Aaland Islands: and Commission of Jurists 62 ; and Commission of Rapporteurs 63 ; and League Council 64
Abkhazia 154
Africa Conference 91 –93 ; and Biafran crisis 105 –107 ; colonialism in 1 , 26 , 34 , 39 , 42 –43 , 46 , 48 , 69 , 72 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 90 –91 ; and Conference of African Independent States 94 ; and Congo crisis 94 –95 ; as divided between European states 46 ; and global colour line 46 ; and Haitian Revolution 34 ; and human rights discourse 93 , 97 ; imperialism in 3 , 20 , 21 , 69 , 81 , 82 , 86 ; and League of Nations 51 ; and Lenin 48 ; and mandate system 70 –71 , 72 ; and Pan-African Congresses 73 , 76 ; partition of 46 ; and seen as backward 69 ; and self-determination 75 , 82 , 83 –92 , 95 –98 , 102 –107 , 109 , 112 –116 , 117 , 122 , 127 , 156 ; and Smuts 69 ; struggle for independence in 80 ; and unequal membership in international society 43 ; UN peacekeeping forces in 94 ; white rule in 114 , 115 , 123 , 129 , 133
African Americans 38
African Union 213n118
alien rule 5 , 34 , 93 , 96 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 151 ; absence of 177 ; and Berlin 76 ; decolonization as freedom from 108 ; economic dependence after 23 ; and empire-as- enslavement 77n16 ; freedom from 124 –125 ; and foreign intervention 124 , 125 ; and human rights 93 , 96 ; and imperialism 5 , 32 , 34 , 93 , 96 , 121 , 124 ; and racist regimes 125 ; and self-determination 5 , 77 , 93 , 96 , 121 , 124 , 125
Alsace-Lorraine 37n52
Armitage, David 44n94
Arusha 177n44
Asia: and Asia Africa Conference 91 –93 ; colonialism in 1 , 17n56 , 42 –43 , 76 , 88 , 90 –91 , 92 –93 , 99 ; and Goa Crisis 98 –103 ; imperialism in 3 , 20 , 21 , 69 , 81 , 82 , 86 ; and independence movements 72 , 73 ; and Lenin 48 ; and seen as backward 69 ; and self-determination 75 , 82 , 83 –92 , 95 –98 , 102 –107 , 109 , 112 –116 , 117 , 122 , 127 , 156 ; and unequal membership in international society 43
Balfour, Arthur 51
Bodin, Jean 32
Bolshevik Revolution 52
and postcolonial 102 , 103 –105 , 106 ; and uti possedetis juris 45 , 144 , 145 ; and Yugoslavia 144 , 145 , 146 , 147
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 53
Bretton Woods system 129
British Empire 34 , 35 , 35n40 , 36 , 36n46 , 46 , 72 , 83 , 84 , 106 ; and Atlantic Charter 78 ; and British Foreign Office 51 ; Churchill 78 –79 , 79n26 , and Lloyd George 56 , 57
Bull, Hedley 6n16
burdened societies 136
Cabral, Amilcar 109
Caribbean Community (CARICOM) 213n118
Cassin, René 82
Chechnya 154
citizenship 35 , 17 , 115 , 155 –56 ; and Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizens 35 , 36 , 45n95 , and human rights 155 ; and Wilson 55
civilization 18 , 32 , 43 , 56 ; and Ethiopia 67 ; European claims to superior 39 ; and Lenin 47 ; and Mandates 70 ; standard of 18 , 32 , 43 , 44 , 44n90 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 70
Cold War: and human rights 132 , 137 , and end of 138 , 141 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 160 , 160 , 163 ; and intervention 118 , 123 , 125
colonialism: in Africa 1 , 26 , 34 , 39 , 42 –43 , 46 , 48 , 69 , 72 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 90 –91 ; in Americas 44 –46 ; in Asia 1 , 17n56 , 42 –43 , 76 , 88 , 90 –91 , 92 –93 , 99 , 98 –103 ; for benefit of colonized subjects 71 ; boundaries inherited from 102 , 103 –105 , 106 ; and civilizing mission 42 , 44 , 44n90 , 114 ; and dispossession 170 ; and Emerson 5 , 26 , 81 , 97 , 102 , 133 ; and human rights 93 , 97 ; and international hierarchy 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 43 , 47 , 108 ; and international law 2 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 22 , 29 , 30 , 31 –32 , 42 –46 , 47 , 50 , 57 –59 , 62 –66 , 70 , 74 –107 ; and international treaties and conferences 46 ; and League of Nations 49 , 54 –56 , 67 –73 ; justifications of 5 , 38 , 43 , 44 , 97 ; Marx 41 ; and organization of African states 105 –107 ; Pan-African Congress 73 , 76 ; and political domination 111 , 112 ; and racial hierarchy 67 , 85 ; and rights of citizenship and person-hood 35 , 17 , 115 , 155 –56 ; and self-determination 47 , 50 , 57 –59 , 62 –66 , 70 , 74 –107 ; settler 36 ; as slavery 73 , 88 ; and sovereignty 50 , 67 –74 , 75 , 76 , 86 , 87 , 88 ; and UDHR 82 ; and UN resolution 1514 26 , 75 , 97 , 101 , 127
colonies in America 34 –36 , 39 ; and burdened societies 136 ; as excluded from international order 31 , 32 , 58 , 79 ; independence for 1 , 3 , 83 –87 ; as non-self-Governing territories 80 ; obligations and limited or conditional rights of 18 , 58 , 67 , 69 ; political and civil rights for 88 ; social and economic reforms for 88 ; and UN Charter 80 ; as unequal and subordinated members 31 , 32
Danzig 59
debt 34
decolonization: and American independence 33 –36 ; and Biafra 105 ; and Congo crisis 94 –96 , 102 ; and economic and political transformations 126 –133 ; as expansion of existing international society 1 , 3 , 83 –87 ; as freedom from alien rule 5 , 34 , 93 , 96 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 151 ; and global economy 126 –133 ; and globalization of nation-state 27 , 76 –80 ; and League of Nations 41 , 72 , 73 ; as nation-building 2 ; and self-determination 74 , 75 , 76 , 83 –91 , 91 –98 , 100 , 109 ; in South Africa 95 –96 , 118 , 120 , 122 ; and sovereignty 74 , 98 –99 ; and struggles for emancipation 72 –73 , 122 –126 ; and UN 74 , 178 ; and UN Charter 74 –78 ; and UN resolution 1514 26 , 75 , 96 –98 ; and use of force 122 –126
democracy 35 , 125 , 154 and human rights 132 , 133 , 134 , 154 right to democratic governance 134 ; demand for statehood 133 , 142 , 146 , 147 , 148
De Vattel, Emer 29n11
economic development, and mandates 77 , 80 , and self-determination 86 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 98 , 109 , and post-colonial development 92 , 94 and NIEO 109 , 110 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 123
empire/imperialism: in Africa 1 , 26 , 34 , 39 , 42 –43 , 46 , 48 , 69 , 72 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 90 –91 ; as alien rule 34 , 93 , 96 , 121 , 124 , 125 ; for benefit of 71 ; blue water or saltwater 164 ; as civilizing mission 42 , 44 , 44n90 , 114 ; end of 5 , 34 , 93 , 96 , 121 , 124 , 125 , 151 ; and ethics of force 122 –126 ; and Europe 3 , 18 ; and global economy 73 ; and interests of colonized subjects 35 , 17 , 115 , 155 –56 ; and international hierarchy 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 43 , 47 , 108 ; and international law 42 ; and Latin America 45 –46 ; and Lenin 47 , 52 –54 ; and morality 74 ; and neocolonialism 95 , 118 , 129 ; and NIEO 19 , 109 , 126 , 129 , 131 ; and self-determination 26 , 82 , 92 , 97 , 82 , 83 –92 , 95 –98 ;102 –107 , 109 , 112 –116 , 117 , 122 , 127 , 156 ; and sovereign inequality and hierarchy 76 ; as structuring international society 42 ; UN resolution 1514 26 , 75 , 97 , 101 , 127 ; and war 8n25 , 9 , 18 , 27 , 47
Europe: Africa as divided between 46 ; assimilation to ideals of 17 , 19 , 21 –33 , 43 , 44 ; claims of to superiority 31 , 32 ; conflicts and competition in 84 –85 ; economy of 82 , 126 ; and imperialism 3 , 18 ; and mandates system 67 –73 ; overseas colonies of 31 , 32 , 42 ; racially superior claims of 19 ; rise of nationalism 38 –42 , 50 ; and revolution 38 –42 ; and rise of democratic nation-state 3 ; and slavery 59 ; statelessness in 60
freedom: individual 92 ; from domination 9 , 10 , 27 ; movement from slavery to 36 ; as non-interference 23 ; and self-determination 26 , 82 , 92 , 97 , 114 ; as Western ideal 5 , 33 , 34 ; and Wilson 57
Failed states 140
General Act of the Berlin Conference 46
Geneva convention 125
George, Lloyd 51
Guinea-Bissau 109
Habermas, Jürgen 15
Haitian Revolution 34
Hammarskjöld, Dag 94
hierarchical world order 31
human rights, Arendt 38 , 60 ; breakthrough of 132 ; and colonialism 26 , 75 , 76 –77 ; and Covenants 133 , 166 ; emerging language of 19 , 82 ; fora as a site of decolonisation 19 , 27 , 76 , 77 ; postcolonial independence 94 ; and postcolonial sovereignty 16 , 104 , 105 ; and postcolonial states 21 ; and self-determination 20 , 75 ; and UDHR 82
humanitarian crises 160
independence, declarations of independence 1 , 34 , 43 –45 ; decolonization 2 , 10 , 75 , 76 , 84 , 86 , 94 , 95 –98 ; and League of Nations 56 ; and nationalist 40 , 48 –49 , 51 , 53 , 54 ; and NIEO 126 –129 ; political, economic, and legal impediments to 106 ; political vs. economic 112 ; readiness for 87 , 88 ; and self-determination as right 2 , 8 , 9 ; of United States 34 –36 ; and UN Charter 75 ; and UN resolution 1514, 87 –90 ; and Westphalian regime 30 , 30n16 ; and Wilson 49 freedom
international law, and custom 126 ; and decolonisation 84 , 89 –90 , 91 ; decolonisation as disruption to 99 , 100 , 101 , 128 , 129 ; as European ideal 101 –102 , 111 –116 , 117 ; and indigenous people 141 ; and NIEO 127 –130 ; and secession 156 ; sovereign equality in 108 ; and the use of force 122 –126
Italo-Ethiopian war 67
Jackson, Robert 133
League of Nations, and Aaland Islands dispute 63 ; and Ethiopia 67 ; and colonial exploitation 52 ; and Council of 54 ; and Covenant 49 , 55 ; and decolonization; and eastern European states 66 ; and expansion of international law 58 –60 ; and former German and Ottoman colonies 67 ; founding of 58 ; and mandates system 69 , 70 ; and minority protection 59 , 61 , 61n70 ; and self-determination 56 , 57 , 58 ; and Smuts 69
Luxembourg, Rosa 41
mandates 22 , 40 , 55 , 86 ; and Iraq 71 ; and League of Nations 70 –72 ; and presumed backward peoples 68 ; and Smuts 59 , 54n35 , 69 , 72 ; as trustees 67 , 72
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 132
nationalism, and anti-colonialism 5 , 8n24 , 103 , 141 ; and ethno-nationalism 149 ; liberal nationalism 7 ; as problematic 58 –59 , 141 , 143 ; and Habermas 15 ; and Lenin; and liberalism; as linked to national independence 28 , 37 , 39 , 40 ; and self-determination 141
Native Americans 36
natural resources, and permanent sovereignty over 118 , 123 , 127 , 128 , and self-determination 129 , 166
Nazis 67
protectorates 140
racial hierarchy 54
Reagan, Ronald, 198
republicanism 34
Responsibility to Protect 160
Russian Revolution 53
Saar Region 59
Schmitt, Carl 31
secession 15 , 21n65 , 52 , 78 ; and Aaland Islands 63 , 65 ; and Bangladesh 107 ; and Biafra 105 –107 ; and Katanga 94 , 95 ; as excluded from self-determination 78 ; and Sudan 104 ; and Somalia; 104 ; and Yugoslavia 141 , 145 , 149 –154
self-determination, and Atlantic Charter 71 , 79 ; after World War II 74 , 77 ; and alien rule 96 , 97 ; and anticolonial protests 73 , 91 , 94 ; and Biafra 104 –106 ; and Bolshevism 47 , 51 , 52 , 53 ; capacity for; and collective vs. individual rights; and Cold War 21 ; and colonialism 5 , 9 , 18 , 19 , 73 , 84 , 91 ; and consent of governed 35 , 36 , 53 , 55 , 56 ; and decolonization 5 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 84 , 85 ; and defining 7 , 93 ; and development; and economic sovereignty; and Emerson; and foreign domination 89 ; and historical accounts of 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 12 , 33 ; and human rights 3 , 8 , 19 , 76 , 82 , 86 , 87 , 93 , 94 ; and imperialism 5 , 18 ; and International Court of Justice 10 ; institutionalization of right to 27 ; and international hierarchies; and international order; and Katanga secession 94 , 95 ; and language of 1 , 2 , 11 , 76 , 77 , 86 ; and League of Nations 49 , 55 , 56 , 58 ; and Lenin 47 , 48 ; and liberalism 7 , 9 , 39 ; and mandates system 68 , 69 , 70 , 73 ; and Marx 41 ; and minorities 62 –65 , 66 ; and national self-determination 52 ; and nationalism 50 ; and Nazism 67 ; and NIEO 19 ; and nondomination 19 , 27 , 75 ; and the people 14 , 18 , 52 ; as permanent aggression 99 ; and permanent sovereignty over natural resources 86 ; and plebiscites 50 , 58 ; and political and legal vs. economic concerns 86 ; political conditions of 111 ; and political legitimacy 47 , 79 ; and political vs. legal realms; and postimperial world order 3 , 20 , 86 ; and popular sovereignty 28 ; and preparation for self-rule 68 , 69 , 70 , 73 ; revolutionary principle of 29 –31 ; right to 1 , 3 , 27 ; and Selbstbestimmung 13 , 38 ; and Smuts 49 ; and sovereign equality 28 , 78 ; and sovereign hierarchies 17 , 29 ; and sovereignty 12 , 13 , 19 , 27 , 47 , 49 , 75 ; and statehood 12 , 15 , 16 ; and territorial integrity 98 –106 ; and Third World identity 92 , 93 , and UDHR 82 ; and UN 2 , 74 , 75 , 83 ; and UN Charter 9 , 11 , 27 , 75 , 78 , 83 , 85 ; and UN resolution 1514 26 , 89 , 90 , 95 , 96 ; and war-time rhetoric 51 ; and Wilson 48 , 49 , 53 , 55 , 56 ; and rights of women 40 ; and worldmaking 5 , 10 , 18
sovereign equality, and decolonisation 8 , 26 ; economic redistribution 126 –131 ; and human rights 96 ; and imperialism 1 , 3 , 9 , 26 , 27 ; and international economic law 123 ; and international change 15 , 87 ; and League of Nations Covenant; and NIEO 123 ; and non-intervention 118 , 125 , 157 ; and self-determination 16 , 21 , 27 , 76 , 77 ; and UN Charter 109
sovereignty: and Aaland Islands 62 –65 ; and American independence; and Atlantic Charter 78 ; and Arendt 38 ; and Bandung 92 , 93 , 95 ; and colonialism 14 , 15 , 72 –74 , 75 –76 ; and decolonization 8 , 9 , 26 , 27 ; and human rights 38 , 110 –111 ; and imperialism 1 , 3 , 43 ; and international hierarchy 31 , 34 , 50 , 87 ; and League of Nations 50 , 58 ; and negative sovereignty 20 , 136 –37 , 139 –140 ; and NIEO 126 –129 ; and OAU 104 ; over natural resources 89 ; and pre-colonial sovereignty 10 , 11 ; and post-colonial sovereignty 86 , 109 ; popular 32 –24 ; and self-determination 12 , 13 , 14 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 72 –76 , 86 –87 ; and state failure or misrule 111 ; and UN resolution 1514 86 , 87 ; Vitoria 31 , 32 ; Westphalian 28 , 29 , 30 ; and Wilson 48
Stalin, Joseph 188
state: and creation 15 , 16 , 45 ; democratic 131 –137 , 155 –157 ; export of European statehood 21 –33 , 43 , 44 ; human rights as subsumed within 20 , 131 –137 ; and inequality 31 –33 , 42 , 44 ; level of development of 20 ; violation of rights of citizens by, states 62 : failed 140 ; as liberal 14 , 48 , 49 , 131 ; limits on power of 14 , 33 , 50 , 58 , 59 , 62 , 63 , 131 –135 ; nation state 7 , 8 , 33 , 38 , 40 ; right to independence 76 , 89 –91 ; rogue 140 ; and people 15 , 16 , 18 , 40 , 42 ; and sovereignty 42 ; and sovereign equality 28 ; and state building 1 , 16 ; and Westphalia 19 , 23 , 28 , 29 –31
territorial integrity 15 , 164 , 166 , 170 , 173 ; and League of Nations Covenant 55 –56 ; and OAU 104 –106 ; and self-determination 101 , 104 –106 ; and sovereignty 29 , 71 , 118 –119 , 124 –125 , 138 , 141 ; and Yugoslavia 144 , 150 , 154
Third World, and self-determination 86 ; and Bandung 91 –92 , 98 ; criticism of the ICJ 113 , and post-colonial worldmaking 116 –121 , 124 , 176 ; and the NIEO 126 ; and human rights 131 , 133
United Nations 78 , 87 , 133 ; and Africa 14 , 73 , 99 , 100 ; anticolonial politics at 75 ; and Azikiwe 72 ; Azikiwe’s vision of miniature 135 –36 , 137 , 138 , 141 ; collective security institutions in 63 ; and colonialism 71 , 73 –74 , 90 , 99 ; Commission on Human Rights 88 , 89 ; and decolonization 73 , 74 , 98 –99 , 107 , 178 ; demand for equal decision-making power in 107 ; and Du Bois 72 , 79 ; Economic and Social Council 88 ; and egalitarian international society 169 ; and equality 71 , 99 , 107 , 163 ; and hierarchical international order 32 ; hierarchies embedded in 169 ; and human rights 14 , 71 , 73 –74 , 78 , 92 , 93 ; and imperialism 97 , 107 ; internationalism based in 118 ; and Italo-Ethiopian war 63 ; and League of Nations 71 , 75 ; and Moynihan 176 , 178 ; as new deal for world 75 ; and NIEO 161 , 162 , 163 , 166 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 176 ; and Nkrumah 101 , 102 ; peacekeeping forces of 100 ; and Republic of Congo 100 ; and self-determination 2 , 8 , 10 , 73 –74 , 75 , 88 –91 , 92 , 101 , 135 , 169 ; and sovereign equality 91 , 99 , 163 ; and sovereignty 90 , 102 ; and unequal membership 107 , 178 ; United States abandonment of 178
UN Committee on Trade and Development 128
United Nations Charter 2 , 99 , 112 , and colonial rule as trusteeship 2 , 75 , 80 , 116 ; and Friendly Relations Declaration (1970) 116 ; and self-determination 2 , 9 , 11 , 27 , 28 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 , 86 , 88 , 98 , 99 ; and UN resolution 1514 26 , 90
United Nations General Assembly 26 , 75 , 83 , 85 ; anticolonial efforts 85 , 90 , 91 , 120 , 122 , 123 ; anticolonial majority in 83 , 178 ; Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 111 ; Covenant on Political and Civil Rights 111 ; Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order (1974) 128 , 129 ; Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (resolution 1514) 26 , 75 , 96 –98 ; and resolutions and self-determination 26 , 75 , 96 –98 , 111 , 118 , and South Africa 113 , 123
United States 2 , 36 ; and African Americans 38 ; and Chagos Islands 169 ; Declaration of Independence 34 , 73 ; and Europe 69 , 83 ; and global dominance 120 ; and human rights 131 ; and imperialism 81 , 84 , 88 ; imperialism of 13 , 44 –45 , 117 –19 , 179 ; and Moynihan 132 ; and Native Americans 36 ; as neocolonial power 125 –126 ; and race 20 , 21 , 121 ; Revolution 34 , 35 ; and self-determination 131 , 132 , 133 , 137 ; and UN 178 ; and UN resolution 1514 98 ; and Wilson 39 , 44 –45 , 53
Upper Silesia 59
Versailles Conference (1919) 56
Vitoria, Francisco de 31
white supremacy 10
Wilson, Woodrow 7 , 18n59 , 48 , 76 , 80 , 121 , 177 ; and Fourteen Points 48 , 49 ; ideals of 48 –49 , 53 , 54 ; and imperialism 54 ; and League of Nations 55 ; and self-determination 7 , 8n24 , 18n59 ; and self-government 132 ; and trusteeship 81