2011 bailout 11 , 139
See also crisis; austerity measures
21st Century Maritime Silk Road; the Maritime Silk Road 136 , 138 , 143 , 153 , 161 , 168
See also One Belt, One Road (OBOR); Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
academic aspirations 40 –41
academic performance 13 , 14 , 39 –41 , 44 , 50 –52
accessibility 97
See also infrastructures
Action Plan for Immigrant Integration (2007–2009) 82
Africa
Africa’s development 134 , 173 , 176 –178
African context 166 , 167
African countries 10 , 11 , 134 , 166 , 167 , 172 , 173 , 176 , 177
See also Portuguese-Speaking African Countries
African power sector 15 , 166 , 167
Agribusiness 183 , 188 , 190
Aid 11 , 15 , 152 , 153 , 155 –157 , 159 , 162
air routes 97 , 101 , 102
Angola 1 , 14 , 132 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 145 , 176 , 177
anti-China criticism 171 , 184 , 189 , 193 , 195
ASEAN 155 , 161 , 162
Asian Culture Thesis 40
Asian Studies 55 , 56 , 57
attribution theory 60
austerity measures 28
Australia 21 , 25 , 28 , 152 –163 ,
bank loans 82 , 84 , 134 , 142
Bank of China 83 , 159
bazaar sector 8
Beijing 57 , 96 , 97 , 102 , 104 , 120 , 132 , 136 , 172
Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Belt and Road Initiative objectives 34 , 166 , 173 , 176 , 177
Belt and Road Initiative, 2013 11 , 55 , 109 , 112 , 114 , 120 , 129 , 136 , 138 , 166 –169
BRI countries 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 65 , 131 , 138 , 142 , 143 , 145 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 159 –161 , 173 , 176 –178 , 183 , 194
BRI’s environmental dimension 144 , 167 , 170 –171 ,
Memorandum of understanding (MoU on BRI) 143 , 152 , 160 , 170 ,
Silk Road Economic Belt 136 , 138
Silk Road Fund 136 ,
See also 21st Century Maritime Silk Road; the Maritime Silk Road; One Belt, One Road (OBOR)
bilateral economic cooperation and trade 93 , 95 , 98 , 99 , 102 , 103 , 141 , 143 , 183 –185 , 187 , 195 , 208,
See also bilateral trade
Bilateral trade 112 , 155 , 158 , 161 , 183 , 189 , 191
bilateral tourism between China and Portugal 93 , 97 , 99 –102
blue partnership 11 , 142 , 144 , 145
Bolsonaro’s Presidency 191 –195
Brazil 1 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 34 , 103 , 118 , 132 , 135 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 145 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 181 –195
Brazilian foreign policy 184 , 185 , 193 , 195 ,
Brazilian-Chinese Relationship 15 , 181 –195
See also Sino-Brazilian political and economic relationship
Carnation Revolution 5 , 95
catering sector 5 , 7 , 74 , 75 , 86 , 158
Census data 70 , 74
China Electric Power Research Institute 141
China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) 97
China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG) 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 175
China’s environmental leadership 15 , 170 –173
China-EU Memorandum of Understanding on Approved Destination Status (ADS) 97
China-Portugal Relations 1 , 2 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 24 , 30 , 33 , 54 , 55 , 65 , 73 , 87 , 91 –96 , 104 , 105 , 110 , 129 , 139 ,142, 144
China-Portugal Science and Technology 2030 30
Chinese businesses 5 , 82 , 85 ,
See also bazaar sector; catering sector; Chinese entrepreneurs; Chinese restaurants; co-ethnic workers; Portuguese opportunity structure
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 187
Chinese community 5 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 39 , 40 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 82 , 88 , 158
Chinese companies 1 , 92 , 103 , 113 , 119 , 134 , 142 , 144 , 145 , 178 , 183 , 189
Chinese coolies 3 , 4
Chinese culture activities 32 , 55 , 95 , 104
Chinese culture approach to education 23 , 25 , 56
Chinese descendants 8 , 13 , 39 , 40
See also Generation 1.5; Second generation
Chinese diplomacy 144 , 182 ,
See also Chinese foreign policy; Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); soft-power
Chinese economic investment 10 , 11 , 14 , 103 , 189 , 191
Chinese entrepreneurs 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 –88
Chinese foreign policy 111 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 128 , 153 , 160 , 162 , 169 , 186 , 187
Chinese investment in Portugal 95 , 102 , 103
Chinese investments in the energy sector 129 , 139 , 140 , 143 , 172 , 173 , 189 , 192
Chinese language education
Chinese Language courses 54 –59
Chinese Language teaching 14 , 54 , 55 –57 , 65
Chinese Proficiency Tests 55 , 57
Chinese Programmes at Higher Education Institutions 57
Chinese-language-teaching programmes 14 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 65
Learning Chinese language 55 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62
Models of Chinese teaching 56 , 59 , 66
Motivation for learning Chinese Language 59 –66
See also Chinese Ministry of Education; Confucius Institute; Portuguese learning Chinese Language; learning motivation model
Chinese middle-class 13 , 23 , 26 , 27
Chinese migrants 1 –8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 27 , 28 , 39 , 116
Chinese migration 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 27 , 39 , 151 , 153
See also Chinese residents; Chinese students; colonial migration movement; Immigrant entrepreneurial strategies; New Chinese Migration; Post-Mao Migration; Qiaoxiang model; Qingtian qiaoxiang
Chinese Ministry of Education 25
Chinese nationality 42 , 44
Chinese presence 1 , 11 , 13 , 73 , 153 , 157
Chinese residents 1 , 9 , 74 , 77 , 78 , 79
Chinese restaurants 5 , 7 , 75 , 81 , 82
Chinese Special Administration Region 109
See also handover of Macao; Hong Kong; Macao
Chinese students 1 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 23 –35 , 39 –52 , 54 , 92
See also International mobility of Chinese students
Chinese Tourism
Chinese outbound travel market 91 –93 , 100 , 101 , 104 , 105
Chinese tourists 14 , 91 , 92 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 100 , 104 , 105
Chinese tourism in Portugal 14 , 100 , 104
Memorandum of Understanding on Visas and Issues Related to Chinese Group Travel in Europe 97
Cooperation Agreement between the Portuguese Republic and the People’s Republic of China in the field of tourism 98
See also Chinese tourism in Portugal; Chinese travel agency UTour Group
Chinese travel agency UTour Group 97
clean energy 130 , 141 , 144 , 167 , 170 , 172 , 174 , 176
See also decarbonization; low-carbon economy
Climate Change Conference 2009 191
climate-change agenda 167
co-ethnic workers 41 , 76 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 85 , 86
coffee 154
colonial migration movement 3 , 4
colonial Portuguese rule 151
Confucius Institute 30 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 61 , 63 , 65 ,
connectivity of land and sea routes 136 , 138 , 143 , 152 , 161 , 167 –177
See also cooperation in connectivity building
construction industry 158
cooperation in connectivity building 152 , 161
COVID 19 pandemic 16 , 101
Crisis 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 15 , 28 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 88 , 91 , 139 , 144 , 154 , 161 , 181 , 182 , 184 , 186 , 191
See also 2011 bailout; austerity measures; economic crisis; financial crisis
crocodile island 153 , 160
Cultural cooperation 93 , 95
See also Chinese culture activities; Chinese culture approach to education
cultural heritage 115
Dalai Lama 182
Decarbonization 174
See also clean energy; low carbon economy
Deng Xiaoping 25 , 187
dependence on imported energy 127
See also fossil-fuel-based energy sources; oil
Descendants of immigrants 8 , 12 , 13 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 49 , 51
Dili 153 , 156 –158
Dilma Rousseff’s impeachment 186 , 190
Diplomacy
foreign policy 109 , 111 , 113 , 114 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 128 , 151 , 153 , 160 , 162 , 168 , 169 , 181 , 184 , 185
formal diplomatic relations 95
methods of diplomacy 98
Multilateralism 185 , 186
See also Environmental diplomacy; paradiplomacy; Chinese diplomacy
Directorate-General of Statistics of the Portuguese Ministry of Education (DGEEC) 11 , 12 , 25 , 29 , 42 –50
domestic production 127
Domestic remittances 78 , 79
Donald Trump 152 , 170
Downward social mobility 41
Economic and political relations 1 , 2 , 11 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 71 , 105 , 109 , 114 , 116 , 152 , 158 , 162 , 163 , 182 –187 , 193 , 195
economic crisis 28 , 69 , 70 , 73 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 91 , 184 , 191
economic development
economic factors 15 , 93 , 187
economic growth 104 , 127 , 134 , 157 , 181
economic influence 152
Economic integration 7 , 87
economic problems 94
Economic reforms 25
economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis 94 , 95
EDP 103 , 140 , 141 , 143 , 175
EDP Renováveis Portugal (EDPr) 140 , 141
education
basic education 42 , 51 , 52
secondary education 42 , 47
See also Directorate-General of Statistics of the Portuguese Ministry of Education (DGEEC); Portuguese public education system
electoral campaign 184 , 190 , 193 , 195
energy
energy connectivity 167
energy consumer 15 , 127
energy cooperation 128 , 129 , 133 , 135 , 138 , 169 , 172
energy diplomacy 15 , 128 , 129 , 134 , 135 , 143 , 145
energy infrastructure 138 , 168 , 169 , 172
energy production 127 , 133 , 138 , 176 , 177
See also power sector;
Energy Information Administration (EIA) 130
energy relations between China and Portugal 129
energy security 127 –134 , 138 , 139 , 144
See also external-energy dependence; external-energy strategies
entertainment industry 93
See also gaming industry; tourism
Entrepreneurship 12 , 14 , 62 , 64 , 69 , 70 –88
Entrepreneurial rates 69 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 84
Environmental diplomacy 178
Environmental leadership 15 , 178
Ethnic resources 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 82 , 84 , 86 , 88
See also co-ethnic workers; family workers
European countries 6 , 7 , 28 , 76 , 77 , 80 , 82 , 95 , 129 , 139
European Union 11 , 28 , 29 , 34 , 69 , 97 , 99 , 139 , 142 , 145 , 156 , 174 , 181
external-energy dependence 127
external-energy strategies 128
extraordinary legalization of migrants 6 , 7
See also Action Plan for Immigrant Integration (2007–2009)
Family workers 85
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 181 , 185 , 186
Filial piety 26
financial crisis 10 , 11 , 15 , 74 , 88 , 139 , 144 , 181 , 182
Forum for Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and the Portuguese Language Countries (Forum Macao) 112 , 113 , 114 , 117 –121 , 155 , 161
See also Macao in Chinese foreign policy; Portuguese-speaking African countries; Sino-African relations
Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) 172
fossil-fuel-based energy sources 127
See also oil
G-20 171
gaming industry
Casinos 115 , 116
See also Las Vegas’ model
Generation 1.5 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 47 , 51
geocultural potential 174 , 176
Global Strategic Partnership 10 , 99 , 104
Globalization
asymmetric globalization 186
China’s globalization strategy 1 , 2 , 13 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 88 , 187 , 194
Going Out (Zou chu Qu) strategy 128 , 129 , 134 , 138 , 139 , 144
Golden Visa scheme, ARI Residence Permit for Investment Activity 10 , 12 , 28 , 29 , 34 , 78 , 82 , 83 , 88 , 95 , 103
See also investors
Greater Sunrise 159 , 160 , 162
See also Timor-Leste
green finance 171
green growth commitment 174
See also sustainability
gross domestic product (GDP) 91 , 127 , 191
Guangdong province 3 , 4 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 114
Guerrillas 154
See also Timor-Leste
handover of Macao 2 , 8 , 9 , 14 , 109 , 118 , 119
higher education
higher education degree 23
higher education institutions (HEI) 23 , 24 , 25 , 29 , 31 , 56
internationalization of the HEI 24
joint degrees 32 , 33
Programme Erasmus+ 31
highly skilled professionals 6
historical relations 1 , 87 , 139
Hong Kong 3 , 8 , 9 , 40 , 109 , 110 , 113 , 114 , 158
Immigrant entrepreneurial strategies 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 75 , 79 , 82 , 83 , 87
See also Chinese businesses
import/export activities 76
Indonesia 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 163
Indonesian invasion 151 , 154
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China 83
Industrialization 183 , 187
Infrastructures 28 , 138 , 142 , 143 , 161 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 172 , 178 , 190 , 192 , 194
See also accessibility
Intercultural exchange 92
See also cultural cooperation
international cooperation 168 , 171
International Energy Agency (IEA) 127
International Force East Timor (INTERFET) 154
See also Timor-Leste; Indonesian invasion
International mobility of Chinese students 23 , 24
International mobility of students 23
International rankings 29
international relations 92 , 102 , 110 , 120 , 121 , 152 , 153 , 160 , 172 , 186
See also diplomacy; international system
international system 166 , 174 , 183 , 184 , 186 , 187
See also diplomacy; international relations
Investors 6 , 12 , 28 , 69 , 78 , 82 , 83 , 88 , 177 , 189 , 190 , 193
See also Brazilian-Chinese Relationship; Golden Visa; EDP; EDPr; China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG); energy; renewable energy; Belt and Road Initiative (BRI); Sines; Sino-Brazilian political and economic relationship; Sino-Portuguese relations; Real estate
iron industry 183 , 188
Jair Bolsonaro 15 , 181 , 184 , 185 –195
James Monroe 182
labour market 41 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 79 , 80 , 86
Las Vegas’ model 109
Latin America 114 , 117 , 118 , 120 , 138 , 143 , 145 , 175 , 181 ,182, 183 , 192
See also Macao Association for the Promotion of Exchange between the Asia-Pacific and Latin America (MAPEAL)
Lava Jato Operation 190
See also Brazil; Bolsonaro Presidency; Lula da Silva
learning motivation model 60
Likert scoring method 61
Lisbon Chinese School 40
low-carbon economy 127 , 177
Lula da Silva 181
Luso-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry 83
Lusophone world 2 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 160 , 176
Macanese universities 114
Macao
Macanese Government 2 , 8 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 144
Macao Association for the Promotion of Exchange between the Asia-Pacific and Latin America (MAPEAL)
Macao in Chinese foreign policy 114 , 116 –121
See also Macao Association for the Promotion of Exchange between the Asia-Pacific and Latin America (MAPEAL); Forum Macao
Macao Trade and Investment Promotion Institute 112 , 114
mainland China 6 , 55 , 96 , 116 , 135
maths performance 47 –51
Memorandum on Maritime Cooperation 11
Mercantilism 191
Mercosur 186
mixed embeddedness hypothesis 71
Mozambique 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 14 , 139 , 140 , 142 , 154 , 176 , 177
National Bureau of Statistics of China 91
National Tourist Authority 96
natural gas 15
natural resources 15 , 152 , 153 , 157 –162 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 187 , 192 ,
neo-colonialism 191
New Chinese Migration 4 , 5 , 6
New Maritime Silk Road 143 , 153
North-South pattern 182
Oil industry, petroleum industry 127 –145
One Belt, One Road (OBOR) 114 , 129 , 137 , 166 ,
Only Child Policy 26
Opening and Reform period 3
overseas consumer 91 , 100
Overseas education 26 , 27
panel Granger causality test 94
paradiplomacy 111 , 117 , 118
See also international relations; diplomacy; globalization
Paris Accord 167 , 170
Pass rates 46 , 47 , 52
people-to-people diplomacy 98
Personal resources 70 , 72 , 79 , 86
Platform for the Cultural and Creative Industries Portugal – Macao 116
Policies 9 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 34 , 70 , 72 , 79 , 82 , 96 –99 , 102 , 105 , 128 , 135 , 168 , 169 , 175 , 184 , 195
See also public policies
policies combatting environmental and climate change 127
See also Paris Accord
Political cooperation 184 , 190 , 193 , 195
political ideology 93
political influence 11 , 151 , 152 , 162
polytechnic and Lusophone universities 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 61 , 114
Portugal
Portugal pivotal role 13 , 174 , 176
Portuguese Agency for Investment and International Trade 83
Portuguese Colonial Empire 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 110
Portuguese companies and destination management organizations (DMOs) 96
Portuguese foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) 30
Portuguese Higher Education Institutions 24
See also polytechnic and Lusophone universities
Portuguese language
Portuguese-language acquisition and learning 7 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 28 , 39
Portuguese learning Chinese Language 55 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 62
Portuguese opportunity structure 14 , 79 , 80
Portuguese public education system 13 , 51
See also public school
Portuguese-speaking African countries 3 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 15 , 24 , 166 , 167 , 173 , 176 , 177
Portuguese-Speaking Countries (PSCs) 6 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 109 , 110 , 112 , 118 , 139 –145 , 151 , 153 , 155 , 161 , 162 , 176
Portuguese-speaking world 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 139 , 176
Post-Mao Migration 4 , 9
power sector 166 , 167
pragmatism 185 , 186 , 187
public school 56 –58
See also Portuguese public education system
public policies 92 , 93 , 109 , 114 , 116
Qiaoxiang model 3 , 6
Qingtian qiaoxiang 2 , 3 , 5
question of Tibet 154 , 182
Real estate 8 , 82 , 83 , 103
Regional cooperation and integration 169
See also ASEAN; Mercosur
REN 103 , 140 , 141 , 143
Renewal energy
Renewables 138 , 172 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177
retail businesses 7 , 8 , 28 , 74 –77 , 82 , 86 , 140 , 154 , 158
Sao Tome and Principe 1 , 14 , 119 , 121
Second generation 4 , 39 , 40 , 43 , 44 , 51
self-determination theory 59
Settlement 1 , 4 , 13 , 14
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) 119
Sines (port) 11 , 15 , 143 , 145 , 175
Sino-African partnership 171 , 172
See also Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC); Portuguese-speaking African countries
Sino-Brazilian political and economic relationship 15
Sino-Portuguese diplomatic relations 8 , 14 , 54 , 55 , 145
See also Sino-Portuguese relations
Sino-Portuguese Programme for Cooperation in Science and Technology 30
Sino-Portuguese Science and Technology 2030 Cooperation Agreement 12
Sino-Portuguese relations 1 , 16 , 54 , 104
See also Macao handover
Social discrimination 41
social factors 93
Social integration 49 , 52 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 39 , 41
Socioeconomic status 49 –51
Soft-power 111 , 112 , 114 , 121 , 155
South Pacific 3 , 136 , 152
Southeast Asia 3 , 110 , 117 , 136 , 138 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 160 , 162 , 168
South-South cooperation 114 , 119 , 121 , 155 , 172 , 181 , 182 , 186 , 187 , 193
Special Training Program for Immigrant Entrepreneurs 82
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) 103 , 140
Stereotype promise 50 , 51
strategic complementarities 176 , 177
Strategic partnership 10 , 54 , 55 , 99 , 104 , 141 , 173 , 181 –185 , 187 , 191 , 192 , 195
Strategic partnership between Portugal and China, 2005 10 , 54 , 55
Strategic Plan for the Greater Bay 109
String of Pearls strategy 135 , 135
Student exchange 31
Survey 49 , 61 , 63 , 65 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 86
Sustainability 96 , 128 , 138 , 176 , 177
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 170
The Labour Law Code 80
Timor-Leste 1 , 4 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 151 –163
See also crocodile island; Indonesian invasion
tourism
domestic tourism 93 , 94
inbound tourism 93 , 98 , 103
international tourism 91 , 93 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 101
outbound travel market 91 , 92
overnight stays 92 , 100 , 101 , 103
overtourism 111 , 115
tourism spending 91
tourism-led growth hypothesis 94 , 95
tourists 1 , 14 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 100 , 104 , 105 , 115
See also Chinese tourism; economic-driven tourism growth hypothesis
Tourism of Portugal 92 , 96 , 97
Trade 2 , 4 , 7 , 15 , 54 , 55 , 69 , 74 –78 , 83 , 91 , 93 , 95 , 110 –119 , 134 , 138 , 151 –158 , 161 , 162 , 178 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 187 –194
trade and financial flows 15 , 190 , 194 ,
traders 3 , 4 , 6 , 110 , 151
Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language (UCCLA) 118
United Nations Energy Programme 171
United Nations Environment Programme 170
United States (US) 15 , 25 , 50 , 92 , 127 , 152 , 153 , 158 , 170 , 182
Unskilled migrants 79
Upward social mobility 40 , 41 , 47 , 51 , 70
Welcome Chinese 97
Welcoming China 97
wholesale trade 74
wholesalers 7 , 28
World Bank 158 , 168
world economy 56 , 127 , 166
World Trade Organization (WTO) 77 , 183
Xi Jinping 11 , 55 , 99 , 102 , 130 , 136 , 142 , 143 , 152 , 167 –169 , 194