Abidjan 41 , 71 , 152 , 156 , 174 , 188 , 261 , 274 , 291
Accra 41 â43 , 86 , 174 , 256 , 260
advertisement
and brand value 90 , 92 , 101 , 103
consumersâ and importersâ views of 112 , 125 â126 , 298 , 309
hand-painted billboards and signposts 105 â107 , 111 , 120 â125 , 130 , 142 , 158 , 160
studies of 12 â13 , 220 , 228
types and themes 19 , 102 â119 , 229 â230 , 307 , 309 billboards
,
commercials
,
advertising agencies
,
tombolas
,
value
advertising agencies 13 , 103 , 111 â112 , 119 , 124 â126
agency
collective 302 â303 , 318
of consumers 92 , 100 â101 , 103 , 113
of economic actors X , 3 â5 , 7 â12 , 48 â49 , 92 , 133 , 138 , 189 , 204 , 300 â302 , 306 , 313
of tea importers IX , 108 , 121 , 202 , 232 , 279 , 297 , 316 â319
studies of 8 â13
vs structure 8 , 10 , 12 , 300 , 312
weak vs strong 318
alcoholic drinks
beer 112 , 113 , 124 , 215 , 226
general 103 , 249 , 277
Algeria
hometowns of Saharan importers 34 , 67 , 162 , 173
identity of importer 34 , 163 , 166 , 173
importation of tea 296
intellectual property organisation 234n.3
marketing tea in 68 , 99 , 163 , 170 , 173 , 281
AMAP (Agence Malienne de Presse et de Publicité) 103 , 105 , 119 â120 , 122 , 124 â125 , 222 , 293
Amselle, Jean-Loup 6 , 26 , 31 â32 , 36 , 39 , 180 , 305
Angola 41
Appadurai, Arjun 7 , 13 , 102 , 112 , 316
Archer, Margaret 10 , 95 , 318
arena of interests 12 , 300 , 319
ARIPO (African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation) 234 , 240 â241 , 243
Arsan, Andrew 7 , 9 , 147 â148
Asia
Africans settling in 7 , 37 , 41 Guangzhou
Asian tea trade 5 , 215
Asians in Africa 39 , 141 , 303
piracy in 14
tea importers travelling to 27 , 30 , 39 , 162 , 191 advertising agencies
Association des Investisseurs du Thé Farako 27 , 310 , 318
Axelsson, Linn 11 , 188
Bámanankan (Maliâs trade language) 17 , 33 , 35 â36 , 61 , 65 , 127 , 130 , 217 , 220
Banjul 41 , 71 , 74 , 234 n.1
Barber, Karin 121 , 277
Barth, Heinrich 92 â93
Barthes, Roland 247
Bayart, Jean-François 299
Beckert, Sven 10
Bently, Lionel 101 , 233
Bierschenk, Thomas 12 , 319
billboards for green tea
frequency 103 , 108
information on 75 â76 , 307 â309
painted vs printed 106 â107
production of 121 â124
types and themes 105 , 108 â111 , 116 â118 , 120 â121 , 205 , 307 advertisement and costs
black tea
advertising 13 , 104 , 107 , 116 â117 , 141 , 308
brands, including Lipton 103 â104n.3 , 129 â130 , 140 , 152 , 154 â155 , 159 â160
consumption 11 , 28 , 129
difference to green tea 23 , 28 , 30
North-South trade 10 , 40 , 231
production 10 , 41n.6 , 44 , 52 â53 , 296n.1
Bobo Dioulasso 42 â43 , 85 , 93 , 150 , 174 , 190 , 253 , 260 , 297
BOPI (Bulletin Officiel de la Propriété Intellectuelle) XII , 15 , 51 , 67 â70 , 173 , 204 , 208 â211 , 228 , 237 , 260 , 272 , 282
border
controls 279 , 290 , 295 â300 , 320
national 34 , 38 , 129 , 156 , 170 â171 , 189 , 213 , 290
Bourdieu, Pierre 10
brand
biography 21 , 251 , 257 â271
ownership 5 , 20 , 112 , 250 , 276 , 279 , 316
ownership and Islam 134 , 246 â251
protection 20 , 232 , 235 , 240 â242 , 286
shared ownership 15 , 244 , 271 , 315 â316 , 318
singularity/uniqueness vs similarity 20 , 101 , 204 , 221 , 251 , 274 â276 , 283 , 302 , 313 â314 piracy
,
similarity
,
value
branding 4 â5 , 12 â13 , 21 , 90 , 100 â103 , 186 , 220 , 229 , 244 , 257 , 292 , 307
Bredeloup, Sylvie 11 , 41 , 45 , 153
bricolage of design 202 , 221 , 224 , 227 , 229 , 272 â274 , 276 , 308 â309 , 312
Britain 5 , 26 , 31 , 44 , 49 , 54 , 65n.2 , 101 , 115 , 177 , 199 , 233 , 317 , 320
brokerage 5 , 6n.2 , 37 , 153
brokers
as entrepreneurs 6
Chinese brokers/suppliers 27 , 48 â49 , 70 , 89 , 102 , 166 , 169 , 192 â194 , 197 , 199 , 202 â203 , 228 , 244 , 252 , 271 , 303 â304 , 306 , 310 â312 , 314 , 318
cultural 37
landlord-brokers 8 , 32 â34 , 35 â38 , 56 , 306
relationship with traders 7 , 11 , 34 , 36 , 308 coxeurs (small Malian brokers)
bureaucracy 3 , 18 , 21 , 263 , 279 , 295 , 301 , 313 , 315 , 319 â310 , 320 , 336
Burkina Faso
and Mande World 31 , 42
Malians producing in 148 , 150
tea brands 66 , 85 â86 , 93 , 99 , 115 , 151 â152 , 155 , 163 â164 , 175 , 189 , 254 , 290
tea trade 42 , 60 , 153 , 166 â167 , 169 â170 , 174 , 188 , 266n.1 , 297
Caillé, René 26 , 38 , 129
Cameroon
Chinese traders 142 , 175 , 190 , 199
green tea trade 43 â44 , 53 , 94 , 174 , 267 , 303
headquarters of OAPI 68 , 234
Malian migrants 41 , 43 â44
tea brands 66 , 189 , 240 , 260 , 267 â268 , 274
tea production 44
Canton
international trade fair 18 , 62 , 66 â67 , 157 , 192 , 241n.5 , 244
port 53 , 199 Guangzhou
caravan
brand name, advert, image on tea packages 60 , 116 , 166 , 207 , 209 , 211 , 213 , 217 , 223 â224 , 226 , 228
historical trade with camels 8 , 26 , 32 â33 , 35 , 38 , 49 , 52 , 199 , 206 , 307
trading families 19 , 31 , 37 â38 , 127
CEMAPI (Centre Malien de Promotion de la Propriété Industrielle) 15 , 68 , 70 , 231 , 233 â240 , 245 â246 , 313 , 315
Central Africa 41 , 44 , 172 , 188 , 234n.2
Chungking Mansions (Hong Kong) 45 , 153
co-creation of brands 19 , 22 , 202 â204 , 227 , 229 , 301 , 307 â312 , 316
Cohen, Abner 6 â7 , 34
collaboration
between Malian and Chinese traders or suppliers 89 , 158 â159 , 162 , 168 , 175 â177 , 191 , 200 â202 , 228 , 242 , 304 , 315
with Farako plantation 58 , 65 co-creation
colonial
French rule in Mali 25 â26 , 38 , 55 â56 , 112 , 148 , 233 â234
time generally 11 , 39 , 317
commemoration with brands 1 , 13 , 20 â21 , 202 , 214 , 219 â227 , 302 , 307 â309
commercial court 15 , 159n.3 , 235 â236 , 238 â239 , 245 , 258 , 263 , 271 , 275 , 278 â292 , 313 â315 , 320
commercials
on radio and television 104 , 108 , 111 , 116 , 118 , 124 , 126 , 174 , 220 , 266n.2 , 298 , 308
production of 119 â123 prices
,
costs
commodities
diversification 40 , 87 , 138 , 148 , 154 , 157 , 172 , 200 , 305
embeddedness vs mobility 7 , 226 , 316
from China 8 , 16 , 48 , 198 , 241 , 305
immaterial aspects 101 â102 , 231
other contexts 10 , 95 , 147 , 314 , 317
commodity chains 11 , 96 , 170 , 199 , 319
communication
with brands 13 , 19 , 92 , 103 , 113 , 119 , 230 , 309
with commodities 11
tea as medium of 28 â30 , 220 , 224
through networks 33 , 138 , 169 , 193 , 196 â198
Conakry 41 , 43 , 71 , 86 , 166 , 174 , 189
Congo-Brazzaville 41 , 43 , 86 , 94 , 99 , 170 , 183 , 189 , 234n.2 , 266n.1
consumption
and good life 146
at Chinese court 52
in global context 111
of green tea 3 â4 , 13 â14 , 27 , 29 , 41 , 51 , 64 , 66 â67 , 103 , 115 , 150 , 173 , 189 , 222 , 230 â231 , 296 â297 , 303 â304 , 317 â319
of green tea among women 116 , 118
ritualised tea X , XII , 3 , 7 , 14 , 18 , 25 â26 , 28 â29 , 40 â42 , 44 , 64 â66 , 74 , 86 , 89 , 93 â94 , 100 , 114 â115 , 120 , 127 â128 , 130 , 150 , 210 , 216 , 220 , 228 â231 , 301 â303 , 311 , 314
tea vs beer 113 ,alcoholic drinks
Coombe, Rosemary 14 , 100 , 102 , 257
copying of brands 20 â21 , 186 , 229 , 235 , 248 â251 , 260 , 265 , 272 , 276 â279 , 287 , 300 , 313 â316
copyright
and Islam 246 â250
international 241 â242 , 286
costs
adverts 123 â125
creating a company 159n.3
renting warehouses 170
tea importation 97 â100
Côte dâIvoire (Ivory Coast) 31 , 43 , 72 , 85 â86 , 94 , 121 , 129 , 148 , 152 , 158 , 164 , 166 , 170 , 188 , 234n.2
Cotonou 41 â42 , 71
counterfeiting 100 , 102 , 251 â252 , 255 â257 , 260 â263 , 267 â268 , 270 â271 , 275 , 279 â284 , 287 â288 , 290 ,trademark infringement and piracy
court case 260 , 280 , 283 , 291 , 313 ,lawsuit
coxeurs (small brokers)
career 180 , 305
commission of 36 , 95
role of 37 , 46 , 96 , 127 , 138 â140 , 175 , 196 , 208 , 266 , 292 â293 , 298 , 303 , 318
term 36n.4 brokers and trust
credit 170 â171 , 197 , 296 , 298
crisis
on the market 19 , 27 , 177 , 181 â185 , 200 , 251 , 267 , 270 â272 , 313
political IX , 28 , 42 , 72 , 144 , 167 , 169 , 188 , 214 , 306 â307
currency
devaluation of franc CFA 60 , 89
Malian franc 58 , 64 , 92
pluralism of 92 â93
Curtin, Philip 6 , 32 , 37
customs
fees 93 , 98 â99 , 151 , 165 , 173 , 178 , 188 , 191 â193 , 318
formalities 19 , 72 , 177 , 187 â188 , 292
practices of evasion 21 , 279 , 295 â296 , 298 â299 , 313
Dakar 143 , 198
adverts 75
Chinese traders 198n.2 , 143
companies 67 , 93 , 173 â174 , 184 , 265
importation of tea 60
port 26 , 56 â57 , 144 â145 , 188 â189 , 192 , 194 , 201 , 289
rail connection to Bamako 26 , 46 , 57 , 98 , 148 , 188 , 201
registered brands 71 , 209 , 225 , 260
trade 86 , 147 â148 , 156 , 257 , 266
Diawara, Mamadou IX , XI , 5 , 14 â15 , 27 , 31 , 41 , 58 , 108 , 204 , 231 , 233 â235 , 247 â248 , 278 , 286 â287 , 307 , 320
diffusion, concept 7 â8 , 51 , 303
distribution networks 3 â4 , 6 , 19 , 23 , 72 , 86 , 172 , 176 â177 , 186 , 189 â190 , 195 , 200 , 285 , 290 , 304 , 306
Djenné 26 , 33 â34 , 38 , 218 , 226
Douala 44 , 86 , 174 , 198n.2
Douglas, Mary 11 , 113 , 309
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) 9 , 157
East Africa 5 , 7 , 41n.6 , 200 , 240 , 302
entrepreneurship
and politics 147 , 307
concept, overlapping roles 21 , 34 â40
entrepreneurial Africans 1 , 4 â6 , 34 , 146 , 200 â201 , 228 , 303 , 305 , 319
industrial 35 , 40 , 146 , 148 , 152 , 154 , 312
investment in farming 35 , 158 , 171 , 305
studies 5 â7 , 9 â10 , 16n.4 , 180
the state as entrepreneur 25
Equatorial Guinea 41 , 43 â44 , 95 , 99 , 170 , 234n.2 , 265n.1 , 311
Essaouira 53 , 55
Essor (national newspaper) 15 , 125 , 294
ethnic
identity of traders 23 , 31 â34 , 39 , 51 , 70 â73 , 129 , 135
networks, trade 1 , 9
references of brands 215 â216 , 280 , 304
Farako plantation 27 , 41 , 57 â58 , 64 â65 , 77 , 97 , 147 , 150 , 152 , 307 , 310 , 318
Foster, Robert 12 , 101 , 113
Foucault, Michel 247
France
Malians importing from 56 , 134 , 157 , 161
Malians travelling to 137 , 146 , 160 , 162
trademark law 233 , 236 political independence of Mali
Frith, Simon 15
Gabon 41 , 43 , 86 , 183 , 189 , 234n.2 , 265n.1
Gambia 40 , 41n.5 , 60 , 99 , 164 , 170 , 234n.1 , 240 â241 , 257 , 261 , 265n.1
Gao
headquarters of tea importers 25 , 39 , 71
Saharan families and trade networks 34 , 137 , 162 â163 , 172 â173 , 190
tea preferences 76
tea trade to 134 , 166 , 169 , 269
Gardi, Bernhard 32 â33 , 36n.4
Geertz, Clifford 91
Ghana 7 , 18 , 43 , 96n.2 , 155 , 160 , 171 , 189 , 192 , 234n.1 , 253 , 296 â297
Giddens, Anthony 8 , 10 , 316
gifts
as compensation 36 , 139
exchange 146 , 299
of tea XI , 16 , 26 , 28 , 42 , 152 , 173
promotional 107 , 121
tea as welcome and marriage gift 31 , 134
Global South 10 , 317
globalisation, global
and piracy 294
and South-South trade 36 , 301
brands 12 , 102 , 242
connectivity 7 , 20 , 31 , 37 , 108 , 202 , 220 , 223 â224 , 302 , 306 , 308 , 316
from below 9 â10 , 319 â320
global-local relationship 13 , 111 , 204 , 220 , 227 , 224 , 227 , 229 , 312 , 319
globalised product 3 , 7 , 8 , 224
studies 8
glocalisation, glocal 13 , 20 , 202 , 224 , 227 , 312
Grégoire, Emmanuel 6 , 12 , 16n.4 , 32 , 36 , 44 , 307
grins (tea groups)
as tea brand 212 , 217
as tea brand advertisers 82 , 84 , 112 â113 , 126 , 131 , 309
in other West African countries 86
meaning 27 , 29
of women 30 , 65
of young men 4 , 65 , 223
topic of commercials 102 , 115 â118 , 307 , 309
griots, griottes 31 , 108 , 125 , 266n.2 , 309
Guangzhou
African traders and brokers 41 , 44 â46 , 48 â50 , 144
Malian association 48
tea market 47 Canton
Guinea (Conakry) 31 , 72 , 86 , 147 â148 , 156 , 162 â163 , 166 , 173 , 189 , 234n.2 , 259
Guyer, Jane 11 , 14 , 310 â311 , 315
Hannerz, Ulf 13 , 227 , 312
Hart, Keith 9
Haugen, Heidi 6n.2 , 7n.3 , 11 , 96n.2 , 177 , 306 , 319 â320
Hausa 8 , 33 , 72
history of
brands 12 , 163 , 260 , 263 , 279
companies 133 , 147 , 158 â159 , 165
intellectual property 233 â234
Mali 223 , 226 â227
tea 5 , 7 , 18 , 23 , 48 , 154 , 165 , 181
Hollande, François
as president 40 , 145
as tea brand 95 , 145 , 208 , 212 , 220 â221 , 225 , 227 , 229 , 239 , 313
Hong Kong 27 , 41 , 44 â46 , 48 , 53n.1 , 56 , 65 , 141 , 153 , 157 , 174 , 188 , 200 , 212 , 303
Hopkins, Anthony 6 , 35
Huetz de Lemps 5 , 92
immaterial cultural goods 14 â15 , 20 , 233 , 246 â248 , 316
independence, political of Mali 3 , 25 â27 , 38 â39 , 41 , 57 â58 , 60 , 92 , 107 , 143 , 148 , 219 , 225 , 234
India 5 , 7 , 18 , 52 , 115 , 157 , 161 , 216 , 218 , 296 , 320
informal
activity 104 , 122 , 301 , 320
sector 9 , 151 , 235 , 286
trade 5 , 286 , 319
infrastructure 9 , 201
Jalloh, Alusine 9 , 149 , 307
Kano 43 â44
Kayes 41 , 76 , 147n.2 , 157 , 166 , 257 , 284
Keïta
Ibrahim Boubacar (president) 40
Modibo (president) 26 , 39
royal family 223
Salif (singer) 111 , 144
Kidal 34 , 39 â40 , 76 , 169 , 214
knowledge
local 4 , 6 , 12 , 14 , 90 , 223 , 317 â319
of tea qualities and brands 85 , 91
of trade and markets 3 , 12 , 90 , 101 , 114 , 136 , 145 , 161 , 175 , 177 â180 , 186 â187 , 192 , 200 , 247 , 304 â306
kola nuts 26 , 31 , 38 , 148
Kopytoff, Igor 257
Kumasi 42 â43 , 86
landlord-broker (jà tigi)
,
see brokers
Las Palmas (Canary Islands) 5 , 56 â57 , 60 , 71 , 93 , 211
law
intellectual property 14 , 21 , 232 â233 , 235 â236 , 244 , 247 â249 , 252 , 279 , 302 , 313 â314 , 319 â320
Islamic 247 â250
trademark 92 , 232 â236 , 241n.6 , 246 â247 , 249 , 253 , 284 , 301
trade 148 , 209 , 232
lawsuit 15 , 21 , 247 , 259 â260 , 263 , 265 , 271 , 277 , 279 â288 , 291 â292 , 313 , 315 ,court case
Le Bail, Hélène 11
Leriche, Albert 5 , 26 , 92
Levtzion, Nehemia 32
Lévy-Strauss, Claude 274 , 312
Libreville 71 , 174 , 189 , 234
Libya 42 â43 , 234n.1 , 244 , 296
Lindell, Ilda 10
Lomé 41 â42 , 44 , 71 , 99 , 156 , 170 , 188
LongJing (museum, tea area) 47 , 52 â53
Lovejoy, Paul 6 , 33 , 213
Lydon, Ghislaine 8 , 11 , 26 , 32 , 38 , 53 , 56
MacGaffey, Janet 9 , 201 , 313
Manchuelle, François 32 , 41
Mande World 18 , 21 , 23 , 31 â33 , 41 â44 , 50 , 71 , 86 , 183 , 200 , 301 â302
Marfaing, Laurence 6 â7 , 10 â11 , 173 , 306
Marka 8 , 33 , 135
market reform, neoliberal (1991)
bureaucratisation and judicialisation 3 , 287 , 318 , 320
green tea consumption 29
private trade 18 , 25 â27 , 39 , 48 â49 , 127 , 140 , 155 , 231 , 300 , 307 , 309 , 313
marriage 31 , 34 , 39 , 134 , 162 â163 , 291 , 306
Masquelier, Adeline 5 , 86
Mathews, Gordon 6n.2 , 9 , 153 , 306 , 319
Mauritania
importation of green tea 296
Malians trading to 99 , 164 , 166 , 169 â170
Mauritanians trading to Mali 173 , 209 , 256 , 268 â269 , 294
Saharan traders in Mauritania 72 , 147
tea package size 65
trade networks 38 , 40 â41 , 56 â57 , 60 , 64 , 153 , 190 , 260
Mazarella, William 13 , 104 , 111 , 224
McLeod, Kembrew 14
Meagher, Kate 9 , 312 , 318
media
and advertisement 3 , 103 â104 , 108 , 111 , 140 , 220 , 223 , 226 , 309 , 313
Chinese influence in Mali 116n.5 , 198n.2
public opinion 91 , 186 , 295 , 299
media reform (1991) 25 , 104 , 124 , 231 , 318
newspapers 5 , 15 , 17 , 104 , 125 , 143 , 150 , 164 , 223 , 277 , 294
radio 104 , 107 â108 , 111 , 118 , 120 , 124 , 134 , 153 , 162 , 223
social media 107
television 104 , 107 â108 , 110 â111 , 116 , 118 â119 , 121 , 124 , 126 , 150 , 158 , 160 , 162 , 174 , 220 , 225 , 269
Meillassoux, Claude 38 , 120n.7
Mertha, Andrew 221 , 252
methods of research 9 , 15 â18 , 190 , 228
Middleton, John 36 â37
Miège, Jean-Louis 5 , 26 , 53 â55 , 92
migrants
African in China 45 ,Guangzhou
in France 146
internal African and tea ritual 18 , 21 , 23 , 40 â45 , 50 , 64 , 71 , 86 , 152 , 169 , 174 , 200 , 224 , 297 , 301 â303 , 311 , 317
migration to Bamako 121 , 143
military action 40 , 219 â220 , 225 , 227 , 308 ,crisis
Miller, Daniel 12 , 204
mint 210 , 216
Mintz, Sidney 10 , 317
mobile phones 96 , 108 , 110 , 138 â139 , 152 , 167 , 196 , 220 , 256 , 290
mobility 7 , 165 , 316 â317
Moeran, Brian 13 â14 , 101 , 103 , 111 , 220 , 224 , 230 , 262 , 308
Mopti
distribution of tea to inner Niger delta 85 , 89 , 169
headquarters of tea importer 25 , 34 , 39 , 71 , 73 , 142 , 165 â166 , 168 , 170 , 172
role of brokers at Mopti port 36n.4
Morocco
caravan trade across the Sahara 26 , 32 , 38 , 52 , 56 , 59 , 153 , 164
Chinese in 200 , 296n.2
conquering Songhay Empire 223
history of tea 26 , 37 , 54 â65 , 164 , 166 , 199 , 243
importation of tea 296 â297
intellectual property 234n.3 , 245 , 247
Jewish traders 8 , 34 , 38 , 53
Malians trading to 99 , 173
studies on 30 , 92
tea advertisement 104n.4 , 115
tea equipment and package design 205 , 210 , 254 , 274
tea plantation 41n.6
tea variety and package size 42 , 52 , 54 â56 , 60 , 66
Mozambique 41 , 43 , 99 , 170 , 189 . 202 , 234n.1 , 240 , 302 , 312
music 31 , 108 , 120 , 216 , 234 , 247 , 271
Nakassis, Constantine 13 , 101 â102 , 113 , 251
national drink IX , 3 , 16 , 18 , 28 â31 , 115 , 127 , 227 , 301 â302 , 317
neoliberal economy
,
see market reform
networks
distribution 3 , 19 , 23 , 72 , 86 , 170 , 172 , 176 â177 , 186 â190 , 195 , 200 , 285 , 290 , 298 , 304 , 306
family, diaspora 4 , 7 , 317
market 186 , 189 â190 , 200
social 4 , 35 , 317
trade 1 , 4 â5 , 7 , 31 â32 , 34 , 41 , 148 , 165 , 175 , 180 , 190 , 199 , 303 , 316 â317
types of 6 â7
Niamey 34 , 41 , 44 , 71 , 162 â163 , 169 , 172 â173 , 210
Niger
importation of tea 296
River 25 , 33 , 36n.4 , 89 , 158 , 198n.2 , 214 , 222 , 229
tea ritual 40 â42 , 44 , 86
trading tea in 44 , 71 â72 , 99 , 163 â164 , 169 â171 , 174 , 184 , 188 , 190 , 263 , 265 â271 , 281
types and packaging of tea 53 , 64 , 68 , 93
Nigeria 43 , 53 , 60 , 103 , 153 , 234n.1 , 245 , 271 , 277 , 299 , 312
Ningbo (port) 45 , 170 , 188 , 192
North Africa 5 , 18 , 33 â34 , 42 , 53 , 200 , 214 , 217 , 234 , 243
Nouakchott
Chinese company 155
port 56 , 188
registered tea packages 71 , 74 , 174 , 211 , 245 , 256 , 260 , 274
tea consumption 4
regional distribution of tea packages 42 , 169 â170
Saharan traders in 34 , 71 , 73 , 162 , 172 â173
OAPI (Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle)
brand administration 237 â246 , 251 , 262 â263 , 270 , 315
difference to Chinese system 246 , 258 , 280
history and role 233 â237 , 313
registration policy 228 , 251 , 272 â275 , 281 , 283 â284 , 294 , 313 , 315 â316
requirements for registration 237 â238
zone and member countries 70 â71 , 234n.2 BOPI (OAPI publication)
Okediji, Ruth 221 , 235 , 249
Oonk, Gijsbert 7
ORTM (Office de Radio et Télévision du Mali) 104 , 108 , 111 , 114 , 119 â120 , 120 , 124 â126 , 167 , 265 , 266n.2
Ortner, Sherry 10 , 317
Ouagadougou 41 , 71 , 85 â86 , 170 , 254 , 290
Perinbam, Marie 6 , 32 , 36 , 38
Peukert, Alexander 102 , 233 â234 , 236
Philip, Kavita 14
Pieterse, Jan Nederveen 13
piracy
and surfeit 186 , 313
discourse of 91 , 235 , 314 , 320
fines for piracy 264 , 280 â282 , 284 , 289
legal action against 279 â287
protection by co-ownership 292 â295 , 315 , 318
protection by networks of trade agents 189 â190 , 145 , 179 , 282 , 290 , 292 , 295
social considerations regarding pirates 287 â292 , 299 , 315
studies on 14 , 235 , 287 , 320 , 251
types of 251 â273
plantation
and tea gardens in China 10 , 60 , 185 â186
exploitative economy 10 , 41 , 44 , 320
image on tea package design 211 , 213 , 219 , 223 â224 , 227 , 229 , 276
in Mali 3 , 18 , 26 â27 , 41 , 57 â58 , 65 , 97 , 147 , 150 , 152 , 301 â302 , 307 , 310
Malian importers visit Chinese tea gardens 1 , 16 , 142 , 144 , 191 , 199 , 264 , 306 Farako
popularity of tea brands
and surfeit 19 , 182 , 186 , 271 , 301 , 313
criteria for 80 â87 , 89
and piracy 3 , 190 , 271 â272 , 294
shifting popularity 75 â80
ports
Chinese 53 , 170 , 188
formalities 19 , 177
Moroccan 55 â56
West African 1 , 26 , 34 , 36n.4 , 42 â45 , 56 â57 , 163 , 170 , 173 , 184 , 186 â191 , 193 , 200 â201 , 289 , 291 â292 , 297 , 302 â303 , 307
post-colonial government 25 , 38 , 42 , 56 , 80 , 112 , 232 , 300 , 307 , 309
pre-colonial time 25 , 31 , 37 â38 , 299 , 312
preparation of tea IX âX , 3 , 28 â29 , 44 , 49 , 86 , 116 , 118 , 120 , 302 ,consumption
Prestholdt, Jeremy 11 , 317
price
of tea 1 , 14 , 36 , 58 , 93 â99 , 138 , 140 , 165 , 191 , 195 , 314
of tea packages 66 , 78 â79 , 85 , 93 â97 , 129 , 185 , 238 , 310 , 318 costs
products
,
see commodities
production
fermentation 52 â53
of black tea 10 , 296n.1 , 41n.6 , 44 , 53
of green tea 1 , 18 , 20 , 27 , 57 â60 , 87 , 98 , 150 , 185 â187 , 190 , 199 â200 , 209 , 295 , 303 â304 , 308 , 317
publicity
,
see advertisement
quality of tea
concept 57 , 301
importance of its consistence 88 , 91 , 164 , 172 , 181 â186 , 192 , 197 , 295 , 311
importersâ influence of 94 , 97 , 103 , 190 , 310
Raji, Noufissa Kessar 5 , 54 â55 , 104n.4 , 115
regimes
of intellectual property 15 , 241 , 245 , 250 , 275 , 316
of rights 20 , 22 , 232
of value 102 , 303 , 315
registration of brands or trademarks
fees and requirements 98 , 237 â238 , 298
in Mali 15 , 68 , 70 â71 , 73 â74 , 173 , 178 , 208
in China 240 â242 , 315 â318
opinions and solutions of importers 238 , 242 â246 , 285 â287
policy 21 , 178 , 228 , 232 â239 , 251 , 263 , 272 â275 , 281 â282
retailers
,
see shops
Ribeiro, Gustavo Lins 9 , 320
risk
entrepreneurial 5 , 19 , 35 , 87 , 167 , 181 , 194 , 198 , 200 , 226 , 281 , 298
for newcomers 87 , 178 , 192 , 196 , 299
managing 177 , 305 , 311
Robertson, Roland 13 , 227 , 312 , 317
rumours 100 , 277
rural areas
consumers in 64 , 85 â86 , 93 , 260 , 262
distribution of tea to 46 , 89
in Mali 1 , 41 , 129 , 131 , 260 , 262 , 264 , 280 , 297 , 311
other countries 9 , 44 , 115 , 297
Sahara
oases 32 , 129
peopleâs geographical mobility 165
salt 34 , 148 , 212 â213 , 215 , 223 , 226 , 229 , 264
trade routes across 7 , 8 , 26 , 31 , 33 , 38 , 53 , 56 , 154 , 164 , 166 â167 , 206 , 306
Sahel 26 , 32 , 38 , 40 â44 , 56 , 196 , 214 â215 , 297 , 306 , 317
Sassen, Saskia 8
savannah 8 , 19 , 32 â34 , 40 , 151 , 212 , 223 , 226 , 229 , 306
Scheele, Judith 7 â8 , 34 , 38 , 165
Schroeter, Daniel 36 â38 , 53
Schumpeter, Josef 5 , 35
Sebti, Abdelahad 5 , 26 , 30 , 37 , 55 , 104n.4 , 115 , 218
Senegal 190 , 234n.2 , 260 , 265 â271 , 296
importation of tea 296
Malians importing to 99 , 158 , 164 , 166 , 170
tea importers 72 , 141 , 174 , 260
tea consumers 86
tea smuggled to Mali 60
trade 26 , 43 , 56 , 64 , 147 â148 , 153 , 156 , 184 , 190 , 265 â271
Shanghai 40 , 45 , 55 , 137 , 170 â171 , 188 , 190 , 298
shops
Chinese 45 , 48 , 131 , 142 , 198
kiosks, groceries 42 , 95 , 127 â129 , 135 , 175 , 189
larger supermarkets 92n.1 , 130 , 146 â147 , 152 , 154 , 189 , 305
retail 15 , 96 , 127 , 129 , 174 , 297
small supermarkets 127 â130 , 151 , 175 , 198n.2
wholesale 23 , 34 , 96 , 114 , 131 , 135 , 137 , 139 , 145 , 150 , 181
similarity of brands 20 , 251 , 275 â278 , 281 , 283 , 302 , 313 â314
Simmel, Georg 32 , 206
Sino-Malian trade collaboration 7 , 15 â16 , 177 , 227 , 271 , 320
smuggling 56 â57 , 64 , 188 , 300
SOMIEX (Société malienne dâimportation et dâexportation) 25 â26 , 39 â40 , 57 â59 , 63 â64 , 74 , 131 , 134 , 140 , 143 , 151 â152 , 154 â156
Songhay
empire 32 , 223
ethnic identity (koroboro) 32 , 127 â129 , 173
South-South trade 1 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 301 â302 , 320
statistics 8 â9 , 21 , 73 , 89 , 228 , 279 , 295 â297 , 313
strategies of
Chinese traders 190 , 194
economic actors 6 , 101
Malian tea traders 7 , 175
tea importers 90 , 101 , 161 , 177 , 180 , 185 , 193 , 229 , 287 , 303 â305 , 310 â312
structural adjustment programmes 27 , 30 , 150 , 313
success
entrepreneurial of importer 147 , 161 , 163 , 169
local market knowledge as requirement for 135 â136 , 178 â186 , 197 , 265 , 305 , 318
of adverts 120 â121
of brands 68 , 83 , 89 , 100 , 138 , 140 , 145 â146 , 164 â166 , 313 â314 , 319
of small package size 51 , 64 â67 , 147 , 150
risks related to 170 , 175 â176 , 264 , 301 , 313
sugar
and role of state 25 , 104n.4 , 148 , 183
taken with tea 3 , 28 , 30 , 44 , 82
tea and sugar as unit 26 , 31 , 92 â93 , 143
trade in 34 , 38 , 53 , 56 , 129 , 133 , 137 , 149 , 152 , 157 , 215 , 300
suitcase trade 9 , 16 , 48 , 96n.2 , 305 , 310 , 319
Sundaram, Ravi 14 , 235 , 287 , 320
surfeit 251 , 265 , 270 , 313
Sylvanus, Nina 11 , 314
tax
import 72 , 98 , 188 , 235
income 87 , 151 , 279 , 295 , 297 â299 , 318
relationship to authorities 21 , 160 , 209 , 297 â299 , 313
tax-free purchase 153
value added 124 â125
tea
Chinese standards 52 , 57 , 61 , 207 , 301 , 315
green tea varieties 23 , 42 , 44 , 52 â58 , 63 , 67 , 74 â80 , 93 â94 , 206 â207 , 307
tea sets, equipment IX âX , 3 , 42 , 48 , 140 , 198n.2 , 206 , 210 , 216 â217 , 222 , 224 , 228 , 272 , 302 , 304 consumption and production
tea package
brand names 213 â220
colour trends 205 â206
decoration, images 206 â213 , 220 â221
design 204 â227
materiality of package 204 â205 , 301
size and weight 205
teascape 7 , 85 , 303 , 317
Tema 188
Tikna 199
Timbuktu
as tea brand
trade 53 , 64 , 134 , 169
colonial conquest 56
Saharan traders in 33 â34 , 38 â39 , 71 , 162 , 164 , 264
tea ritual 26
traders moving to Bamako 38 , 129 , 143 , 149 , 165 â166
Togo 163 , 169 , 234n.2 , 296 â297
tombola (tea publicity) 108 , 110 â111 , 118 , 121 , 174
Touré, Amadou Toumani (president) 28
trade diaspora 6 , 33 ,landlord-brokers
trademark infringement 21 â22 , 235 , 245 , 251 â255 , 257 , 263 , 267 â271 , 273 , 275 , 277 , 279 , 282 â283 , 289 â290 , 300 ,counterfeiting and piracy
traders
Bamana 145 , 305
categories of 19 , 31 â37 , 305
Chinese 1 , 17 , 19 , 22 , 32 , 45 , 71 , 83 , 89 , 102 , 116 , 126 , 135 , 157 , 162 â163 , 172 , 175 â176 , 184 , 190 , 194 â201 , 206 , 211 â213 , 228 , 256 â258 , 260 , 270 , 293 , 303 â304 , 312 , 315 , 320
Chinese of Indian origin (Punjabi) 65 , 68 , 75 , 141 , 155 â157 , 174 , 221 , 212
Chinese of Korean origin 81 , 175
Djokoramé 8 , 33 , 39 â40 , 72 â74 , 89 , 141 , 156 â159 , 162 , 177 , 192 , 219 , 280 â282 , 288 , 291
Dyula or savannah 8 , 19 , 25 , 32 â34 , 39 â40 , 49 , 73 , 199 , 304 â305
Jewish 8 , 34 , 37 â38 , 49 , 53 , 55 , 199
Lebanese-Malian 7 , 38 , 64 â65 , 68 , 130 , 141 , 147 â148 , 174
Saharan IX , 3 , 25 â26 , 32 â34 , 38 â41 , 49 , 67 , 71 â74 , 89 , 114 , 127 , 129 , 137 , 162 â163 , 167 , 173 , 177 , 199 , 257 â258 , 279 , 304 â305
Soninke 8 , 32 â33 , 72 â73 , 135 , 142 , 152 , 154 â155 ,215 , 280 , 282
travelling traders 41 â42 , 305
transnational trade 9 , 21 South-South trade
transportation of tea
by air 16
by boat 169 , 199 , 214 , 222
by camel 206 , 215 , 223 â224 caravans
by container ship 1 , 42 â43 , 45 , 48 , 80 , 98 â100 , 169 â171 , 181 â182 , 186 â188 , 192 , 226 , 266 , 292 â293 , 295 , 299 , 303 , 305 , 319
by lorry 42 , 45 â46 , 96 , 148 , 163 , 167 , 170 â171 , 186 â189 , 292 , 295 , 307 , 310
transportation of tea (cont.)
by rail 26 , 46 , 57
documents and costs 98 , 178 â188 , 191 , 298 , 319
duration from China to West Africa 53 , 64 , 170 , 188 , 192 , 45 , 307
infrastructure, organisation, safety 6 , 9 , 170 , 177 â178 , 192 â193 , 200 â201 , 305 , 310
Traoré, Moussa (president) 25 , 299
Tripoli 43
trust
between consumers and traders 51 , 100 , 181
between Malian and Chinese traders 19 , 22 , 169 , 177 , 191 â199 , 201 , 203 , 232 , 243 , 304 , 306 , 318 â320
between various Malian traders 36 , 139 , 158 , 267 , 292
of consumers in brands 80 , 91 â92 , 102 , 112 , 235 , 282 , 311 , 314
Tuareg 32 , 34 , 42 , 116 , 153 , 167 , 210 â211 , 214 , 239n.4 , 255 , 319
Tunisia 34 , 234n.1 and 3
Ukers, William 115
unemployment of youth 27 , 30 , 224 , 302
USA 137 , 158 â160 , 171 , 219 , 233 , 241
value
added value 19 , 21 , 100 â102 , 220 , 231 , 313
creation by consumers and adverts 13 , 112 â115
of brands 5 , 14 â15 , 18 â19 , 87 , 90 , 100 â103 , 121 , 126 , 163 , 182 , 186 , 221 , 226 , 230 â231 , 233 , 244 , 262 , 279 , 281 , 294 , 301 , 313 â315
of tea (product) 19 , 92 â97 , 138 , 177 â178 , 290 , 292 , 294 , 296
types of 92
value chain 7 â8 , 95 , 96n.2 , 127 , 175 , 199 â200 , 298 , 305 , 308
values
immaterial 13 , 14 , 21 , 216 , 250
Malian 30 , 120 â121 , 126 â127 , 217 , 222 , 226 â227 , 302 , 308
Van den Bersselaar, Dmitri 11 , 13 , 103 , 113 , 245 , 277 , 314 , 317
West Sahara 56 , 60 , 214
wholesalers
as brand promoters 101 , 104 , 114 , 118 â119 , 126 , 129 , 131 , 140 , 142 â143 , 182 â185 , 189 â190 , 195 , 198 , 208 , 253 , 276 , 309 , 314
as importers and brand owners 39 â46 , 67 , 74 , 89 , 91 , 141 â146 , 174 â176
as tea experts 81 , 83 â84 , 86 , 92 , 94 , 252 , 256 , 258 , 260 , 265 , 269 â270
business stories 133 â140 , 179 , 189 , 311
profit and sale of tea 95 â98 , 127 , 130 â131
relationship to other traders 36 â39 , 48 , 95 , 143 , 266 â267 , 282 â293 , 295 , 298 , 303 , 305
research on 15 â17 , 23 â25
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation) 14 , 257
work of tea, concept 19 , 35 , 87 , 89 â90 , 101 , 177 â180 , 187 , 194 , 200 , 264 â265 , 305
World Bank 30 , 104 , 235
WTO (World Trade Organisation) 27 , 40 , 151 , 241
Yaounde 44 â45 , 68 , 81 , 86 , 174 â175 , 234 , 237 â238 , 254 , 275 , 280
Zhang, Jinghong 53 , 57
Zhejiang
tea factories XII , 53 , 54 , 187
tea import-export company 60 , 66 â68 , 81 , 156 , 175 , 212 , 217 , 265 â266 , 270 , 273
tea producing area 52 , 181 , 195