Abbreviations and Symbols
| act. part. | active participle |
| Akkad | Akkadian |
| Ar | Arabic |
| BD | Book of the Dead |
| caus. | causative verb form |
| cf. | compare |
| coll. | collective |
| dim | diminutive |
| Dyn. | Dynasty |
| Ebers | Ebers papyrus |
| f | feminine |
| fn | footnote |
| Ge | Geʿez |
| Gr | Hellenistic period |
| Ḥar | Ḥarsūsī |
| Heb | Hebrew |
| id. | same meaning as the preceding (Lat. idem) |
| inf | infinitive |
| interj. | interjection |
| Jibb | Jibbālī |
| LE | Late Egyptian |
| Mah | Mahrī |
| Mand | Mandaean |
| ME | Middle Egyptian |
| Med | medical papyrus |
| MK | Middle Kingdom |
| mult. | multiplication |
| n. | noun |
| n.u. | nomen unitatis (unit noun) |
| NWS | North West Semitic |
| OK | Old Kingdom |
| own obs. | own observation |
| pp | perfect participle |
| prep. | preposition |
| pron. suff. | pronominal suffix |
| pl | plural |
| Pyr | Pyramid text |
| Sab | Sabaean |
| Saf | Safaitic |
| Soq | Soqoṭrī |
| Sum | Sumerian |
| Taym | Taymanic |
| Tham | Thamudic |
| Ugar | Ugaritic |
| Urk. | Urkunden |
| vn | verbal noun |
| ⟨…⟩ | enclose orthographic representations |
| /…/ | enclose phonological representations |
| […] | enclose phonetic representations |
| </> | derives etymologically from/yields |
| {…} | morphophonemic representations |
| ~ | cognate/dialectal variant |
Bibliographical Abbreviations
| AA | American Anthropologist |
| AAE | Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy |
| AJSLL | American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |
| AO | Aula Orientalis |
| ARA | Annual Review of Anthropology |
| BDB | A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament |
| BO | Bibliotheca Orientalis |
| BSL | Bulletin de la Société linguistique de Paris |
| BSOAS | Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |
| CAD | Chicago Akkadian Dictionary |
| CDA | Concise Dictionary of Akkadian |
| CE | Chronique d’Égypte |
| CO | Culture and Organization |
| CSD | Concise Syriac Dictionary |
| DAF | Dictionnaire arabe-français |
| DLE | Dictionary of Late Egyptian |
| DUL | Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language |
| EALL | Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |
| EB | Economic Botany |
| EVO | Egitto e Vicino Oriente |
| GBS | Göttinger Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft |
| JAOS | Journal of the American Oriental Society |
| JCSCS | Journal of the Canadian Society for Coptic Studies |
| JEA | Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |
| JLR | Journal of Language Relationship |
| JNES | Journal of Near Eastern Studies |
| JRAS | Journal of the Royal African Society |
| JSAI | Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |
| JSS | Journal of Semitic Studies |
| LDA | Lexique des dialectes arabes tchado-soudanais |
| LA | Lingua Aegyptia |
| MLR | Mediterranean Language Review |
| OEAE | Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt |
| PICSS | Proceedings of the International Conference on Semitic Studies |
| PSAS | Proceedings of the Seminar on Arabian Studies |
| QVO | Quaderni di vicino oriente |
| RO | Rocznik Orientalistyczny |
| SJA | Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |
| SPSAS | Supplement to the Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |
| VT | Vetus Testamentum |
| WO | Die Welt des Orients |
| WS | Westasiatische Studien |
| WZKM | Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes |
| ZAL | Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik |
| ZÄS | Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde |
| ZDMG | Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |
| ZSVG | Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete |