Index
Page numbers in italics indicate figures.
Aarschot, Duke of (Philippe Charles de Arenberg)
163, 164, 165, 250n.53
Aertsen, Pieter
97, 104, 106, 111, 114, 235–36ns.26–29, 236n.31, 238n.59
circle of
98–99
compositions after
98–99
prints after
95
Velázquez’s engagement with
107, 236n.35, 239ns.73–74
Agüero, Benito Manuel
250n.61, 253n.90
Agulló y Cobo, Mercedes
232n.176
Aikema, Bernard
9, 220n.81
Alberti, Leon Battista
41–42, 130, 251n.66
Alcalá, Duke of (Don Fernando Enríquez de Ribera)
98
Alfonso V (King of Aragon)
9
Allori, Alessandro
120, 241n.100
Alpers, Svetlana
195–96
Amberes, Isabel de
218n.54
America (New World)
3, 31, 134, 197, 250n.59, 256n.39, 257n.59
Anderson, Benedict
21
Antwerp
85, 163–65, 168, 168
Andries Smidt in
67–68
Anthony van Dyck in
65
artistic collaboration in
131–34, 142, 143, 149
art market of
33, 38, 137, 163, 245n.173
economic decline of
30, 33
emigration from
74, 85, 120, 145–46, 166
and furniture production
205–6
Jesuits of
68–73, 135, 231n.158, 244n.157
and landscape painting
158–59, 163, 168
painters’ guild membership
63, 68, 250n.48, 259n.95
painters’ guild power
33, 131, 142
and paintings on copper
197, 199
and Rubens
187, 191, 197, 212
Appelman, Juan
221n.21, 223ns.39–40, 223n.46
Arauxo, Don Juan de
228n.124
archers. see Noble Guardia
Ardemans, Teodoro
221n.21, 242n.124
Arellano, Juan de
143–44, 146, 244n.160, 245n.174, 245n.178, 245n.181
specialization in still lifes
128, 142–45
Arenberg, Philippe Charles de (Duke of Aarschot)
163, 164, 165, 250n.53
Arias, Juan Eugenio
230n.145
art theorists
Flemish
4
Spanish
42, 82, 88, 101–6, 153, 161
Carducho, Vicente; figures in painting; Guevara, Felipe de; Hollanda, Francisco de; Junius, Hadrianus; Martínez, Jusepe; Pacheco, Francisco; Van Mander, Karel
Asselijn, Jan
180
assimilation of Flemish artists
46, 68, 81
integration of Flemish artists
Aterido Fernández, Ángel
254n.102
Ávila
18, 57
balance, compositional
122, 251n.67
and art theory of kitchen scenes
88, 103, 105, 107, 115
and art theory of landscapes
170–72, 184–85
Flemish
5, 87–91, 95–96, 101–9
and landscapes
154, 170–72, 175, 181
and religious narratives
95, 101–4, 107
and Rubens
195–96
and secular still lifes
111–14
Spanish
107–8, 111–14, 172, 175
Baldinucci, Filippo
252n.74
bamboches
171–72, 184, 252n.75
landscapes
Bandot, Adrian
221n.21, 223n.40, 223n.46
Bandot, Phelipe
224n.48
Barocci, Federico
257n.58
Barquin, Simon
221n.21
Barrera, Francisco
115, 116, 240n.87
Bass, Laura
42, 226n.65
Bassano family
257n.58
and Felipe Diriksen
62
and kitchen scenes
99, 236n.29
and landscape painting
180, 247n.18, 254n.94
and naturalism
9
Bassegoda i Hugas, Bonaventura
130, 252n.71
Beer, Cornelis de
118–21, 119–21, 166, 203, 221n.21, 223n.39, 241n.96, 241n.99
Beer, María Eugenia de
118–20, 119, 166, 203
Beert, Osias
92, 92, 93, 111, 123, 235n.20, 240n.84
Belgium
2, 21–22, 24
Bermejo, Bartolomé
8–9, 217n.33
Berquel, Claudio
221n.21
Berruguete, Alonso
215n.4
Berruguete, Pedro
215n.4
Beuckelaer, Joachim
96, 97, 104, 104, 111, 114, 235–36ns.26–29, 238n.59
compositions after
96, 98–99
prints after
95
Velázquez’s engagement with
107–8, 239ns.73–74
Bie, Cornelis de
163, 164
Bimbi, Bartolomeo
246n.182
Binck, Jacob
204, 258n.76
bodegones
14, 91, 95–101, 236n.30, 236n.43, 237ns.45–46, 257n.66
kitchen scenes; still lifes
Bolswert, Boetius Adamsz.
207, 209
Bolswert, Schelte Adamsz.
38, 59, 61, 228n.118
Bonnecroy, Jan Baptist
168, 168, 251n.62
Bonzi, Pietro Paolo
237n.46, 257n.58
Borghini, Raffaelle
158, 248n.24
Borgoña, Juan de
215n.4
Borobia, Mar
234n.205
Borromeo, Federico (Cardinal-Archbishop of Milan)
251n.67
and devotional landscapes
157–59, 170–72, 248n.20, 252n.71, 253n.82
and flower garland paintings
135, 140, 244n.145
patronage of Jan Brueghel I
134, 140, 159, 247n.8
Bosch
235n.15, 248n.19
Bosmans, André
244n.159
Bosque, Felipe
155, 218n.54
Both, Jan
180, 181
brand. see marketing
Bril, Paul
158, 159, 162, 249n.30, 250n.39
Brisarte, Francisco
221n.21, 223n.39, 223–24ns.46–47
Brown, Jonathan
192, 222n.23, 255n.25
Bruegel, Pieter (I)
67, 249n.28, 255n.27
Brueghel, Jan (I
) 67, 74, 126, 133, 136, 179, 244n.159
collaboration with Hendrick van Balen
134, 140–41
compositions recalling
126, 203
and cultural identity
224n.50, 256n.29, 257n.64
and the figure
252n.70
and landscapes
249n.28
patronage by Federico Borromeo
134, 140, 159, 247n.8
work in Italy
221n.8
Brueghel, Jan (I), collaboration with Rubens
133–35, 133, 136, 243n.142, 244n.150, 244n.154, 256n.29
and Flemishness
193, 255n.27
and Frans Snyders
125
patronage by the Marquis of Leganés
135
Bruges
3, 9, 38, 224n.53, 229n.127, 229n.131
brushwork
66, 94, 190, 235n.23, 257n.65
invisible
7, 9, 18, 46, 88, 199, 201
loose
184, 187, 191, 194, 201
Bruyn, Josua
248n.18
Bruyn, Luis de
221n.21, 223n.39, 224n.47
Bry, Johann Theodor de
118–20, 119, 241n.96
Buen Retiro
117, 164, 174, 180, 254n.96
Philip IV (King of Spain)
Burke, Marcus
234n.3
Butrón, Juan de
237n.50, 239n.71
Cajés, Eugenio
57, 102, 108, 108, 237n.54
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro
4
Calderón de Lara, Alonso
230n.145
Cambiaso, Luca
248n.19
Camilo, Francisco
142–43, 143
Campbell, Lorne
260n.103
Campi, Vincenzo
91, 96, 96, 104, 236n.28
Caraglio, Jacopo
204, 258n.76
Caravaggio
9, 172
Carducho, Vicente
4, 57, 103, 108, 171
and the Council of Trent
103, 237n.56
Diálogos de la pintura: Su defensa, origen, esencia, definición, modos y diferencias
102, 191
on kitchen scenes
102–4, 107, 238n.60
on landscapes
166, 169–70, 172, 180–81, 184
on the status of the figure
102–4, 106, 169–70, 184, 237n.50, 237n.58
and Velázquez
238n.59, 239n.73
art theorists
Carpio, Marchioness of (Exma. Señora Doña Antonia María de la Cerda)
64, 230n.145
Carpio, Marquis of (Gaspar de Haro y Guzmán)
64, 65, 67, 68, 229n.133, 252n.75
Carracci, Annibale
96, 97, 109, 110, 236n.29, 240n.83
landscapes
172, 184
Carreño de Miranda, Juan
62, 66, 187
Cars, François
64–66, 65, 230n.141, 230n.143
Castel Rodrigo, Marquis of (Don Manuel de Moura)
180
Castile
3, 206
Castrejón, Antonio de
147, 246n.187
Catholic Church
regulation of religious imagery
88, 103
in the Southern Netherlands
33
Ceán Bermúdez, Juan Agustín
227n.87
Cennini, Cennino
251n.66
Cerda, Exma. Señora Doña Antonia María de la (Marchioness of Carpio)
64, 230n.145
Cerón, Juan Antonio
230n.145
Cervantes, Miguel de
247n.16
Cesari, Giuseppe (Cavalier D’Arpino)
257n.58
Céspedes, Pablo de
4, 105, 238n.68
Charles II (King of Spain)
36, 74–76, 75–76, 81, 223n.39
Charles V (King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor)
2–3, 11, 17, 74, 179, 191, 193
patronage of Jan Cornelisz. Vermeyen
17
patronage of Titian
11, 187, 191, 193, 217n.46
Checa, Fernando
252n.76
Cherry, Peter
62, 125–27, 148, 202
Claessins, Pieter
224n.53
Cleve, Francisco de
14–15, 15, 100, 218n.54
Clusius, Carolus
117, 240n.94
cocinas. see kitchen scenes
Coello, Claudio
66, 187–88
Cole, Michael
248n.24
collaboration
78, 79, 118, 125, 145, 203, 243n.138, 244n.144
as Flemish
88, 131–33, 138, 142, 149–50
and flower garland paintings
134, 135, 137–38, 142, 244n.162, 245n.176
and seascapes
134, 162, 164, 165–66
in Spain
142–44, 147–49
Spanish appreciation of
132–34, 137–38
Collantes, Francisco
180, 200, 250n.61, 253n.93
collectors, Flemish
40, 131, 163
collectors, Spanish
1, 166, 195
appreciation of Flemishness
25, 37, 82, 115, 163
and flower garland paintings
134, 135
and kitchen scenes
95, 101
and prizing of Flemish technique
1, 5, 10
color
and Flemish detail
26, 217n.32
and Flemish landscapes
17, 153, 155, 159, 166, 217ns.30–31, 249ns.29–30, 250n.58
and Flemish oil painting
6–7, 18
and Flemish still lifes
85, 88, 126, 142
and patronage
8, 154–55
and portraiture
7, 76, 80
and Rubens
190, 191, 193–94
and Rubens copies
197, 206, 207, 258n.89
and Spanish painting
57–58, 66, 107–8, 173
and Titian
191, 194
pigments
Columbus, Ferdinand
219n.69
copper, paintings on
76, 154, 184, 199–201, 203, 256n.38, 257n.60
cost of supports
257n.56
and Italian artists
257n.58
Juan van der Hamen y León
138–39, 140
and New World artists
257n.59
properties of
257ns.50–52
by Rubens
257n.60
imported Flemish objects; Rubens, Peter Paul, copies painted on copper after
Coques, Gonzales
73, 78, 80, 234n.199
Corral Estrada, Martín
231n.173, 232n.178
Corte, Francisco de la
145–46, 221n.21
Corte, Gabriel de la
122, 145–49, 146–48, 221n.21, 244n.160, 246n.184, 246ns.189–90
in the collection of Don Manuel Rodríguez de los Ríos
148, 246n.190
specialization in still lifes
145–50
Corte, Juan de la
41, 122, 145–46, 163, 166, 167, 172, 221n.21, 246n.185, 252n.76
Corte, Lucas de la
146, 221n.21
Corvoisier, Gabriel Antonio
221n.21, 223n.39, 224ns.47–48
Corvoisier, Luis
221n.21, 223n.39, 223–24ns.46–47
Cousin, Louis (Gentil)
134, 137, 243n.137, 244n.143, 244n.162
Covarrubias, Sebastián de
19–20
Coxcie, Michiel
12
Cranach, Lucas (I)
179, 253n.92
Croÿ, Jean de (Count of Solre)
40, 62, 126, 226n.64
cultural identity
23, 91
Flemish
29, 34–40, 62, 90, 123, 129
and geography
23–24, 191, 194
and Rubens
191, 194, 196
D’Hulst, Roger-A.
207
Da Vinci, Leonardo
251n.66
Dalmau, Lluís
8, 9
De Clippel, Karolien
241n.95
De Piles, Roger
22, 219n.78
De Zayas y Sotomayor, María
247n.17
Delacroix, Eugène
195
Díaz del Valle, Lázaro
4, 71, 78, 191
Dierickx, Adriaen (Adriaen Dircksen; Adriano Rodríguez; Jesuit)
71, 221n.21, 229n.127, 232n.175
Diriksen, Felipe
43–63, 48, 50–52, 56–58, 60, 221n.21, 226n.81, 227n.87, 227n.89
as appraiser
126, 228ns.123–24
compositions after Rubens
58, 58–62, 63, 188, 228n.118
court patronage of
50
engagement with Velázquez
46–47, 51, 56, 58
as Flemish portrait painter
44, 46, 52, 53, 58, 61
as Flemish religious painter
57–61, 149–50, 228n.112, 228n.114, 228n.116
and flower garland paintings
149–50
and marketing
58, 60, 62
name variations of
227n.97, 229ns.125–27, 232n.175
Noble Guardia membership
43–44, 150, 223ns.39–40, 226n.83, 242n.122
paintings attributed to
228n.109, 228n.113
patronage by Philip III
44, 50
Diriksen, Gabriel
221n.21, 223ns.39–40, 226ns.83–84
Diriksen, Rodrigo. see Holanda, Rodrigo de
distance
26, 166, 175, 246n.7
and concept of lexos (lejos)
154, 155, 246n.7
and illusion of space
153–55, 163, 166, 247n.8
and imagined land travel
157–59, 168, 176, 247n.8
and relation to the figure
154, 170, 173
and Velázquez
176–79
landscapes
Dolci, Carlo
120, 241n.100
Ducamps, Jean (Jean Duchamps; Juan del Campo; Giovanni del Campo)
165–66, 250n.56
Dughet, Gaspard
180
Dürer, Albrecht
130, 253n.84
Eguía, Don Gerónimo de
230n.145
Eighty Years War
3, 4, 21, 30, 34, 160
Elliott, John H.
222n.23
Elsheimer, Adam
253n.80
engravings
59, 61, 65, 70, 72, 95, 95, 118, 119, 120, 168, 184, 209–10
as models for other media
205
as models for paintings
38, 59–61, 97, 139, 188, 204
as records of lost works
64–66, 69–70, 207
prints
Enríquez de Cabrera, Juan Gaspar (Duke of Medina de Ríoseco and Admiral of Castile)
235n.14
Escobar, Alonso de
26, 109–10, 110, 112, 240ns.81–82
Escorial, El
17, 18, 43, 75, 100, 117, 132, 154, 157, 171, 187, 215n.4, 234n.203, 252n.69, 247n.9
Sala de Batallas (El Escorial)
escritorios
203–6, 211, 258n.81, 258n.85
imported Flemish objects
Estanmolín, Silvestre
218n.49
Esteban de Medina, Juan (Juan Esteban de Úbeda)
109, 109, 110, 112, 114, 239n.78
Esturmio, Hernando (Hernando Esturmus; Ferdinand Sturm)
221n.18
exports
205
from Flanders
33, 95, 197
of Flemish landscapes
158, 166
of paintings from Flanders to Spain
3, 14, 90, 94, 199, 224n.53
Ezquerra, Jerónimo
183, 221n.21, 232n.176, 254n.99
and Flemish style
181–82, 184, 254n.102
Noble Guardia membership
181, 223n.39, 224ns.47–48
Fackx, Sebastian
31
Falkenburg, Reindert
247n.18
Falomir, Miguel
235n.9
Farnese, Alejandro
236n.33
Felibien, André
106
Feria, Duke of (Don Gómez Suárez de Figueroa)
55–56, 56, 228ns.108–9
Fernández, Francisco
144, 230n.145
Fernández, Juan (El Labrador)
87, 122, 124
Fernández, Julián
228n.116
Fernández de Navarrete, Juan (el Mudo)
105
Ferrari, Giovanni Battista
241n.96
figures in painting
102–6, 114–15, 157, 170–75, 247n.18, 251n.67
and distance
154, 170, 173
Francisco Pacheco on
14, 102, 106
Karel van Mander on
239n.70
and landscapes
163, 168–71, 172–78, 181–85
and Rubens
195–96, 200–1, 203
Vicente Carducho on
102–4, 106, 169–70, 184, 237n.50, 237n.58
art theorists
Finson, Louis
38, 224n.53
Fiorentino, Rosso
204
flamenco
80, 243n.132, 243n.136, 253n.80
as broad geographical term
1, 24, 37, 161, 219n.67, 219n.69
as designation of subject matter
118, 184, 214, 219n.69, 242n.126, 252n.75
meaning of
19–21, 219n.65
and the Noble Guardia
34, 36–37
and painting attribution
37, 67, 90, 118, 128, 242n.126
Rubens as
190, 255n.17
países (paisajes)
Flandes, Juan de
9, 10, 11, 229n.127
flower garland paintings
25–26, 89, 136, 138–41, 143–44, 146–48, 149–50
and combination of styles
141–42
as devotional objects
142
and Juan van der Hamen y León
138–41, 138–41, 142
and the Marquis of Leganés
135, 138
origins of
134
Spanish market for
135–38, 142–43, 149
Spanish painters of
142–49
fruit paintings; still lifes
flowers
and Flemishness
116–18, 123, 126–27, 240n.90
and Italian models
120
and marketing still lifes as Flemish
118–30
and Spanish style
123, 128
Forchondt family
3, 137, 197, 199, 256n.42, 256n.47
Franck, Pauwels (Paolo Fiammingo)
229n.127
Francken, Frans (II)
211, 211–12
Francken, Hiëronymus
111, 240n.84
Fredric, Gil
221n.21
frescoes
7, 17, 18, 64, 217ns.30–31
fruit paintings
86–87, 92, 122, 124, 125, 136, 206, 245n.181
and art theory
103–4, 105, 129–30, 170–71
and collaborative works
133, 134, 135, 136
as Flemish
85–88, 118, 128, 130, 195, 242n.126
as part of larger compositions
14, 15, 92, 95, 98, 104, 136, 170
as reference to Zeuxis
85
and Spanish still lifes
86, 122–23
flower garland paintings; still lifes
Fyt, Jan
237n.46
Galle, Cornelis (I)
59, 59, 71, 72
Gallo de Escalada, García
228n.124
Gerard, Claudio
221n.21, 223n.39, 223–24ns.46–47
Gerard, Juan
221n.21, 223n.39, 224n.47
German artists
4, 22, 90, 124, 217n.32, 219n.67, 235n.13
Gheens, Jacob
220n.5
Gil, Juan
221n.18
Gillemans, Jan Pauwel
245n.181
Girandes, Gabriel
155, 218n.54
Goeree, Willem
105, 238n.63
Goerlich, Daniel
209, 259n.95
Goethuysen, Jodocus de (Giuseppe Casabona)
117, 240n.94
Golden Age
1, 5, 27, 173, 215n.2, 246n.7
Gómez, Llucià Salvador
259n.95
Gómez de Silva, Don Ruy (Duke of Pastrana)
14
González, Bartolomé
46, 50, 227n.93
González, Fray Joseph
149–50
Gossart, Jan
31, 41
Goubau, Anthonis (I)
257n.61
Gracián, Baltasar
239n.71
Greco, El (Domenikos Theotokopoulos)
229n.127
Guevara, Don Diego de
6, 7, 217n.28
Guevara, Felipe de
4, 105, 217n.31, 248n.24
and Jan van Eyck
6–7, 217n.28
Guillermo, Isaac
221n.21, 223n.40
Gurrea y Aragón, Don Martín de (Duke of Villahermosa)
11, 41
Gutiérrez de los Ríos, Gaspar
106, 108, 239n.71
Guzmán, Gaspar de (Count-Duke of Olivares)
47, 49
Habsburgs
2, 30, 42, 135, 191
Haro y Guzmán, Gaspar de (Marquis of Carpio)
64, 65, 67, 68, 229n.133, 252n.75
Healy, Fiona
228n.118
Herrera, Francisco de (I)
115–16
Herrera, Francisco de (II)
66, 230n.145
Heuer, Christopher
246n.7
hierarchy of genres
42, 106
Hipp, Elisabeth
232n.175
history painting
12, 124, 130, 195
and art theory
102, 105, 196, 256n.34
Ho, Angela
245n.173
Hoefnagel, Joris
218n.59
Holanda, Rodrigo de (Rodrigo Diriksen)
7, 7, 18, 44, 218n.60, 221n.21, 227n.85, 227n.87
and fresco
7, 17, 18, 217ns.30–31
patronage by Philip II
17, 43
Hollanda, Antonio de
91
Hollanda, Francisco de
42, 227n.92, 237n.50
on Flemish art traditions
4, 91, 153
on Spanish art traditions
1, 4, 46, 215n.1
art theorists
Hollander, Martha
246n.7
Hondius, Hendrick (I)
128, 129
Honig, Elizabeth
158, 221n.8
Hyman, Aaron M.
256n.41, 257n.60
idealization
4, 81, 166
imitation of nature
4–10, 11, 18, 105
naturalism
Immenraet, Michiel Angel
257n.61
imported Flemish objects
furniture
3, 205–6
and horticulture
117, 126
and seascapes
160
and mobility of style
3, 25–26, 34, 135, 142
relation to Flemish immigrant artists
29, 34, 82, 95, 99
and royal/noble collecting
9, 82, 135
and Rubens
26, 197, 214
and the Spanish art market
2, 26, 160, 197, 200, 248n.24
copper, paintings on; escritorios; prints
Infantado, Duke of (Don Íñigo López de Mendoza)
14, 100, 115, 154
Infantado, Duke of (Gregorio de Silva y Mendoza)
75
integration of Flemish artists
25, 29, 68, 81, 229n.127
assimilation of Flemish artists
Interián de Ayala, Juan
255n.14
Isabella Clara Eugenia (Archduchess of Austria)
42, 54, 134, 187, 244n.149
Isabella of Bourbon (Queen of Spain)
55, 55, 225n.56
Isabella of Castile (Queen of Castile and Queen of Aragon)
9, 10, 41, 217n.37
Italian art
Flemish artists incorporating
12, 31, 62, 120, 130–31, 146
and Italian art theory
102, 103, 115, 215n.4
and kitchen scenes
90–91, 96–97, 100–1, 104, 106, 109
and naturalism
9, 120
and Rubens
190–94, 196
Spanish artists incorporating
1, 110, 114, 172, 180
and subject matter
103, 107, 109, 114, 115, 118, 137, 146, 177, 180
Italian artists in Spain
7, 17, 64, 168
Italian Renaissance
11–12, 23, 88, 107, 193–94, 215n.4
Italy
and collecting Flemish art
96, 153
as draw for Flemish artists
12, 31, 64, 160–61, 163, 184
Jesuit order
in Antwerp
68–73, 135, 244n.157
Colegio Imperial, Madrid
69, 70, 71
Juan Eusebio Nieremberg
71–72
in Madrid
68–71, 231n.173
and the Marquis of Leganés
135
Dierickx, Adriaen; Raeth, Ignatius de; Seghers, Daniël
Johnson, Cornelius (I)
224n.53
Jones, Pamela
158
Jordan, William B.
139
Junius, Hadrianus
106
Kasl, Ronda
224n.53
Kaufmann, Thomas DaCosta
219n.67, 246n.7
Kempeneer, Pieter de (Pedro de Campaña)
31, 131, 230n.153,
243n.136, 253n.84
Kempener, Jacob
241n.96
kitchen scenes
2, 25–26, 88, 95–99, 104, 107, 109–14, 116–17, 170, 236n.29
Flemish
95–102, 103–4, 106–9, 111, 114–16
Francisco Pacheco on
102, 105–6
Italian
96–97, 99–101, 106, 110, 114
Spanish
107–16
Vincente Carducho on
102–4, 106, 170
bodegones; still lifes
Koch, Joannes
221n.21
Koldeweij, Jos
226n.63
Kruijer Fernández, Marián
241n.99, 241n.101
Lamas Delgado, Eduardo
221n.21, 228n.114, 232n.181
Lampsonius, Domenicus
128, 243n.129
Lanchares, Antonio
102, 237n.54
landscapes
2, 16–17, 17, 75, 139–41, 143, 144, 145, 148, 153–85, 155–56, 160, 165, 167–69, 173–79, 181–83
and art theory
105
bamboches
171–72, 184, 252n.75
and collaboration
132–34
as depictions of fictive geography
156–57, 168
as depictions of real geography
156, 158, 166, 168, 177, 249n.28
and devotional practice
157–58, 159, 170–74, 239n.71, 247n.18
as Flemish specialty
62, 153–57, 161, 166
and flower garland paintings
138–40, 139–41, 145, 148
Italian style of
180–81
Juan van der Hamen y León
138–40, 139–41
and Madrid painters
168–71, 172–80, 181–85
seascapes
160–66
and movement
159, 160, 248n.24, 249n.26
and naval battles
162–63, 164
países (paisajes)
62, 154, 247n.8, 247n.11
países flamencos
153, 166, 179, 250n.59
relation to the figure
142, 163, 168–71, 172–78, 181–85
and travel
153, 157–59, 160–61, 177, 179, 248n.24
use of lexos (lejos) in describing
154, 155, 176, 246–47ns.7–8, 251n.65
distance
Larrauri, Íñigo
232n.178
Leerse, Abraham
221n.21, 223ns.39–40
Leganés, Marquis of
56, 162, 247n.11, 249n.38
and flower garland paintings
135, 138
and the Jesuit order
135
patronage of Daniël Seghers
135, 244n.154
Legot, Miguel
221n.18
Legot, Pablo
221n.18, 255n.11
Lemaire, Jean
180
Leon, Joan de
223n.46
Lerma, Duke of
41, 187, 188
lexos (lejos)
154, 155, 246–47ns.7–8, 251n.65
distance; landscapes
Ligozzi, Jacopo
120, 241n.100
Loarte, Alejandro de
109–15, 111–14
Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo
249n.26
López de Mendoza, Don Íñigo (Duke of Infantado)
14, 100, 115, 154
López de Zárate, Francisco
4, 190, 238n.60, 255n.15
Lorrain, Claude
180
Low Countries
and artistic style
163, 245n.173
as Flanders
20, 24, 219n.67
and landscapes
102, 156, 180
and seascapes
160
and naturalism
4, 42
as Spanish holding
3, 34, 160
cultural identity; imitation of nature; landscapes; seascapes; naturalism; Netherlands, Northern; Netherlands, Southern
Madrid
art academies in
33, 69, 222n.29
as destination of Flemish immigrants to Spain
31–34, 36, 63, 81, 117, 229n.127
economic power/rising population of
33, 34, 222ns.22–23
Jesuits of
68–71, 231n.158
and painters’ guild
33, 142, 222n.30
Rubens collected in
200–1, 208
Rubens copies in
212
Rubens prints in
196, 208
Rubens’s commissions in
187
Rubens’s travel to
55, 187, 214
individual artists and collectors
Madrid art market
Flemishness in
40–41, 58–63, 126–28, 149
and flower garland paintings
135
geographical/cultural associations and
89–90, 94
Noble Guardia membership and
37–38, 62
and portraiture
42–43, 74, 81
regulation of
31, 33
and still lifes
87, 118, 123, 126
Maíno, Fray Juan Bautista
172–73, 173, 175, 253ns.79–80, 253n.82
Mancini, Giulio
159, 249n.29
Manrique, Miguel
221n.18, 255n.11
Mariana of Neuburg
74–76, 75–76, 223n.39, 234n.202
Marie Louise of Orléans
74, 223n.39
marketing
Antwerp Jesuit
244n.157
and artists’ signatures
38–40
and Daniël Seghers
244n.157
and Felipe Diriksen
58, 60, 62
and Flemishness in general
37–38, 42–43, 90, 118, 129, 149
and flower garland paintings
137
and Jan van Kessel II
74–75
and Juan van der Hamen y León
124
and Miguel de Pret
123
and Rubens
194–95, 201, 203, 214
market scenes
25, 96–97, 109, 111
Martínez, Daniel
12–13, 13
Martínez, Jusepe
4, 13, 102, 221n.21, 238n.65, 243n.135, 245n.173
art theorists
Martínez del Maço, Juan Bautista
178, 178–79, 192, 202, 212, 253ns.90–91, 260n.103
collaboration with Velázquez
191, 192, 196
Master of the Magdalene Legend
226n.63
Matham, Jacob
95, 95, 98–99, 235n.26
Mathias, Henrique
256n.47
McGrath, Elizabeth
209, 260n.98
Medina del Campo
3, 206
Medina de Ríoseco, Duke of and Admiral of Castile (Juan Gaspar Enríquez de Cabrera)
235n.14
Mena, Doña Ana de
228n.124
Mesa, Juan de
68–71, 221n.21, 231ns.159–60, 231n.173
Metsys, Quinten
131–32, 132, 247n.8
Michelangelo
4, 91, 153, 240n.83, 251n.66
Miedema, Hessel
246n.7
Moens, Juan
221n.18, 221n.21
Moitement, Juan Bauptista
221n.21
Moitement, Sebastián Federico de
221n.21
Molckmans, Antoine
226n.63
Molina, Count of (Antonio Mesía de Tovar)
66, 133, 230n.145, 233n.183
Molina y Avellaneda, Diego de
228n.124
Moncada, Luis Guillermo de (Duke of Montalto)
64
Montalto, Duke of (Luis Guillermo de Moncada)
64
Mor, Anthonis
41, 44–46, 45, 52–54, 73, 217n.32, 227n.91
and Flemishness
42–44, 46, 54, 69
patronage by Philip II
11, 217n.46, 226n.78
Morán Turina, José Miguel
252n.76
Moura, Don Manuel de (Marquis of Castel Rodrigo)
180
Moys, Rolán de
11–13, 41
Murillo, Bartolomé Esteban
1, 188, 200
Musson, Matthijs
3, 199
names
63, 229n.127, 259n.95
nationalism
21–22, 23, 25, 94, 219n.70, 220n.81, 220n.86
naturalism
4–5, 9–10
imitation of nature
Netherlands
1, 2–4, 31, 161, 219n.67
Netherlands, Northern
24, 30, 40, 118, 128, 162
Netherlands, Southern
43, 258n.89, 260n.104
and attribution of paintings
90–91, 118
emigration from
30, 36
and Flemish identity
20, 22, 24, 91, 128, 221n.18
and landscape painting
156, 159
and marketing Flemish identity
118, 149, 235n.25
and trade with Spain
3
New World (America)
3, 31, 134, 197, 250n.59, 256n.39, 257n.59
Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio (Jesuit)
71–72, 232n.179
Noble Guardia
34–41, 85, 223n.31, 223ns.39–40, 223n.46, 224ns.47–50, 226n.63
and artists’ signatures
37–40, 224n.51, 224n.53
depictions of
35, 40, 225n.62
Felipe Diriksen
43–44, 150, 223ns.39–40, 226n.83, 242n.122
and Flemishness
34–41, 87, 128–29
Jean de Croÿ (Count of Solre)
40, 62, 126, 226n.64
Jerónimo Ezquerra
181, 223n.39, 224ns.47–48
Juan van der Hamen y León
40, 128–29, 242n.122
Miguel de Pret
85, 120, 123
Paulus van Mullen
38
Norgate, Edward
154, 158–59
Nuttall, Paula
23
Nuzzi, Mario
146, 244n.160
oil paint
1, 5–8, 18, 217n.29
Olivares, Count-Duke of (Gaspar de Guzmán)
47, 49
Olivares, Miguel de
228n.124
Order of the Golden Fleece
40, 76
Oria, Juan Lucas de (Juan Lucas de Doria)
230n.145
Orrente, Pedro
9, 180, 253–54ns.93–94
Osnabrugge, Marije
239n.71
Pacheco, Francisco
4, 14, 102, 105, 166, 228n.115, 231n.171, 237n.56
on depicting flowers
128–29
on depicting landscapes
155–56, 159, 161, 166, 171, 173, 247n.16, 252n.71
on depicting the human figure
14, 102, 106, 237n.51
and Domenicus Lampsonius
243n.129
on kitchen scenes
102, 105–6
and Rubens
42, 191, 201
and sequedad
130–31, 243n.135
art theorists
paintings on copper. see copper, paintings on
países (paisajes)
62, 154, 247n.8, 247n.11
países flamencos
153, 166, 179, 250n.59
flamenco; landscapes
Palomino, Antonio
71, 182, 243n.136
biography of Adriaen Dierickx
229n.127
biography of Andries Smidt
230n.144
biography of Francisco de Herrera I
115–16, 240n.88
biography of Francisco Pérez Sierra
240n.88
biography of Gabriel de la Corte
146–49
biography of Ignatius de Raeth
71, 232n.178
biography of Jan van Kessel II
77–81, 233n.183
biography of Juan de Arellano
143–44
biography of Juan van der Hamen y León
124, 130–31
and Flemishness
80–81, 130–31, 217n.32
on kitchen scenes
102, 115–16
on landscapes and seascapes
162, 181–83, 184, 249n.37, 250n.61
as painter
181–83, 184
on portraiture
77, 78–81, 226n.78, 226n.80
and Rubens
192–93, 201–2, 254n.8, 258n.68, 258n.72
Panneels, Herman
223n.40
Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan
46, 50, 90–91, 100–1, 227n.93
Passarotti, Bartolomeo
96, 97, 109, 110, 236n.29
Passeri, Giovanni Battista
243n.137
Pastrana, Duke of (Don Ruy Gómez de Silva)
14
Patinir, Joachim
131–32, 132, 155, 157–58, 172, 247n.8
Landscape with St. Jerome
154–55, 155, 170–71, 247n.16, 252n.69
as model for landscape painting
173–75, 177, 237n.49, 252n.70
patronage. see Borromeo, Federico; Brueghel, Jan (I); Charles V; Diriksen, Felipe; Holanda, Rodrigo de; Mor, Anthonis; Perret, Pieter; Philip II; Philip III; Philip IV; Rubens, Peter Paul; Teniers, David (II); Titian; Van den Wyngaerde, Anton; Van Eertvelt, Andries; Van Kessel, Jan (II); Velázquez; Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz.
Peeters, Clara
92, 93
Pereda, Antonio de
66, 205, 230n.145
Perete, Pedro
221n.21
Pérez, Bartolomé
144, 245n.178
Pérez de Herrera, Cristóbal
248n.24
Pérez Preciado, José Juan
250n.53
Pérez Sánchez, Alfonso E.
206, 228n.109, 251n.66, 258n.76
Pérez Sierra, Francisco
148, 240n.88
Perret, Pieter
69–70, 70, 231n.171
Philip II (King of Spain)
31, 116–17, 205, 248n.19
as collector of Flemish art
10, 100, 157, 171, 205, 240n.90
patronage of Anthonis Mor
11, 217n.46, 226n.78
patronage of Anton van den Wyngaerde
17, 43, 226n.82, 226n.84
patronage of Pieter Perret
70
patronage of Rodrigo de Holanda
17, 43, 226n.82
patronage of Titian
256n.33
Philip III (King of Spain)
225n.56, 226n.82
art collecting by
41, 235n.15
and the Noble Guardia
38
patronage of Diriksen family
43–44, 50
patronage of Rubens
187
Philip IV (King of Spain)
36, 47, 50, 65, 123, 179, 192, 225n.56
and Archduke Leopold Wilhelm
199
and the Buen Retiro
164
and David Teniers II
199
and the Marquis of Leganés
135
patronage of Andries van Eertvelt
164
patronage of Felipe Diriksen
50, 52
patronage of Velázquez
46, 47, 179, 179, 196
portraits of
46, 47, 61, 187, 191, 192, 196
and Rubens
61, 187, 191, 192, 195–96, 202, 254n.6
pigments
6, 9, 44, 148
color
Pinciano, Alonso López
169, 251n.64
Plutt, Henrique de la (Henricus van Vluete)
180
Ponce, Antonio
143
Ponce de León, Catalina
230n.145
Pontius, Paulus (I)
207, 208, 210
Popma, Alardo
224n.53
portraiture
25
Felipe de Guevara on
7
Flemish
13–14, 40–58, 66, 69, 73, 81
Flemish appeal in Spanish market
1–2, 11, 13–14, 29
and the Noble Guardia
40–41
royal
41–42, 44–46, 50–55, 75–76, 177, 187, 191
Spanish
11, 14, 42–43, 46, 47, 50–54, 66, 69, 81, 218n.52
and Titian
11, 187, 193
individual portraits and artists
Portugal
25, 54, 91, 161, 215n.1, 220n.88
Portús, Javier
232n.181, 239n.76, 256n.34
on Francisco Pacheco
237n.56
on Rubens
190, 192, 257n.66, 258n.72
on Velázquez
46, 192
Poussin, Nicholas
180, 252n.70
Pret, Miguel de
86–87, 122, 221n.21, 242n.108
and Flemishness
40–41
and marketing
123
Noble Guardia membership
85, 120, 123
paintings attributed to
234n.3, 241n.104
still lifes
40–41, 85–87, 86–87, 94, 120, 122, 122–24, 234n.3
prints
3, 59, 61, 65, 70, 72, 95, 119, 129, 209–10
Boetius Adamsz. Bolswert
207, 209
Cornelis de Beer and María Eugenia de Beer
118–20, 119, 166, 203
Cornelis Galle I
59, 59, 71, 72
François Cars
64–66, 65, 230n.141, 230n.143
and geographic identity
224n.53
Hendrick Hondius I
128, 129
Jacob Matham
95, 95, 98–99, 235n.26
Johann Theodor de Bry
118–20, 119, 241n.96
Paulus Pontius I
207, 208, 210
Pieter Perret
69–70, 70, 231n.171
Schelte Adamsz. Bolswert
38, 59, 61, 228n.118
engravings; imported Flemish objects; individual artworks and artists
prints after Rubens
26, 60, 184, 188, 196–98, 200, 256n.37, 256n.45
Descent from the Cross
59, 59
The Judgment of Solomon
207–8, 209, 259n.95
The Meeting of David and Abigail
197
Queen Tomyris with the Head of Cyrus
207, 208–9, 210, 259n.95, 260n.98
Return of the Holy Family from Egypt
198
The Virgin and Child by a Fountain
59–61, 61, 228n.118
prints as models for paintings
256n.37
after Rubens’s works
26, 60, 196–98, 200, 207–8
Cornelis de Beer and María Eugenia de Beer
203
Flemish
139, 197
Flemish prints of Italian works
12
and kitchen scenes
98–99
Quellinus, Erasmus (II)
163, 250n.45, 250n.55, 257n.61
Quirós, Guillermo
232n.178
Racle, Luis Claudio de
221n.21, 223ns.39–40, 223n.46
Raeth, Ignatius de (Jesuit)
41, 71–73, 72–73, 221n.21, 232n.176, 232n.178, 233n.182
paintings at Santa Cruz de Retamar
71, 232n.178
paintings attributed to
232n.176, 232n.180
Jesuit order
Raghuet, Guillermo
221n.21, 224n.47, 224n.50
Ragot, François
259n.95
Raimundo, Pedro
241n.96
Raphael
62, 131, 240n.83, 243n.136, 252n.70
Real Hospital de San Andrés de los Flamencos
36, 187
reflections, painting of
9, 53, 92, 94, 145
surfaces
Renaissance, Italian
11–12, 23, 88, 107, 193–94, 215n.4
Ribadeneyra, Pedro (Petrus)
69–70, 72, 231n.173
Ribera, Jusepe de
9, 37–38, 200
Ribera, Don Fernando Enríquez de (Duke of Alcalá)
98
Ries, Ignacio de
221n.18, 255n.11
Ries, Mateo de
221n.18
Rivera y Mendoza, Don Pedro de
230n.145
Rodríguez de los Ríos, Don Manuel
148, 246n.190
Roelas, Juan de
31, 32, 221n.21
Rota, Francisco de
221n.21, 223n.46
Roy, Lucas de
221n.21
Rubens, Peter Paul
26–27, 66–67, 133, 134, 135, 136, 187–214, 188–89, 208, 210
Antonio Palomino on
192–93, 201–2, 254n.8, 258n.68, 258n.72
circle of
60
and color
190, 191, 193–94
connection to Italy
192–94, 196, 255n.22, 255n.28
engagement with Spanish sculpture
255n.9
and the figure
195–96, 200–1, 203
and Flemishness
190–91, 193–96, 203, 206, 212, 255ns.16–18
and Francisco Pacheco
42, 191, 201
import for Spanish painting
187–89, 202–3, 214, 254n.8, 258n.72, 260n.102
and marketing
194–95, 201, 203, 214
opinion of Spanish art
187, 254n.3
and Philip III
187
and Philip IV
61, 187, 191, 192, 195–96, 202, 254n.6
Spanish attribution of paintings to
200, 207, 257n.62
tapestries
188, 207, 259n.95
and Titian
212, 254n.5, 255n.25, 260n.102
as Titian copyist
187, 191–92, 194, 201–2, 212, 258n.68
as Titian’s heir
191–92, 193, 194–95, 196, 256n.35
travel to Spain
42, 187, 190, 214
and Velázquez
192, 212–13, 254n.5, 255n.25, 260n.102, 260n.104
Velázquez copies of
191, 192, 196, 212–13, 260n.103
workshop of
208
works on copper by
257n.60, 257n.63
Rubens, Peter Paul, collaboration with Jan Brueghel I
133–35, 133, 136, 243n.142, 244n.150, 244n.154, 256n.29
and Flemishness
193, 255n.27
and Frans Snyders
125
patronage by the Marquis of Leganés
135
Rubens, Peter Paul, compositions based on
255n.11, 256n.40, 259n.91, 259ns.94–95, 260n.103
Felipe Diriksen
58, 58–62, 60, 63, 188, 228n.118
Jan Baptista de Wael
38–40, 39
in the New World
197–98, 256n.41
Thomas Yepes
203, 203–4, 207–9, 211, 212
Rubens, Peter Paul, copies painted on canvas after
55, 55, 66, 199, 200, 208, 209, 244n.159, 259ns.94–95, 260n.98
Felipe Diriksen
58, 58–62, 63, 188, 228n.118
Frans Ykens
259n.94
Juan Bautista Martínez del Maço
212
Queen Tomyris with the Head of Cyrus
208, 209, 260ns.97–98
Thomas Yepes
258n.89
Velázquez and Juan Bautista Martínez del Maço
192
Rubens, Peter Paul, copies painted on copper after
26, 195, 197, 199, 200, 201, 206–8, 256n.38, 259n.94
attribution of
257n.63
commercial popularity of
199–200, 256n.48, 257n.60, 259n.94, 260n.98
Joanna Vergouwen
197, 198
Thomas Yepes
203–4, 207–8, 258n.89
copper, paintings on
Rubens, Peter Paul, prints after
26, 60, 184, 188, 196–98, 200, 256n.37, 256n.45
Descent from the Cross
59, 59
The Judgment of Solomon
207–8, 209, 259n.95
The Meeting of David and Abigail
197
Queen Tomyris with the Head of Cyrus
207, 208–9, 210, 259n.95, 260n.98
Return of the Holy Family from Egypt
198
The Virgin and Child by a Fountain
61, 228n.118
Rudolf II
240n.94
Sadeler, Jan (I)
241n.96
Sadeler family
139
Saive, Jean-Baptiste de
236n.33
Sala de Batallas (El Escorial)
7, 17, 18, 217n.30, 218n.60
Salamanca
4, 18
Salomon, Bernard
196
Sánchez Coello, Alonso
46, 53–54, 69–70, 227n.93, 231n.171, 231n.173
Sánchez Cotán, Juan
92–93, 93, 122, 125, 126
San Leocadio, Paolo de
215n.4
Schepers, Bert
256n.44, 257n.60
Scheppers, Paulo
11–13, 12, 218n.48
Schorquens, Juan
227n.90
Schut, Cornelis (I)
88, 89, 137, 244n.162
Schut, Cornelis (II)
31
sculpture, Spanish
255n.9
seascapes
62, 134, 158, 160, 160–66, 165, 195, 250n.41
Seghers, Daniël (Jesuit)
71, 88, 89, 135, 244ns.157–59
collaboration
137, 244n.162
patronage by the Marquis of Leganés
135, 244n.154
Jesuit order
Seghers, Gerard
221n.21
Semini, Julio César
235n.15
Seville
107, 115, 187, 206, 236n.35, 250n.41
as destination for Flemish paintings
3, 97–98, 164, 200, 221n.19, 250n.59, 260n.98
and immigration from northern regions
4, 31, 160, 168, 221n.11, 221n.18, 230n.153, 251n.62, 253n.84
Sigüenza, Fray José de
105, 157, 217n.32
Silva y Mendoza, Gregorio de (Duke of Infantado)
75
Sittow, Michel
6, 7, 9, 11, 217n.28, 217n.38
Smidt, Andries
63–68, 65–66, 229ns.131–32, 229n.135
as appraiser
64, 66–67, 221n.21, 230n.145, 244n.143
and Flemishness
66–68
inconsistencies in biography of
229n.128, 230n.144, 230n.154
other painters with similar name
229n.131
Snyders, Frans
117, 124, 237n.46, 240n.87
collaboration
125, 244n.154
painting technique
93, 235n.23
Spanish painters’ engagement with
115, 125, 128, 242n.116
Solre, Count of (Jean de Croÿ)
40, 62, 126, 226n.64
Spanish artists in Italy
172, 176–77, 200
Spanish Netherlands. see Netherlands, Southern
Spanish royal court
50, 80, 135, 163–64
as draw for Flemish artists
31, 34–37, 44, 50, 73
and Flemishness
34, 37, 54, 69, 73
impact on Madrid
31–33
Painter to the King
74
and portraiture
41–46, 50–56, 69, 73–75
Stanchi, Giovanni
145, 244n.160
still lifes
14, 40, 62, 85–150, 86–87, 89, 92–93, 95–99, 104, 107, 109–14, 116–17, 119, 122, 124–25, 127
Alejandro de Loarte
109–14, 111–14, 115
bodegones
14, 91, 95–101, 236n.30, 236n.43, 237ns.45–46, 257n.66
and collaboration
134, 142
Cornelis de Beer and María Eugenia de Beer
118–20, 119
and devotional practice
134, 135, 140, 142, 157–58
and the hierarchy of genres
106
Ignatius de Raeth
71–73, 73
Jan van Kessel II
77, 78–79
Juan Sánchez Cotán
92–93, 93, 122, 125, 126
Juan van der Hamen y Léon
40–41, 124–30, 125, 127, 138–41, 138–42, 143
Miguel de Pret
40–41, 85–87, 86–87, 120, 122, 122–24, 234n.3
Osias Beert
92, 92, 93, 111, 123, 235n.20, 240n.84
sixteenth-century appreciation for
10–11, 14–15
Spanish vs. Flemish
87, 89, 91–95, 108–9, 111, 112–14, 116, 123, 126, 127
Thomas Yepes
202–7, 203–4, 209–12, 258n.75, 258n.85, 258n.89
bodegones; flower garland paintings; fruit paintings; kitchen scenes
still lifes, specialization in
77, 88–89, 120
Gabriel de la Corte
122, 145–49, 146–48, 246n.190
Juan de Arellano
128, 142–45, 143–44, 146, 245n.181
Miguel de Pret
40–41, 85–87, 86–87, 94, 120, 122, 122–24, 234n.3
Thomas Yepes
202–7, 203–4, 209–12, 258n.75, 258n.85, 258n.89
still lifes and Flemishness
26, 40–41, 88, 126–30, 149–50
composition
88, 91–95, 123, 149–50
detail
88, 92, 93–94, 120
flowers
116, 118–20, 126–30, 149–50
Stoesser, Alison
229n.131
Stoichita, Victor
249n.26
Stradanus, Johannes
184
Suárez de Figueroa, Don Gómez (Duke of Feria)
55–56, 56, 228ns.108–9
Succhielli, Filippo
241n.96
surfaces
of oil paintings
7, 94, 197, 199, 201
representation of
9, 14, 85, 114
reflections, painting of
tapestries
3, 16, 157, 212, 240n.90, 247n.17
Hendrick Vroom
161–62
Jan Cornelisz. Vermeyen
16, 17
Jan van Kessel I and David Teniers II
79, 199
and mobility of objects
248n.24
Rubens
188, 207, 259n.95
Taylor, Paul
246n.7
Tempesta, Antonio
139, 184
Teniers, David (II)
66–67, 74, 79, 137, 199, 200, 244n.162, 245n.179
Teniers, David (III)
221n.21
Ter Borch, Gerard
221n.21
Tiel, Justus
221n.21
Tío, Juan
221n.21
Titian
13, 62, 193, 215n.4, 218n.50
and color
191, 194
and landscapes
249n.26
patronage by Charles V
11, 187, 191, 193, 217n.46
patronage by Phillip II
256n.33
as portraitist
11, 41, 44, 187
and Rubens
212, 254n.5, 255n.25, 260n.102
Rubens as heir to
191–92, 193, 194–95, 196, 256n.35
Rubens’s copies of
187, 191–92, 194, 201–2, 212, 258n.68
and Velázquez
192, 212, 255n.25
Venetian painting tradition
Toledo
4, 71, 81, 109, 172, 206, 228n.116, 230n.145, 232n.178, 233n.185
Tom Ring, Ludger
123–24, 242n.107
Torre de la Parada
179, 187, 195, 212, 254n.6
Torres, Matías de
147–48, 148, 246n.187
Tovar, Antonio Mesía de (Count of Molina)
66, 133, 230n.145, 233n.183
Urzanque, Pedro
235n.15
Vaccaro, Nicola
181–82, 184, 254n.99
Valencia
3, 38, 55, 202, 206, 209, 259n.95
Valladolid
18, 24, 33, 91, 187
Van Aken, Sebastiaen
221n.21
Van Balen, Hendrick
134, 141, 244n.154
Van Bredael, Pieter
221n.21
Van Cortbemde, Balthasar
71, 259n.95
Van de Pere, Antonio
37, 221n.21, 223n.39, 224n.47, 255n.11
Van de Pere, Gaspar
224n.48
Van de Pere, Nicolas
221n.21
Van den Bruque, Juan Bautista
221n.21
Van den Hoecke, Jan
259n.95
Van den Wyngaerde, Anton
16–17, 17, 43, 218n.59, 226n.84, 248n.20
Vandenven, Marc
207
Van der Hamen y León, Juan
124–30, 125, 127, 138–41, 138–42, 143, 242n.118, 245n.170
and Flemishness
124–28, 130–31, 221n.21, 242n.120, 242n.126
and flower garland paintings
138–42, 138–41
landscapes
138–40, 139–41
and marketing
124
Noble Guardia membership
40, 126, 128–29, 221n.21, 242n.122
paintings on copper
138–39, 140
painting technique
242n.108, 242n.116
and Spanish art theorists
243ns.131–32
and still lifes
40–41, 124–30, 125, 127, 138–41, 138–42
Van der Straeten, Joris
54, 54
Van der Weyden, Rogier
6–7, 11, 22, 217n.28
Van Dijck, Floris
128, 129
Van Dyck, Anthony
61, 66, 184, 193, 233n.195, 234n.202
and portrait formats
65–66, 76, 78–80, 230n.142, 232n.178, 233n.193
Van Eertvelt, Andries
164, 165, 250n.48
Van Eyck, Gaspar (Kaspar)
163–65, 165, 221n.21, 250n.45, 250n.48, 250n.50, 250n.55
Van Eyck, Jan
5–6, 9, 11, 22, 217n.28, 217n.32, 220n.88, 260n.103
and Felipe de Guevara
6–7, 217n.28
Van Ginderachter, Maarten
219n.70
Van Ginhoven, Sandra
235n.25, 250n.59
Van Goyen, Jan
247n.18
Van Herp, Guillaume
257n.61, 260n.98
Van Hoogstraten, Samuel
249n.26
Van Immerseel family
3, 164, 200, 251n.62
Van Kessel, Jan (I)
67, 74, 77, 79, 199, 233n.183, 234n.199
Van Kessel, Jan (II)
73–81, 75–76, 78–79, 229n.127, 233ns.183–84, 234n.205
and Flemishness
78–81, 221n.21, 229n.127
and marketing
74–75
portraits
75–76, 78–79, 234n.202
royal patronage
74–76, 75–76, 81, 233n.185
self-portraits
77, 78–79
and still lifes
77, 78–79
Van Leyden, Lucas
184, 226n.80
Van Lint, Pieter
257n.60
Van Mander, Karel
239n.70, 256n.38
and landscapes
154, 159, 246n.7, 249n.28
Schilder-boeck
4, 105, 238n.62
and seascapes
160–61, 163
art theorists
Van Mansdale, Anthonis (III) (Anthonis Keldermans; Antonio de Malinas)
230n.153
Van Mol(d), Juan (Famón)
31
Van Mullen, Alejandro
221n.21
Van Mullen, Paulus
38, 179, 221n.21, 223n.40, 225n.54
Van Ruisdael, Jacob
155, 156
Van Sorxe, Xaime
221n.21
Van Swanevelt, Herman
180
Van Veen, Otto
227n.87
Vasari, Giorgio
5, 130, 251n.66
Vázquez, Alonso
105
Vega, Lope de
4, 256n.34
and Juan van der Hamen y León
243n.131
and Rubens
191, 196, 255n.22
Velázquez
1, 26, 47, 49, 107, 174, 176–77, 179, 192, 194, 201, 202, 213, 255n.25
collaboration with Juan Bautista Martínez del Maço
191, 192, 196
copies of Rubens
191, 192, 196, 212–13, 260n.103
engagement with Flemish art
107–9, 216n.24, 236n.35, 238n.59, 239ns.73–74, 260n.103
Felipe Diriksen’s engagement with
46–47, 51, 56, 58
and Francisco Pacheco
14
kitchen scenes
99, 107–8, 110–11, 114, 236n.35, 239ns.73–74, 239n.76
landscapes
174, 175–79, 176–77, 179, 253n.84, 253n.87, 253n.89, 253n.91
patronage by Philip IV (King of Spain)
46, 47, 179, 179, 196
portrait innovations of
43, 46–47, 51, 56, 81
portraits
47, 49, 81, 226n.78, 234n.202
religious paintings
58, 107, 107–8, 111, 114, 174, 174, 239n.76
and Rubens
187, 192, 212–13, 254n.5, 255n.25, 260n.102, 260n.104
and Titian
192, 212, 255n.25
Véliz, Zahira
239n.71
Venetian painting tradition
190, 191, 194, 196
Titian
Verbist, Michiel
205
Verbrugghen, Gaspar Peeter (II)
245n.181
Vergara, Alejandro
252n.69, 255n.22
Vergouwen, Joanna
197, 198
Vermeyen, Jan Cornelisz.
16, 17, 41, 218n.58
viewing paintings
26, 106–7, 115, 239n.71, 247n.8
Villacorta, Francisco Enríquez de
64–65, 65, 230ns.139–40
Villahermosa, Duke of (Don Martín de Gurrea y Aragón)
11, 41
Villandrando, Rodrigo de
46, 50–53, 53, 227n.93, 227n.101
Villapesadilla, Marquis of
203–5
Villegas, Fray Bernardino de
170–71, 172
Vlieghe, Hans
23
Vorsterman, Lucas (I)
198
Vos, Marten de
184, 197, 256ns.39–40
Vos, Paul de
144–45, 145
Vroom, Hendrick
160, 160–62, 163, 221n.21, 249n.31, 249n.34, 249n.38, 250n.39
Wael, Cornelis de
38, 163, 164, 250n.50
Wael, Jan Baptista de
38–40, 39, 221n.21, 225n.58, 225n.60, 255n.11
Wael, Lucas de
38
Wals, Goffredo
253n.80
watercolor
16–17, 17
Watteeuw, Bert
218n.54
Willemsen, Abraham
257n.61
Witte, Pieter de (Candido)
229n.127
Woodall, Joanna
258n.84
Ximeno, Matías
235n.15
Yepes, Thomas (Tomás de Hiepes)
202–9, 203–4, 211–12, 258ns.75–77, 258n.85, 258n.87, 258n.89, 259n.95
Ykens, Frans
137, 244n.162, 245n.179, 259n.94
Zabalza, Don Luis de
230n.145
Zaragoza
11, 13, 85, 179, 234n.4, 253n.91, 259n.94
Zeuxis
85, 105–6
Zurbarán, Francisco de
1, 174–75, 175, 253n.86