Accumulation of military and naval capital
28 –32
Act of Mainz (1831)
133
Administrative organisation of space
14
Agglomeration
101 , 104 , 105
Agrarian reform
97 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102
Agricultural losses
223
Agricultural modernization
extensive margin
32
golden age 1846–73
32
intersectoral terms of trade
31 , 33
prices and wages
32
supplies of manpower, food, horses and timber
30 –33
the integration of Ireland
32
Agricultural Output
2 , 5 , 6 , 13 , 18 , 20 , 24 , 223
Agriculture
2 –26 , 115 –116 , 124 , 126 , 129 , 135
productivity
15
Aix-en-Provence
7
Albacete
3 , 4 , 33
Alcobaça
224
Alentejo
220 , 221
Algarve
220 , 221
Alsace
22
American War of Independence
7 , 8 , 37
Amsterdam
21 , 116 , 118 –124 , 129 –133
Ancien Régime
2 , 5 , 6 , 14 , 17 , 24
Andalusia
18
Anglo-Dutch War, Fourth (1780–1784)
121 , 123
Anholt
92
Animal husbandry
124 , 135
Annexation, of the Netherlands by France (1810)
117 , 121 , 123 , 127 , 134 , 136
Antwerp
121 –122 , 124 , 131 , 133
Archangelsk
122
Armament industry
88 , 89 , 92
Army
141 , 145 , 146 , 156 , 164 , 208 , 213 , 237 , 238
aid
209 , 210 , 213 , 214 , 231 , 240
allied armies
227
Anglo-Portuguese army
208
artillery
206
Guerrillas
206 , 207n7 , 240
militiamen (milícias)
206
officers
208 , 235 , 236 , 239
royal navy
205 , 256
soldiers
205 , 207 , 208 , 211n6 , 217 , 221
troops
125 , 127 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 210 , 224 , 227
Astudillo
7 , 8
Asturias
3
Atlantic
3 , 4 , 17 , 20 , 26
Auerstedt (battle)
99 , 84 , 86
Austerlitz (Battle of, 1805)
141 , 207
Austria
10 , 82 , 83
Hapsburg land and dynasty
5 , 6
economic growth
7 , 8
empire
7
Italian Independence
8
Metternich
8
Versus Prussia
8
Ávila
3 , 33
Badajoz
3
Baden
7 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 98 , 103 , 104
Balance of payments
income account
36
invisibles
36
Balassa, Béla
19
Baltic 37
121 –122 , 124 , 135 , 266 –267 , 268
Bank of England and suspension of cash payments
30
Banking
123 , 131
Bankruptcy
88 financial crisis 126, 128–9, 131
)
Barbary States
37
Barcelona
8
Batavian Revolution (1795)
116 , 136
Bavaria
7 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 92 , 99 , 102 , 103
Bayonne
208
Beer
125 , 134
Beira
217 , 220 , 224
Belgium
23 , 27 , 29 , 37 , 117 , 119 , 129 –130
Berg (grand duchy; Napoleonic satellite state)
84 , 98 , 103
Berlin
84 , 96 , 103 , 104
Bills of exchange (regulation of payment systems)
98
Bloch, Marc
3
Bohemia
2
Bonaparte, Napoleon
2
Bordeaux
6 , 26
Bouches-du-Rhône
7
Bourgogne
14
Brazil
15 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 226 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 252 , 260 , 265 , 272
Bremen
6 , 122 , 133
Britain
9 , 20 , 115 –116 , 119 , 122 , 124 , 130 –131 , 134 , 136 , 204 , 205 , 208 , 209 , 212 , 216 , 223 , 226 , 230 , 230 , 231 , 239
British East India Company
4
British empire
17
British Guiana
251 , 261 , 263
Brittany
21 , 23
Brokers, financial
129 , 131 –132
Bureaucracy (state bureaucracy)
100 , 102
Cádiz
21
Campo Formio (treaty of)
83
Campoformio (Treaty of, 1797)
141
Campomanes, Pedro Rodriguez de
21
Canada
17 , 266 , 276
Canals
129 , 131 , 133
Cape Colony (South Africa)
253
Capital (physical)
88 , 95
Capital formation
crowding in and crowding out
28
Capital market
87
Capital movements
Intercontinental
273 –274
Capital stock
6
Capitalism
3
Caribbean
117 , 119
Carlist War
15 , 18 , 20 , 21
Castlereagh, Lord
119
Catalonia
5 , 6 , 8 , 19
Cavour, Camillo
164
Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (first igo)
85
Centralisation
129 , 136
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
117 , 119 , 253
China
canton
264
silver coins
274
tea
264 –265
Chappe, Claude
6
Charles iv of Spain
2 , 21
Church
3 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14
Cisalpina Republic (later Italian Republic)
141
Ciudad Rodrigo
3 , 206
Civil law
99
Civil service
128 –129
Climate
92 , 94 , 96
Coal
125
Code de commerce (I also use “business law”)
98
Code Napoléon
158 , 159 , 163
Coffee
125
Coimbra
217 , 227
Colonial Gains and Losses
4
Colonial goods
122 , 125 , 132
Colonies
Dutch
115 –117 , 120
decolonization
251 –252
Common land (commons)
97 , 100
Comparative advantages
37
Confiscations
2 , 5 , 13
Congress of Vienna
7
Congress of Vienna
German economic growth
5 , 6 , 7
post-war peace
2
reformed international economic order
1 , 15
restoration of frontiers
3
UK economic gains
15
Conjuncture
1
Conscription
118
Consumption
29
Continental Blockade/system
7 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 116 , 121 , 128
Corvée labour (probably: see serfdom)
100
Cost of government
128
Cost of living
118
Costs and Benefits
2 , 5
Cotton (industry)
22 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 104 , 124 –125 , 134 –135
Covilhã
224
Cuba
20 , 252 , 260 , 261 , 263 , 272
Customs (see also tariffs, tolls
121 , 123 , 127 –128 , 130 , 134)
Daudin, Guillaume
27
Death rate
118 –120
Debt (public debt, state debt, perhaps see fiscal policy)
86 , 87 , 88 , 120 , 127 –132
Democratisation
116 , 129
Desamortización (disentailment)
6 , 16
Development of fiscal and financial institutions
30
Disease
88
Divergence
3
Douai
7
Douro
217 , 221
Dresden
104
Dye
125
East Frisia
117 , 119
East India companies
254 , 270
East Indies, Dutch
117 , 119 –121 , 131 , 137
Economic conjunctures and warfare
1
Economic growth
17 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 39 , 115 , 136 –137
Economic integration
4 , 5 , 6
Eden, William
23
Education
8
Egypt
141
Elbe (river)
85 , 101
Elisa (Sister of Napoleon)
141
Emilia-Romagna
146
Empire (Holy Roman Empire)
82 , 83 , 102 , 102 , 106
Empire and warfare
30
Engineering (industry)
104
England
25 , 26 , 27 , 29
England’s republican regime
23
Enlightened absolutism
99
Enlightenment
38
Entre-Douro-e-Minho
220
Erzgebirge
95
Essen
89
Esslingen
104
Estate (in premodern political system)
82 , 99 , 102 , 103
Estremadura
19 , 27
Europe
10 , 11 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 30 , 203 , 204 , 207 , 208 , 210 , 213 , 215 , 227 , 230 , 230 , 232 , 233 , 235 , 238 , 240 , 242
Central
29
East
29
North
26
West
26
Western
20 , 21
Évora
217 , 227
Excises
127 , 130
Expenditures under French rule; after Restoration
146 , 156 , 158
Export
115 , 120 –126 , 130
Exports of commodities and services
33
Extremadura
217 , 224
Eylau
207
Factor mobility
6
Farm animals (incl. Horses)
88 , 92 , 95
Farmers
5 , 6 , 13
Fertility
4
Finance
11 , 12 , 21
Bank of England and the City of London
30
bullionist predictions
30
gold standard
30
London and rival european financial cities
30
metropolitan and country banks
30
and public debt
2 , 9 , 10
Financial crisis
88 bankruptcy 127
)
Financial market
123 , 126 , 130
Financial sector, see also banking, service sector
115 , 123 –124 , 129 –130
Fiscal capacity
115 , 129 –130
Fiscal policy
85 –87 , 99 , 103 , 104 Fiscal reforms
)
Fiscal reforms 1783–92
24
Fiscal systems
6
Fisheries
115 –116 , 119 , 125 –126 , 133 , 136
Flax
124 , 135
Flour
134
Foreign investments
123
Fox, Edward
4 , 29
France
2 –20 , 22 , 23 –30 , 115 , 117 , 119 , 122 , 124 , 130 , 136 , 204 –207 , 212 , 215 , 217 , 230 –240 255 –256
adaptability of the ancien regime
9
army
204 –210 , 213 , 236
as an economic hegemony
12
bourbon regime in 1780s
9
colonies, loss of
264
costs of civil war
2
costs and benefits
5
East
23
economic growth
267
French peasantry
10
long-term effects of the revolution and warfare
9
manpower and demographic change
12
population growth
268
power and influence
5
prediction on European manpower and resources
11
redistribution of wealth and income
10
slavery
263
smaller towns
10
sovereignty
5
the revolution as an economic transformation
9
national debt in 1815
11
North-East
8
legacy of the revolution
6 , 11 , 12
soldiers
205 , 207 , 208 , 211 , 216 , 221
sovereign debt
9 , 10
South-West
21
taxation
268
troops
205 –210 , 224 , 227
North
22 , 23
West
23 , 24 , 38
Frankfurt (grand duchy; Napoleonic satellite state)
84
Frankfurt am Main (town)
87
Franz of Austria (Habsburg monarch, last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire)
83
Freedom of trade
97 , 100 , 106
French army
2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 9
French conquest of Italy
153
French Empire
4 , 7
French invasions and the Industrial Revolution
24 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 37 , 38
French perceptions of British fiscal and financial institutions
31
Frontier economy
20
Funding warfare
taxes versus loans
28
Galicia
221
Garancine
134
gdp
14 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 114 , 120 , 131 , 143 , 156 , 160 , 164 , 232 , 233
Genoa, Republic of
147 , 151 , 162 , 163
Gentlemanly capitalism, 1815–1941
38
Geopolitics and economic history
3 , 4 , 23 , 35 –38
German Federation
82
Germany/German States
18 , 29 , 37
Germany
232 , 238 Prussia 122–4
)
costs and benefits
5
customs union
5
economic growth
267
economic integration
5
emigration
272
Frontiers
6
German polities and state formation
6
holy German Roman Empire
5
rise of Prussia
6 , 8
Gibraltar
9
Gin and brandy
125
Gogel, Alexander
127
Gold
129
Gómina, Erasmo de
8
Grain
7 , 121 –122 , 135
Great Britain
2 , 18 , 23 , 209 , 212 , 216
Guilds (merchant guilds, craft guilds)
3 , 94 , 97 , 100 , 123 , 129 , 133 , 135 , 137
Guinea, West Africa
117
Guyana
119
Habsburg Empire
83 , 84
Haiti
28
Hamburg
122 –124 , 131 –133
Hamburg
6 , 256 , 268
Hanover
6 , 104
Harvest (failure)
92 , 104
Harz
89
Hessen
84
Historical memory and international relations
14
Historiography
3
Holland
37 , 114 –137
Human capital
92
Human capital formation derived from service in the army and navy
Deference
26 –28
Discipline
26 , 27
Skills
26
Hungary
2
Iberia
205
Imperial city
83
Income per head
20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 35
India
17 , 253 , 254 –255 , 258 , 264 , 266 , 267
Indonesia
253 –254
Industrial developments 1783–1815
33 –36
Industry
2 –24 , 115 , 119 –120 , 124 –125 , 130 –131 , 133 –135
factories
223 –227 , 229
products
226
Inequality
7 , 21 , 23 , 33 , 35
Infant industry (protection)
96
Inflation
87 , 88 , 89
Inheritance laws
7 , 8
Innovation, see also technological improvement
115 , 123 , 125 –126
Institution (institutional change, institutional reforms)
84 , 85 , 94 , 97 , 98 , 101 , 103 , 104 , 104
Institutional reforms under the French; reversal of after Restoration
158 –160
Institutions
2 –6 , 14 , 17
and cultures
1
Insurance
133
Integration of Italian market
160
Interest payments
127 –131
Internal demand
23 , 26 , 29
International economic order
3 , 11
International trade
88 , 92 , 94 , 96 , 103
Ireland
268 , 272 –273
Irish Parliament
4
Rebellion 1798
4
Iron
125 , 134
industry
19
Italy/Italian peninsula
10 , 27 , 37
Italy
230 , 232 , 237 , 238
Austrian occupation of Lombardy, Venice and Veneto
8
economic growth
267
House of Savoy and Austria
8
Napoleonic conquests and Unification
8
Kingdom of (Regno d’Italia)
141 , 146 , 147 , 152 , 153 , 156 , 159
Japan
117
Jena (battle)
84 , 86 , 99
Jena
207
Joint stock companies
98
Joseph Bonaparte
206
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de
21
Junot
205 , 207
Karlsruhe
104
Kassel
104
Labour
5 , 130 , 134
Lafay, Gérard
19
Land markets
6 , 7 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 33 , 35
Land ownership
7 , 13
Land rent (see also“rent”)
7 , 9 , 13 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 89 , 90 , 95
Land sales
156n12
Languedoc
22
Lazio
141 , 146 , 147n7
Le Havre
133
Lebrun, Charles-François, Governor General of Holland
117 , 123
Leghorn (Livorno)
151
Leipzig (battle)
85 , 104
Leipzig
7
Leopold i, King of Belgium
130
Liberal international economic order
37
Liberal revolution
14
Liguria
141 , 142 , 163
Linen
88
Literacy
8
Lombardy
141 , 142 , 146 , 147
Lombardy-Veneto, Kingdom of
142 , 147
London
21 , 115 , 123 –124 , 203n1 , 216 , 240
Long-term evolution of fiscal and financial institutions
30
Losses of human capital
27 , 28
Louis Napoleon, King of Holland
116 , 120 , 127 –128
Louis xiv
23
Lucca
141 , 153
Luneville (Treaty of, 1801)
141
Luxemburg
82
Luxury
21 , 22
Madder
124 , 134 –135
Madrid
5 , 8 , 9 , 15 , 21 , 203n1 , 206
Malthusian (economy, growth regime; post-Malthusian)
82 , 92 , 97 –103 , 104
Malthusianism
20
Manor (“manorial” in my text)
97 , 100
Manpower and Labour
share of workforce mobilized
26
skilled and unskilled labour
27
underemployment
27
wages for military and naval personnel
27
Marche
141 , 147
Marengo (Battle of, 1800)
141
Market integration
9 , 21 , 34 , 98 , 101 , 103 , 104
Market
9 , 11 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 34
Marriages
4 , 33
Marseille
25
Massena
205 , 207 , 208 , 224
Mauritius
261 , 263
Mayorazgo
15 , 16
Mechanisation
125 , 134 , 136
Mercantilism
131
and warfare
3
warfare and economic growth
22 , 23 , 25 , 38
Merchant, marine and naval power
26
Mesta
16
Metal processing industries (“metallurgy” in my text)
88 , 89
Metallurgy
131
Metric system
127
Metropolis
206 , 230
Middelburg
118 –119
Migration
119 , 136
Intercontinental
272 –273
Milan, Duchy of
141 , 147 , 156
Military Keynesianism
27
Military personnel (size of; armed forces, military force, etc.)
84 , 85 , 86 , 104
Military technology
252
Modena and Reggio, Duchy of
141
Molfetta (Puglia)
143
Monetary system
13 , 30 , 127 , 129
Monetization (see “monetiz”)
85 , 87 , 105
Money
3
Morrisson, Christian
27
Mortality
3 , 4 , 5 , 33 , 218 War
)
Mughal Empire
4
Munich
104
Murcia
8
Nantes
26
Naples, Kingdom of (later Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)
141 , 153 , 159
Napoleon
116 –117 , 121 , 128 , 205 , 207 , 208 , 212 , 227 , 238
invasion of Russia
31
Voir Bonaparte, Napoleon, Voir Bonaparte, Napoleon, Voir Bonaparte, Napoleon, Voir Bonaparte, Napoleon
National income
16
Naval hegemony
30 , 35
Navy
119
fleet sizes
255
Indian Ocean
256
organization
255
France
256
shipyards
128
United Kingdom
255 –256
Near East
18
Nederlandse Handel-Maatschappij (nhm)
131 –132 , 134
Netherlands
2 , 27 , 114 –137 , 215
Anglo-Dutch commercial treat
253
as a buffer state
8 , 12
colonies
252 –253
congress of Vienna
8
culture system
254
division of 1830
8
economic growth
267
East India company
254 , 260
Entrepot trade
268
French control and predation
12
international lending
273
navy
255
population growth
268
shipping
257
United Netherlands
12
Neutrality
3
Newfoundland
17
Nobility, noble prerogatives
83 , 99
Nord (French department)
7
North Africa
18
Norway
122
Oils
125
Old Castile
7 , 18
Open field system
100 , 101
Ottoman Empire
5 , 37
Papal States
141 , 147 , 161
Paper
125
Paris
4 , 6 , 21 , 23
Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of
141
Patriot Revolution, the (1784–7)
116 , 136
Pax Britannica
37
Peace
and historical memory 1815–1914
6 , 14
and rearmament 1783–92
37
of Westphalia
5
Peninsula
205 , 207 , 208
Poor relief
119
Pope
141 –142
Population
3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 23 , 26 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 39 , 33 , 82 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 92 , 101 , 104 , 105
growth (see also death rate, migration
116 –119 , 136)
Porto
206 , 215 , 217 , 227
Portugal
9 , 10 , 27 , 38 , 122 , 203 –241
and Brazil
12
colonies, loss of
252
Post-war reconstruction
94 , 95 , 96
Potatoes
124 , 135
Pressburg (treaty of)
83
Price (of food, of grain)
12 , 13 , 16 , 87 , 91 , 92 , 95 , 96 , 98 , 101 , 103 , 104
Europe relative to Asia
269
inflation
215
Portuguese price data
230
relative prices, Europe
269
pwr-Portugal data base
226
Wheat
227
Prince Regent of Portugal
205
Printing
124
Property rights
5 –7 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 24 , 94 , 97 , 99 , 100 , 101
Protectionism
124
Proto-industries (“(regional) export industries”)
88 , 92 , 98 , 104
Provence
25
Prussia (kingdom)
10 , 82 –88 , 97 –104 , 106 , 116 –117 , 123 , 133 , 136 , 215
customs union
7
Konnigratz 1866
8
Military defeats and regeneration
8
Posen
7
Premier German power
8
Silesia
7
Public finances (see also fiscal capacity, public loans
129 , 136)
extraordinary defence contribution
214
income tax (décima)
214
military expenditure (see War)
209 , 210 , 214 , 231
Portuguese treasury’s accounts
210
public debt
215 , 237 , 240 , 241 , 242 , 243
royal treasury (Erário Régio)
209 , 214
Public Goods
6
Public loans
123 , 127 –131
Public procurements
153
Puerto Rico
252
Railways
132 , 134 –135
Rates of interest
29
Rayneval, Mathias Joseph Gérard de
23
Real wages
7 , 12 , 18 , 20 , 23 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 164
Redemption (of feudal obligations)
100 , 101
Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
83 , 103
Religion
117 , 130
Rent
12 , 13
seeking
6 , 94 , 97
Reparations (French)
87
Réunion
261 , 263
Rhine (river)
83 , 85 , 98 , 103 river trade 123, 133
)
Rhine Federation (Rheinbund, Federation of German states under French hegemony)
83 –85 , 103 , 106
Rhineland, Rhine province
83 , 89 , 92 , 97 , 98
Ridolfi, Leonardo
27
Riga
267
Rio de Janeiro
206
River trade, see also Rhine
124 –125 , 131 –132 , 137
Roads (paved roads)
100 , 101 , 104
Rome
141
Rotterdam
122 –124 , 132 , 135 –136
Roussillon
204
Royal factories
8
Russia
25 , 26 , 37 , 122 , 205 , 215 , 230
Saint Domingue (Haiti)
3 , 17 , 21 , 251 , 260 , 262 –263
San Sebastián
3
Santarém
224
Sardinia, Kingdom of (also see Piedmont)
142
Saxony
84 , 92 , 95 , 97 , 101 , 104 , 105
Scandinavia
37
Schimmelpenninck, Rutger Jan
116
Schnerb, Robert
14
Scotland
133
Seaborne commerce and warfare
37
Secularization
83 , 97
Seigneurial system
3 , 5 , 10 , 12 , 14
Serfdom
97 , 100
Service sector
115 , 120
Services
2 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 14
coins
274
production
274
Shipbuilding
37 navy shipyards 125, 131, 134
)
Shippers
133
Shipping
37 , 117 , 119 –123 , 125 –126 , 130 –137
costs
258
fleet sizes
256 –257
and shipbuilding
14
technology
270 –271
Sicily
142 , 147 , 163
Silk exports
153
Silver
129
Sinking Fund
28
Slavery
3
abolition
262 –263
trade
272
Smithian growth, see also economic growth
136
Smuggling
9 , 34
Soap
125
Sonderweg
14
South
141 , 143 –156 , 159 , 161 –163 , 205 , 207
South Africa
117 , 119
South America
205 , 230
South Carolina
267
Southern Europe
207
Southern Netherlands
116 , 119
Sovereign debt levels, perpetual, fixed and floating
29
Sovereignty, sovereign status (of territory)
83 , 85 , 101 , 103 , 106
Spain
27 , 122 , 135 , 204 , 205 , 206 , 207 , 208 , 216 , 217 , 221 , 230 , 232 , 235 , 237 , 239
colonies, loss of
252
economic growth
267
empire
274 , 275
Francophile claims for the invasion of Spain
11
French occupation and end of ancien regime
11
Iberian war and end of South American empire
12
loans, colonial
274
trades
253 , 259
Spanish America
2 , 10 , 11 , 14 , 24
St. Petersburg
122
Staple market (Amsterdam)
130 –132 , 135 , 137
State revenue (see fiscal policy)
86 , 87
State revenues
12 , 14 , 16 , 24 , 34
State
5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 38
Steam machinery
see
mechanisation
Steam shipping
133
Steam transport
135
Stuttgart
104
Subsidies (British)
87
Subsidies, government
131 –134
Subsistence crises
4 , 5 , 7 , 14
Sugar
125 , 134
Surinam
119 , 253
Swabia
83
Sweden
122 , 215 , 232 , 237
Switzerland
27 , 29 , 37
Tagus
206
Tannery and leather industry
125
Tariffs
customs, tolls
124 , 128 , 130 , 133 –134
and protection
34
tolls
101 –106
Tax (see fiscal policy)
85 , 87 , 88 , 99 , 105
Tax revenues under French rule; after Restoration
161 , 162
Taxation 6–16 (
see also
customs, excises, fiscal capacity 127–9, 131, 134, 137
)
foreign policy
23
income tax
23 , 24
levels and burdens
24
postwar
268
Tea
121 , 125 , 131
Technological improvements, see also innovation
134 –135
Technological innovation
33
iron and coal
34
Newcomen engines
34
shipbuilding
34
shipping
34
Technological progress
15 , 22
Technology
115 , 125
cotton
265 –266
military
252
shipping
270 –271
sugar
262 –264
Terms of trade
11 , 20 , 34
Textile
21 , 22 cotton, woolens 131, 134
)
industry
8 , 11 , 19
Thirty Years War
6
Tilsit (treaty of)
84 , 86
Tilsit
205
Tithe
6 , 13 , 15
Tobacco
125 , 134
Tocqueville, Alexis de
7
Tolls
123 , 127 , 133 , 137
Total factor productivity
18 , 34
Toulouse
14
Toutain, Jean-Claude
15 , 28
Trade
3 , 88 , 92 , 94 , 96 , 98 , 101 , 103 , 116 –137
1810 Anglo-Portuguese treaties
230
balance of
39
colonial
9 –12 , 17 , 18 , 21 , 24 , 37
commodities
258 –259
coffee
262 , 268 –269 , 271
cotton
265 –266
Indigo
267
pepper
270 –271
saltpeter
271
silk
261 –262 , 272
sugar
260 –264
tea
264 –265
timber
266 –267
tobacco
261 –262 , 268 –269
composition
258 –260
dependence
35
domestic
2 , 9
entrepot
268 –269
European ports
230
exports
223 , 226 , 228 –231
growth
258 –260
imports
224 , 226 , 228 , 229
international
9 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 39
national
6 , 7 , 20
policy
226
Portuguese ports
204 , 230
re-exports
229 –231
specialisation
19 , 20
tariffs
Indigo
267
timber
266 –267
South America, post war
252
trends
147 –153
Trade policy under French rule; after Restoration
147 , 151 , 160
Trafalgar 1805
37
Trafalgar
7
Transport
6
Trás-os-Montes
221
Treaty of Amiens (1802)
119
Treaty of Vienna (1815)
116 , 119 , 129 , 133
Trinidad
261 , 263
Troops, see also army
116 –117 , 119 , 126 –128
Trust, of creditors
129 , 131
Tuscany
141 , 146 , 156 , 158 , 160 –162
Ulm
83
Umbria
141 , 146
Unemployment
119 , 130 , 134 , 136
United Kingdom
18 , 37
Abolition of slavery
272
Anglo-Dutch commercial treat
253
colonies
253
comparative advantages and European balance of power
5
investment in warfare
4
East India company
254
economic growth
267 –268
emigration
272 –273
entrepot trade
268 –269
Jay treaty
257
navy
255 –257
prices
269
shipping
256 –257
population growth
267
tariffs
261 , 266 –267 , 268
taxation
268
trade
258 –260 , 265 , 266
naval bases
4
naval hegemony
1 , 5
United States of America
18 , 38
United States of America, South
29
Upper Douro Valley
221
Urbanisation
3 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 26 , 34 , 115 , 118 –120 , 125
urban hierarchy
98 , 104
Unites States
121 , 131 23
cotton production
265 –266
economic growth
259 , 267
immigration
272 –273
Jay Treaty
257 –258
Loans
273
Louisiana purchase
251 , 259
Shipping
256 –257
trade
258 , 259 , 265
Valdeorras
3
Valencia
19
Van Hoboken, Anthony
135
Vendée
22
Venetia
156
Venice, Republic of
141 , 147
Vercelli (Piedmont)
143
Vienna (Congress of Vienna, Vienna settlement)
82 , 85 , 91 , 101 , 106
Vienna (Congress of, 1815)
142 , 162
Vittorio Emanuele i (King of Sardinia, 1802–1821)
162
Vittorio Emanuele ii (King of Sardinia, 1848–1861)
164
Vogtländer Kreis
95
Von Bülow, Hans (finance minister, kingdom of Westphalen und Prussia)
103
Wages
12 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 91
real wages
212
War
2 , 4
civil war
239
continental blockade
204 , 229 , 230
cost of war
208 , 209 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 213 , 216
economic Impact
216 , 227 , 229
of the First Coalition, of the Second Coalition, of the Fourth Coalition, of the Fifth Coalition (1809), of the Sixth Coalition (“Final phase”, “1812–1814”), of the Seventh Coalition (“Waterloo”)
83 –87
emigration
272 –273
invasions
203 , 204 , 205 , 220 , 221 , 223 226 , 228 , 240
Lines of Torres Vedras
206
Military Expenditure (see Public Finance)
209 , 210 , 214 , 231
mortality (see Population)
218
Napoleonic wars
203 , 208
maval blockades
230n48
meutrality
204 , 227
seven years’ war
206
Spanish invasion
204
Transport costs
272
Vienna congress
230
Warfare and the growth of gdp
30
Waterloo
7 , 118
Weber, Max
3 , 12
Wellington
207 , 210 , 211 , 217
West Indies
253 , 258 –259 , 262 , 265 , 267
Westphalen (kingdom; Napoleonic satellite state)
84 , 87 , 103
Westphalia (province of the kingdom of Prussia)
84 , 89 , 90 , 104
Wheat prices
146 , 153 , 160
William i of Orange, King of the Netherlands
116 , 129 –135
Windmills
125
Wittelsbacher (dynasty)
103
Woolens
125
Württemberg
83 , 84 , 103
Wuttenberg
6 , 7
Zaragoza
3
Zollverein
96 , 103 , 104