah ??? and ??? ⦠on behalf of ??? with forty coins(?) [worth] of livestock â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. naÊ¿am, ʾanÊ¿Äm âcamels, sheep, cattleâ (Hava, 775a). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: nÊ¿m: 7; ʾnÊ¿m: 1. Typology:: dedicatory; áºll; funerary, curse.
ná¸r verb, g, 3m.s. to vow. Etym: ná¸r. ʾfy / h-áº//ll / hmḠ/ ná¸r / ʾ//b-h / l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-h-//má¹£d (Private collection 1/ 2â5) âHe fulfilled* the áºll ceremony according to that which his father vowed to á¸Ä¡bt** at the sanctuary*â. 3s.f.:: ná¸rt. PN / bnt // PN / slḥt // á¸Ä¡bt /ʾ//áºlt / h-áºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-k//hl / hmḠ/ ná¸rt (AH 013/ 1â6) âPN daughter of PN priestess of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl according to that which she vowed**â. act part:: ná¸r. ʾáºll / h-áºl//l / ná¸r / bÊ¿d / h-dr//t (U 003/ 2â4) âHe performed the áºll ceremony vowed on behalf of the fields*â. note: Compare CAr. naá¸ara Ê¿alÄ nafsi-hÄ« âhe imposed upon himself a vowâ (Lane, 2781c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ná¸r: 8; ná¸rt: 2; ná¸r (act. part.): 3. Typology:: dedicatory; áºll. Usage: hmḠná¸r PN; according to what PN vowed.
nfs reflexive pronoun. self. Etym: nfs. ʾ//áºll / h-áºll / ná¸r // bÊ¿d / d{ṯ}ʾ-h / w nfs//-h (U 021/ 1â4) âHe performed the áºll ceremony vowed on behalf of his seasonal crops* and himself**â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. raʾaytu nafsÄ« âI saw myselfâ (Fischer 2002, 145). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
nfs noun. funerary monument. Etym: nfs. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l-hmy / ḫrg (JSLih 077/ 2â3) âThey set up the funerary monument of PN son on PN according to what had been placed upon them as a lawsuit*â. nfs / PN / bn // PN / ʾlt / bnh // PN / bnt / P//N / (JSLih 384) âfunerary monument of PN son of PN which PN daughter of PN built**â. note: Compare OffAram and, Nab. npÅ¡ âfunerary monument, steleâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: funerary.
nḫl noun. palm tree. Etym: nḫl. ʾáºll / h-áºll // {b-}khl / l-á¸Ä¡//bt / bÊ¿d / {n}ḫl-h // w-dṯʾ-h b-bdr (U 058) âHe performed the áºll ceremony at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his palm trees and his crops of the season of the later rains at Bdr**â. pl.:: ʾnḫl. ʾáºll / // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-khl // bÊ¿d / ʾnḫl-h // w-ʾdṯʾ-h / b-bdr (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 071/ 2â5) âHe performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of his palm trees and his crops of the season of the later rains at Bdr**â. note: Compare CAr. naḫīl âpalm tree; palm groveâ (Steingass, 1109b). In most inscriptions the nḫl is used collectively. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: nḫl: 39; ʾnḫl: 2. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory. Usage: bÊ¿d nḫl-h b-TN; on behalf of his palm trees at TN.
nḥs noun. bronze object. Etym: nḥs. PN // PN // Ê¿rr / b----l //Ê¿rr/h-nḥs//á¸h (JSLih 269) âPN PN dishonor ⦠the one who mistreats** this bronze [object]*â. note: Compare OffAram. nḥs âbronzeâ also used to refer to bronze objects (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 726); CAr. nuḥÄs and naḥÄs âcopper or brassâ (Lane, 2775b). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: nḥs (noun): 1; nḥs (adjective): 1. Typology:: dedicatory. nḥs ⢠noun. ʾdqw / w qr//bw / h-á¹£lm / h-nḥs / l-//á¸Ä¡bt / w-slḥ / s[l]//Ê¿t / ʾslḥt (Al-Ḫuraybah 09/ 3â6) âThey dedicated and offered the bronze statue to á¸Ä¡bt and sent tax coins(?)*â.
nḥt verb, g, 3m.s. to cut. Etym: nḥt. PN / h-á¹£nÊ¿ / nḥt / h-á¹£lm (JSLih 074) âPN the artisan cut the statue**â. note: Compare CAr. naḥata âhe cut or hewed, formed or fashioned by cuttingâ (Lane, 2773b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
nq noun. noun. Etym: Q. ḥggw / h-nq / w-hÄ¡nyw / b-bt-hm / l- ---- (AH 197/ 5) âperformed the pilgrimage** of the Nq and made an offering at their temple for â¦*â. háºll / áºll / h-nq / l-á¸Ä¡[b]t / f r//á¸-h (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 014/ 2â3) âHe performed the áºll** of the nq* for á¸Ä¡bt so favor him**â. dual:: nqn. PN / // á¹rq / h-{n}qn / w Ê¿kb / (AH 287) âPN hammered the two nq and PN or and he remained*â. note: The meaning of this noun is unclear, and will probably remain so as long as the exact meaning of the áºll ritual remains unclear. It is most commonly used to modify the áºll that is mentioned or by itself following a dedicatory verb. OCIANA reads s²qn in AH 287 and translates it as âthe two cleftsâ. The inscription is crudely made, but he letter read in OCIANA as s² seem to have a similar shape as the -n at the end of the same word. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: nq: 14; nqn: 1. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory. Usage: ʾáºll áºll h-nq; he performed the áºll of the nq.
ná¹£b verb, g, 3m.s. to set up a cult stone. Etym: ná¹£b. PN / ná¹£b wasm h-yd wqt Ì£(JaL 152) âPN set up a cult stone and inscribed the arm*â. PN / PN / PN / hʾ / ná¹£b / ----//h /[l-]Ê¿trÄ¡th / qbl / PN /---- (AH 288/ 1â2) âPN PN PN he set up the cult stone ⦠[for] Atargatis in the presence of PN â¦**â. note: Compare CAr naá¹£aba âsetting up, planting, raising, erecting somethingâ (Steingass, 1123b); OffAram. Nab. ná¹£b (noun) âa steleâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). The âwasmâ in JaL 152 is a drawing of an arm the isncription seems to refer to the production of the drawing. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; graffiti.
ná¹r verb, g, 3m.s. to guard. Etym: náºr. PN bn PN // ná¹r ddn (AH 312) âPN son of PN guarded Dadan**â. Variant: náºr. náºr ddn //PN (AH 328) âPN guarded Dadan**â. PN h-ṯm//dy náºr (AH 325) âPN the ṯmdy guarded**â. note: Compare e.g. Aram. ná¹r âto watch over, to guardâ (CAL, 14-07-2021); CAr. âhe looked at or towards in order to see him or itâ (Lane, 2810c). See Kootstra (2018) for a discussion on the variation between náºr and ná¹r. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ná¹r: 17; náºr: 2. Typology:: guarding; graffiti. Usage: PN bn PN ná¹r ddn; PN son of PN guarded Dadan.
QÂ â q
qbl preposition. before. Etym: qbl. snt / Ê¿s²rn / w ṯtn ---- sbÊ¿ / ʾym / qb//l / rʾy / á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n / hnʾs / bn / tlmy / m//lk / lḥyn (AH 244/ 6â8) âyear twenty-{two} ⦠seven days before the rising of the asterism á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n, Hnʾs son of Tlmy king of LiḥyÄn*â. PN / Ê¿bd / PN / hʾ / ná¹£b / ----//h / [l-]Ê¿trÄ¡th / qbl / PN / ---- (AH 288/ 1â2) âPN son of PN he set up the standing stone ⦠[for] Atargatis in the presence of of PN**â. note: Compare CAr. qabl âbeforeâ (Lane (supplement), 2983c). See Lundberg (2015, 131) for a complete discussion of the prepositions in Dadanitic. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dating formula; dedicatory.
qbr noun. tomb. Etym: qbr. PN / w-PN / bnw // PN / ʾḫá¸w / h-qb//r / á¸h / hm / w ʾḫw-hm (JSLih 079/ 1â3) âPN and PN sons of PN took possession of this** tomb*, they and their brothers**â. l-PN // bn / PN / hn-//qbr / á¸h (JSLih 081/ 1â3) âfor PN son of PN [is] this grave**â. PN ʾ{ḫ}Ḡh-q(b)r ---- (JSLih 257) âPN took possesion of** the tomb*â. l-PN / bn // PN / h-qbr // á¸h (JSLih 312/ 1â3) âthis tomb* belongs to PN son of PN**â.
note: Compare CAr. qabr âa grave, tombâ (Lane, 2480c). Aram. qbr âtomb, graveâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: funerary.
qdst noun. sacred offering. Etym: qds. ---- / lm / Ê¿ly / PN / {q}{d}st / w á¹£lm---- (JSLih 063/ 3) â⦠on behalf of PN a sacred offering and a statue â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. quds âholiness, sanctity, purityâ; Sab. qds âholiness, holyâ (Beeston et al 1982, 104). Note that the reading of some of the letters of qdst is unsure in JSLih 063. Certainty:: uncertain reading. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory.
qnt noun. female servant. Etym: qyn. h-qnt (AHÂ 186/2) âthe female servant**â. PN / bn / PN // w-qnt-h / PN / bn//t / PN (AHÂ 303) âPN son of PN and his female servant PN daughter of PN**â. Variant: qnh. PN / qnh / h-mlk (AHÂ 304) âPN maid servant of the king**â. note: Compare CAr. qaynah âmaid servantâ (Steingass, 868a). In AHÂ 304 qnh may be a writing error on behalf of the author, or possibly qnh is a personal name and the inscription should be read âPN PN the kingâ. If the final -h represents the shift of -at# â© -ah, it may be compared to the same sound change in the language of the author of JSLih 384. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: qnt: 4; qnh: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
qrb verb, d, 3m.s. to offer, dedicate (lit. bring close). qrb / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt (JSLih 041/ 2â3) âHe dedicated the statue to á¸Ä¡bt**â. 3pl.:: qrbw. qr//bw / h-//mḥrw // l-á¸Ä¡//bt (AH 209/ 4â8) âThey dedicated the incense burner to á¸Ä¡bt**â. ʾdqw / w qr//bw / h-á¹£lm / h-nḥs / l-//á¸Ä¡bt (Al-Ḫuraybah 09/3â5) âThey dedicated and offered the bronze statue to á¸Ä¡bt*â. note: Aram. qrb D-stem âto offer, dedicateâ (CAL, 16-2-2018); CAr. qarraba âto bring st. near, to show favor to so., to present an offering to Godâ (Hava, 577b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: qrb: 1; qrbw: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
qrt noun. village, settlement. Etym: qry. s²rfw / b-h-{q}rt (AH 300/ 6) âThey were about to reach the village*â. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt(JSLih 064) âbÊ¿lsmn protected the village* (see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the interpretation of ʾḥrm )â. {Ê¿}bdhny // tqá¹ // Ê¿ly // qrt (JSLIh 182) âPN wrote* on a boulder** OR PN wrote on behalf of PN*â. l-PN / h-mṯbr // w h-mṯbr / Ê¿ly / h-qrt (JSLih 366) âthe field is for PN and the field is above the village*â. note: Compare CAr. qariyah âvillageâ (Hava, 595b); Aram. qryh âtown, villageâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 1033â1034). See Lundberg (2015, nt. 34) for the interpretation of qrt as âvillageâ. Note that qrt may have a different meaning in JSLih 182 and 366. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 5. Typology:: narrative; graffiti; legal.
qsm noun. oracle priest. Etym: qsm. PN / h-qsm (U 100) âPN the oracle priest**â. note: Compare Sab. mqsm âoracleâ and the causative verb of the same root hqsm âto obtain an oracleâ (Sabaweb, 02-09-2021) AH 218 probably contains a plural verbal form ---qsmw, but as the letters preceding the q are missing, it is impossible to determine what the exact formation of the verb would be. In many of the attestations hqsm can be interpreted as a PN. In AH 218 hqsm seems to be attested as a PN, directly preceding bn âson ofâ. This casts some doubt on whether the other attestations should be interpreted as a title or a PN. It is not uncommon in Dadanitic inscriptions to mention someoneâs patronym directly following the PN. However, there are two persons with hqsm and two with hnfy as their PN in AH 218. Each with a different patronym, making an interpretation of hqsm and hnfy as titles not impossible here. AH 303 and Nasif 1988: 96, pl. CXLVI; Ǧabal al-Zuhrah 07 contain hqsm clearly as patronym following bn âson ofâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: graffiti, dedicatory.
qsmw verb, g, 3m pl. Q. Etym: qsm. ----qsmw / gbl / d[d][n] ---- (AH 218/ 4) â⦠they ??? the border/lord of Dadan â¦** (see Lundberg 2015 n. 37 for gbl as border)â. note: Compare Aram. qsm âto divineâ (CAL, 16-2-2018); Sab. mqsm âoracular decisionâ OR CAr. qasama âto divide, to distributeâ âthey distributed the territory of Dadanâ? Certainty:: uncertain, broken context. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: Q.
qá¹ verb, g, 3m.s. to cut. Etym: qá¹á¹. PN / ná¹£b wasm h-yd w-qá¹ (JaL 152) âPN set up a cult stone and inscribed the arm*â. note: Compare CAr. qaá¹á¹a-hu âhe cut itâ (Lane 2539a). The wasm in JaL 152 is a drawing of an arm. The inscription seems to refer to the production of the drawing. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
qymh noun, m.du. caretakers (du.) Etym: qym. [----]// hqymh / mgdl / á¸Ä¡bt / bnyw / bt / h-á¹£n---- // l-á¸Ä¡bt (Müller, D.H. 1889: 63â64, no. 8/ 1â2) â⦠the caretakers of the tower of á¸Ä¡bt built the temple of the [statue] for á¸Ä¡bt*â. PN---- / bn / PN ----[h]//qymh / nÊ¿m / á¸Ä¡bt /----//(JSLih 054/ 1â2) âPN son of PN ⦠caretakers of the property (treasury?) of á¸Ä¡btâ¦*â. note: Compare CAr. qiyam âsuperintendent, guardianâ (Steingass, 1993, 867b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2?. Typology:: dedicatory; construction.
RÂ â r
rʾy noun. rising/appearance of an asterism. Etym: rʾy. {s}//nt / Ê¿s²rn / tmn{y} // ṯlt / ʾym / qbl // rʾy / slḥn (JSLih 068/ 2â5) âyear twenty-{eight}, three days before** the rising of the asterism slḥn*â. sn[t] / ṯlṯn / w ḫm//s 35 / b-rʾy /[m]nÊ¿y / lá¸n / b//n / hnʾs / mlk /l ḥyn (JSLih 082/ 4â6) âyear thirty-five 35 during** the rising of the asterism mnÊ¿y Lá¸n son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn*â. note: compare to the usage in Saf. ṯlg b-h-dr b-rʾy Ê¿qbt âthere was snow in this region at the rising of Scorpioâ. For a complete discussion of the meaning of rʾy as rising of an asterism in the Safaitic inscriptions see Al-Jallad (2014; 2016) for a discussion of this dating formula in Dadanitic see Kootstra (2020). Certainty:: semantic domain is certain. Frequency:: 19. Typology:: dating formula. Usage: snt X b-rʾy Y PN bn PN mlk Lḥyn; year X during the rising of Y [in the era of] PN son of PN king of LiḥyÄn.
rÊ¿ noun. livestock or pasture. Etym: rÊ¿y. ----{ḥ}y / ʾqd / h-rÊ¿ / f //---- (AH 239/ 3) â⦠the produce of the livestock {so} â¦*â. ----m / ym / stḥbl / ʾqd / h-rÊ¿ / f rá¸-hm / w //---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 4) â⦠[the] day he pledged the produce of the livestock so favor them and â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. riÊ¿y âpasture or herbageâ and raÊ¿iyyah âcattle pasturing or pastured by themselves and cattle kept, tended, pasturedâ (Lane 1109bc). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
rÊ¿y verb, g, 3m.s. to pasture (livestock). Etym: rÊ¿y. PN / bn PN / rÊ¿y (JSLih 139) âPN son of PN pastured (the livestock)*â. PN / rÊ¿y (JSLih 140) âPN pastured (the livestock)*â. note: Compare CAr. raÊ¿Ä âhe pastured upon or depastured the herbage by himselfâ (Lane, 1108b). OCIANA translates rÊ¿y as a noun â[the] herdsmanâ. In parallel with other Dadanitic inscriptions that mention the occupation of the author, the noun should have a definite article preceding it for such an interpretation. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: graffiti.
rb noun. lord. Etym: rbb. f rá¸-hm // w rb-hm / PN w //qnt / PN (U 063/ 5â7) âso favor them and their lord PN** and the maid servant of PN*â. l-PN / w l-rb-hmy (AH 295/ 1â2) âfor* PN and for their (du.) lord**â. PN / b[n] PN kbr // h-dÊ¿t / s²ʿt / TrN / w rb-h//m / PN / bn / PN / kb//ry / s²ʿt / TrN (JSLih 072/ 1â4) âPN son of PN kabir of the council* of the party of TrN and their lord PN son of PN the two kabirs of the party of TrN**â. note: Compare CAr. rabb âa lord, a possessor, an ownerâ (Lane 1003b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory; graffiti.
rá¸y verb, d, 3m.s. to favor so. Etym: rá¸w. f rá¸y-hm / w ʾḫrt-hm / w sÊ¿d-hm (AH 197/ 7) âso may he favor them and their posterity and aid them**â. PN / P//N / rá¸y (JaL 119 b) âPN PN bestowed a favor(?)*â. Variant: rá¸. f rá¸-h / w ʾḫr[t]-h // w ʾṯb-h / PN / bn / PN (U 038/ 3â4) âso favor him and his posterity and reward him, PN son of PN**â. 3s.f.:: rá¸yt. f rá¸yt-h / w ʾḫrt-h ---- (AH 288/ 4) âso may she favor him and his posterity â¦**â. 3s.f.:: rá¸t. f rá¸t / w ʾḫr[t]----//(Tall al-Kaṯīb, no. 1/ 2) âso may she favor [him] and [his] posterity â¦*â. f rá¸t-h / {h}---- (JSLih 036/ 2) âso may she favor him â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. raá¸á¸iya âhe made him to be pleased, content or satisfiedâ (Lane 1099c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: rá¸y: 29; rá¸: 224; rá¸yt:1; rá¸t: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; áºll; blessing formula; graffiti. Usage: f rá¸-h w sÊ¿d-h w ʾḫrt-h; So favor him and aid him and his posterity.
rhḠverb, q, 3m.s. to favor so. Etym: rá¸w. PN / bn / PN / ʾáºll // l-á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿ly / á¸-kn // l-h / b-bdr / f rhá¸-h (AH 075) âPN son of PN performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of that which was his at Bdr so favor him**â. note: This is probably a writing error for the common blessing formula f rá¸-h (see rá¸). There is some damage, or a previous inscription on the rock around rhá¸. This may explain why the author got confused. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: blessing formula.
rs personal name. PN. Etym: Q. Ê¿lwt / ḥfr / hrs (JSTham 427) âPN PN PN*â. note: OCIANA does not translate rs, but takes it as a noun âPN engraved the rsâ. Hrs does not occur as a personal name in the Dadanitic corpus, but it occurs in Saf. (e.g. HCH 185; HCH 4; KRS 1326). ḥfrt occurs once as a PN in Saf. (Is.R 116). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
SÂ â s
sÊ¿d verb, g, 3m.s. to aid. Etym: sÊ¿d. f r{á¸}-h / w {s}Ê¿//d-h (U 050/ 4â5) âso favor him and aid him**â. note: Compare e.g. CAr. sÄÊ¿ada-hu âhe aided, assisted or helped himâ (Lane, 1360c); Sab. sÊ¿d âgrant, bestow a favor (deity)â (Beeston et al 1982, 121). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 96. Typology:: dedicatory; blessing formula. Usage: f rá¸-h w ʾḫrt-h w sÊ¿d-h; so favor him and his posterity and aid him.
sbÊ¿ numeral. seven. Etym: sbÊ¿. ---- sbÊ¿ / ʾym / qb//l / rʾy / á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n / hnʾs / bn / tlmy / m//lk / lḥyn (AH 244/ 6â8) â⦠seven days before** the rising of the asterism á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n* (during the reign of) Hnʾs son of Tlmy king of LiḥyÄn**â. Certainty:: certan. Frequency:: 7. Typology:: dating formula.
sfr noun. inscription; writing. Etym: sfr. PN / bn / PN / á¸-TrN / f Ê¿rr / á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿rr / ʾ-sfr / á¸h (JSLih 276) âPN son of PN of the lineage of TrN so may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the one who mistreats this inscription**â. f Ê¿rr // á¸Ä¡bt / Ê¿r//r / h-sfr / á¸h (JaL 161 a/ 4â6) âso may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor the the one who mistreats this inscription**â. note: Compare CAr. sifr âa book, or writingâ (Lane, 1371a). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 6. Typology:: curse; graffiti. Usage: f Ê¿rr á¸Ä¡bt Ê¿rr h-sfr á¸h.
sfr active participle, m.s. writer; written. Etym: sfr. PN / b//[n] ---- h-á¹£nÊ¿ / w-PN / bn // ---- sÊ¿bá¹á¹ / h-sfr (JSLih 082/ 6â9) âPN {son of} ⦠the artisan** and PN son of ⦠PN the writer*â. m----r---- / bn // {h-}//sfr / w-PN / h-á¹£nÊ¿ (AH 220/ 6â7) â⦠son of PN the writer* and PN the artisan**â. note: Compare CAr. sÄfir âa writer, a scribeâ (Lane 1371c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; title.
sfr verb, g, 3m.s. to write. Etym: sfr. PN // sfr / l-PN // bnt / PN (Ǧabal Iṯlib 08) âPN wrote for PN daughter of PN*â. l-PN / w sfr-h / PN / qyn{-h} (JSLih 128) âfor PN and PN {his} servant wrote it**â. note: Compare CAr. safara al-kitÄb âhe wrote the bookâ (Lane, 1370b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: graffiti.
slmn noun. security or theonym. Etym: slm. wl / ḥmm / b-bt-h á¹£{l}m / wl / slmn // b-ḥq[w]y / kfr / ḥmm / (JSLih 077/ 6â7) âand verily he offered at his temple a statue and he has offered two peace offerings (?) on the walls of (a?) cave/tomb* (J. Lundberg (pc.) proposed to interpret this section as a chiastic structure)â. PN / bnt // dd / ná¸[r]t / bÊ¿d bn//t-h qn / bnt ḥṯl // l-slmn / hm-ḠnḠ/rt Ê¿l-h / ʾm-h (JSLih 073/ 1â5) âPN daughter of PN vowed on behalf of her daughter PN daughter of PN to Slmn according to that which she vowed on behalf of her, her mother**â. note: Compare CAr. salama âhe was or became, safe, secure, or he escapedâ (Lane, 1412b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; legal?.
slÊ¿t noun, pl(?). coins. Etym: slÊ¿. ʾdqw / w qr//bw / h-á¹£lm / h-nḥs / l-//á¸Ä¡bt / w slḥ / s[l]//Ê¿t / ʾslḥt (Al-Ḫuraybah 09/ 3â6) âthey dedicated and offered the bronze statue to á¸Ä¡bt and sent the sent coins(?)*â. ʾgy / Ê¿s²rt / mnh{h} / {ʾ}{y}dn // {w}-má¹£hn Ê¿---- Ê¿ly / {m}zny / b- ʾrbÊ¿n {/} slÊ¿t----- mn /ʾ nÊ¿{m} // fkw{y} (JSLih 177/ 1â3) âhe dedicated ten minah also and ??? on behalf of ??? with forty coins ⦠[worth] of cattle ???*â. ----bndw / ʾḥd-hm / b-slÊ¿t---- (JaL 001) â⦠one of them with coins â¦*â. note: Compare Sab. slÊ¿ âcoinâ (Beeston, 126). Heb, Palm JAR. slÊ¿ âcertain coin (drachm in Nab., tetradrachm in Heb. and JAr.)â (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 788). Certainty:: not quite certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory.
slḥ noun. priest. Etym: slḥ. PN / slḥ / á¸Ä¡//bt / ʾáºll (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 132/ 1â2) âPN priest of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll**â. ----] // PN / PN / {s}//lḥ / á¸Ä¡b//t / ʾdq / l-l//h / {h}-á¹£lmn (JSLih 061/ 1â4) â⦠PN PN priest of á¸Ä¡bt offered to Lh* the two statues**â. feminine:: slḥt. PN / bn / PN / w-//PN / slḥt // á¸Ä¡bt / ʾáºlh / h-áºl//l / l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-kh//l (U 019/ 1â5) âPN son of PN and PN priestess of á¸Ä¡bt performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl**â. note: Compare CAr. sillīḥ âApostleâ (Have, 322b); Aram. Å¡lḥ âto sendâ (CAL, 16-2-2018). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: slḥ: 25; slḥt: 9. Typology:: genealogy; title; áºll; dedicatory. Usage: PN bn PN slḥ á¸Ä¡bt; PN son of PN priest of á¸Ä¡bt.
slḥ verb, g, 3m.s. to send. Etym: slḥ. w-slḥ / s[l]//Ê¿t / ʾslḥt / (Al-Ḫuraybah 09/ 5â6) âand he sent the sent coins(?)*â. note: Compare Heb. and OffAram. Å¡lḥ âto sendâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 1137â1138). OCIANA translates this phrase as: âand he collected the representative taxesâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
smÊ¿ verb, g, 3m.s. to listen, to hear. Etym: smÊ¿. PN / w PN w PN // w PN / w PN//w PN / w P//N / ḥggn // f-smÊ¿ / l-h{m} (JSLih 006) âPN and PN and PN and PN and PN and PN and PN are performing a pilgrimage* so may he (the deity) listen to them**â. PN // bn / PN // ʾáºll / Ê¿ / f rá¸-h / w smÊ¿ / l-{l}//ḥy / n{ḫ}l / b- á¸Ê¿mn (U 066) âPN son of PN performed the áºll so may he favor him and listen to lḥy* palm trees at á¸Ê¿mn**â. note: see ysmÊ¿ for the PC. Compare CAr. samiÊ¿a aÅ¡-Å¡ayʾ âhe heard or listened to the thingâ (Lane 1427b). See Sima (1999, 112â113) for a comparison of the f smÊ¿ l-h formula to the inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory; blessing formula. Usage: smÊ¿ l-X; listen to so.
snt noun. custom. Etym: snn. PN / bnt // PN / ʾáºlt // l-á¸Ä¡{b}t / b-kh//l / stt / Ê¿s²r / m//n / snt / mt/Ê¿l-//h / (AH 064/ 1â6) âPN daughter of PN performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl sixteen [times]** according to the custom of the land [placed] upon her*â. note: Compare CAr. sanna-hu âhe instituted, establihsed, or prescribed it i.e. a custom, practice, usage or the like, whether good or badâ (Lane 1436b) and sunnah âa way, course, rule, mode or manners of acting or cunduct of like or the likeâ (Lane, 1438b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedication.
snt noun. year. Etym: snt. ʾmr // b-l-ḥgr / w s²[d] // snt / mnʾá¸y / s//fy (JSLih 071/ 4â7) âhe was amir in al-Ḥigr and {stood out} for a year against the aggression of Sfy**â. f rá¸-h // w ʾḫrt-h / snt / ʾrbÊ¿n / w ʾâ¨á¸¥â©d//y / hnʾs / mlk / lḥyn (AH 202/ 2â4) âso favor him and his posterity year forty-one of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn**â. f rá¸-h//m / w ʾḫrt-hm / w sÊ¿d-hm / snt // ṯlṯn / b-rʾy / Ê¿tdn / lá¸n / bn // hnʾs / mlk / lḥyn (AHUD 1/ 2â5) âso favor them and their posterity and aid them year thirty during the rising of the asterism Ê¿tdn, Lá¸n son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn*â. pl.:: snn. f ḫfr // hlmfl / Ḡ// l-ṯlṯ // snn (JSLih 071/ 7â10) âand he subsequently acted as caravan guard in these desert areas** for three years (Lundberg 2015, 129)â. note: See rʾy for the extended dating formula. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: snt: 41; snn: 1. Typology:: dating formula. Usage: snt X PN bn PN mlk lḥyn, snt X b-rʾy Y PN bn PN mlk lḥyn; year X of PN son of PN king of LiḥyÄn, year X during the rising of the asterism Y (in the era of) PN son PN king of LiḥyÄn.
srq verb, g, 3m.s. to steal. Etym: srq. ----rs / mn / srqt / ʾym---- // ---- {m}n / srq / f ʾn / yá¹£br / b-m-h / sr[q]---- (Al-Ḫuraybah 17/ 3â4) â⦠from theft days ⦠who stole(?) and if he is caught with what he {stole} â¦*â. note: Compare Sab. srq âto stealâ (Beeston et al. 1982: 128); CAr. saraqa min-hu mÄlan âhe stole from him propertyâ (Lane, 1352a). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal.
srq noun. thief. Etym: srq. ----h-srqt / yá¹b / h-srq / ʾw / y ---- // ----bh (Al-Ḫuraybah 17/ 6â7) â⦠the theft/stolen goods acquit the thief** or â¦*â. note: Compare Sab. srq âto stealâ (Beeston et al. 1982: 128); CAr. saraqa min-hu mÄlan âhe stole from him propertyâ (Lane, 1352a). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal.
srqt noun. theft/stolen goods. Etym: srq. ----rs / mn / srqt / ʾym---- // ----{m}n / srq / f ʾn / yá¹£br / b-m-h / sr[q]---- // ----{d}n / thá¸-h / kll-h / f ḥṯm ---- // ----h-srqt / yá¹b / h-srq / ʾw / y ---- // ----bh (Al-Ḫuraybah 17/ 3â7) â⦠from theft days ⦠⦠who stole(?) and if he is caught with what he {stole} ⦠⦠if all of it broke (the stolen things) then beat him(?) ⦠the theft/stolen goods acquit the thief or â¦*â. note: Compare Sab. srq âto stealâ (Beeston et al. 1982: 128); CAr. saraqa min-hu mÄlan âhe stole from him propertyâ (Lane, 1352a). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal.
st numeral, m. six. Etym: st. ---- snt st hnʾs // mlk lḥyn (AH 222/ 5â6) â⦠year six of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn**â. / snt / st / w Ê¿s²r ---- // ----n / hnʾs / mlk / lḥyn (Nasif 1988: 99, pl. CLVII/ 5â6) â⦠year sixteen ⦠[son of] Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn â¦**â. feminine:: stt. PN / bnt // PN / ʾáºlt // l-á¸Ä¡[b]t / b-kh//l / stt / Ê¿s²r / m//n / snt / mt / Ê¿l//h (AH 064/ 2â6) âPN daughter of PN performed the áºll for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl sixteen [times]** according to the custom of the land [placed] upon her*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: st: 2; stt: 1. Typology:: dating formula.
stḥbl verb, st, 3m.s. to pledge. Etym: ḥbl. ----m / ym / stḥbl / ʾqd / h-rÊ¿ / f-rá¸-hm / w//---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 4) â⦠[the] day he pledged the dedication/produce of the livestock so favor them and â¦*â. note: Compare Aram. ḥbl âto take as a pledgeâ (CAL, 16-2-2018); Sab. ḥbl âto conclude a pactâ (Beeston et al. 1982, 65); CAr. ḥabl âThe making of a coventant [i.e. a promise or an asurance of secutiry or safety]â (Lane 504b). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
stn numeral. sixty. Etym: st. [s]nt / stn (Müller, D.H. 1889: 77â78, no. 28/ 4) âyear sixty**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dating formula.
stá¹r verb, t-infix, 3m.s. to write. Etym: sá¹r. ---- stá¹r / b-má¹£d ---- (AH 207) âhe wrote at the sanctuary*â. note: Compare MMin. stá¹r (M335 and M 370) and Ḥaá¸. (QÄniʾ 4) (DASI, 22-2-2018). Compare CAr. saá¹ara âhe wrote; he ruled a bookâ (Lane, 1375c). In Nab. texts the noun Å¡á¹r is used with the meaning âdecreeâ (compare Akk. Å¡aá¹aru âwritten documentâ) (Nehmé 2015, 119), it is unclear if such a legal meaning applies to the writing referenced in this Dadanitic text as well. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
sá¹ verb, g, 3m.s. to portion, dedicate. Etym: syá¹. PN / w sá¹-h / sá¹//Ê¿n PN // ʾgw-h / {áº}nfss (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 075/ 1â3) âPN and he dedicated it, a portion for PN his dedication ???*â. note: Compare CAr. sawá¹ âa portion or shareâ (Lane 1467a) and sawá¹ âa remaining porting (of water)â (Lane 1467b); Sab. syá¹ ârainwater cisternâ (Beeston et al 1982, 130). The second sá¹ in Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 075 may be another noun, to disambiguate the first general term, even though it is unclear why the disambiguation would not be given with the first mention of sá¹. See also sá¹sá¹. There seems to be one attestation of an unpiblished inscription with what seems to be a reduplicated verb sá¹sá¹ l-á¸Ä¡bt (Ahmad Al-Jallad pc.) Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory?.
sá¹ noun. portion. Etym: swá¹. PN // PN / w-sá¹ // á¸Ê¿mn / ḥggw // á¸Ä¡bt / b-khl (U 063/ 1â4) âPN PN and [on behalf of???] the portion of á¸Ê¿mn* they performed the pilgrimage to á¸Ä¡bt at Khl**â. PN / w sá¹-h / sá¹ // Ê¿n PN // ʾgw-h / {áº}nfss // w ḥggw / á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl (Al-Ê¿Uá¸ayb 075/ 1â5) âPN and he dedicated it, a portion for PN his dedication ???* and they performed the pilgrimage to á¸Ä¡bt at Khl**â. note: See also sá¹sá¹. Compare CAr. sawá¹ âa portion or shareâ (Lane 1467a) and sawá¹ âa remaining portion (of water)â (Lane 1467b); Sab. syá¹ ârainwater cisternâ (Beeston et al 1982, 130). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: Q.
sá¹r verb, g, 3m.s. to write. Etym: sá¹r. PN bn PN sá¹r (JaLÂ 061 f) âPN son of PN has written**â. note: compare CAr. saá¹ara âhe wrote; he ruled a bookâ (Lane, 1375c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
sá¹sá¹ noun. Q. Etym: Q. PN // bn[/]tâ¨â¨â©â©rf // h-sá¹ sá¹ // á¸Ê¿mn // snt / r{á¹} (AH 111) âPN son of ⦠the ??? á¸Ê¿mn year(?) rá¹*â. note: See also sá¹. Note that á¸Ê¿mn is a toponym that is generally associated with agriculture in the inscriptions. Compare CAr. sawá¹ âa portion or shareâ (Lane 1467a) and sawá¹ âa remaining porting (of water)â (Lane 1467b); Sab. syá¹ ârainwater cisternâ (Beeston et al 1982, 130). It is unclear at this point what the reduplicated form would mean. Note that in U 063 sá¹ also occurs together with á¸Ê¿mn. There seems to be one attestation of an unpiblished inscription with what seems to be a reduplicated verb sá¹sá¹ l-á¸Ä¡bt (Ahmad Al-Jallad pc.) Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: title; dedicatory?.
S² â s²
s²ʾn adjective, m.s. honor, dignity. Etym: s²ʾn. qrb / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt / b-h-brḥt // brḥ / bt á¸-Ê¿ly h-s²ʾn /t / mÊ¿ gbl / ddn / h-{s²}{ʾ}[n] (JSLih 041/ 2â5) âhe offered the statue to á¸Ä¡bt, with the honour [with which] the illustrious house of the lineage of Ê¿ly is honoured in company with the {illustrious} lord of Ddn**â. feminine:: s²ʾnt. note: Farès-Drappeau suggests to connect s²ʾn with CAr. Å¡aʾn (Farès-Drappeau 2005, 132), compare CAr. Ê¿aáºÄ«m aÅ¡-Å¡aʾni âof great importance, or rank or dignityâ (Lane, 1491c). Certainty:: uncertain reading. Frequency:: s²ʾn: 1; s²ʾnt: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
s²ʿt noun. party; group. Etym: s²yÊ¿. PN / b[n] PN kbr // h-dÊ¿t / s²ʿt/ PN / w rb-h//m / PN / bn / PN / kb//ry / s²ʿt / TrN / ʾḫá¸w / h-mkn // w h-mqÊ¿d / á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 072/ 1â5) âPN son of PN kabir of the council* of the party of Hná¹£ and their lord PN son of PN the two kabirs of the party of Hná¹£ took the place and this seat, all of it**â. l-s²ʿt///PN / P//N h-mqÊ¿d k//ll-h (JaL 161 a/ 1â4) âthe whole seat belongs to the party of Ê¿lʾl kÊ¿mn**â. note: Compare CAr. Å¡Ä«Ê¿ah âa seperate or distinct party. or sect of menâ (Lane, 1632c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dedicatory.
s²hdt noun. witness. Etym: s²hd. //----l-hm / w {s²}hdt / w h-ʾrḫ // ----lh / bn / PN----//[----] (JSLih 052/ 7â9) â⦠and a witness(?) and the case ⦠[PN] son of PN â¦â note: Compare e.g. CAr. Å¡Ähid âwitnessâ (Lane, 1610a). For the use of witnesses in proceedings noted in inscriptions compare e.g. the Min. inscription M 316 (found at Dadan). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal?.
s²ml noun. north. Etym: s²ml. l-PN // bn / PN / hn{---}//qbr / á¸h / {ḥ}{m} // Ê¿ly / ymn // w Ê¿ly / s²m[l] // mn / ṯrqr (JSLih 081) âfor PN son of PN [is] this grave {ḥm} from the south and from the north** from ṯrqr(?)*â. note: Possibly compare the expression in the inscription to Q.50.17 Ê¿an al-yamÄ«n wa-Ê¿an al-Å¡imÄl qaÊ¿Ä«d âseated on the right and on the leftâ. Lane (2546c) mentions this in relation to expressions of concilliation: qaÊ¿Ê¿adtu-ka llaha âI beg God to preserve, keep, guard, or watch theeâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary?.
s²ym noun. field. Etym: s²ym. ʾáºll / {l-}á¸Ä¡bt bÊ¿//d / s²ym-h (U 118/ 2â3) âhe performed the áºll {for} á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his field**â. ʾgw / ʾ-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡b//t // bÊ¿d / ṯbrt-h / w s²ym-h (AH 138/ 2â4) âhe dedicated* the áºll to á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his grain and his field**â. ʾáº[l]t / bÊ¿//d / nḫl-h / w s²ym//-h (AH 100/ 2â4) âshe performed the áºll ceremony on behalf of her palm trees and her field**â. note: Translated as âfieldâ in Sima (1999, 31). Sima (1999, 104) connects this word to Sab. ms²m pl. ms²ymt, ms²mt, ms²ym âcultivated area, fieldâ (Beeston et al. 1982, 136) and Min. ms²mm âsurface cultivée, champâ (Arbach 1993, 88). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: áºll; dedicatory.
Ṣ â á¹£
á¹£fḥt noun. cliff face. Etym: á¹£fḥ. PN / bn / PN // ʾḫá¸/ʾṣfḥt (JSLih 065) âPN son of PN took possession of** the cliff face*â. PN/ ʾḫḠ// h-á¹£fḥt á¸t (JSLih 066) âPN took possession of this cliff face**â. note: Compare CAr. á¹£afḥah âthe face, surface or front of a thingâ (Lane, 1695b). Compare to the Nab. inscriptions taking possession of a piece of cliff for cutting out a tomb there in the future (Nehmé 2015, 100). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: legal; funerary.
á¹£lm noun. statue. Etym: á¹£lm. qrb / h-á¹£lm // l-á¸Ä¡bt (JSLih 041/ 2â3) âhe dedicated the statue to á¸Ä¡bt**â. PN / h-á¹£nÊ¿ / nḥt / h-á¹£lm (JSLih 074) âPN the artisan cut the statue**â. dual:: á¹£lmn. [----] // PN / PN / {s}//lḥ / á¸Ä¡b//t / ʾdq / l-l//h / {h}-á¹£lmn (JSLih 061/ 1â4) â⦠PN PN priest of á¸Ä¡bt offered** to Lh* the two statues/the statuette**â. pl.:: ʾṣlm. ʾdq / {l}-á¸Ä¡{b}t / hn-ʾṣl[m] (JSLih 063/ 2) âhe offered to á¸Ä¡bt the statues**â. note: Compare Sab. á¹£lm âimage, statue of manâ; Nab. á¹£lm âstatueâ (Hoftijzer and Jongeling 1995, 968). See Scagliarini (2007, 254â255) for a discussion of the word á¹£lm in the Dadanitic inscriptions. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: á¹£lm: 13; á¹£lmn: 5; ʾṣlm: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
á¹£nÊ¿ noun. artisan. Etym: á¹£nÊ¿. PN / h-á¹£nÊ¿ / nḥt / h-á¹£lm (JSLih 074) âPN the artisan cut the statue**â. note: Compare CAr. á¹£anÄÊ¿ âa man skilful in the work of the hands or handâ (Lane, 1733c) and á¹£ÄniÊ¿ âa handicraftsman; a manufacturorâ (Lane, 1734c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 11. Typology:: dedicatory; graffiti.
á¹£wÄ¡ noun. smith. Etym: swÄ¡. PN // h-á¹£wÄ¡ (Al-Ḫuraybah 04) âPN the smith**â. PN / bn / P//N / h-á¹£nÊ¿ / PN // PN / h-á¹£wÄ¡ (Al-Ḫuraybah 05) âPN son of PN the artisan**, PN PN the smith*â. Variant: á¹£yÄ¡. ---- // h-á¹£yÄ¡ / h//wdq / h-m//ṯlt / l-á¸//Ä¡bt (Al-Ḫuraybah 14/ 1â4) â⦠the smith offered the substitute to á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: Compare CAr. á¹£awwÄÄ¡ âa goldsmith or worker in goldâ (Lane, 1747b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: swÄ¡: 2; syÄ¡: 1. Typology:: title, profession.
TÂ â t
tmny numeral. eight. Etym: ṯmn. {s}//nt / Ê¿s²rn / tmn{y} // ṯlt / ʾym / qbl // rʾy / slḥn (JSLih 068/ 2â5) âyear twenty-{eight}, three days before** the rising of the asterism slḥn*â. note: While there are some examples of etymological interdentals being represented with stops this is not very common in Dadanitic. Since there is only one attestation of the numeral eight, it is unclear whether this spelling is an anomaly or not. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dating formula.
tqmm toponym. tqmm. Etym: Q. PN / bn / PN / ʾáºll / háºll / bkhl / l-á¸Ä¡bt / bÊ¿d / náºl-h / bbnʾl / w tqmm (U 025/ 1â4) âPN son of PN performed the áºll ceremony at Khl for á¸Ä¡bt on behalf of his palm trees at Bnʾl and Tqmm**â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 18) for a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 11. Typology:: áºll.
tqá¹ verb, t, 3m.s. inscribe. Etym: nqá¹. PN / bn PN // tqá¹ (JaL 169 af) âPN son of PN inscribed*â. PN // bn PN tqá¹ // w mṯl (JSLih 339) âPN son of PN inscirbed and copied*â. PN / bn / PN // tqá¹ / mÊ¿ // á¸-TrN (W.Dad 16/ 1â3) âPN son of PN inscribed with the family of TrN*â. PN / bn / P//N tqá¹ / sn//t / {ʾ}ḥdy (Nasif 1988: 96, pl. CXLVI) âPN son of PN inscribed [in] year one**â. Variant: tqá¹á¹. PN t{q}á¹â¨â¨á¹â©â© m---- á¸---- (AH 260) âPN inscribed(?) â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. naqaá¹a âhe dotted, the letter or the word with the diacritical pointsâ and naqqaá¹a âhe made small specksâ (Lane, 2844b). For the interpretation of tqá¹ as a t-stem verb of the root nqá¹ or wqá¹ see (Macdonald 2008, 206). If the á¹ is really written twice in AH 260, this may indicate that the verb is a t-stem of the root qá¹á¹ rather than nqá¹, but the photograph is unclear. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: tqá¹: 84; tqá¹á¹: 1. Typology:: graffiti. Usage: PN bn PN tqá¹; PN son of PN inscribed.
trk verb, g, 3m.s. to leave, relinquish. Etym: trk. PN / bn / PN / ʾgw / h-áºll / b-{m}á¹£//d / hmḠ/ tr{k}---- (AH 202/ 1â2) âPN son of PN dedicated the áºll at [the] sanctuary in accordance with what he left/relinquished â¦*â. ---- wld-h / ʾgww / h ḫ----//----d / hm Ḡ/ trk / ʾ---- // ----y / hm / ná¸r / l-á¸Ä¡[b][t]---- (AH 243/ 4â6) â⦠his son they dedicated the ⦠according to what he left/relinquished â¦* they vowed to á¸Ä¡bt â¦**â. note: Compare CAr. taraka-hu âhe left it, forsook it, relinquished it, abandoned it, deserted it, or quitted itâ (Lane, 304c). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: dedicatory.
trq verb, g, 3f.s. jussive. to conjure; to cast a spell. Etym: rqy. bÊ¿lsmn / ʾḥrm / h-qrt // mn / mh / trq-h / mrʾt // l-bhny / hn-ʾfklt // Ḡ(JSLih 064) âbÊ¿lsmn protected the village from what [spell] the woman of the palm tree, the priestess cast on it á¸* (but see Lundberg 2015, 134 for the interpretation of ʾḥrm and trq)â. note: Compare CAr. raqiya âhe enchanted him or fascinated him by uttering a spell, or by tying knots in a thread or string and puffing or sputtering upon themâ (Lane, 1140b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: narrative.
tsÊ¿ numeral, m. nine. Etym: tsÊ¿. snt / t[sÊ¿]---- // b- rʾy / ḫmt / gs²m / bn / lá¸n / mlk ---- [l]// ḥyn (JSLih 085) âyear nine ⦠during the rising of the asterism ḫmt* Gs²m son of Lá¸n king of LiḥyÄn**â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dating formula.
Ṯ â ṯ
ṯbrt noun. grain. Etym: ṯbr. ʾáºlt / h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt // b-kh[l] / f rá¸-h / w ʾḫrt-h / bÊ¿d /ṯbr[t]-h (U 112/ 2â3) âshe performed the áºll ceremony for á¸Ä¡bt at Khl so favor her and her descendants on behalf of her grain**â. ʾáºllw / h-áºll / b-khl // bÊ¿d / ṯbrt-hmy (U 069/ 3â5) âthey performed the áºll ceremony at Khl on behalf of their grain**â. note: Farès-Drappeau (2005, 206) connects its to Heb. Å¡eber âcorn, grain (which is broken in a mill)â (Gesenius, 803b). See Sima (1999, 104) for a discussion on this term. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 12. Typology:: áºll.
ṯlṯ numeral. three. Etym: ṯlṯ. snt / ṯlṯ 3 / b-r//[ʾy] / ---- [b]n hnʾs / mlk / lḥyn (AH 239/ 4â5) âyear three 3 during the rising of the asterism* ⦠son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn*â. Variant: ṯlt. {s}//nt / Ê¿s²rn / tmn{y} // ṯlt / ʾym / qbl // rʾy / slḥn (JSLih 068/ 2â5) âyear twenty-{eight}, three days before** the rising of the asterism slḥn*â. feminine:: ṯlṯt. ʾáºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt / ṯl//ṯt / ʾáºlt (U 050/ 2â3) âhe performed three áºll ceremonies for á¸Ä¡bt**â. note: See Macdonald (2008, 212) on the variation between ṯlṯ and ṯlt. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ṯlṯ: 4; ṯlt: 1; ṯlṯt: 2. Typology:: dedication.
ṯlṯn numeral. thirty. Etym: ṯlṯ. sn[t] / ṯlṯn / w ḫm//s 35 / b-rʾy / [m]nÊ¿y / lá¸n / bn / hnʾs / mlk / lḥyn (JSLih 082/ 4â6) âyear thirty-five 35 during the rising of the asterism mnÊ¿y* [during the reign of] Lá¸n son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn**â. note: See also ṯlṯ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dating formula.
ṯr toponym. ṯr. ná¸r / h-áºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt // b-khl / bÊ¿d / ml-h / b-ṯr/ (U 010/ 2â3) âhe vowed the áºll to á¸Ä¡bt at Khl on behalf of his property at á¹®r **â. note: See Hidalgo Chacon Dièz (2014, 18) for a a discussion of the place name and its occurrence in the Dadanitic corpus. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 10. Typology:: áºll.
ṯrw verb, g, 3m.s. become abundant. Etym: ṯrw. khf / PN / bn / PN / mlk // ddn / w ṯrw / nÊ¿m / b-h / nÊ¿rgd (JSLih 138) âcave(tomb) of PN son of PN king of Dadan and may he become abundant in property/divine grace by means of him, NaÊ¿rgadd*â. note: Compare CAr. ṯaraytu bÄ«k âI became abundant [in property] by means of theeâ (Lane, 335b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary.
ṯtn numeral. two. Etym: ṯn. snt / ṯtn / l-tlmy / bn / h//n{ʾ}{s} (JSLih 045/ 3â4) âyear two of [the reign of] Tlmy son of Hnʾs**â. snt / ʾr{b}//Ê¿n / w ṯtn / b-rʾ//y / á¸Ê¾s¹lÊ¿n / tlm//y / bn / hnʾs / ml//k / lḥyn (Al-Ḫuraybah 10) âyear forty-two during the rising of the asterism á¸Ê¾slÊ¿n*, [during the reign of] Tlmy son of Hnʾs king of LiḥyÄn**â. note: See Macdonald (2008, 213) for a discussion of the form ṯtn âtwoâ, which is probably an assimilated form of *ṯintÄn, following the regular assimilation of n to following stops in Dadanitic (cf. n-assimilation in phonology). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 4. Typology:: dating formula.
Ṭ â á¹
á¹Ê¿n active participle, m.s. to smite. Etym: á¹Ê¿n. tqá¹ / Ê¿r[r] {á¸}Ä¡{b}//t / á¹Ê¿n/ Ê¿rr ---- (AH 210) âhe inscribed may á¸Ä¡bt dishonor by smiting(?) the one who mistreats â¦*â. note: Compare CAr. á¹aÊ¿ana-hu âhe pierced him, smote him, or wounded himâ (Lane, 1855b). See Hidalgo-Cahcón DÃez (2008, 39â41) for a discussion of á¹Ê¿n as a verb. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: curse.
á¹Ê¿n noun. setting of an asterism. Etym: á¹Ê¿n. ⦠snt / Ê¿s²r / w ṯlṯ / 13 / ymn / ḫlf / á¹Ê¿n / á¸//----l{Ê¿}{b} / [t]lmy / bn / [l]á¸{n} / ml{k} / {l}{ḥ}yn (AH 197/ 8â9) âyear thirteen 13 two days following the setting of the asterism ⦠Tlmy son of Lá¸n king of LiḥyÄn*â. note: Given the formulaic context in which b-á¹Ê¿n occurs in AH 197, it is almost certainly semantically related to the more common form rÊ¿y. See Hidalgo-Cahcón DÃez (2008, 39â41) for a discussion of á¹Ê¿n as a verb. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dating formula.
á¹á¸¥ln theonym. á¹á¸¥ln. Etym: á¹á¸¥l. f-mn yÊ¿rrh // yÊ¿rh nÊ¿m // á¸Ä¡bt // w á¹á¸¥ln (AH 289) âand may whoever mistreats it be stripped of property/divine grace, á¸Ä¡bt and á¹á¸¥ln*â. PN / mlk ddn / fÊ¿l // l-á¹á¸¥ln (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 2011.1) âPN king of Dadan made [it] for á¹á¸¥ln**â. note: Translation based on context. Ṭḥln occurs once in Sab. as a patronym (Fa 124, DASI 14-2-2018). See al-Said (2011) for the first publication of Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 2011.1 and a brief discussion of the theonym á¹á¸¥ln. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: curse; dedicatory.
á¹rq verb, g, 3m.s. to hammer. Etym: á¹rq. á¹rq / h-nqn / w Ê¿kb / (AHÂ 287/ 2) âhe hammered** the two nq and he remained*â. note: Compare CAr. á¹araqa âthe beating or striking of a thing in any mannerâ (Lane, 1846a). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory?; graffiti.
á¹rt noun. mountain. l-PN / w PN / w bnt-h / h-á¹rt // á¸t / wl / wrṯ-hm (JSLih 313) âFor PN and PN and his daughter [is] this mountain and verily [it is] their inheritance*â. note: Compare Aram. á¹Å«r âmountainâ (CAL, 19-2-2018). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal?.
WÂ â w
wdd verb, q, 3m.s. to love(?) Etym: wdd. PN bn PN bn PN // wdd PN (JaL 147 c) âPN son of PN son of PN loved PN**â. PN / wdd PN w PN (Ph 395v) âPN loved PN and PN*â. ḫ----t / wdd / PN / Ê¿----k---- // w wdd-h / w wdd á¸(Nasif 1988: 94, pl. CXL/c) â⦠loved PN ⦠and he loved him and he loved á¸*â. Variant: wd. PN / bn / PN / wd // PN (JaL 116) âPN son of PN loved PN**â. note: Compare CAr. wadda-hu âhe loved or affected him or itâ (Lane, 2931b). Note that wdd is also attested as a personal name, since the inscriptions where wdd may be interpreted as a verb are mostly very short graffiti, these may be personal names as well. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: wdd: 14; wd: 1. Typology:: graffiti.
wdy verb, g, 3m.s. to place; to set up. Etym: wdy. ---- n / wdy / {n}fs / h-ʾl---- // ----(JSLih 040/ 5) â⦠he set up the funerary monument â¦*â. PN / PN / w---- // w wdy / h-q{y}Ê¿---- (Müller, D.H. 1889: 86, no. 68) âPN PN ⦠and he set up the ⦠(?)*â. 3pl.:: wdyw. wdyw / nfs / PN / bn / PN / m{h} // ʾḫḠ/ Ê¿l -hmy / ḫrg (JSLih 077) âthey set up the funerary monument for PN son of PN** which was placed upon them as a lawsuit*â. note: Compare GeÊ¿ez wadaya âput, put in, add, put on (adornments), put under, lay, place, set, throwâ (Leslau 1991, 605). Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: wdy: 2; wdyq: 1. Typology:: legal; funerary?.
whbt verb, g, 3f.s. to offer. Etym: whb. ---- {w}h{b}t / l-á¸Ä¡bt ----// (Umm Daraǧ 01) â{she offered} to á¸Ä¡bt â¦**â. note: Compare Sab. âto give, grant, hand over, transferâ (Beeston et al 1982, 158); CAr. wahaba la-hu Å¡ayʾan âhe gave him a thingâ (Lane, 2968c). Certainty:: quite certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
wl asseverative. verily, already. Etym: w + l. l-PN / w PN / w PN / h-á¹rt // á¸t / wl / wrṯ-hm (JSLih 313) âfor PN and PN and his daughter [is] this mountain and verily [it is] their inheritance*â. wl / ḥmm / b-bt-h á¹£{l}m / wl / slmn // b-ḥq[w]y / kfr / ḥmm (JSLih 077: 6â7) âand verily he offered at his temple a statue and he has offered two peace offerings (?) on the walls of (a?) cave/tomb* (J. Lundberg (pc.) proposed to interpret this section as a chiastic structure)â. note: In most Semitic languages, the asseverative is only used proclitically. But compare Sab. in which both spellings occur: w-l yknn hʾ (Fa 30) âand may it beâ and w-l-yknn ʾln ʾs¹dn w-ʾnṯn (Fa 3) âand may these men and women beâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: legal.
wld noun. son; child. Etym: wld. ---- [á¸]//Ä¡bt / ʾ{n}/yk{n}---- // l-h / {w}ld / f rá¸{y}[-h] ---- // w ʾḫrt-h {á¸}---- (AH 203/ 2â4) â⦠á¸Ä¡bt that there may be a son ⦠for him so may he favor him ⦠and his posterity â¦**â. ----rlh / w PN / bn[t]/ʾ----s / w PN / bn//t / PN / w h---- / bn / PN / á¸-Tr//N / w wld-hm / ʾáºllw / h-áºll(AH 244/ 1â3) â⦠and PN daughter of ⦠{PN} and PN daughter of PN and {PN}⦠son of PN of the lineage of TrN and their children performed the áºll*â. note: Compare CAr. walad âa child, son, daughterâ and âchildren, sons, daughters, offspringâ (Lane 2966b). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 3. Typology:: dedicatory; áºll.
wqd verb, q, 3m.s. to offer. Etym: wqd. ---- Ê¿rá¸y ---- // ----[h]wqd/h-s---- // ---- [f] rá¸y{-h} (Al-Ḫuraybah 08) â⦠PN ⦠he offered the ⦠[so] may he favor him**â. note: See ʾqd. Since the C-stem verb ʾqd of the same root is attested and given the fact that most dedicatory verbs are C-stem verbs, there was likely a h before wqd, which is now lost. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory.
wrṯ noun. descendants. Etym: wrṯ. PN / bn / PN / PN / bny / h-//kfr / l-h / w-l-wrṯ-h / h-kfr / á¸h / kll-h (JSLih 045/ 1â2) âPN son of PN PN built the tomb for him and his descendants, all of this tomb**â. note: Compare CAr. wÄriṯ âan heirâ (Lane, 2934c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal; construction; funerary.
wrṯ noun. inheritance. Etym: wrṯ. l-PN / w P//N / w PN / h-á¹rt // á¸t / wl / wrṯ-hm (JSLih 313) âfor PN and PN and his daughter [is] this mountain and verily [it is] their inheritance*â. note: Compare CAr. wÄriṯ âan heirâ (Lane, 2934c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: legal; construction; funerary.
YÂ â y
yÊ¿r verb, g, 3m.s. pc. to mistreat, dishonor, disgrace. Etym: Ê¿rr. f mn yÊ¿rrh // yÊ¿rh nÊ¿m // á¸Ä¡bt // w á¹á¸¥ln (AH 289) âand may whoever mistreats it be stripped of property, á¸Ä¡bt and á¹á¸¥ln (Ahmad Al-Jallad, pc.)â note: Compare CAr. Ê¿arrar-hu and Ê¿arrara-hu âhe disgraced or dishonored himâ and âhe wronged him, or treated him unjustly or injuriouslyâ (Lane, 1990a). For the more common form see the suffx conjugation Ê¿rr. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: curse.
yÊ¿rr verb, g, 3m.s. jussive. to mistreat, dishonor, disgrace. Etym: Ê¿rr. f mn yÊ¿rr-h // yÊ¿r-h nÊ¿m // á¸Ä¡bt// w á¹á¸¥ln (AH 289) âand may whoever mistreats it be stripped of property, á¸Ä¡bt and á¹á¸¥ln (Ahmad Al-Jallad, pc.)â mn yÊ¿rr Ê¿rr á¸Ä¡bt Ê¿á¹{ḥ}{l}r (JSTham 251.3) âwhoever mistreats [it] may á¸Ä¡bt disgrace [him] ???*â. note: Compare CAr. Ê¿arrar-hu and Ê¿arrara-hu âhe disgraced or dishonored himâ and âhe wronged him, or treated him unjustly or injuriouslyâ (Lane, 1990a). For the more common form see the suffix conjugation Ê¿rr. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: curse.
yd noun. hand, arm. PN / ná¹£b wasm h-yd wqá¹(JaLÂ 152) âPN set up a cult stone [and] inscribed the arm*â. b-yd PN (JSLih 106) âby the hand of PN**â. note: Compare CAr. yad âhandâ and âforearmâ (Steingass, 1238ab). The âwasmâ in JaLÂ 152 is a drawing of an arm the inscription seems to refer to the production of the drawing. Note that bydh is attested as a PN in Dadanitic (JaLÂ 166 c). Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 2. Typology:: graffiti.
ylmÊ¿ verb, g, 3m.s. pc. to make splenderous. Etym: lmÊ¿. f ysmÊ¿ l-h ʾl // w ylmÊ¿-h (JaL 016 a) âAnd may ʾÄl listen to him and make him splenderous(?)*â. note: Compare CAr. lmÊ¿ âto shine very brightly, to flashâ. Sima (1999, 113) proposed to interpret ylmÊ¿ as âto give a signâ from CAr. lamaÊ¿a âwinken, e. Zeichen, e. Signal gebenâ. Certainty:: uncertain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory; graffiti.
ym noun. day. Etym: ywm. ----m / ym / stḥbl / ʾqd / h-rÊ¿ / f rá¸-hm / w //---- (Al-SaÊ¿Ä«d 1420/1999: 3â14, no. 1/ 4) â⦠[the] day he pledged the dedication/produce of the livestock so favor them and â¦*â. dual:: ymn. PN / w PN w //PN w PN w PN // w PN / PN PN // b-{á¸}wh / ymn (Graf AbÅ« al-á¸ibÄÊ¿ 2) âPN and PN and PN and PN and PN and PN PN PN [were] at {á¸wh} for two days*â. snt / Ê¿s²r / w ṯlṯ / 13 / ymn / ḫlf / á¹Ê¿n / Ḡ//----l{Ê¿}{b} / [t]lmy / bn / [l]á¸{n} / ml{k} / {l}{ḥ}yn (AH 197/ 8â9) âyear thirteen 13 two days after** the setting of the asterism* â¦, Tlmy son of Lá¸n king of LiḥyÄn**â. pl.:: ʾym. {s}//nt / Ê¿s²rn / tmn{y} // ṯlt / ʾym / qbl // rʾy / slḥn (JSLih 068/ 2â5) âyear twenty-{eight}, three days before** the rising of the asterism slḥn*â. PN / bn / PN /t {q}á¹ / b-ʾym / PN / bn // PN / w PN / fḥt / ddn / b-rʾ[y] ---- (JSLih 349) âPN son of PN inscribed during the days of PN son of PN and PN governor of Dadan** during the rising of the asterism â¦*â. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: ym: 1; ymn: 4; ʾym: 5. Typology:: áºll; legal; graffiti; dating formula. Usage: X ʾym qbl rʾy Y; X days before the rising of the asterism Y.
ymn noun. south. Etym: ymn. l-PN // bn / PN / hn-//qbr / á¸h / {ḥ}{m} // Ê¿ly / ymn // w Ê¿ly / s²m[l] // mn / ṯrqr (JSLih 081) âfor PN son of PN [is] this grave {ḥm} from the south and from the north** from ṯrqr(?)*â. note: Possibly compare the expression in JSLih 081 to Q.50.17 Ê¿an al-yamÄ«n wa-Ê¿an al-Å¡imÄl qaÊ¿Ä«d âseated on the right and on the leftâ. Lane (2546c) mentions this in relation to expressions of concilliation: qaÊ¿Ê¿adtu-ka llaha âI beg God to preserve, keep, guard, or watch theeâ. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: funerary.
ysmÊ¿ verb, g, 3m.s. pc. to listen, to hear. Etym: smÊ¿. f ysmÊ¿ l-h ʾl // w ylmÊ¿-h (JaL 016 a) âAnd may ʾÄl listen to him and make him splenderous(?)*â. note: Compare CAr. samiÊ¿a aÅ¡-Å¡ayʾ âhe heard or listened to the thingâ (Lane 1427b). Sima (1999, 113) already proposed this interpretation of f-ysmÊ¿ l-h and compared the use of smÊ¿ with the prepostition l- with this meaning to the texts from Qaryat al-Faw. Certainty:: certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: dedicatory; graffiti. Usage: smÊ¿ l-X; listen to so..
ysrg verb, g, 3m.s. jussive. it was rendered beautiful, embellished. Etym: srg. [/]ʾny // ysrg [/] ʾb-hm / w {m}Ê¿n-h[m] // w {m}fr-h{m} / b-ms²hl (U 026/ 3â5) âthat their pasture may be beautified and their abode and their cultivated land at Ms²hl**â. note: OCIANA compares it to CAr. yusarragu âit was rendered beautiful, embellishedâ. Certainty:: not quite certain. Frequency:: 1. Typology:: áºll.
áºÂ â áº
áºll noun. the áºll ceremony. Etym: áºll. ʾáº//llw / áºll / h-nq / l-//á¸Ä¡bt / f rá¸-hm (AH 001/ 3â5) âthey performed the áºll ritual of the nq* for á¸Ä¡bt so favor them**â. Variant: á¹ll. ---- [ʾ]á¹ll // h-á¹ll ---- (AH 009.1/ 1â2) âhe performed the á¹ll ceremony**â. dual:: áºlln. PN / bn / PN / b-khl // ʾáºll / h-áºlln (U 034/ 1â2) âPN on of PN at Khl performed the two áºll ceremonies**â. pl.:: ʾáºlt. ʾáºll / l-á¸Ä¡bt / ṯl//ṯt / ʾáºlt (U 050/ 2â3) âhe performed three áºll ceremonies**â. ʾgw / l-á¸Ä¡bt // ṯlṯt / ʾáºl//t (U 032/ 2â4) âhe dedicated* to á¸Ä¡bt three áºll**â. note: For a discussion of the proposed translations of ʾáºll h-áºll so far see (Scagliarini 2002, 573â575). Recently, a new interpretation of the form háºl from same root in Sabaic has been suggested, which links it to the act of writing, rather than shade (