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United Nations Publications
Annex to the letter dated 25 November 2018 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations, UN Doc A/73/601–S/2018/1052, 28 November 2018.
Annex to the letter dated 27 November 2018 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations, UN Doc. A/73/605–S/2018/1053, 30 November 2018.
Annex to the letter dated 29 November 2018 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations, UN Doc A/73/619–S/2018/1079, 5 December 2018.
Annex to the letter dated 10 December 2018 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations, UN Doc A/73/659–S/2018/1112, 14 December 2018.
Annex to the letter dated 7 March 2019 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations, Position of the Russian Federation in connection with the adoption of the Contiguous Zone of Ukraine Act, UN Doc A/73/802, 20 March 2019.
Annex to the letter dated 18 April 2019 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations, UN Doc A/73/844–S/2019/334, 23 April 2019.
Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, Adopted by General Assembly resolution 34/169 of 17 December 1979.
General Assembly, Report of the Secretary-General: Implementing the Responsibility to Protect (2009, UN Doc. A/2211).
Letter dated 3 December 1971 from the Permanent Representatives of Algeria, Iraq, Libyan Arab Republic and People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/10409, 3 December 1971.
Letter dated 5 January 2017 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2017/17, 6 January 2017.
Letter dated 20 July 2019 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2019/589, 22 July 2019.
Letter dated 23 July 2019 from the Chargé d’ affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2019/593, 23 July 2019.
Letter dated 23 July 2019 from the Chargé d’ affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, UN Doc. S/2019/593, 23 July 2019.
Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti, ‘Remarks at Security Council high-level open debate on ‘Enhancing Maritime Security: A case for international cooperation’’, United Nations, 9 August 2021.
Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations, 22 August 1997, No. ykec032-46.
Ukraine’s ‘List of geographical coordinates of points defining the baselines for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf in the Sea of Azov’, UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Law of the Sea Bulletin, No. 36, (UN, 1998).
UN Conference on Trade and Development, ‘2019 e-Handbook of Statistics’, Geneva, 2019.
UN Conference on Trade and Development, ‘Review of Maritime Transport 2020’, Geneva, 2020.
UN Treaty Collection, Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, status at 10 February 2021.
UN Treaty Collection, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, status at 10 February 2021.
Submissions in Court Cases
Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal, Dispute Concerning Coastal State Rights, Written Observations and Submissions of Ukraine on Jurisdiction, 27 November 2018.
Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal, Dispute Concerning the Detention of Ukrainian Naval Vessels and Servicemen, Preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation, 24 August 2020.
Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal, Dispute Concerning the Detention of Ukrainian Naval Vessels and Servicemen, Observations of Ukraine on the Question of Bifurcation, 7 September 2020.
Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal, Dispute Concerning the Detention of Ukrainian Naval Vessels and Servicemen, Response of the Russian Federation to the Observations of Ukraine on the Question of Bifurcation, 21 September 2020.
Annex vii Arbitral Tribunal, Dispute Concerning the Detention of Ukrainian Naval Vessels and Servicemen, Written Observations and Submissions of Ukraine on the Preliminary Objections of the Russian Federation, 27 January 2021.
icj, Oil Platforms Case, Counter-Memorial and Counter-Claim Submitted by the United States of America, 23 June 1997.
icj, Oil Platforms Case, Rejoinder Submitted by the United States of America, 23 March 2001.
icj, Oil Platforms Case, Reply and Defence to Counter-Claim Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran, Vol. i, 10 March 1999.
icj, Denmark’s Counter-Memorial in the Passage through the Great Belt Case (Finland v. Denmark) Copenhagen: Government of the Kingdom of Denmark 1992.
European Union Publications
Council of the European Union, ‘European Union Maritime Security Strategy’, Brussels 2014.
European Parliament Research Service, ‘At a glance – Understanding hybrid Threats’, Brussels 2015.
European Parliament, ‘At a glance: The Nord Stream 2 pipeline project’, 2016.
Responses to Information Requests
Comment obtained from the Director General of the Legal Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, Ms Kerli Veski on 15 February 2017 in response to the author’s information request no. 4–4/813–1.
Comment obtained from the advisor of the Legal Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, Mr Jaanus Kirikmäe on 13 October 2020 in response to the author’s information request no. 4–4/5063.
Maritime Authorities’ Publications
The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations (US Navy, US Marine Corps, US Coast Guard, Norfolk, 2017).
EU Naval Force – Somalia, Operation atalanta, ‘Key Facts and Figures’, 2021.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2007, Helsinki 2007.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2008, Helsinki 2008.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2009, Helsinki 2009.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2010, Helsinki 2010.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2011, Helsinki 2011.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2012, Helsinki 2012.
helcom, Annual report on shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea area during 2013, Helsinki 2014.
helcom, Shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea from 2014 to 2017, Helsinki 2018.
helcom, ‘166, Kurgalsky Peninsula’.
icc-imb Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January – 31 December 2011 (icc International Maritime Bureau, London, 2012).
icc-imb Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January – 31 December 2015 (icc International Maritime Bureau, London, 2016).
icc-imb Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January – 31 March 2021 (icc International Maritime Bureau, London, 2021).
icc-imb Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Report for the Period 1 January – 31 December 2020 (icc International Maritime Bureau, London, 2021).
imo, ‘Report of the Maritime Safety Committee on its Sixty-Ninth Session’, msc 69/22, 1998.
International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, iala vts Manual, (Ed. 6, iala, Saint Germain en Laye, 2016).
International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities, iala Guideline 1071 – Establishment of a Vessel Traffic Service beyond Territorial Seas, (Ed. 1, iala, Saint Germain en Laye, 2009).
International Register of Shipping, ‘imo Navigation Rules at Straits of Malacca and Singapore’, 7 December 2019.
Limits of Oceans and Seas (3rd ed., International Hydrographic Organization, Monte Carlo, 1953).
Maritime and Port Authority Singapore, ’Vessel Traffic Information System’.
M Stankiewicz et al, ‘Ensuring safe shipping in the Baltic’ helcom, Helsinki 2009.
Rosmorport, Azovo-Chernomorsky Basin Branch, vts Services, ‘Statistics’, 2020.
Rosmorport, ‘General Information/vts Coverage Areas’, ‘vts services’, 2021.
Rosmorport, North-Western Basin Branch, ‘vts coverage areas’, 2021.
Rosmorport, North-Western Basin Branch, ‘Terms and conditions of navigation vts services’, 2021.
Rosmorport, North-Western Basin Branch, ‘Terms and conditions of navigation vts services with the use of Saint Petersburg vts’, 2021.
Shipping accidents in the Baltic Sea 2018, helcom, 2019.
Suez Canal Traffic Statistics: Annual Report 2017, Suez Canal Authority 2018.
Traffic Management Finland, Helsinki vts Master’s Guide, 2020.
‘vts certificate of the Kerch Strait, highest category’, Rosmorport 2017.
vts services, ‘General Information’, ‘Terms and conditions of navigation services in the vts of the Kerch Strait’, Rosmorport 2020.
Newspaper Articles and Press Releases
Abdallah, N, D Nehme et al., ‘Saudi-led coalition says it foiled Red Sea attack by Yemen’s Houthis’, Reuters (23 February 2020).
Ahlander, J ‘Foreign submarine sighted in Sweden last year: Dagens Nyheter’, Reuters (26 February 2016).
Al-Khalidi, S ‘Syria says U.S. sanctions behind acute fuel crisis’, Reuters (17 September 2020).
American Institute in Taiwan, ‘U.S.-Taiwan Coast Guard Working Group Advances Joint Maritime Cooperation Goals’, Press Release, 11 August 2021.
Anischchuk, A ‘Putin admits Russian forces were deployed to Crimea’, Reuters (17 April 2014).
Anonymous, ‘New submarine search off Porvoo’, Helsingin Sanomat (15 August 2001).
Anonymous, ‘Yemen says tanker blast was terrorism’, bbc News (16 October 2002).
Anonymous, ‘Vene uurimislaev Pjotr Kotsov eiras Eesti piirivalve korraldusi’, Eesti Päevaleht (10 November 2005).
Anonymous, ‘Sillamäe-Kotka laevaliin teeb avareisi 17. veebruaril’, Postimees (12 January 2006).
Anonymous, ‘Sillamäe-Kotka laevaliin on Ida-Viru tänavune turismitegu’, Logistikauudised (8 December 2006).
Anonymous, ‘Tallinn tense after deadly riots’, bbcNews (28 April 2007).
Anonymous, ‘Päivittäinen laivaliikenne Kotkan ja Sillamäen välillä päättyy’, Yle Uutiset (17 October 2007).
Anonymous, ‘Kotkan ja Viron välistä laivaliikennettä viritellään taas’, Yle Uutiset (1 February 2011).
Anonymous, ‘Guantanamo prisoner al-Darbi admits MV Limburg attack’, bbc News (20 February 2014).
Anonymous, ‘Russian plane has near-miss with passenger aircraft over Sweden’, The Guardian (13 December 2014).
Anonymous, ‘Finland drops depth charges in ‘submarine’ alert’, bbc News (28 April 2015).
Anonymous, ‘Missile Attack Destroys Ex-Navy Ship off Yemen’, The Maritime Executive (3 October 2016).
Anonymous, ‘U.S. Navy Sends Warships to Secure Bab el-Mandeb’, The Maritime Executive (4 October 2016).
Anonymous, ‘Pirates attack oil tanker near Bab al-Mandab’, Al Arabiya News (27 October 2016).
Anonymous, ‘Hormuz and Malacca Remain Top Oil Chokepoints’, Maritime Executive (8 April 2017).
Anonymous, ‘HBL: Pääesikunta kieltää venäläisen purjealuksen pääsyn Ahvenanmaalle’, Yle Uutiset (28 August 2017).
Anonymous, ‘Sweden to re-establish military unit on Baltic Sea island’, The Associated Press (13 December 2017).
Anonymous, ‘Explosion damages vessel carrying wheat to Yemen’, Reuters (11 May 2018).
Anonymous, ‘Arab coalition destroys 86 Houthi-planted naval mines in Red Sea’, Arab News (25 November 2018).
Anonymous, ‘Ukraine-Russia sea clash: Who controls the territorial waters around Crimea?’, bbc News (27 November 2018).
Anonymous, ‘Estonia, Poland deny entry to Russian ship over Crimea cadets’, rtl Today (12 April 2019).
Anonymous, ‘Ka Poola keelas Vene purjelaeval oma vetesse sisenemise’, Postimees (12 April 2019).
Anonymous, ‘Strait of Hormuz: US confirms drone shot down by Iran’, bbc News (20 June 2019).
Anonymous, ‘Gulf tanker attacks: Iran releases photos of ‘attacked’ ship’, bbc News (14 October 2019).
Anonymous, ‘Passenger Port of St. Petersburg summed up 2019 navigation results’, PortNews (2 December 2019).
Anonymous, ‘EDF: No improvement in Russian military flight practices, despite claims’, err News (27 December 2019).
Anonymous, ‘USS Cole bombing: Sudan agrees to compensate families’, bbc News (13 February 2020).
Anonymous, ‘2 Russian aircraft suspected of violating Finland’s airspace’, The Washington Post (28 July 2020).
Anonymous, ‘Russian fighter jets suspected of violating Finnish airspace’, Yle Uutiset (28 July 2020).
Anonymous, ‘South Korea to send delegation after Iran seizes tanker’, bbc News (5 January 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Netanyahu accuses Iran of attacking Israeli-owned ship in Gulf’, The Guardian (1 March 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Egypt’s Suez Canal blocked by huge container ship’, bbc News (24 March 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Iranian ship thought to be used as military base attacked, says Tehran’, The Guardian (7 April 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Three killed in attack on Iran fuel tanker off Syria after suspected drone attack’, Al Arabiya (24 April 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Ship owner says Suez Canal was at fault over Ever Given grounding- lawyer’, Reuters (22 May 2021).
Anonymous, ‘No end to Yemen civil war on the horizon, senior UN official briefs Security Council’, UN News (23 August 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Taiwan says 19 Chinese warplanes entered air defence zone’, bbc News (6 September 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Nord Stream 2: German minister warns Russia over Ukraine’, Deutsche Welle (18 December 2021).
Anonymous, ‘Российские военные проведут учения с корабельными группами в Черном море’, Interfax (10 February 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Russia confirms suspension of movement of commercial vessels in the Azov sea – Interfax’, Reuters (24 February 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Navigation in Kerch Strait not suspended - Russian agency’, Interfax (24 February 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Rosmorrechflot confirms suspended navigation in Sea of Azov’, Interfax (24 February 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Full text: Putin’s declaration of war on Ukraine’, The Spectator (24 February 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Ukraine: AOAV’s data on harm to civilians by explosive weapons’, Action on Armed Violence (1 March 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Turkey warns against passing of warships from its straits’, Al Jazeera (1 March 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Bangladeshi Ship Hit in Attack Near Mykolaiv, Killing One Engineer’, The Maritime Executive (2 March 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Estonian-owned cargo ship sinks off Odesa after Russian action’, err News (3 March 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Ukraine: Estonian cargo ship sinks after blast in Black Sea’, bbc News (4 March 2022).
Anonymous, ‘Ukraine: Safe passage for civilians from Mariupol halted for a second day; ICRC calls on parties to agree to specific terms’, icrc (6 March 2022).
Balmforth, T ‘U.S denies it carried out operations in Russian territorial waters’, Reuters (15 February 2022).
Barden, J ‘The Strait of Hormuz is the world’s most important oil transit chokepoint’, US Energy Information Administration (20 June 2019).
Bayoumy, Y, P Stewart, ‘Exclusive: Iran steps up weapons supply to Yemen’s Houthis via Oman – officials’, Reuters (20 October 2016).
Blair, E ‘Latest on tanker attacks south of the Strait of Hormuz’, Reuters (14 June 2019).
Blanchard, B ‘Taiwan reports largest incursion yet by Chinese air force’, Reuters (15 June 2021).
Blinken, AJ Secretary of State ‘Nord Stream 2 and Potential Sanctionable Activity’, Press Statement, 18 March 2021.
Bowman, B, K Zimmerman, ‘Biden Can’t Bring Peace to Yemen While Iran Keeps Sending Weapons’, Foreign Policy (4 March 2021).
Buck, T, R Olearchyk, ‘Merkel warns Nord Stream 2 must protect Ukraine role’, Financial Times (10 April 2018).
Burns, S, S Carswell, ‘Russia moves naval exercises outside Ireland’s Exclusive Economic Zone’, The Irish Times (29 January 2022).
Bush, D ‘Turkish bulker hit by bomb off Odessa’, Lloyd’s List (24 February 2022).
Cavas, CP ‘New Houthi weapon emerges: a drone boat’, Defense News (19 February 2017).
Cavegn, D ‘Defense minister: No reason to worry about Russian heliport on Gogland’, err News (10 August 2019).
Cavegn, D ‘UK planning landing operations exercise in Estonia in summer 2019’, err News (9 December 2018).
Chulov, M ‘Officials investigating why Iran warship caught fire and sank in Gulf of Oman’, The Guardian (2 June 2021).
Cooper, H, E Schmitt, ‘Biden Weighs Deploying Thousands of Troops to Eastern Europe and Baltics’, The New York Times (23 January 2022).
Council of the EU, ‘Syria: EU renews sanctions against the regime by one year’, Press Release (17 May 2019).
Devitt, P, G Stolyarov, N Zinets, ‘Ukraine shuts ports as conflict threatens grain supplies’, Reuters (24 February 2022).
Dickerman, K, L d`Aki, ‘Inside the Swedish military presence on Gotland, the most strategic island for defense against Russian aggression’, The Washington Post (30 August 2018).
Eelmets, J ‘Sillamäe-Kotka laevaliini taastamine sõltub kokkuleppest Venemaaga’, err Uudised (20 November 2015).
Egozi, A ‘Houthis Lay Sea Mines In Red Sea; Coalition Boasts Few Minesweepers’, Breaking Defense (14 June 2021).
Elagina, D ‘Volume of cargo handled in Russia in 2019, by largest port’, Statista (16 January 2020).
Ellam, H ‘Pronksiöö tulemus: Sillamäe-Kotka laevaliin suletakse’, Äripäev (17 October 2007).
Erkoyun, E, T Gumrukcu, ‘Turkey says Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid upon its request’, Reuters (2 March 2022).
Erkoyun, E, T Gumrukcu, ‘Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea’, Reuters (27 February 2022).
The Estonian Government Office, ‘Valitsus otsustas kabinetinõupidamisel mitte rahuldada Nord Stream AG taotlust mereuuringuteks Eesti majandusvööndis’, Press Release (6 December 2012).
Fassihi, F, E Schmitt, R Bergman, ‘Israel-Iran Sea Skirmishes Escalate as Mine Damages Iranian Military Ship’, The New York Times (7 April 2021).
Finnish Navy Press Release, ‘“VILMA” -meritaisteluharjoitus valtaa Saaristomeren’, Merivoimat (21 May 2018).
Finnish Navy Press Release, ‘Meritaisteluharjoitus Siljan soveltava vaihe alkaa 3.6. - Sota-aluksia ja rannikkojoukkoja liikkeellä Suomenlahdella ja Saaristomerellä’, Merivoimat (2 June 2019).
Finnish Navy Press Release, ‘Baltic Shield 2020 toteutetaan Rannikkolaivaston ammuntojen yhteydessä’, Merivoimat (2 October 2020).
Finnish Navy Press Release, ‘Suomi–Ruotsi-yhteistyö jatkuu miinantorjuntaharjoituksessa’, Merivoimat (9 October 2020).
Finnish Navy Press Release, ‘Merioperaatiot tähtäimessä Kaisla 20 -harjoituksessa’, Merivoimat (20 November 2020).
Foy, H, N Astrasheuskaya, ‘Why Nord Stream 2 is at heart of US warnings to Putin over Ukraine’, Financial Times (9 December 2021).
Francis, M ‘Aid workers describe ‘apocalyptic’ scenes in Mariupol, a Ukrainian city under siege’, Yahoo News (9 March 2022).
Gardner, F ‘China warns UK as carrier strike group approaches’, bbc News (30 July 2021).
Gestrin-Hagner, M ‘Huvudstaben förbjöd ryskt skolfartyg att besöka Åland’, Hufvudstadsbladet (28 August 2017).
Ghobari, M, A Abdelaty et al., ‘Yemen’s Houthis attack Saudi ship, launch ballistic missile’, Reuters (30 January 2017).
Government of Canada, ‘Government of Canada prohibits Russian ships and fishing vessels from entering Canadian ports and internal waters’, Press Release (1 March 2022).
Graham-Harrison, E ‘Iran’s top diplomat in UK summoned over seizure of Stena Impero tanker’, The Guardian (20 July 2019).
Granlund, J ‘Ökad beredskap på Gotland – försvaret kallar in reservofficerare’, Aftonbladet (13 January 2022).
Gunter, J ‘Mariupol under siege: ‘We are being completely cut off’’, bbc (3 March 2022).
Halminen, L ‘Viron yleisradio: Venäjän ulkoministeri Sergei Lavrovin kone loukkasi Viron ilmatilaa matkallaan Suomeen’, Helsingin Sanomat (5 May 2017).
Hand, M ‘Malacca Straits VLCC traffic doubles in a decade as shipping traffic hits all time high in 2017’, SeaTrade Maritime News (19 February 2018).
Harding, L, J Borger, J Henley, ‘Russian bombing of maternity hospital ‘genocide’, says Zelenskiy’, The Guardian (9 March 2022).
Harris, S, P Sonne, ‘Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns’, The Washington Post (3 December 2021).
Harris, M ‘Phantom Warships Are Courting Chaos in Conflict Zones’, Wired (27 July 2021).
Johnson, J ‘U.S. warship conducts Sea of Japan operation in challenge to Russia’s ‘excessive maritime claims’’, The Japan Times (6 December 2018).
Johnson, S ‘Sweden to boost Gotland air defense amid Russia tensions’, Reuters (1 July 2019).
Juliano, M ‘Bulkers Cluster Off Bosphorus And Kerch Straits Amid Russia-Ukraine Conflict’, TradeWinds (1 March 2022).
Kagge, R, T Sildam, ‘Vene laev tabati Eesti vetest uurimistöölt’, Postimees (11 November 2005).
Kavi, A ‘Biden Warns U.S. Won’t Send Troops to Rescue Americans in Ukraine’, The New York Times (10 February 2022).
Kivil, K ‘Odessa lähedal läks põhja Eesti firmale kuuluv kaubalaev’, err Uudised (3 March 2022).
Korobtsova, K, L King, ‘Putin vs. the web: Russia tries to hide casualties and searing war images’, Los Angeles Times (4 March 2022).
Krjukov, A ‘Lennuliiklusteeninduse AS: Vene õhuvägi teeb Eesti neutraalvete kohal umbes 400 lendu aastas’, err Uudised (12 February 2017).
Kuus, I ‘Kunda sadam kaalub laevaliini Loviisasse’, err Uudised (11 May 2019).
LaGrone, S ‘CNO Richardson: USS Mason ‘Appears to Have Come Under Attack’’, usni News (15 October 2016).
Lauri, V ‘Salmistul toimub brittide meredessant’, err Uudised (29 June 2019).
Lee, Y, D Lague, B Blanchard, ‘China launches ‘gray-zone’ warfare to subdue Taiwan’, Reuters (10 December 2020).
Lendon, B ‘Why Russian and Chinese warships teaming up to circle Japan is a big deal’, cnn News (25 October 2021).
Lied, H, M Gundersen, ‘Norske marineskip ble manipulert inn i russisk farvann’, nrkbeta (25 September 2021).
Liptak, K ‘Biden vows to protect Taiwan in event of Chinese attack’, cnn News (22 October 2021).
Loiko, SI ‘Russians sink a boat off Ukraine coast - their own’, Los Angeles Times (5 March 2014).
Lubold, G, B Faucon, F Schwartz, ‘Israeli Strikes Target Iranian Oil Bound for Syria’, The Wall Street Journal (11 March 2021).
Lysberg, M, HC Ekroll, ‘Russisk forskningsskip arrestert i dansk havn - danske myndigheter avviser meldinger om russisk krigsskip i området’, Aftenposten (4 November 2021).
MacAskill, E ‘Russian troops removing ID markings ‘gross violation’’, The Guardian (6 March 2014).
Männi, M ‘Mereväelane: Eestil ei ole täielikku ülevaadet, mis meie vetes toimub’, Postimees (19 October 2014).
Marrow, A, M Trevelyan, ‘Russia ready to fire if foreign subs and ships intrude, military official says’, Reuters (14 February 2022).
Marcus, J ‘Iran tanker row: US requests detention of Grace 1 in Gibraltar’, bbc News (15 August 2019).
Marcus, J ‘Stena Impero: Seized British tanker leaves Iran’s waters’, bbc News (27 September 2019).
Martina, M, I Ali, ‘U.S. warship transits Taiwan Strait after Chinese assault drills’, Reuters (28 August 2021).
McCarthy, N ‘Global Oil Shipments Depend on Major Chokepoints’, Statista (25 March 2021).
McCauley, A ‘The Most Dangerous Waters in the World’, Time (22 September 2014).
McGuinness, D ‘How a cyber attack transformed Estonia’, bbc News (27 April 2017).
Michaelson, R ‘Kyiv piles pressure on Ankara to close straits to Russia’s warships’, The Guardian (26 February 2022).
Michaelson, R ‘Ever Given released from Suez canal after compensation agreed’, The Guardian (7 July 2021).
Nakayama, Y ‘China’s claims on the South China Sea are a warning to Europe’, Financial Times (8 April 2019).
Nardelli, A, G Arnett, ‘NATO reports surge in jet interceptions as Russia tensions increase’, The Guardian (3 August 2015).
Nebehay, S ‘Civilian death toll in Ukraine now 474 but more casualties reported -U.N.’, Reuters (8 March 2022).
Niemeläinen, J ‘Kotkan ja Sillamäen välinen laivalinja lopettaa’, Helsingin Sanomat (18 October 2007).
Niinistö, J ‘Itämeren geostrateginen merkitys kasvussa’, Centrum Balticum (2 March 2017).
Nilsen, T ‘Norway intelligence warns about new nuclear weapons technology developed by Russia’, The Barents Observer (8 February 2021).
Nobakht, P ‘Why Does the Strait of Hormuz Matter?’, bbc News (11 June 2019).
Nord Stream AG, ‘Nord Stream to Assess Options to Further Increase Gas Import Capacities Through the Baltic Sea’, Press Release (11 May 2012).
Nord Stream AG, ‘Nord Stream to Further Develop Finnish Route Alternative After Estonia Rejects Survey Application’, Press Release (6 December 2012).
Nord Stream 2, ‘Approved Danish Route Stretches South-East of Bornholm’, Press Release (2019).
Nord Stream, ‘Last Nord Stream 2 Pipe Has Been Welded in the Baltic Sea’, Press Release (6 September 2021).
Ozberk, T ‘Turkey Closes The Dardanelles And Bosphorus To Warships’, Naval News (28 February 2022).
Payne, J ‘Ukraine says two commercial ships hit by Russian missiles near Odessa port’, Reuters (26 February 2022).
Prentice, A ‘Aid convoy to Ukraine’s Mariupol turns back due to fighting - deputy PM’, Reuters (10 March 2022).
Punamäe, S ‘Eestisse mittelastud purjelaev pani Vene meedia kihama’, Postimees (11 April 2019).
Püss, F ‘Lennuamet: sagedased õhupiiri rikkumised on tingitud asjaolust, et Vaindloo saare kohal osutab lennuliiklusteenuseid Venemaa’, Delfi (21 July 2018).
Räisänen, K ‘Jussi Niinistön mukaan Ahvenanmaalla on “herätty todellisuuteen”, kun turvallisuusuhat ovat muuttuneet: “Ei se demilitarisointi ainakaan helpota puolustamista”’, Helsingin Sanomat (26 May 2018).
Ratcliffe, V, J Lee, A Shahla, ‘British Marines Seize Supertanker Carrying Iranian Oil to Syria, Causing Diplomatic Row’, Time (4 July 2019).
Raun, A ‘Paet tõi uuringust keeldumiseks kolm põhjendust’, Postimees (20 September 2007).
Reimer, A ‘Vähi ja Vallbaum ristasid laevaliini nimel mõõgad’, Virumaa Teataja (17 January 2018).
Rettman, A ‘Russia threatens to cut Ukraine gas over Donbas war’, EU Observer (7 June 2021).
Romanovitš, G ‘Soome ja Eesti otsisid mereühenduse võimalusi’, Põhjarannik (30 June 2016).
Romanovitš, G ‘Laevaliin vajab tasuvusanalüüsi’, Põhjarannik (3 November 2016).
Rosendahl, J ‘Finnish military fires depth charges at suspected submarine’, Reuters (28 April 2015).
The Russian Federation’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ‘Comment by the Information and Press Department on Ukraine filing an arbitration memorandum regarding the Kerch Strait incident’, 26 May 2020.
Russon, MA ‘The cost of the Suez Canal blockage’, bbc News (29 March 2021).
Salomaa, M ‘Ulkoministeriö kutsui Venäjän suurlähettilään puhutteluun – “Suomi ottaa alueloukkaukset aina vakavasti”’, Helsingin Sanomat (7 October 2016).
Santora, M ‘What Happened on Day 6 of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine’, The New York Times (2 March 2022).
Saul, J ‘Boat that attacked gas tanker off Yemen carried explosives: shipowner’, Reuters (3 November 2016).
Saul, J ‘Cargo ship sinks off Odessa after explosion, crew members missing -ship manager’, Reuters (3 March 2022).
Starr, M ‘Russian navy using civilian ships as human shields, Ukraine claims’, The Jerusalem Post (3 March 2022).
Sildam, T, K Kaas, ‘Vene hävituslennukid tungisid Eesti taevasse’, Postimees (5 March 2004).
Sildam, T ‘Venemaa tunnistas Eesti majandusvetes uurimist’, Postimees (28 November 2005).
Slavin, E ‘Navy strikes radar sites in Yemen in response to missile attacks on ships’, Stars and Stripes (13 October 2016).
Smith, HL ‘US sends warship into Ukraine’s Black Sea crisis’, The Times (6 December 2018).
Sorensen, MS ‘Sweden Reinstates Conscription, With an Eye on Russia’, The New York Times (2 March 2017).
Staalesen, A ‘A major oil exploration is going on in Russia’s East Arctic waters’, The Barents Observer (24 August 2021).
State Department’s Press Statement, ‘Russia’s Harassment of International Shipping Transiting the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov’, Washington DC, 30 August 2018.
Suciu, P ‘French Flagship to Support NATO Mission as Tensions Rise in Europe’, The National Interest (2 March 2022).
Tian, YL, Y Lee, ‘China holds assault drills near Taiwan after ‘provocations’, Reuters (17 August 2021).
Traufetter, G ‘Bundesregierung stoppt umstrittene Gaspipeline Nord Stream 2’, Der Spiegel (22 February 2022).
Tuominen, E ‘Meritaisteluharjoitus Lotta mittaa Merivoimien taistelukykyä’, Ruotuväki (27 May 2020).
The United States Energy Information Administration, ‘The Bab el-Mandeb Strait is a strategic route for oil and natural gas shipments’, 27 August 2019.
The United States Department of the Treasury, ‘Treasury Sanctions Key Military Leaders of the Ansarallah Militia in Yemen’, Press Release, 2 March 2021.
Uosokainen, R ‘Puolustusministeri Niinistö: Demilitarisoituna Ahvenanmaa muodostaa sotilaallisen tyhjiön’, Yle Uutiset (17 October 2016).
Viirand, L ‘Kaitseminister Niinistö: Soome valmistub Ahvenamaa kaitsmiseks “roheliste mehikeste” eest’, err Uudised (30 July 2015).
Villar, L, M Hamilton, ‘The Strait of Malacca, a key oil trade chokepoint, links the Indian and Pacific Oceans’, US Energy Information Administration (11 August 2017).
Wallace, J ‘Ukraine / Russia - Port update’, Standard Club (25 February 2022).
Weiss, C ‘Analysis: Houthi naval attacks in the Red Sea’, fdd’s Long War Journal (17 August 2019).
Whyte, A ‘Estonia bars Russian vessel entering waters, on Crimea annexation issue’, err News (12 April 2019).
Willsher, K ‘UK takes part in huge French naval exercise to counter ‘emerging threats’, The Guardian (5 December 2021).
Wintour, P ‘Biden can help end Yemen civil war by backing referendum, say secessionists’, The Guardian (1 March 2021).
Wintour, P ‘Saudi Arabia proposes ceasefire plan to Yemen’s Houthi rebels’, The Guardian (22 March 2021).
Wintour, P ‘Hopes for Yemen peace deal fade as ‘obscene’ Marib death toll rises’, The Guardian (7 May 2021).
Wintour, P ‘New UN envoy to Yemen urged to broaden talks to end civil war’, The Guardian (7 October 2021).
Woo, R, B Blanchard, I Ali, ‘China condemns U.S., Canada for sending warships through Taiwan Strait’, Reuters (17 October 2021).
Wright, H ‘Russian ambassador summoned after aircraft breaches Estonian airspace’, err News (24 September 2019).
Wright, H ‘Russian plane flies in Estonian airspace without permission’, err News (10 June 2020).
Xuanzun, L ‘US warships’ Taiwan Straits transit, S.China Sea drill futile to contain China: observers’, Global Times (29 July 2021).
台湾海峡首艘千吨级海事巡航救助船开工建造 (‘Construction of the first 1,000-ton maritime cruise rescue ship in the Taiwan Strait starts’), Xinhua (24 May 2019).
Blog Posts
Alghoozi, L ‘The Houthi Attacks Against the UAE: Rules of Conflict and International Law of State Responsibility’, ejil: Talk!, 12 March 2022.
Aliano, A, R Spivak, ‘Ukraine Symposium – The Montreux Convention and Turkey’s Impact on Black Sea Operations’, Articles of War of Lieber Institute, West Point, 25 April 2022.
Anonymous, ‘Yemen war: Who is the Southern Transitional Council?’, Middle East Eye, 30 August 2019.
Callaghan, C, R Schroeder, W Porter, ‘Mapping Gray Maritime Networks for Hybrid Warfare’, Center for International Maritime Security, 1 July 2020.
Drennan, J ‘The Gate of Tears: Interests, Options, and Strategy in the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait’, Center for International Maritime Security, 30 January 2018.
Fink, M ‘Ukraine Symposium – The War at Sea: Is there a Naval Blockade in the Sea of Azov?’, Articles of War of Lieber Institute, West Point, 24 March 2022.
Knights, M, F Nadimi, ‘Curbing Houthi Attacks on Civilian Ships in the Bab al-Mandab’, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 27 July 2018.
Kraska, J ‘The Kerch Strait Incident: Law of the Sea or Law of Naval Warfare?’ 3 December 2018, ejil: Talk!.
Kuczyński, G ‘Nord Stream 2: A Trap for Ukraine’, The Warsaw Institute Review, 10 February 2019.
Overfield, C ‘Turkey Must Close the Turkish Straits Only to Russian and Ukrainian Warships’, Lawfare (5 March 2022).
Sakamoto, S ‘China’s New Coast Guard Law and Implications for Maritime Security in the East and South China Seas’, Lawfare (16 February 2021).
Urcosta, RB ‘Russia’s Strategic Considerations on the Sea of Azov’, Warsaw Institute (3 December 2018).
Miscellaneous
Black Sea News, Monitoring reports of the on the duration of artificial delays of vessels in the Kerch Strait from 2018 to 2021.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘uss Cole attack’.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Bab el-Mandeb Strait’.
Eurostat, ‘Maritime ports freight and passenger statistics’, 18 March 2020.
Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, ‘Kerch Strait’.
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The.
Marine Traffic, ‘Gulf of Finland’.
Marine Traffic, ‘Sea of Azov’.
Nord Stream 2, ‘Shareholder & Financial Investors’.
The Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2016 (International Criminal Court 2016).
The Office of the Prosecutor, Report on Preliminary Examination Activities 2017 (International Criminal Court 2017).
Port of Helsinki, ‘The world’s busiest passenger port’, Press Announcement, 29 May 2018.
Russian Geographical Society, ‘Complex Expedition “Hogland”, Islands’.
‘Singapore-Johor Causeway Opens, 28th Jun 1924’, Historysg (Government of Singapore 2021).
ua-515, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, ‘For the attention of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation’, No. 21/20-410-747, 24 May 2001.
ua-516, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, ‘For the attention of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation’, No. 72/22-446-2110, 15 September 2002.
UN, ‘About unvim’, The United Nations Verification and Inspection Mechanism for Yemen webpage.
The UN Refugee Agency, ‘Refugees fleeing Ukraine (since 24 February 2022)’.
undoalas, ‘The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982: Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements’, 28 May 2021.
United States Navy Judge Advocate General’s Corps, ‘Finland. Summary of Claims’, November 2017.