Index
1830 Revolution.
See
July Revolution
1848 revolutions in Europe
19 , 28 , 32 , 48 , 328 , 536 , 538 , 545 –548 , 611 –614 , 618 , 619 , 631 , 642 , 890
1848 revolutions in France
28 , 74 , 75 , 328 , 536 , 538 , 539 , 540 –543 , 611 , 704 , 716 , 737 , 738 , 778 , 780 , 781 , 782 , 790
9 Thermidor, and the Thermidorean Reaction
41 , 501 –502 , 503 , 707 , 721 , 723
Abad y Queipo, Manuel
488 –490
abolition and slavery
18 , 28 , 38 , 43 , 47 , 49 , 56 , 71 , 187 , 194 , 214 , 240 , 242 , 405 , 414 , 416 –422 , 428 , 435 , 445 , 450 , 457 , 458 , 466 , 494 , 497 , 500 , 535 , 539 , 544 , 548 , 549 , 612 , 738 , 856 , 896
Adams, Abigail
415
Adams, John
56 , 71 , 231 , 413 , 441 , 442 , 449 , 451 , 482 , 510 , 517
on abolition and slavery
421
classical republicanism of
439
on democracy
429 , 437 , 438
and Federalists and Antifederalists
436 , 441
on political systems
437 –440
on religion
411 –412
on religious toleration
412
on tyranny of the majority
438 , 442
on women
415
Age of Revolutions
1 , 22 , 24 , 28 , 177 , 405 , 406 , 443 , 494 , 593 , 773 , 828 , 831
Agoult, Marie d’ (Daniel Stern)
539 –542 , 726
Alberdi, Juan Bautista
491 –493
Alembert, Jean le Rond d’
515
American Enlightenment and liberalism, debates on possible uniqueness of
16 –18 , 465 –466
American Revolution
1 , 3 , 22 , 23 , 24 –26 , 38 , 60 , 64 , 216 , 219 , 405 , 406 , 407 , 410 , 468 , 475 , 511 , 544 , 773 , 813
Antifederalists, in America
18 , 71 , 427 , 432 , 433 –436 , 442 , 445 , 522
Appleby, Joyce
25 , 29 , 54 , 60 , 70
Arendt, Hannah
27
aristocracy of merit
433 , 635 , 668 , 686 , 687
aristocratic liberalism
62
Armitage, David
18 , 65
Austen, Jane
802
Austrian Empire, 1848 revolution in
613 –614
Babeuf, François-Noël
564
Bailyn, Bernard
17
Batavian Republic
26 , 218 , 220 , 227 , 228 , 230 , 231 , 232
Bayle, Pierre
84 , 86 –90 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 106 , 109 , 112 , 113 , 217 , 413 , 498 , 657 , 797 , 848
Beccaria, Cesare, marchese di
175 , 195 , 581
Beethoven, Ludwig van
638
Bell, Duncan
65
Bello, Andrés
486 –488
Bentham, Jeremy
36 , 194 , 200 , 202 , 206 , 208 , 212 –213 , 368 , 372 , 384 , 474 , 479 , 814 , 836 , 837 , 838 , 839 , 841 , 851 , 880. utilitarianism and Benthamites, and Philosophical Radicals
on democracy
196 –197 , 199
natural rights, criticism of
198 –199
on political systems
195 –198
on religion
199
and utilitarianism
195 –196
on women
197
Bentinck, William
816 , 861
Berlin, Isaiah
50 –51 , 55 , 57
bicameralism and unicameralism
25 , 227 , 430 , 613 , 708 , 781
Biddle, Nicholas
456
Blake, William
647 –649
Bloom, Allan
62
Bobbio, Norberto
42
Boissy d’Anglas, François Antoine de
727 , 728
Bolívar, Simón
476 –477 , 480 , 486
Boswell, James
176
Brazil
99 , 403 , 474
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre
184 , 197 , 217 , 513 , 734 , 866. Girondins
162 –163
on abolition and slavery
161
on America
160 , 161
on democracy
163
and the French Revolution
159 , 160
on political systems
163
radicalism of
161 , 164
on religion
160 –161
on women
162
Brown, Michael
8 –9
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de
728 , 744 , 746
Bunge, Wiep van
12
Burckhardt, Jacob
30 , 594 , 885 –886
Burdett, Francis
59
Burke, Edmund
51 , 77 , 81 , 187 , 190 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 258 , 259 , 260 , 286 , 460 , 498 , 504 , 505 , 507 , 509 , 511 , 512 , 513 , 516 , 521 , 532 , 533 , 583 , 655 , 805 , 809 , 810 , 812 , 825 , 826 , 827 , 828 , 832
on abolition and slavery
357 –359
on the American Revolution
346 –349
on colonialism
346 , 352 , 354 , 356
as conservative
330 –331 , 337 , 339 , 349 , 365
economic ideas of
359 , 362 –364
on freedom of thought
357
on the French Revolution
258 , 331 , 339 , 344 , 348 , 349 , 356 , 364
on Hastings, Warren, and impeachment trial of
337 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 359 , 366
on India and its culture
351 –355
on Ireland
345 , 349 –351
on Marie Antoinette
361 , 362
on penal measures
359 –360
on political systems, and need for reform of
331 , 336 –346 , 365
radicalism of
259 , 330 –331 , 346 , 365 , 366
Reflections on the Revolution in France
190 , 258 , 259 , 330 , 333 , 348 , 361 , 364 , 511
on religion
331 –336 , 355
on religious toleration
334 , 336 , 350
on women, and chivalry
360 –362
Burney, Frances
802
Burrow, John
29
Byron, Lord
597 , 622
Cantillon, Richard
299
Carlyle, Thomas
303 , 312 , 669 , 678 , 717 , 840 , 850 , 865 –866 , 874 , 887
Carnot, Lazare
731
Carrier, Jean-Baptiste
701 , 706 , 722
Cassirer, Ernst
9
Catherine the Great
100 , 150 , 180 , 181 , 195 , 521 , 828
Charles i
269 , 511 , 513 , 523 , 637 , 659 , 843
Charles iii
468 , 473 , 475
Charles x
705 –706
Chartier, Roger
21 , 22
Chartism and the Chartists
75 , 250 , 312 , 318 , 321 , 326 , 328 , 452 , 539 , 551 , 612 , 792 , 801 , 818 , 819 , 820 , 821 , 822 , 879
Chateaubriand, François-René de
34 , 661 –662 , 731
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard
708 , 719 , 727 , 736
Child, Josiah
279 , 297
China and the Chinese
92 , 202 , 203 , 267 , 426 , 588 , 589 , 590 , 750 –752 , 755 , 760 , 765
civic humanism.
See
republicanism and classical republicanism
civilization, Enlightenment concept of
41 , 65 , 161 , 246 , 247 , 256 , 267 , 274 , 620 , 740 , 742 , 746 , 748 –749 , 754 , 756 , 758 , 806 –807 , 823 , 841 , 894 , 896
Clapham Sect
793 , 795
Clark, J. C. D.
36 , 37
classical republicanism.
See
republicanism and classical republicanism
Clavijero (or Clavigero), Francisco
478 –479
Clinton, George
435 –436
Clive, Robert
811 , 812 –813
Cobban, Alfred
51
Cobbett, William
59 , 452
Coleman, Charly
40 –41
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
303 , 314 , 649 , 656 , 669
on the clerisy
650 , 651 , 653
conservatism of
649 –650 , 653
early radicalism of
649
economic ideas of
652 –653
on the Enlightenment
650 –651
on religion
650 –652
Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie
722 , 735
colonialism
50 , 65 , 206 , 419 , 770 , 811 , 856 , 894 –895
and civilizing mission, and cultural transmission, in the Enlightenment
65 , 354 , 740 , 741 , 742 –744 , 745 , 749 , 766 , 769 , 770 , 813 , 855
Committee of Public Safety
164 , 385 , 701 , 721
communism.
See
socialism and communism
Condorcet, Nicolas de
60 , 119 , 134 , 158 , 159 , 367 , 391 , 425 , 524 , 541 , 549 , 599 , 717 , 758 , 887 , 891
on abolition and slavery
153 , 161
on colonialism
153 , 856
on democracy
152 , 153 –155 , 156
economic ideas of
301 –302
on political systems
155 –156
progress, historical vision of
246 , 301 , 757
Radical Enlightenment of
152 , 215 , 415
on women
153 , 498 , 501 , 540
conjectural history.
See
stadial theory, four-stages theory,
Constant, Benjamin
19 , 21 , 81 , 293 , 367 , 368 , 378 , 381 , 383 , 384 , 386 , 402 –404 , 479 , 480 , 490 , 526 , 527 , 530 , 680 , 683 , 686 , 693 , 731 , 773 , 847 , 891
Adolphe
401 –402 , 665
on abolition and slavery
387
on ancient and modern liberty, difference between
391 –392 , 395 , 898
classical republicanism of
392 , 394 , 399 , 400
on colonialism
391
on conquest and warfare
391 –392 , 393 , 394 –395
on democracy
396 , 399 –400
economic ideas of
398 –399
on the French Revolution
390 –391 , 400
and Napoleon
392
on political systems
396 –398 , 400 –401
on religion, and importance of
387 –390
on religious toleration
388 –389
on the Terror
390 –391
Constitution, American (also state constitutions)
16 , 25 , 71 , 72 , 186 , 192 , 221 , 380 , 411 , 420 –421 , 427 , 430 , 432 , 433 , 434 , 435 , 436 , 437 , 439 , 441 , 442 , 450 , 451 , 466 , 482 , 491 , 517 , 522 , 666 , 775
Constitution of the Year viii
158 , 710 –711 , 783
constitutional monarchy
52 , 68 , 220 , 235 , 403 , 470 , 526 , 534 , 583. mixed government
Constitutions, French
25 , 156 , 198 , 705 , 781 , 783
Cooper, James Fenimore
665
on abolition and slavery
668 –669
classical republicanism of
668
on democracy
666 –668
on differences between America and Europe
665 –666
on political systems
665
on public opinion
667
on women
668
Coram, Robert
445 –448
Corday, Charlotte
541
Corn Laws, and the debate on repeal of the
315 –318 , 320 , 321 , 325 , 536
Corsica, Corsican Revolution, and Corsican Republic
20 , 103 , 175 –179 , 513. Paoli, Pasquale
Counter Enlightenment
15 , 18 , 49 , 51 , 70 , 95 , 122 , 262 , 263 , 365 , 405
Courbet, Gustave
630
Court, Pieter de la
233 , 297
Cousin, Victor
715 , 726
Craiutu, Aurelian
19 , 51
Croker, John Wilson
827
Cromwell, Oliver
257 , 511 , 513 , 700 , 808
cyclical interpretations of history
116 , 152 , 226 , 246 , 395 , 663 , 893
Danton, Georges
701 , 706 , 721 , 722 , 735
Darnton, Robert
10 , 13
Daumier, Honoré
630
Daunou, Pierre Claude François
381
David, Jacques-Louis
627 , 628 , 630 , 662
Decembrists
383 –386
Declaration of Independence, American
18 , 198 , 221 , 406 , 450 , 596
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, French
198 , 500 , 523 , 707 , 718
Declaration of Sentiments
457 –458 , 544 , 548 , 551
Delacroix, Eugène
662 –664
Liberty Guiding the People
663 –664
democracy, direct or representative, universal suffrage, and popular sovereignty
2 –3 , 6 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 19 , 42 –47 , 49 , 51 , 52 –53 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 72 , 75 , 79 , 233 , 235 , 242 , 262 , 263 , 382 , 405 , 428 , 429 , 430 , 441 , 442 , 448 , 449 , 450 , 465 –466 , 535 , 597 , 612 , 619 , 621 , 631 , 679 –680 , 693 , 738 , 770 , 876 , 888 , 890 , 891 –892 , 896 , 898 , 899
Deroin, Jeanne
539
Descartes, René
217 , 553
Desmoulins, Camille
701 , 721 , 735
Diderot, Denis
83 , 95 , 97 , 133 , 142 , 146 , 180 , 239 , 302 , 478 , 515 , 599 , 795 , 891. Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, Abbé
on colonialism
151 –152 , 758 , 864
on democracy
149 –150
materialism of
147
on political systems
149 –151
on religion
98 –100 , 147 –148
on women
149 , 496
Dijn, Annelien de
5 , 13 , 45 , 62
distributive justice
44 , 126 , 266 , 564
Doctrinaires
232 , 401 , 492 , 666 , 678 , 679 –680 , 685 , 686 , 687 , 688 , 691 , 692 , 693 , 696 , 714 , 867 , 873 , 891
and political capacity, concept of
680 , 686 , 687 –688 , 692 –693 , 714 , 716
Dunn, John
44 , 46
Dupré, Louis
33
Dutch republicanism
218 –219 , 220
East India Company
202 –204 , 338 , 346 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 365 , 812 , 814 , 816 , 839 , 859 , 860 , 861
economics.
See
political economy
Edelstein, Dan
44
Edgeworth, Maria
802
electronic communications, and democracy
898
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
544 , 547 , 548 , 726
on American uniqueness
671 , 673
economic ideas of
670 , 671 –672
and the Enlightenment
670
on Napoleon
673
political ideas of
672
on religion
670
on self-reliance
672
Transcendentalist philosophy of
669 –670
English Enlightenment, British Enlightenment
9 , 35 , 131 , 183 , 510 , 553
enlightened absolutism, enlightened despotism
1 , 9 , 127 , 150 , 181 , 275 , 276 , 293 , 299 , 301 , 302 , 373 , 397 , 468 , 473 , 602 , 637 , 711 , 815
Enlightenment
1 –2 , 5 –7 , 20 , 22 , 26 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 44 , 80 , 84 , 549 , 550 , 790 –791 , 894 , 895 , 896 , 898. Enlightenment-liberal tradition
historiography of
7 –20 , 29 , 33 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 51 , 63 , 68 –69 , 78
and liberalism
29 –31 , 47 –48 , 49 , 50 , 67 –68 , 72 , 75 , 78 , 80 , 889 , 890 , 899
Moderate and Radical
4 , 7 , 20 –21 , 47 , 91 , 93 , 130 , 131 , 214 –215 , 250 , 549 , 888 , 889 , 891 –892
Enlightenment-liberal tradition
3 , 19 , 28 , 32 , 40 , 42 , 50 , 64 , 66 , 70 , 79 , 82 , 165 , 213 , 215 , 319 , 331 , 366 , 408 , 419 , 449 , 493 , 494 , 496 , 549 , 550 , 563 , 579 , 592 , 593 , 595 , 596 , 597 , 598 , 601 , 613 , 620 , 626 , 629 , 652 , 657 , 660 , 665 , 674 , 675 , 744 , 770 , 807 , 836 , 890 , 891 , 895 , 896 –897
environmental crisis
898
Epicureanism
83 , 88 , 89 , 94 , 110 , 113 , 132 , 237 , 389 , 413 , 842
evangelicalism
38 , 61 , 187 , 329 , 408 , 410 , 413 , 448 , 793 , 795 , 811
fascism
43 , 50 , 57 , 593 , 594 , 674
Federalists, in America
17 , 18 , 60 , 61 , 71 , 231 , 420 , 421 , 423 , 424 –425 , 428 , 430 , 431 –437 , 439 , 440 –441 , 442 , 444 , 446 , 448 , 522
Feijóo, Benito Jerónimo
467 , 499
feminism
1 , 78 , 416 , 457 –458 , 496 , 500 , 501 –502 , 503 , 505 , 506 , 507 , 509 , 512 , 513 , 514 , 519 , 520 , 522 , 523 , 524 , 525 , 526 , 531 , 535 , 539 , 542 , 544 , 548 , 549 , 550 –551 , 668 , 788 , 790 , 803 –804 , 851 –855. women
;
women’s rights
American and French, difference between
75 –77 , 541 –542
Ferdinand vii
469 , 470
Ferguson, Adam
108 , 116 , 240 , 640 , 745
Ferguson, Robert
16
Ferrone, Vincenzo
10 , 13
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
82 , 385 , 552 , 572 , 577 , 578 , 582 , 589 , 602 , 642 , 646 564 –566 , 570
antisemitism of
568 –569 , 570 , 571
on atheism
556 –557
classical republicanism of
562 –563
early radicalism of
558 , 571 , 591
economic ideas of
563 –566 , 586
on the French Revolution
558
and German nationalism
567 –568
influence of
569 –571 , 582 , 591 –592
late illiberalism of
558 –559 , 570 –571 , 591
metaphysical and ethical philosophy of
553 –555 , 559 –560
on political systems
560 –562 , 571
on progress
561
on religion
555 –557
on religious toleration
557
on women
568 , 570
Filangieri, Gaetano
378 , 397 –398
economic ideas of
182 –183
on legislation
179
on political systems
180 –181
on religion
181 –182
utilitarianism of
180
Fillafer, Franz L.
7
Filmer, Robert
250 , 818
Fleischacker, Samuel
44
flour war (guerre de farines)
301
Fox, Charles James
59 , 239 –240 , 253 , 259 , 352
Franklin, Benjamin
181 , 510
on abolition and slavery
419
on the American Indians
417
on democracy
441 –442
economic ideas of
424
on political systems
440 , 441 –442
on population
416 , 423 –424
on religion
38 , 409 , 412 , 413
on women
415 –416
Freemasons
92 , 118 –119 , 383 , 803
Frederick the Great
127 , 180 , 181 , 828
free trade.
See
political economy
Freeden, Michael
6
freedom.
See
liberty
French Revolution
3 , 6 , 10 , 12 , 16 –17 , 21 –24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 38 , 42 , 48 , 60 , 75 , 102 , 159 , 164 , 183 , 216 , 217 , 229 , 230 , 361 , 367 , 411 , 468 , 470 , 473 , 475 , 476 , 479 , 493 , 496 , 500 , 501 , 505 , 507 , 511 , 542 , 546 , 600 , 601 , 612 , 613 , 628 , 642 , 647 , 807
and nineteenth-century historical studies of
82 , 676 –679 , 704 , 713 , 738 –739
Fuller Margaret
457 , 669
and 1848 revolutions
544 –545
on revolutionary violence
548 –549
and Roman Republic of 1849
545 –547
and Transcendentalism
544 –545 , 547
on women
544 –545 , 547 –548
Furet, François
23 , 74
Galiani, Ferdinando
302
Gay, Peter
9 , 13
general will, also volonté générale
6 , 77 , 99 , 103 , 107 , 125 , 134 , 135 , 149 , 154 , 157 , 166 , 168 , 170 –171 , 178 , 229 , 244 –245 , 343 , 400 , 561 , 582 , 616 , 634 , 685 , 883
Geneva, revolutions in
216 –217 , 261
George iii
185 , 186 , 338 , 348 , 808
German philosophy, and Idealism, and difficult style of
552 –553 , 726
Germanic tribes
203 , 241 –242 , 245 , 606 , 607 , 626 , 741 , 754 , 764 , 765
Germany
85 , 91 , 92 , 107 , 108 , 114 , 117 , 119 , 122 , 124 , 126 , 127 , 383 , 542 –543 , 569 , 591 –592 , 595 , 612 , 637 , 647 , 650. nationalism, German
1848 revolutions in
32 , 642 , 643
liberalism in
31 –32 , 601 , 607 , 609 , 611 , 631 , 634
Gibbon, Edward
81 , 152 , 264 , 265 , 270 , 283 , 286 , 288 , 291 , 515 , 595 , 670 , 692 , 740 , 742 , 753 , 805 , 818 , 825 , 866 , 891 , 899 235 , 238 –239 , 247 –248 , 256 , 261 , 262 , 263 , 264 , 832
on abolition and slavery
240 –242 , 259
on America
254 , 256 , 897
on the American Revolution
245 , 251 –253 , 254 –255
on democracy
240 , 248 –249 , 257 , 258 , 260 , 261
early radicalism of
235 , 239 , 242 –243 , 247 , 262
on the French Revolution
238 , 239 , 245 , 256 –258 , 259 –263 , 832
on historical decline and progress
255 –256 , 746 , 748 –749 , 751 , 755 –756 , 759 , 806 , 832 , 894
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
235 , 236 , 237 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 248 , 249 , 251 , 255 , 259 , 755 –756 , 806 , 832
Letter on the Government of Berne
243 –246 , 247 , 262 , 263
Mémoire justificatif
253 –254 , 256
political career of
236 , 249 , 254
on political systems
235 , 243 –246
on religion
236 –237 , 238 , 247 , 796 –797
on women
498
Girondins
159 , 162 , 525 , 526 , 537 , 701 , 706 –707 , 729 , 734 –735 , 866
Gladstone, William Ewart
800 , 813 , 845 , 851
Glorious Revolution
20 , 38 , 58 , 190 , 191 , 242 , 337 , 340 , 348 , 351 , 398 , 428 , 466 , 511 , 690 , 824 , 829 –830 , 831 , 865
Gobineau, Arthur de
749 , 771
Godechot, Jacques
25
Godwin, William
187 , 311 , 659
and atheism
208
on democracy
207
economic ideas of
209 –210
on natural rights
206 –207
on political systems
206 –208 , 210 –211
on religion
208 –209
on slavery
209
and utilitarians
206 , 209 , 210
on women and marriage
209
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
636 –638
Goldenbaum, Ursula
14
Gordon Riots
186 , 226 , 249 , 335 , 360 , 447 , 518
Gouges, Olympe de
523 –524 , 525 , 540
Goya, Francisco
662
Great Hunger in Ireland
316 , 328 , 363 , 612 , 809 –810 , 862 –864
Greek Enlightenment
623 , 624
Greek War of Independence
597 , 622 –623 , 663 , 840 , 864
Greenstone, J. David
71
Grondwettige Herstelling
223 –227 , 230
classical republicanism in
225 –226
Grotius, Hugo
242 , 492
Guizot, François
3 , 57 , 479 , 492 , 676 , 693 , 704 , 708 , 715 , 717 , 718 , 738 , 740 , 779 , 867. Doctrinaires
on democracy
685 –686 , 687 , 691 , 892
on the Enlightenment
690
on the French Revolution
688 –690
on historical writing
677
liberalism and illiberalism of
680 , 682 , 683 , 684 , 686 , 691 , 692 , 714 , 892
political career of
678 , 679 , 680 , 681 , 682 , 692
on political systems
679 , 680 –681 , 683 –688 , 690
on religion
681 , 686
on women
687
Haitian Revolution
26 , 161 , 229 , 256 , 421 , 475 , 488 , 524 , 579 , 732 , 767
Hamilton, Alexander
60 , 444 , 458 , 517
on democracy
425 , 431
economic ideas of
424 –425
as Federalist
421 , 431
Hamilton, William
840
Hartz, Louis
70 –72
Hastings, Warren
202 , 204 –205 , 337 , 351 , 352 , 353 , 354 , 355 , 359 , 366 , 811 , 812
Hébert, Jacques-René
701 , 708 , 719 , 721 , 722 , 727 , 735 , 736 , 828
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
82 , 552 , 553 , 555 , 563 , 611 , 642 , 647 , 669 , 670
on abolition and slavery
578 –579 , 581
and dialectics, theory of
573 , 585 –586
on democracy
578 , 583
economic ideas of
585 –587
on the French Revolution
583
and German nationalism
609 –610
on history and progress
574 –575 , 588 –591
influence of, and modern debates on
175 , 571 –573 , 591 –592
on the law
581 –583
on the law of unintended consequences (List der Vernunft)
585 –586
liberalism of
571 –572 , 581 , 583 , 591 –592
on the lord and the bondsman
577 –578
metaphysical philosophy of
573 –575 , 577 , 591
on political systems
580 –581 , 582 , 583 –585 , 586 –587
on religion
575 –577
on religious toleration
575 –576 , 582
on subjective and objective will and freedom
579 –580
on women
587 –588
Heine, Heinrich
553 , 638 , 644 , 645 –647
De l’esprit
140 , 144
economic ideas of
144 –145
on education
141 , 143 , 144 , 201
materialism of
140 , 141 , 143 , 146
on political systems
143 –144
question of radicalism of
140
on religion
140 , 141 , 142
utilitarianism of
141 , 143 , 146 , 195
on women
145 –146
Henry, Patrick
436 , 639
Herder, Johann Gottfried
41 , 51 , 114 , 121 , 394 , 487 , 575 , 582 , 611 , 634 , 646 , 670 , 675 , 745 –746
on abolition and slavery
607
on colonialism
606
on democracy
606
economic ideas of
602
on the French Revolution
604
and German nationalism
602 , 606
on historical progress
603 –605
on national and cultural characteristics
603 , 605 , 606 , 607 , 618
on political systems
604 , 605 –606
radicalism of
605 , 607
on religion
603
on religious toleration
607
Higonnet, Patrice
27 , 61 , 72 , 73
Himmelfarb, Gertrude
9
Hindus and Hinduism
202 , 203 –204 , 353 , 813 , 862
Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von
499 –500 , 542
Hitler, Adolf
645
Hobbes, Thomas
30 , 56 , 64 , 89 –90 , 91 , 96 , 109 , 110 , 149 , 287 , 340 , 400 , 515 , 657 , 773 , 878 , 885
Hobsbawm, Eric
22 , 23 , 29
Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d’
95 , 140 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 147 , 152 , 155 , 161 , 238 , 335 , 388 , 389 , 474 , 599 , 657 , 843
atheism of
83 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 185
on democracy
137
economic ideas of
136 , 137 –139
materialism of
132 –133 , 134 , 146
on political systems
134 , 135 –137
question of radicalism of
132 , 134 , 137 , 139 , 214
on religion
132 –134 , 185
utilitarianism of
134 –135 , 138
on women
139 –140
Holroyd, John Baker, Lord Sheffield
239 , 240 , 252 , 257 , 259 , 260 , 261
homosexuality
97 , 146 , 152 , 359 –360 , 794
Howe, Julia Ward
548
Hugo, Victor
661 , 663 , 664
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
129 , 444 , 570 , 582 , 631 , 884 –885 , 896
The Limits of State Action
129 , 444 , 631 , 884 , 885
Hume, David
39 , 69 , 87 , 102 , 107 , 123 , 148 , 210 , 238 , 239 , 241 , 251 , 265 , 266 , 271 , 412 , 465 , 467 , 496 , 515 , 605 , 615 , 670 , 797 –798 , 799 , 843 , 866 , 894
economic ideas of
268 , 299 –300
as historian
96 , 246 , 513 , 742
on religion
83 , 95 –97
Hunt, Lynn
44
Hutchinson, Thomas
251 –252
Idéologie
212 , 292 , 293 , 306 , 326 , 367 –368 , 371 , 372 , 382 –383 , 474 , 527 , 685 , 693. Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de
imperialism.
See
colonialism
Industrial Revolution
29 , 36 , 302 , 303 , 311 , 323 , 403 , 550 , 598 , 648 , 898
Israel, Jonathan
5 , 11 –15 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 29 , 42 , 45 , 48 –49 , 55 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 890 , 892
Italy
10 , 57 , 175 , 179 , 181 , 248 , 383 , 397 , 545 –547 , 609 , 611 , 612 , 618 , 620 , 621 , 622 , 642 , 823 , 849 , 885 , 886. Risorgimento
Jackson, Andrew
71 , 451 , 452 , 454 , 457 , 458 , 459 , 891
and abolition and slavery
405 , 453 , 455 , 457 , 463 , 466
and the Bank War
427 , 456 –457
economic policies of
454 –456 , 466
Jacksonian Democracy
59 , 405 , 448 , 450 –453 , 458 , 466 , 671
Democratic Party in
451 , 452
labor unions in
454 –455
Jacob, Margaret
11 , 13
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich
114 , 122 , 570
James ii
250 , 340 , 818
Jansenists
88 –89 , 771
Jaume, Lucien
74
Jay, John
421 , 433
jealousy of trade
2 , 296 , 566 , 598
Jefferson, Thomas
38 , 56 , 60 , 71 , 370 , 377 –378 , 379 , 381 , 383 , 424 , 425 , 431 , 437 , 440 , 449 , 455 , 459 , 478 , 517 , 617 , 671 , 820 , 850
on the American Indians
417 –418
classical republicanism of
426 , 444 –445 , 448
on democracy
425 , 442 , 444 , 445 , 448 , 451 –452
economic ideas of
425 –427 , 435 , 444
and the French Revolution
442 –443
on political systems
427 , 442 –443 , 444 –445
as President
427 , 443 –444
on religion
409 , 412 –413 , 414
on religious toleration
412
on slavery and black people
417 , 420 , 421 –422
on women
415
Jennings, Jeremy
21
Jesuits
88 –89 , 476 , 538 , 557 , 723 , 743
Jews, Judaism, and antisemitism
28 , 108 , 116 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 568 –569 , 571 , 582 , 600 , 607 , 614 , 799
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de
488 , 489
economic ideas of
469 , 472 –473
political career of
469
on political systems
469 , 473
on religion and the Church
469 , 472
Judt, Tony
75
July Monarchy
74 , 382 , 646 , 661 , 678 , 679 , 680 , 682 , 688 , 693 , 717
July Revolution
15 , 367 , 382 , 401 , 631 , 647 , 663 , 682 , 693 , 703 , 704 , 705 , 867
June Days.
See
1848 revolutions in France
Kahan, Alan
62 –63
Kant, Immanuel
32 , 71 , 116 , 118 , 119 , 129 , 266 , 273 , 499 , 552 , 553 , 554 , 555 , 556 , 557 , 558 , 559 , 560 , 561 , 564 , 566 , 570 , 573 , 580 , 581 , 582 , 583 , 588 , 595 , 599 , 603 , 606 , 622 , 625 , 634 , 635 , 640 , 641 , 646 , 650 , 669 , 685 , 717 , 795 , 846 , 884
on colonialism
126 , 128
on democracy
122
economic ideas of
126
on the French Revolution
126 –127
metaphysical and idealistic philosophy of
121 –122 , 123 , 553
and the Pantheismusstreit
114 , 122
on political systems
124 –125 , 127
on religion
122 –124 , 128
on future universal peace
122 , 125 –126 , 128 , 492
Kloppenberg, James
37 , 38 , 42 , 890
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus
617 , 620
Koselleck, Reinhart
69
Kossuth, Louis (Lajos)
613 , 614 –615
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de
381 , 382 , 700 , 720 , 731
laissez faire.
See
political economy
Lamartine, Alphonse de
37 , 542 , 662 , 781 , 868
on democracy
737
and the 1848 revolutions
731 –732 , 733 , 737 –738
economic ideas of
732
on the French Revolution
732 , 733 –737
political career of
676 , 731 , 738
on political systems
732 , 734
radicalism of
704 , 731 –732 , 734
on religion
37 , 733 , 736 , 737
on revolutionary violence
736 –737
on Robespierre, Maximilien
735 –736
on the Terror
735 –736
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de
138 , 141 , 161
Laski, Harold
67
Latin America
24 , 43 , 82 , 179 , 183 , 405 , 478 , 479 , 480 , 481 , 493 –495
Catholic tradition, influential in
469 , 474 –475 , 494
Enlightenment in
473 –476 , 479 , 480 , 493 –495
liberalism in
467 , 468 , 469 , 477 , 488 , 490 , 492 , 493 –495
La Vopa, Anthony
13
law of unintended consequences
14 , 72 , 139 , 145 , 162 , 271 –275 , 289 , 294 , 362 , 371 , 376 , 432 , 472 , 563 , 585 –586 , 629 , 684 , 893 –894
Lebon, Joseph
701
Lefort, Claude
43
Leggett, William
458 –465
on abolition and slavery
458 , 463 –464
on democracy
459 , 462 , 464 –465
economic ideas of
459 –462
as Jacksonian Democrat
458 , 459
journalistic career of
458 , 465
as libertarian
462 –463
on religion
459
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
92 –93 , 96 , 104 , 108 –109 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 148 , 188 , 272 , 553 , 845
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim
108 , 114 –115 , 116 , 121 , 124 , 129 , 553 , 582 , 595 , 646
The Education of the Human Race
119 –120
and the Freemasons
118 –119
on Jews and Judaism
116 , 119
Nathan the Wise
115 , 116
and the Pantheismusstreit
114
on political systems
119
radicalism of
116 –117 , 121
on religion
117 –118 , 119 –121
on religious toleration
115 , 116 , 120 , 121
Leszczyński, Stanisław
615 –616
Lewald, Fanny
542 –543
liberalism and liberals
1 –2 , 6 –7 , 31 –32 , 35 , 39 , 42 –43 , 45 , 46 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 67 –69 , 70 –71 , 72 , 73 –76 , 77 , 78 –79 , 212 , 213 , 271 , 295 , 303 , 329 , 444 , 449 –450 , 451 , 452 , 465 , 469 , 473 , 474 , 475 , 488 , 493 , 494 , 535 , 549 , 551 , 631 , 692 , 714 –715 , 770 , 836 , 848 , 864 , 890 , 892 , 896 , 899. aristocratic liberalism
;
Enlightenment-liberal tradition
; nationalism, and liberalism, and the
Enlightenment-liberal tradition
;
Romanticism and Romantics, and liberalism.
definitions of
5 –6 , 30 –31 , 48 –50 , 55 , 80
and the Enlightenment
29 –31 , 49 , 51 –52 , 67 –68 , 72 , 80 , 129 , 131 , 183 , 214 , 233 , 289 , 295 , 366 , 367 , 403 –404 , 406 , 449 , 467 , 591 , 749 , 769 , 770 , 890
Moderate and Radical
3 , 4 , 7 , 47 –48 , 49 , 68 , 80 , 81 , 91 , 211 , 215 , 232 , 240 , 250 , 263 , 291 , 378 , 382 , 396 , 465 , 495 , 526 , 535 , 549 , 550 , 738 , 788 , 835 , 873 , 876 , 885 , 888 , 889 , 892
libertarianism
1 , 49 , 50 , 64 , 461 –463 , 472 , 891
liberty
16 , 19 , 37 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 71 , 74 , 99 , 125 , 130 , 135 –136 , 137 , 142 , 150 , 154 , 155 , 158 , 163 , 166 , 176 , 180 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 199 , 200 , 209 , 210 , 213 , 214 , 216 , 219 , 221 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 243 , 245 , 248 , 249 , 251 , 258 , 270 , 271 , 274 , 275 , 277 –278 , 281 , 291 , 293 , 294 , 296 , 298 , 299 , 302 , 306 , 323 , 330 , 339 , 340 , 342 , 345 , 346 , 348 , 349 , 355 , 357 , 369 , 371 , 372 –373 , 379 , 386 , 391 , 392 , 393 , 395 , 400 , 401 , 402 , 419 , 420 , 429 , 430 , 438 , 444 448 , 459 , 461 , 468 , 483 , 484 , 485 , 490 , 491 , 493 , 508 , 511 , 512 , 516 , 517 , 518 , 526 , 527 , 528 , 529 , 530 , 531 , 532 , 533 , 538 , 540 , 542 , 546 , 558 , 559 , 566 , 570 , 571 , 572 , 590 , 594 , 598 , 607 , 608 , 613 , 620 –621 , 622 , 624 , 626 , 631 , 637 , 639 , 641 , 646 , 650 , 651 , 655 , 657 , 658 , 659 , 665 , 667 , 674 , 678 , 685 , 686 , 688 , 689 , 694 –696 , 697 , 698 , 703 , 711 , 712 , 715 , 718 , 719 , 720 , 723 , 730 , 732 , 733 , 734 , 736 , 753 , 756 , 763 , 768 , 769 , 774 , 775 , 776 , 777 , 778 , 780 , 781 , 782 , 783 , 784 –785 , 786 –787 , 789 , 799 , 806 , 812 , 814 , 819 , 820 , 821 , 823 , 824 , 825 , 827 , 832 –833 , 836 , 847 , 852 , 855 , 858 , 860 , 861 , 866 , 868 –869 , 872 , 873 , 874 , 878 , 880 , 882 , 883 , 885 , 886 , 887 , 888 , 895 , 898
negative and positive
51 , 55 –56 , 57 , 58 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 67 , 71 , 75 , 198 , 397 , 401 , 445 , 579 –580 , 665 , 686 , 882 , 884 , 896
Lifschitz, Avi
41
Lilti, Antoine
13
List, Friedrich
610 –611 , 614
Livy
412
Locke, John
30 , 60 , 61 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 135 , 136 , 140 , 149 , 189 , 217 , 233 , 287 , 330 , 340 , 363 , 368 , 371 , 427 , 437 , 470 , 651 , 670 , 763 , 773 , 795 , 811 , 823 , 827 , 885
economic ideas of
268 , 298 –299 , 586
Lockean liberalism
54 , 60 , 67 , 68 , 71
on religious toleration and atheists
90 –91 , 94 , 168 , 190 , 336 , 848
Lockwood, Matthew
22
Locofocos
454 –455 , 458 , 461
Louis xv
257
Louis xvi
127 , 156 , 243 , 257 , 269 , 468 , 505 , 508 , 523 , 532 , 536 , 604 , 633 , 638 , 646 , 699 , 720 , 726 , 729 , 734 , 735 , 866
Louis xviii
827
Louis Napoleon, King of Holland
220
Louis Philippe
382 , 546 , 663 , 778 , 783 , 868
Louis Philippe ii, Duke of Orléans
508
Luddites
312
luxury.
See
law of unintended consequences
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de, Abbé
479 , 721 , 754
Macaulay, Catharine
514 , 521 , 524 , 525
on English history
512 , 513
on Marie Antoinette
513
on political systems
178 , 510 –512 , 513
radicalism of
509 , 510 , 512 , 513
on religion
509 –510
on women
509 , 510 , 512 –514
Macaulay, Thomas Babington
213 , 249 , 366 , 835 , 836 , 855 , 859 , 861 , 865 , 869 , 876 , 885 , 887 , 895
on abolition and slavery
793 –794
on democracy
250 , 817 –822 , 823 , 832 , 833
economic ideas of
77 , 82 , 317 –318 , 812 , 822 –823
on education
250 , 801
on English-language education in India
815 –816
and the Enlightenment
793 , 798 , 805 , 823 –824 , 826 , 827 , 829
on the French Revolution
261 , 345 –346 , 810 , 818 , 825 –828
on the Glorious Revolution
829 –830 , 831 , 832
on historical progress and decline
268 , 805 –806 , 807 , 895
on India
811 –817
and Indian Penal Code, and other legislative policies in India
203 , 205 , 814 –815
on Ireland and the Irish
807 –811
and liberalism
792
and nationalism
625 –626
on Napoleon
777 –778 , 826 –827
on Napoleon iii
832 –833
political career of
77 , 792 –793
on political systems
818 –819 , 821 –822 , 833
radicalism of
792 , 824 , 834
and the Reform Bill
809 , 818 –819 , 821 , 822 , 827
on religion
795 –798 , 811 , 813
on religious toleration
798 –801 , 810 , 811
on revolutions
819 , 824 –832
on Romanticism
597 , 805 , 833
on utilitarianism and the utilitarians
211 –212 , 795 , 816 , 838 –839
on women
801 –805
Macaulay, Zachary
793 , 795
Machiavelli, Niccolò
30 , 54 , 56 , 60 , 65 , 84 , 87 , 598 , 609 , 730 , 896
Mackenzie, Henry
39
Madison, James
172 –173 , 425 , 443
on abolition and slavery
420 –421 , 422
on the American Indians
416
on democracy
431 , 432 –433 , 444
economic ideas of
424
on political systems
424 , 431 –433
on religion
410 , 411
on religious toleration
411 , 434
Mallet, Paul Henri
754 –755
Malthus, Thomas Robert
210 , 294 , 309 , 310 , 314 , 318 –319 , 324 , 325 , 329 , 375 , 398 , 423 , 424 , 425 , 426 , 471 , 653 , 659 , 862 , 877 , 883 , 898
on the Corn Laws
316
on glut
307 , 314
population theory of
304 –305 , 306 , 308 , 309 , 320
on poor relief
322 –323
on rent and landowners
307 –308
on wages
319 –320 , 323
Mandeville, Bernard
72 , 145 , 210 , 233 , 271 –272 , 273 , 377 , 496 , 893
Manent, Pierre
30
Manifest Destiny
450 , 452 , 457 , 673
Marat, Jean-Paul
159 , 164 , 701 , 706 , 720 , 721 , 722 , 729 , 735 , 826 , 828
March to Versailles
361 , 501 , 508 , 513 , 533 , 536 , 541 , 699 , 719 , 729
Marie Antoinette
269 , 361 , 362 , 507 , 508 , 509 , 513 , 524 , 532 –533 , 604 , 638 , 721
Marshall, Alfred
295
Mason, George
436
May, Henry
16 , 25
Maynooth Grant
350 , 810
Mazzini, Giuseppe
545 , 546 , 547 , 618 , 620 –621 , 717
McManners, John
34
mechanization, and the machinery question
309 , 311 , 312 –314 , 376 , 662
Mendelssohn, Moses
116 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 124 , 129 , 553 , 582 , 595
on atheism
109 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 115 –116
on Jews and Judaism
108 , 112 –113
and the Pantheismusstreit
114 –115
on religion
108 –116 , 117
on religious toleration
108 , 109 , 110 , 112 , 113
mercantilism
1 , 257 , 271 , 276 , 277 , 279 , 280 , 281 , 285 , 290 , 296 –300 , 303 , 423 , 452 , 470 , 598 , 610 , 773
Michelet, Jules
479 , 680 , 693 , 704 , 724 , 725 , 726 , 727 , 729
and the 1848 revolutions
716
economic ideas of
716
on the Enlightenment
718
on France and the French people
715 , 716 , 717 , 718 , 719 –720
on the French Revolution
716 , 717 –724
on Napoleon
723
and nationalism
621 –622 , 724
radicalism of
715 , 720 , 722 , 723
as Romantic
715 , 717 , 718 , 724
on religion
717 , 723 –724
on revolutionary violence
720 –723
on the Terror
721 –722
on women
536 –538
Mickiewicz, Adam
536 , 547 , 618 –620 , 723 , 726
Mignet, François
704 , 705
and the 1848 revolutions
703 –704
on the French Revolution
698 –703
on historical determinism
698 –699 , 704
and the July Revolution
703
Moderate Liberalism of
700 , 702
on Napoleon
700 , 703 , 711
Mill, James
213 , 368 , 486 , 816 , 839. utilitarianism and Benthamites, and Philosophical Radicals
on education
201 , 202
on India
202 –206
on political systems
200 –201
on religion
199
and utilitarianism
200 , 211 –212 , 838 –839
on women
200
Mill, John Stuart
62 , 63 , 73 , 82 , 129 , 148 , 154 , 213 , 277 , 294 , 296 , 343 , 365 , 401 , 444 , 491 , 493 , 607 , 620 , 631 , 650 , 653 , 691 –692 , 717 , 790 , 792 , 803 , 816 , 818 , 821 , 834 , 891 , 892 , 895 308 –309 , 317 , 878 –881 , 883
on abolition and slavery
850 –851 , 853
classical republicanism of
57 , 847 , 873 , 883 , 886 , 887 , 888
on colonialism
855 –862 , 864
on cultural transmission
857 –859 , 864 , 897
on democracy
3 , 49 , 155 , 819 –820 , 829 , 833 , 869 , 870 –871 , 872 , 873 , 874 , 875 , 876 , 879 , 881 , 882 , 886 , 888
economic ideas of
308 –311 , 313 –314 , 317 , 853 , 876 –881
on the 1848 revolutions
868
on the Enlightenment
840 –842 , 843
on free will and determinism
846 –847
on the French Revolution
865 –867
on India
859 –862
on individual liberty
833 , 836 –837 , 874 –875 , 883 –884 , 885 , 886 –888
on Ireland
808 , 862 –864
on the July Revolution and the July Monarchy
867 –868
on landownership
309 , 399 , 426 , 862 –864
on Napoleon
866 , 867
on Napoleon iii
868
on national character
849
on nationalism
622 , 624 –625
on penal measures
851
on political systems
869 –871 , 875 –876 , 881 –883
on poor relief
326 , 877
on poverty and population
309 , 310 , 877
Radical Liberalism of
68 , 788 , 835 , 836 , 876 , 883 , 888 , 892
on religion
842 –846 , 847 –848 , 886
on religious toleration
848 –849
on revolutions
865 , 866 , 867 , 869
and Romanticism
840 , 886
on tyranny of the majority
833 , 872 –874 , 883 –884 , 887
and utilitarianism
303 , 836 –840 , 841 , 847 , 861 , 867 , 869 , 879 , 880 , 887
on women and women’s rights
200 , 788 , 851 –855
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de
217 , 513 , 866
Mirabeau, Victor de Riqueti, Marquis de
300
Miranda, Francisco de
480 –482 , 484 , 486
mixed government
51 , 52 , 59 , 126 , 137 , 163 , 180 , 181 , 185 , 200 , 233 , 235 , 243 , 248 , 277 , 430 , 437 , 438 , 527 , 640 , 696 , 710 , 830. bicameralism and unicameralism
;
constitutional monarchy
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de
19 , 30 , 62 , 69 , 126 , 135 , 150 , 164 , 173 , 176 , 180 –181 , 233 , 270 , 334 , 337 , 369 , 370 , 377 , 378 , 379 , 380 , 393 , 425 , 427 , 430 , 439 , 440 , 470 , 476 , 479 , 488 , 496 , 528 , 581 , 583 , 599 , 677 , 683 , 718 , 728 , 740 , 746 , 748 , 750 , 753 , 758 , 765 , 827
on religion
93 –94 , 237
Mora, José María Luis
489 –491
Mornet, Daniel
21 , 22 , 24
Möser, Justus
127 –128 , 607 –608
Moyn, Samuel
35
Mulsow, Martin
14 –15
multiculturalism
21 , 77 , 770 , 811 , 896
Murray, Judith Sargent
522 –523
Muslims
12 , 76 –77 , 97 , 185 , 203 , 384 , 588 , 590 , 617 , 623 , 768 , 800 , 845 , 862
Napoleon
156 , 162 , 179 , 220 , 227 , 258 , 286 , 293 , 367 , 368 , 378 , 385 , 392 –393 , 394 , 395 , 403 , 468 , 475 , 476 , 527 , 528 , 532 , 535 , 572 , 602 , 617 , 619 , 623 , 628 , 629 , 637 , 638 , 646 , 649 , 655 , 656 , 657 , 664 , 673 , 685 , 695 , 697 , 698 , 700 , 703 , 707 , 709 –713 , 723 , 727 , 730 , 731 , 735 , 738 , 756 , 777 –778 , 821 , 826 –827 , 866 –867
Napoleon iii
493 , 542 , 646 , 738 , 781 , 782 , 783 , 784 , 832 , 833 , 868
nationalism
5 , 28 , 31 , 48 , 51 , 57 , 58 , 213 , 218 , 330 , 383 , 489 , 494 , 546 , 550 , 558 , 571 , 572 , 607 , 610 , 611 , 614 , 615 , 618 , 619 , 621 , 622 , 623 –624 , 625 –627 , 656 , 677 , 705 , 718 , 725 , 766 , 770 , 808 , 813 , 855 , 858 , 863
German
567 , 569 , 570 , 572 , 600 , 601 –602 , 606 , 607 , 608 , 622 , 639 , 644 –645
historiography of
595 –600
and liberalism, and the Enlightenment-liberal tradition
596 –597 , 600 –602 , 603 , 609 , 611 , 614 , 617 , 620 , 621 , 622 –623 , 626 , 637 , 642 , 645 , 674 , 713 , 896
and Romanticism
82 , 480 , 491 , 572 , 597 , 598 , 617 –618 , 619 , 622 , 631 , 642 , 644 , 645 , 646 , 647 , 674 , 724
Nazism
57 , 570 , 571 , 593 , 611 , 626 , 645
Necker, Jacques
19 , 252 , 258 , 527
Neo-Classicism
627 –628 , 635
Netherlands, the, and Holland
216 –234 , 274 , 284 , 297 –298 , 410. Batavian Republic
;
Dutch republicanism
;
Patriot Movement, Patriot Revolution
1848 revolution in
217 , 219 , 226 , 232 –233 , 612 –613 , 639 , 726
Enlightenment tradition in
11 , 12 , 55 , 217 –219 , 232 , 233
religious tradition in
230 –231
Second Orangist Revolution, in 1747, 219
Novalis (Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg)
632 –634
Owen, Robert, and Owenism
311 , 551 , 878
Ozouf, Mona
75 –76
Pagden, Anthony
78
Paine, Thomas
157 , 198 , 207 , 228 , 312 , 339 , 429 , 432 , 441 , 515
on abolition and on the American Indians
414 , 423
on democracy
430 –431
economic ideas of
423
on religion
100 –102 , 409 , 414 , 430
on women
414 –415
Palmer, Robert R.
23 , 24 , 25 –26 , 28 , 51
pantheism
85 , 99 , 114 , 115 , 120 , 576 , 646 , 658 , 795
Pantheismusstreit
114 –117 , 122 , 604
Paoli, Pasquale
175 –178 , 513. Corsica, Corsican Revolution, and Corsican Republic
176 –177
Paraguay
475 , 743
Parliament, British, English, House of Commons, House of Lords
25 , 77 , 137 , 158 , 181 , 185 , 196 , 200 , 205 , 282 , 283 , 285 , 286 , 317 , 328 , 336 , 337 –338 , 341 –342 , 344 , 345 , 352 , 357 , 379 , 380 , 445 , 653 , 799 , 819 , 821 , 827 , 830 , 879
Pascal, Blaise
89 , 771 , 798
Paterson, Annabel
68
Patriot Movement, Patriot Revolution
26 , 216 , 218 , 219 –223 , 225 , 226 , 227 , 230 , 231 , 612
Paulus, Pieter
228 –232
Peel, Robert
315 , 321 , 810
Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich
383 –386
Pettit, Philip
64
Philosophical Radicals.
See
utilitarianism and Benthamites, and Philosophical Radicals
Physiocrats
138 , 163 , 275 –276 , 277 , 293 , 300 –302 , 307 , 309 , 373 , 374 , 397 , 423 , 424 , 425 , 427 , 750 , 751
Pincus, Steve
20 , 54
Pitt, William, the Younger
239 , 348 , 810
Pitts, Jennifer
50
Plater, Emilia
536
Pocock, J. G. A.
8 , 12 , 24 , 54 , 55 , 60 , 896
Poland
103 , 173 , 174 , 178 , 383 , 616 –617 , 622
and the 1848 revolutions
611 , 774
Enlightenment and liberalism in
615 –616
and nationalism
536 , 547 , 615 , 617 –618 , 619 , 738
and the November Uprising
536 , 618
and Romanticism
536 , 617 –618 , 619
political economy
2 , 43 , 266 , 267 , 292 –296 , 300 , 302 –303 , 304 , 305 , 306 –307 , 308 , 309 , 310 –311 , 312 , 314 , 315 , 316 , 317 , 318 , 319 , 321 , 322 , 324 , 327 , 398 , 427 , 468 , 471 , 494 , 632 , 652 , 653
classical political economy
81 , 277 , 292 , 294 , 296 , 303 , 305 , 306 , 318 , 326
and free trade as part of general liberal social order
2 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 68 , 275 , 277 –278 , 289 , 294 , 306 , 315 , 329 , 451 , 549 , 598
laissez faire, and free markets
1 , 29 , 49 , 52 , 54 , 60 , 138 , 281 , 291 , 297 , 299 , 300 , 312 , 315 , 317 , 321 –322 , 323 , 324 , 325 , 328 , 329 , 377 , 398 , 423 , 425 , 456 , 472 , 474 , 652 , 653 , 809 , 835 , 878 , 891
Polk, James
457
Polybius
226 , 246
Poor Law of 1834
324 –327 , 424 , 877
Poor Laws and poor relief
36 , 126 , 266 , 268 , 305 , 320 , 321 , 322 –326 , 327 , 334 , 363 , 364 , 398 , 423 , 424 , 463 , 472 , 536 , 587 , 809 , 862 , 870 , 876 –877 , 883 , 884
population and overpopulation
146 , 173 , 178 , 210 , 248 , 278 , 279 , 302 , 304 , 305 –306 , 307 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 315 , 319 , 320 –321 , 322 , 324 –325 , 329 , 374 , 375 , 398 , 416 , 423 –424 , 481 , 653 , 659 , 820 , 853 , 857 , 862 –863 , 877 , 880 , 898
Porter, Roy
13
postmodernist critiques of the Enlightenment
78 , 131 , 419 , 549 –550 , 591 , 895
Price, Richard
35 , 37 , 187 , 188 , 221 , 334 , 335 , 503 , 511
on abolition and slavery
194
on the American Revolution
191 , 192 –193
cosmopolitan love of country
190 –191
economic ideas of
193 –194
on education
192
on the French Revolution
190 , 191
on political systems
193 –194
on religion
191
on religious toleration
192
Priestley, Joseph
34 , 37 , 192 , 198 , 207 , 238 , 239 , 334 , 335 , 650
on the American Revolution
188
on education
189
on the French Revolution
187 –188
on political systems
188 –189
on religion
187 –188 , 189 , 191
on religious toleration
190 , 194
Quakers
38 , 98 , 160 , 162 , 187 , 484 , 607
Quesnay, François
275 , 300
Quinet, Edgar
693 , 704 , 715 , 723 727 , 730
and the 1848 revolutions
725 , 726
on the Enlightenment
728 –729
on the French Revolution
725 –731
on religion
724 –725 , 726 –728
as Romantic
725 –726
on the Terror
729 –730
racism
203 , 240 , 387 , 422 , 452 , 453 , 463 , 464 , 567 , 569 , 598 , 600 , 602 , 645 , 693 , 694 , 744 , 749 , 769 , 770 , 771 , 799 , 807 , 811 , 812 , 849 , 850
Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich
100 , 384
Rahe, Paul
54 , 60
Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, Abbé
97 , 142 , 239 , 240 , 247 , 478 , 479 , 743 , 753 , 856 , 864 , 893
on colonialism
97 –98 , 151 –152 , 256 , 478 , 758 , 864
Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies
97 , 99 , 100 , 147 , 151 , 152 , 239 , 247 , 256 , 478 , 864
on religion and religious toleration
97 –100
Realism, artistic style, and politics
630
Reformation
32 , 67 , 410 , 608 , 646 , 689 , 698 , 724 , 796 , 828 –829
Reform Bill, of 1832
37 , 59 , 249 , 321 , 327 , 345 , 398 , 452 , 585 , 809 , 818 , 819 , 821 , 822 , 827 , 830 , 836 , 867 , 876
Reimarus, Hermann Samuel
115 , 117 –118
Renaissance
35 , 53 , 54 , 67 , 594 , 804 , 816 , 823 , 885 , 886
rent
158 , 205 , 278 , 303 , 307 –308 , 309 , 374 , 375 , 862
republican motherhood
501 , 502 , 507 , 523
republicanism and classical republicanism
52 –67 , 70 , 71 , 78 , 193 , 222 , 225 , 226 , 233 , 289 , 342 , 343 , 345 , 377 , 392 , 394 , 398 , 400 , 401 , 408 , 426 , 427 , 428 , 435 , 439 , 444 , 445 , 446 , 501 , 516 , 517 , 519 , 530 , 562 , 579 , 581 , 594 , 599 –600 , 608 , 621 , 635 , 651 , 656 , 659 , 667 , 668 , 674 , 686 , 728 , 776 , 777 , 782 , 784 , 834 , 847 , 873 , 876 , 883 , 885 , 886 , 887 , 888 , 891 , 896
Restoration, in England
287 , 511 , 659 , 804
Restoration, era of, in Europe
3 , 79 , 232 , 550 , 583 , 632 , 889
Restoration, in France
15 , 62 , 74 , 158 , 212 , 293 , 367 , 368 , 369 , 381 , 386 , 396 , 397 , 399 , 403 , 494 , 528 , 534 , 535 , 537 , 619 , 659 , 661 , 664 , 676 , 678 , 679 , 681 , 688 , 689 , 693 , 696 , 699 , 708 , 716 , 720 , 734 , 735 , 827 , 828
Restoration Charter of 1814, French
62 , 688
revolutions
20 –28 , 367 , 466 , 468 , 493 –494 , 496 , 500 –503 , 550 , 890 , 893 , 895. American Revolution
;
1848 revolutions in Europe
;
1848 revolutions in France
;
French Revolution
;
July Revolution
Ricardo, David
202 , 294 , 297 , 304 , 307 –308 , 309 , 310 , 312 –313 , 314 , 316 , 317 , 319 , 320 , 322 , 374 , 471 , 841
Risorgimento
545 , 546 , 620
Rivadavia, Bernardino
474
Robertson, John
10
Robertson, William
108 , 203 , 467 , 477 –478 , 605 , 670 , 742 , 743 , 746 , 753 , 759
Robespierre, Maximilien
42 , 159 , 161 , 164 , 367 , 385 , 429 , 501 , 522 , 655 , 701 , 702 , 706 , 707 , 709 , 720 , 721 –722 , 727 , 728 , 730 , 735 –736 , 826 , 878
and Festival of the Supreme Being
167 –168
modern historiography on
165
on political systems
166 –167 , 168 , 169
on revolutionary violence
169 –170
and Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, the influence of
164 , 165 , 167 –172 , 173 , 174
Roche, Daniel
79
Roederer, Pierre-Louis
711
Roland, Madame (Marie-Jeanne Phlipon)
159 , 217 , 525 –526 , 527 , 541 , 735
Roman Empire, historical interpretations of
236 , 237 , 241 –242 , 245 , 626 , 692 , 741 , 748 –749 , 750 , 752 –757 , 765 , 769 , 797 , 821 , 845 , 858
Romanticism and Romantics
34 , 71 , 82 , 85 , 92 , 102 , 121 , 124 , 126 , 134 , 212 , 303 , 312 , 390 , 398 , 402 , 403 , 408 , 526 , 536 , 538 , 544 , 559 , 585 , 587 , 602 , 603 , 619 , 632 , 640 , 647 , 648 , 649 , 650 , 652 , 653 , 665 , 805 , 886 37 , 56 , 593 –595 , 597 , 629 , 630 , 631 , 634 , 642 , 660 –661 , 665 , 675 , 840
artistic style of, and politics
39 , 593 –598 , 627 –630 , 632 , 655 , 662 , 669 , 677 –678
and the Enlightenment
51 , 117 , 121 , 593 –595 , 602 –603 , 615 , 618 , 632 , 634 , 660 , 665 , 674 –675
and nationalism
480 , 491 , 536 , 572 , 593 , 597 –598 , 600 , 601 , 608 , 617 –618 , 622 , 631 , 642 , 644 , 674 , 840
Rosanvallon, Pierre
6 , 45 –46 , 74 , 75
Rosas, Juan Manuel de
480 , 485 , 486
Rosenblatt, Helena
21 , 63 , 75
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
30 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 51 , 99 , 115 , 121 , 139 , 142 , 149 , 150 , 157 , 164 , 193 , 201 , 208 , 246 –247 , 258 , 330 , 333 , 334 , 340 , 360 , 389 , 400 , 427 , 446 , 479 , 490 , 512 , 525 , 529 , 531 , 540 , 552 , 561 , 564 , 582 , 599 , 602 , 635 , 657 , 659 , 675 , 683 , 686 , 702 , 718 , 721 , 724 , 727 , 728 , 730 , 736 , 746 , 747 , 758 , 763 , 841 , 843 , 884
on capital punishment
171 –172
constitutional program for Corsica
103 , 178 –179
constitutional program for Poland
103 , 173 , 174 , 178 , 616 –617
on democracy and political systems
103 , 172 –173 , 175 , 432 , 616 –617
economic ideas of
126 , 178 , 266 , 616
and the French Revolution, influence on
102 –103 , 165 , 179
on the general will
103 , 170 –171
misogyny of
175 , 505 –506
Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar
103 –104 , 105 , 128 , 160 , 527 , 727
on religion
102 –107
on revolutions and revolutionary violence
172 , 173 –174
and Robespierre, Maximilien, influence on
164 –175
The Social Contract
102 , 103 , 106 , 216 , 228 , 244 , 616 , 727
and totalitarian democracy, accusations of
102 , 171 , 560 , 571
Ruggiero, Guido de
57
Ruskin, John
303 , 652
Rush, Benjamin
415
Russell, John
799
Russia
100 , 150 , 195 , 383 –386 , 590 , 597 , 615 , 617 , 618 , 643 , 712 , 816 , 857 , 894
Sadler, Michael Thomas
303 , 321
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine de
168 , 730 , 878
Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, comte de, and Saint-Simonianism
382 , 541 , 693 , 726 , 732 , 878
Sand, George
548 , 790
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino
486 , 491 , 492
on Argentina
482 , 484 , 485 –486
on democracy
484 –485
economic ideas of
485
on Europe
479 –480 , 483
on religion
483 –484
on revolutions
479
on the United States
479 , 480 , 482 –485
Say, Jean-Baptiste
373 , 374 , 384 , 400 , 425 , 462 , 471
as Idéologue
292 , 293 , 306 , 326 , 367
on mechanization
313
political and economic ideas of
293 –295 , 305 –306 , 307 , 308 , 310 , 317 , 326
on political economy, the nature of
292 , 295 , 311
as revolutionary
292 –293 , 326
Say’s law
294 , 313
Schiller, Friedrich
570 , 636
On the Aesthetic Education of Man
639 –642
early radicalism of
638
and the French Revolution
638 , 639 , 641
The Robbers
639
Schlegel, Friedrich
82 , 634 –636
Scotland and the Scottish Enlightenment
10 , 16 , 58 , 73 , 96 , 107 , 116 , 185 , 201 , 202 , 220 , 265 , 267 , 271 , 276 , 279 , 286 , 299 , 335 , 354 , 362 , 408 , 410 , 411 , 467 , 504 , 599 , 624 , 640 , 670 , 677 , 746 , 799 , 809 , 810 , 811 , 813 , 842
Scott, Joan Wallach
76
Second Empire, in France
28 , 535 , 646 , 661 , 698 , 704 , 709 , 726 , 732 , 738 , 788
secularism and secularization
8 , 12 , 15 , 30 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 71 , 85 , 95 , 112 , 121 , 122 , 142 , 208 , 274 , 311 , 336 , 367 , 413 , 414 , 569 , 577 , 661 , 678 , 684 , 800 , 856
Sen, Amartya
44
Senior, Nassau William
317 , 324 –325 , 326
and the 1834 Poor Law
323 –324 , 325
Shays’s Rebellion
433 , 443 , 447
Sheehan, James
31. 32
atheism of
657 –658
on the French Revolution
659 , 660
radicalism of
657 , 658 , 659 –660
Shklar, Judith
55
Siedentop, Larry
35 , 37 , 73
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph
391 , 566 , 695 , 711
and the Constitution of the Year viii
158 , 710
and the French Revolution
156 , 157
and Napoleon
156
on political systems
157 –159
Simonde de Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard de
479
skepticism (religious)
16 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 83 –84 , 86 , 92 , 95 , 96 , 99 , 105 , 106 , 111 , 113 , 114 , 122 , 133 , 140 , 147 , 148 , 160 , 199 , 214 , 230 , 236 , 238 , 262 , 265 , 333 , 389 , 411 , 412 , 452 , 509 , 515 , 527 , 556 , 725 , 733 , 772 , 795 , 825 , 842 , 843 , 844 , 847 , 848
Skinner, Quentin
56
slavery.
See
abolition and slavery
Smith, Adam
39 , 69 , 72 , 81 , 102 , 108 , 126 , 133 , 138 , 139 , 145 , 162 , 172 , 182 , 202 , 210 , 242 , 251 , 257 , 292 , 293 , 294 , 296 , 297 , 299 , 300 , 301 , 303 , 307 , 310 , 323 , 325 , 362 , 363 , 373 , 374 , 376 , 377 , 384 , 402 , 424 , 425 , 427 , 432 , 452 , 459 , 462 , 470 –471 , 472 , 479 , 488 , 491 , 492 , 563 , 564 , 566 , 578 , 580 , 585 , 586 , 642 , 670 , 684 , 740 , 748 , 753 , 805 , 822 , 838 , 891
on abolition and slavery
277 –279
on the American Revolution
270 , 280 –285
classical republicanism and stoicism of
288 –289
on the Corn Laws
315 –316
on democracy
270 –271 , 285 –286 , 287
on education
269 –270
on free trade
275 –278
and the French Revolution
264 , 269 , 270 , 285 –291
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
264 , 272 , 277 , 281 , 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 , 290
Invisible Hand, the, and the law of unintended consequences
271 –275 , 629 , 894
on Mandeville, Bernard
271 –272
on mercantilism
271 , 279 –280
modern misinterpretations of
264 , 291 , 305 , 327
on political unrest
289 –290
on political systems
264 , 270 –271 , 276 –278 , 286 –287
on poverty, inequality, and the Poor Laws
266 –268
on religion
265
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
264 , 266 , 271 , 273 , 285 , 286 , 287 , 290
stadial theory of
267 , 273 , 746
on sympathy
268 –269
on women
499
Smith, George H.
67
Smith, Melancton
436
social mobility
433 , 530 , 617 , 678 , 888
socialism and communism
1 , 2 –3 , 15 , 19 , 22 , 32 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 68 , 73 , 79 , 145 , 183 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 215 , 232 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 311 , 318 , 321 , 322 , 326 , 328 , 381 , 382 , 399 , 403 , 450 , 535 , 536 , 539 , 540 , 541 , 543 , 546 , 549 , 551 , 558 , 563 , 564 , 566 , 570 , 619 , 621 , 630 , 631 , 643 , 644 , 647 , 652 , 661 , 662 , 673 , 674 , 698 , 715 , 716 , 738 , 751 , 780 , 781 , 782 , 783 , 786 , 817 , 820 , 835 , 874 , 878 –881 , 883 , 891 , 892
Somos, Mark
17
Spain, and the Spanish Enlightenment
98 , 219 , 279 , 280 , 284 , 370 , 383 , 467 –478 , 481 , 482 , 485 , 487 , 488 , 489 , 490 , 492 , 493 , 494 , 499 , 609 , 622 , 656 –657 , 662 , 758 , 797 , 858
Catholic tradition influential in
467 , 468 , 469
Spinoza, Baruch, and Spinozism
11 –12 , 84 –86 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 108 –109 , 110 , 112 , 116 , 117 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 217 , 218 , 233 , 636 , 646 , 657 , 773. Pantheismusstreit
Spring of Nations.
See
1848 revolutions in Europe
stadial theory, four-stages theory
267 , 273 , 677 , 746 –749 , 759 , 762 , 763 , 764 , 823
Staël, Germaine (Madame) de
19 , 21 , 60 , 368 , 396 , 502 , 505 , 540 , 555 , 646 , 664 , 688 , 709 526 , 528 –530 , 532 , 534
on the Enlightenment
527 , 529 –530
feminism of
526 , 531
on Marie Antoinette
532 –533
on Napoleon
527 , 528 , 532
on political systems
526 –530
on religion
526 –527
on women
527 , 530 –534
Stendhal
664 –665
Stephen, Leslie
236
Sternhell, Zeev
9 , 51
Steuart, James
276 , 299 , 300
Stewart, Dugald
201 , 462
Strauss, Leo
11 , 64 , 79
Sturm und Drang
593 , 602 , 604 , 608 , 628 , 636
Switzerland
127 , 216 –217 , 221 , 243 , 251 , 258 , 261 , 378 , 611 , 656 , 832. Geneva, revolutions in
Tacitus
203 , 412 , 626 , 714 , 748
Taney, Roger B.
453
Taylor, Charles
56 , 77
Ten Hour Movement
321 –322 , 822
Thierry, Augustin
479 , 698 , 704 , 715
and the 1848 revolutions
697 –698
on the French Revolution
695 , 696 –697
on historical conflicts
693 –694
on Napoleon
695
on political systems
693 , 695 –696
on the tiers état
694 –695 , 698
Thiers, Adolphe
57 , 703 , 704 , 718 , 723 , 738 , 867
disdain for the masses
714
economic ideas of
708
and French nationalism
712 –713
on the French Revolution
705 –707 , 712 , 713 –714 , 715
on historical fatalism
698 , 705 , 706
on Napoleon
707 , 709 –713
political career of
676 , 678 , 704 –705
on political systems
705 , 707
on religion
708 –709
on revolutionary violence
704 , 705 , 706 , 707 , 713 –715
Third Republic, in France
6 , 28 , 38 , 74 , 75 , 692 , 705 , 712
Thorbecke, Johan Rudolph
220 , 232 , 613
Tocqueville, Alexis de
3 , 24 , 49 , 54 , 57 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 69 , 82 , 154 , 161 , 261 , 343 , 345 , 383 , 392 , 400 , 401 , 403 , 404 , 408 , 445 , 465 , 479 , 483 , 484 , 493 , 519 , 575 , 591 , 594 , 631 , 666 , 667 , 678 , 680 , 684 , 686 , 691 , 692 , 697 , 718 , 732 , 794 , 800 , 818 , 821 , 829 , 831 , 833 , 834 , 835 , 850 , 854 , 855 , 856 , 859 , 861 , 864 , 865 , 868 , 869 , 870 –871 , 872 , 873 , 874 , 875 , 883 , 887 , 888 , 891 , 895 409 , 761 , 771 –773
on abolition and slavery
763 , 767 –768
on Algeria
766 , 768 , 769 , 780 , 784 , 864
on America and American history
772 , 773 , 775 , 780 , 781 , 784 , 785 , 788 –790
on the American Indians
418 , 757 , 759 , 760 , 761 , 762 –766 , 769
on centralization
776 , 778 , 785 , 786
on China and the Chinese
750 , 751 –752 , 760 , 765 –766
classical republicanism of
777 , 784
on colonialism
740 , 744 , 763 , 766 –767 , 768 , 770
on cultural transmission
743 , 744 , 745 , 749 –750 , 761 , 762 , 765 –766 , 769 –770 , 791 , 897
on democracy
740 , 760 , 761 , 769 , 772 , 773 , 775 , 776 –777 , 778 , 781 , 784 , 785 –786 , 787 , 791 , 872 , 896
Democracy in America
465 , 749 , 763 , 768 , 769 , 781 , 785 , 786 , 857 , 870 , 871
and the 1848 revolutions
769 , 774 , 778 –782 , 790
and the Enlightenment
740 –741 , 756 , 770 , 776 , 790 –791
on equality
776 –777 , 782 , 784 , 785 , 791
on the French Revolution
756 , 761 , 771 , 772 , 774 , 775 , 776 , 777 , 779 –780 , 781 , 783 , 786 , 787
late pessimism of
782 –788 , 791
Moderate Liberalism of
740 , 788 , 790 –791 , 873 , 876 , 888 , 892
on Napoleon
756 , 777 –778
and Napoleon iii, and Second Empire
778 , 781 , 782 , 784
on nationalism
766
The Old Regime and the Revolution
752 , 776
on personal liberty
784 –787
political career of
676 , 769 , 782
on political systems
781 , 784 , 786 , 787
on Roman history
750 , 751 , 752 –753 , 756 –757 , 765 –766 , 769 , 787
on revolutions
773 , 774 –777 , 778 , 783 , 784 , 786 , 787 –788
on separation of church and state
772 –773
and stadial theory
747 , 749 , 764
on tyranny of the majority
760 , 872 , 883
on women
788 –790
Todorov, Tzvetan
78
Tone, Theobald Wolfe
213 –214 , 807
Tories, Toryism
18 , 58 , 59 , 184 , 250 , 261 , 288 , 303 , 311 , 315 , 316 , 321 , 322 , 325 , 528 , 667 , 818 , 865 , 429 , 465 , 793 , 810
totalitarianism
43 , 50 , 51 , 63 , 146 , 171 , 173 , 174 , 330 , 356 , 386 , 550 , 560 , 561 , 562 , 563 , 566 , 567 , 569 , 571 , 573 , 580 , 591 , 592 , 593 , 594 , 600 , 674 , 675 , 840 , 892 , 898
Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de
293 , 384 , 386 , 390 , 391 , 396 , 403 , 404 , 425 , 427 , 527 , 685 , 891
on colonialism
369 –370
economic ideas of
373 –377
and Idéologie
367 –368 , 382
influence of
383 , 474
late moderation of
369 , 381 –382
on Montesquieu, criticism of
369 –370 , 377 , 378 , 379 –381
on political systems
371 –373 , 378 , 379 –381
on religion
370 –371
and utilitarianism
368 –369 , 372 , 373 , 380
on women
369
Transcendentalism
544 , 545 , 547 , 548 , 669 , 670 –671 , 672 , 726
Trevelyan, Charles
809 , 816
Tupac Amaru ii, revolt led by
475
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques
56 , 246 , 301 –302 , 744 , 745 , 893
tyranny of the majority, and fear of
53 , 155 , 207 , 343 , 401 , 430 , 438 , 442 , 465 , 484 , 666 , 686 , 833 , 872 , 882 , 883 , 885 , 887 , 891 , 898
unicameralism.
See
bicameralism and unicameralism
unintended furtherance of the Radical Enlightenment by Moderate Liberalism
3 , 4 , 5 , 15 , 49 , 366 , 551 , 693 , 835 , 889 –890 , 892
universal suffrage.
See
democracy, direct or representative, universal suffrage, and popular sovereignty
;
women’s rights
utilitarianism and Benthamites, and Philosophical Radicals
77 , 138 , 141 , 145 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 202 , 206 , 208 , 209 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 265 , 303 , 305 , 311 , 323 , 368 , 382 , 437 , 814 , 835 , 836 , 837 , 840 , 879
Van Buren, Martin
451 , 455 , 456 , 458 , 463
Van der Capellen tot den Pol, Joan Derk
220 –222 , 223
Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian
222 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232
Velestinlis (or Feraios), Rhigas
623 –624
Venturi, Franco
10 , 25
Vico, Giambattista
41 , 51 , 95 , 120 , 575 , 603 , 605 , 693 , 715 , 746
vitalism
39 , 603 –604
La Voix des Femmes
539 , 543
Volney, Constantine François de Chasseboeuf, comte de
246 , 367 , 745 , 759 , 762 , 806
Voltaire
14 , 56 , 92 , 95 , 104 –105 , 108 , 115 , 116 , 135 , 146 , 147 –148 , 181 , 187 , 258 , 260 , 333 , 334 , 335 , 371 , 379 , 389 , 390 , 476 , 479 , 515 , 529 , 595 , 605 , 657 , 670 , 718 , 728 , 733 , 742 , 750 , 751 , 754 , 758 , 795 , 798 , 827 , 843 , 848 , 891 , 897
on religion and religious toleration
94 –95
Vormärz
31 , 631 , 645
Wagner, Richard
642 –645
antisemitism of, and possible influence on Hitler
644 –645
Warren, Mercy Otis
514 –522
on the American Indians
519
on the American Revolution
514 , 515 –516 , 517 –518
classical republicanism of
516 , 519
on the French Revolution
515 –516 , 521
as historian
514 , 517 , 519 –520
on political systems
515 –517
on religion
515 , 518
on slavery
518 –519
on women
514 , 519 –522
Webster, Noah
415
Whig interpretation of history
15 , 268 , 829 , 893 , 895
Whigs and Whiggism
18 , 36 , 58 –59 , 61 , 71 , 184 , 213 , 235 , 242 , 261 , 270 , 288 , 315 , 316 , 321 , 325 , 327 , 340 , 345 , 352 , 429 , 454 , 457 , 458 , 511 , 612 , 671 , 792 , 793 , 799 , 809 , 811 , 819 , 821 , 829 , 836 , 839 , 865 , 872 , 876
Wilkes, John
184 –187 , 253 , 357 , 510
William ii, King of the Netherlands
232 , 613
William iii
219 , 511 , 689 , 824
Williams, Roger
427
Wolff, Christian
91 –92 , 115 , 116 , 553
Wolin, Sheldon
68 –69
Wollstonecraft, Mary
210 , 509 , 511 , 512 , 513 , 521 , 522 –523 , 524 , 532 , 668 , 790 , 854
feminism of
503 , 505 –506
on the French Revolution
504 , 507 –508
on Marie Antoinette
507 , 508 , 509
on political systems
504 –505 , 506
on religion
503
on women
503 , 505 –509
women
43 , 76 , 98 , 327 , 414 , 415 , 450 , 496 –497 , 522 , 535 –536 , 542
and the Enlightenment
497 –498 , 549 –550
in the French Revolution
500 –502 , 535 , 538 –539
in the nineteenth century
497 , 534 –536 , 538 –539 , 549 , 550 –551
political activities of
328 , 416 , 497 , 501 , 502 , 505 , 535 –536 , 538 , 539 , 551 , 611
as writers
502 –503 , 535 , 539
women’s rights
38 , 49 , 71 , 76 , 214 , 361 , 457 , 496 , 500 , 504 , 538 –539 , 542 , 544 , 549 , 551 , 626 , 835. feminism
Wood, Gordon
59 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 71 , 72
Wordsworth, William
303 , 314 , 649 , 654 –657 , 669
and British nationalism
656 –657
Yates, Robert
435
Zimmermann, Johann Georg
608 –609